Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 1649 702544 649209 2026-10-06T16:27:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 702544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de *Star Trek*. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne *conlang*. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo *Cratylus* de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate *conscript*. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de *Star Trek*, le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de *Avatar* es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: [[Esperanto]] [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] [[Ido]] [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) [[Lingua Franca Nova]] [[Lingwa de Planeta]] [[Novial]] [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") [[Pandunia]] [[Uropi]] [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: [[Folkspraak]] [[Nordien]] [[Tutonish]] [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: [[Latino Moderne]] [[Romanica]] [[Romanid]] [[Romanova]] [[Perciscano]] * Slave: [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] [[Slovio]] * Altere: [[Afrihili]] [[Budinos]] [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] 4kh08ddnnwjgzn4m9lph6h6q0x3xwt6 702545 702544 2026-10-06T16:28:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Linguas zonal */ 702545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de *Star Trek*. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne *conlang*. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo *Cratylus* de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate *conscript*. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de *Star Trek*, le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de *Avatar* es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: [[Esperanto]] [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] [[Ido]] [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) [[Lingua Franca Nova]] [[Lingwa de Planeta]] [[Novial]] [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") [[Pandunia]] [[Uropi]] [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] o83v1skywhs2jsqg1wydxx3fse1xiy0 702546 702545 2026-10-06T16:28:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Linguas international */ 702546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de *Star Trek*. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne *conlang*. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo *Cratylus* de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate *conscript*. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de *Star Trek*, le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de *Avatar* es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] 83v1q3kuxgwfl8d4uj1aiy9tehdk9bi 702547 702546 2026-10-06T16:30:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Linguas ingegnerate */ 702547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de *Star Trek*. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne *conlang*. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo *Cratylus* de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate *conscript*. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de *Star Trek*, le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de *Avatar* es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] 99iup9q7us6zl2uuxej6fz59wxiay21 702548 702547 2026-10-06T16:35:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 702548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] k5cfuv9u9veam0kqwsgh990autbftn1 702549 702548 2026-10-06T16:36:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX */ 702549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] h34rubxl4ribagf8ge9qbn7e2eyurkz 702550 702549 2026-10-06T16:37:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Specimenes de linguas artificial */ 702550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le seculo XX === In le seculo XX, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:2em;"> === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 </div> == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] s0pi94d0k59yyjqyo5fbw3ft1el5ekg 702551 702550 2026-10-06T16:37:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 702551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Classification per origine == Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. == Classification per finalitate == === Linguas auxiliar international === Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Linguas artistic === Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ===Linguas ingegnerate === Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del 19e seculo === Durante le 19e seculo, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le 20e seculo === In le 20e seculo, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:2em;"> === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 </div> == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] rjkhkjfwwqulmaz5u8r1cvt569prqpp 702552 702551 2026-10-06T16:39:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 702552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del 19e seculo === Durante le 19e seculo, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le 20e seculo === In le 20e seculo, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Classification == === Per origine === Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. === Per finalitate === ==== Linguas auxiliar international ==== Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> ==== Linguas artistic ==== Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ==== Linguas ingegnerate ==== Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:2em;"> === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 </div> == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] np3gptj4cd5wckquim4e31fh2w2wyzx 702553 702552 2026-10-06T16:40:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 702553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} Un '''lingua artificial'''{{linfoX}} es un [[linguage|lingua]] construite deliberatemente. Illo differe del [[lingua natural|linguas natural]] e del linguas nove create naturalmente como le linguas [[pidgin]] e [[lingua creol|creol]]. Frequentemente, le construction de tal lingua es con le intention de proponer lo como un [[lingua international]], altere vices como elemento pro obras de phantasia o [[fiction scientific]], sed equalmente il existe multe tal linguas create simplemente pro le placer del creator. == Characteristicas == Un lingua construite pote comprender le mesme componentes principal que un lingua natural: un systema de sones, un grammatica, un vocabulario e un systema de scriptura o altere modo de representation. Le grado de disveloppamento varia considerabilemente. Alcun linguas ha solmente un vocabulario o un breve description grammatical, durante que altere ha phonologia elaborate, morphologia, syntaxe, semantica, orthographia, variationes historic e materiales extensive pro le apprendimento e le uso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD|titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation pote esser individual o collective. Un persona pote crear le lingua initialmente, post que un communitate de usatores developpa nove vocabulario, estilos, usos e interpretationes. Le creation e le adoption del lingua es assi non sempre completamente separate: un lingua initialmente inventate per un autor pote devenir un practica social inter su usatores.<ref name="annualreviews">{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110152 |titulo=Constructed Languages |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas construite debe esser distinguite de simples vocabularios, slang, codices e linguage-jocos. Un systema construite pote esser limitate, ma le concept de conlang generalmente implica le deliberate creation de un systema linguistic.<ref name="cambridge">{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le idea de deliberate construction linguistic ha antecedentes multo anterior al termino moderne ''conlang''. Le discussion super le natura del relation inter le parolas e le cosas esseva ja presente in le philosophia grec, inter altere in le dialogo ''Cratylus'' de Platone. Le tradition de linguas universal e philosophic continuava durante le seculos sequente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/about/timeline.html |titulo=An Historical Conlang Timeline from Plato to Swift |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Lingua Ignota === Un del plus ancian linguas construite documentate es le Lingua Ignota, associate con Hildegard de Bingen in le 12e seculo. Le lingua contineva un vocabulario proprie e esseva scribite con un alphabet de litteras special. Su uso esseva principalmente associate con le activitate religiose de Hildegard.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le epocha moderne precoce, le construction de linguas esseva frequentemente associate con le philosophia, le religion, le classification del cognoscentia e le idea de un lingua universal. Le interesse per linguas philosophic cresceva durante le Renaissance e le Illumination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas universal e auxiliar del 19e seculo === Durante le 19e seculo, le construction linguistic prendeva un orientation plus practical, particularmente in le contexto del communication international. Volapük, create per Johann Martin Schleyer e publicate in 1880, deveniva un del prime linguas construite a attinger un communitate importante de usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volap%C3%BCk |titulo=Volapük |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Esperanto, publicate per Zamenhof in 1887, deveniva posteriormente le plus importante tradition de lingua auxiliar construite. Le successo de Esperanto contribueva a un longe serie de altere proyectos auxiliar, inter le quales Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le 20e seculo === In le 20e seculo, le construction de linguas artistic cresceva in importantia. Le obra de J. R. R. Tolkien esseva particularmente influente: Tolkien disveloppava linguas como Quenya e Sindarin non solmente pro assignar parolas a personajes, ma etiam como parte del historia e del culturas de su mundos fictive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le publication del obras de Tolkien, le construction de linguas pro fiction deveniva un campo artistic plus elaborate. Le cinema, le television e postea le videojuegos offereva nove contextos pro le creation de linguas fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> Durante le mesme seculo, le linguas logic e experimental continuava a explorar questiones concernente le syntaxe, le semantica e le relation inter linguage e pensamento. Le familia de Loglan e Lojban deveniva un exemplo importante de iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Classification == === Per origine === Un classification commun distingue inter linguas a priori e a posteriori. Un lingua a priori es construite principalmente sin depender del vocabulario o del grammatica de un lingua natural particular. Un lingua a posteriori usa al contrario elementos, vocabulario o structuras inspirate o adaptate de linguas existente.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le distinction non es absolute. Un lingua pote combinar elementos construite ex novo con elementos prendite de un o plure linguas natural. Le grado de influence externe pote assi esser considerate como un continuum plus tosto que como duo categorias completemente separate. === Per finalitate === ==== Linguas auxiliar international ==== Le linguas auxiliar international, o auxlangs, es create pro facilitar le communication inter personas qui parla differente linguas maternal. Lor objectivo es generalmente offerer un lingua commun que pote esser apprendite e usate como secunde lingua.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le exemplo plus cognoscite es Esperanto, publicate per L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Altere linguas auxiliar international include Volapük, Ido e Interlingua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esperanto |titulo=Esperanto |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/cl101.pdf |titulo=Conlanging 101 |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Esperanto ha developpate un communitate international durable, con usatores que lo apprende como secunde lingua e con etiam un numero de personas qui lo ha acquisite como lingua maternal in familias multilingue.<ref name="cambridge"/> ==== Linguas artistic ==== Le linguas artistic, o artlangs, es create principalmente pro finalitates artistic. Illos pote esser parte de un obra litterari, cinematographic, televisive o videoludic, o pote esser create como obras linguistic independente.<ref name="cambridge"/> Un subcategoria importante es le linguas fictional, destinate al habitantes de un mundo fictive. Exemplos include Quenya e Sindarin, create per J. R. R. Tolkien pro su legendarium, e le Klingon, create pro le universo de ''Star Trek''. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31973/chapter-abstract/267716880 |titulo=A primer on constructed languages |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref name="cambridge"/> Le linguas artistic pote esser create con grados multo differente de detail. Un lingua pro un obra pote haber solmente un parve numero de expressiones, mentre un lingua professionalmente disveloppate pote haber un grammatica complete, un grande vocabulario, variationes dialectal e un historia interne del lingua. ==== Linguas ingegnerate ==== Le linguas ingegnerate, o engelangs, es create pro explorar deliberate criterios o hypotheses super le linguage. Le categoria include linguas logic, philosophic e experimental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inventing-languages/what-are-constructed-languages/E67A7C56FC01EEC889E9379344CE69CD |titulo=What Are Constructed Languages? |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas logic, o loglangs, cerca frequentemente un expression plus systematic o menos ambigue de certe relationes semantic e logic. Loglan e Lojban es exemplos de linguas create in iste tradition.<ref name="cambridge"/> Le limites inter le categorias non es rigide. Un mesme lingua pote haber un finalitate artistic e experimental, o esser create pro un objectivo auxiliar ma incorporar principios ingegnerate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> == Processos de construction == Le construction de un lingua pote comenciar con le definition de su finalitate e del communitate pro le qual illo es destinate. Un autor pote pois definir le systema de sones, le syllabas e le phonotaxe, post que elaborar le morphologia, le syntaxe e le vocabulario. Le ordine del processo varia inter le autores.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Phonologia === Le phonologia determina le inventario de sones del lingua e le maniera in que illos pote esser combinate. Le constructor pote decider, per exemplo, le numero de vocales, consonantes, syllabas, accentos o tonos e le restrictiones super lor combinationes. === Morphologia === Le morphologia tracta le structura interne del parolas. Un lingua construite pote haber parolas relativemente invariable o usar un sistema complexe de affixos, flexiones e derivation. Le constructor pote determinar como le lingua exprime categorias como numero, tempore, aspecto, persona, caso o altere distinctiones grammatical. === Syntaxe === Le syntaxe determina como le parolas se combina in phrases e propositiones. Le constructor pote definir, inter altere aspectos, le ordine basic del subjecto, verbo e objecto, le formation de questiones, le negation, le subordination e le relationes inter propositiones.<ref name="cambridge"/> === Vocabulario === Le lexico pote esser create ex radices inventate, derivationes interne o materiales inspirate per linguas natural. In un lingua a posteriori, le vocabulario pote esser recognoscibile como proveniente de plure linguas; in un lingua a priori, le radices pote haber un origine independente. === Scriptura === Un lingua construite pote usar le alphabet de un lingua natural, adaptar un systema existente o haber un scriptura construite, que in le terminologia del conlangers es sovente nominate ''conscript''. Un lingua pote tamben haber plure scripturas pro differente usos.<ref name="cambridge"/> == Linguas construite e linguistica == Le linguas construite ha devenite un objecto de interesse pro linguistas, sociologos e anthropologos. Illos permitte studiar le relation inter intentionalitate e evolution linguistic, le maniera in que communitates adopta nove formas linguistic e le ideologias concernente le distinction inter linguas «natural» e «artificial». <ref name="academic">{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307 |titulo=Constructed Languages and the Sociolinguistics of Language Making |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le studio academic del linguas construite tracta non solmente lor structura. Illo include etiam le personas qui los crea, le communitates qui los usa, le maniera in que illos es transmitte e le relation inter le lingua e le mundos cultural in le qual illo es situate.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de linguas pote esser considerate un forma de intervention deliberate in le developmentamento linguistic. In le caso de linguas con un communitate active, le distinction inter creation e evolution pote devenir minus nette, perque le usatores modifica, adapta e extende le systema durante le tempore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/63307/chapter-abstract/573164050 |titulo=Introduction |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Communitates de conlangers == Le personas qui crea linguas construite es frequentemente designate como conlangers, e le activitate de crear linguas es nominate conlanging. Le communitates de conlangers ha developpate foros, conferentias, bibliothecas, publicationes e altere recursos pro compartir linguas e discutir technicas de construction.<ref name="conlang">{{Cita web |url=https://conlang.org/ |titulo=About conlanging and the Language Creation Society |sitioweb=Language Creation Society |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Language Creation Society es un organisation international dedicate al promotion del arte, technica e scientia del creation linguistic. Illo organiza conferentias e publica libros, revistas e altere recursos pro le communitate.<ref name="conlang"/> Le communitate online ha etiam facilitante le collaboration inter autores de differente paises e traditiones. Le Conlanger's Library mantene un collection de libros, articulos, materiales educational e recursos historic concernente le linguas construite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://library.conlang.org/ |titulo=The Conlanger's Library |sitioweb=The Conlanger's Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Linguas construite in cultura popular == Le cinema, le television, le litteratura e le videojuegos ha facite cognoscite un grande numero de linguas construite. Le Klingon de ''Star Trek'', le linguas elviche de Tolkien e le Na'vi de ''Avatar'' es exemplos de linguas create pro universos fictional.<ref name="cambridge"/> In le production audiovisual moderne, le linguas pote esser create pro dar coherientia al culturas fictional e pro permitter que le personajes parla un lingua distincte. Alcun linguas ha essite disveloppate ben ultra le nivello necessari pro le breve dialogos del obra e ha acquirite communitates de admiratores e usatores independente del production original. == Specimenes de linguas artificial == <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:2em;"> === [[Lingua auxiliar international|Linguas international]] === * A priori o multo miscite: ** [[Hallon]] * A posteriori: ** [[Esperanto]] ** [[Lingua fremen|Fremen]] ** [[Ido]] ** [[Intal]] (un lingua de compromisso inter naturalistic e schematic) ** [[Interlingua]] de [[IALA]] ** [[Latino sine Flexione]] (le "Interlingua" de [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]]) ** [[Lingua Franca Nova]] ** [[Lingwa de Planeta]] ** [[Novial]] ** [[Occidental]] (alias "Interlingue") ** [[Pandunia]] ** [[Uropi]] ** [[Volapük]] (derivate quasi exclusivemente del [[lingua anglese|anglese]]) === [[Lingua auxiliar zonal|Linguas zonal]] === * Germanic: ** [[Folkspraak]] ** [[Nordien]] ** [[Tutonish]] ** [[Weltdeutsch]] * Romanic/Neolatin: ** [[Latino Moderne]] ** [[Romanica]] ** [[Romanid]] ** [[Romanova]] ** [[Perciscano]] * Slave: ** [[Lingua interslave|Interslavo]] ** [[Slovio]] * Altere: ** [[Afrihili]] ** [[Budinos]] ** [[Guosa]] === Linguas philosophic o logic === * [[Arahau]] * [[Ceqli]] (Rex May) 19xx * [[Kotava]] * [[Loglan]] * [[Lojban]] * [[Ro]] * [[Solresol]] * [[Toki Pona]] === Linguas fictional === * [[Brithenig]] (Andrew Smith) 1996 * [[Sindarin]] e [[Quenya]] de [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] * [[Lingua Klingon|Klingon]] * [[Watakassi]] (Nik Taylor) 1998 * [[Wenedyk]] (Jan van Steenbergen) 2002 </div> == Lingua construite e lingua natural == Le distinction inter un lingua construite e un lingua natural es principalmente un distinction concernente lor origine e le grado de intervention deliberate. Le linguas natural developpa lor structuras per le uso collective e le transmission inter generationes, durante que un lingua construite comencia con un acto deliberate de creation. Tamen, le distinction pote devenir plus complexe post que un lingua construite ha acquirite usatores. Un lingua como Esperanto ha un historia de usage commun, variation, transmission familiar e developmentamento del vocabulario, assi que su evolution non es reducite al decisiones del creator original.<ref name="annualreviews"/> Le construction de un lingua non impedisce dunque que illo deveni un objecto de uso social, cultural e communicative. Le grado de institutionalisation e le numero de usatores varia fortemente inter le differente linguas construite. == Applicationes contemporari == Le linguas construite continua a esser create pro un grande varietate de finalitates. Illos pote servir como linguas auxiliar, partes de mundos fictional, instrumentos de experimentation linguistic o proyectos personal de creation. Le developmentamento de communitates online ha etiam diminuite le obstaculos technic pro publicar grammaticas, dictionarios e textos e pro collaborar con altere conlangers.<ref name="conlang"/> Le interesse academic ha expandite etiam al relation inter linguas construite, identity, communitate e ideologias linguistic. Le recente investigation sociolinguistic tracta le creation de linguas como un fenomeno cultural e social, e non solmente como un exercitio de grammatica o de invention de vocabulario.<ref name="academic"/> == Vide etiam == * [[Appendice:Lista de linguas artificial]] * [[Interlinguistica]] == Ligamines externe == * [http://enioni.narod.ru/ ENIONI] Pagina dedicate a alcun linguas artificial, principalmente: '''E'''speranto, idiom '''N'''eutral, '''I'''do, '''O'''ccidental/Interlingue, '''N'''ovial, e '''I'''nterlingua. Illo contine le revistas de rete: [[Posta Mundi]], [[Vok Neutral]], e [[IE Munde]]. * {{en}} [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit] Pagina super le projectar de linguas artificial. * [http://www.ipernity.com/blog/79634/home Blog Rosto] in alcun linguas artificial. {{ref}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial| ]] k5lbhvacsgd1a16qvj9dlofo4kxr29e 102 18017 702477 700356 2026-10-06T13:01:10Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 702477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P1412 wd:Q35934 } |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q130757821|Q130757821]] | ''[[:d:Q130757821|Josep Rosselló Ordines]]'' | | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-10-21 | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-08-18 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[esperanto]]<br/>[[Lingua catalan|catalano]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q8002100|Q8002100]] | [[Wilhelm Bladin]] | | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-11-24 | data-sort-value="1968" | 1968-09-16 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q6015315|Q6015315]] | [[John Nordin (interlinguista)|John Nordin]] | | data-sort-value="1887" | 1887-05-09 | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-06-29 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Ido]] |- | [[:d:Q20723|Q20723]] | [[William Edward Collinson]] | | data-sort-value="1889" | 1889-01-04 | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969-06-05 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q3545427|Q3545427]] | [[Stefano Bakonyi]] | | data-sort-value="1892" | 1892<ref name="ref_07af80eea8b2217349d28e572c0868ba7e82fd43670ad720030deb7c8f6a7a7d">''[[:d:Q1201876|Open Library]]''</ref><ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1969" | 1969<ref name="ref_07af80eea8b2217349d28e572c0868ba7e82fd43670ad720030deb7c8f6a7a7d">''[[:d:Q1201876|Open Library]]''</ref><ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q18422|Q18422]] | [[Ric Berger]] | [[File:G RicBerger.gif|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894-08-16<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8c99c49a7fa983c35c3aa1c422e3167238d01d64329cfb24e6fa98bfafb1d3cb">''[[:d:Q41640909|Artists of the World Online]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1984" | 1984-08-04<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Interlingue]] |- | [[:d:Q25686690|Q25686690]] | ''[[:d:Q25686690|Jaroslav Podobský]]'' | | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895-04-22<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3b1979d214f536e48f0133eff16d51bb31544315c4f47b5fdd726d2e9de128ab">''[[:d:Q11293091|Český hudební slovník osob a institucí]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-09-28<ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3b1979d214f536e48f0133eff16d51bb31544315c4f47b5fdd726d2e9de128ab">''[[:d:Q11293091|Český hudební slovník osob a institucí]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua chec]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Ido]]<br/>[[Interlingue]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q22001609|Q22001609]] | [[Frank Esterhill]] | | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q112859|Q112859]] | [[Eugen Wuster]] | [[File:Eugen Wüster 1967.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1898" | 1898-10-10<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-03-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[esperanto]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_3a72c37677e0a6924ac9c866f7de9d73b1520f45e12f4f9d164b54527559eb9a">http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122083058</ref><br/>[[Interlingue]] |- | [[:d:Q3942663|Q3942663]] | [[Engelbert Pigal]] | [[File:OCCIDENTAL-Runde Mauer bei Wien 1927 (cropped) - Engelbert Pigal.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q22761|Q22761]] | [[Alexander Gode]] | | data-sort-value="1906" | 1906-10-30<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-08-10<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q12356357|Q12356357]] | [[Valter Ahlstedt]] | | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-01-13<ref name="ref_fe17a8b4fefcd52df028e7cd6522deb3c942fb5d94a27e77b8d77bc34d967e18">''[[:d:Q137211150|Sveriges dödbok 1800–2024]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2005" | 2005-04-25<ref name="ref_fe17a8b4fefcd52df028e7cd6522deb3c942fb5d94a27e77b8d77bc34d967e18">''[[:d:Q137211150|Sveriges dödbok 1800–2024]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fe17a8b4fefcd52df028e7cd6522deb3c942fb5d94a27e77b8d77bc34d967e18">''[[:d:Q137211150|Sveriges dödbok 1800–2024]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q739942|Q739942]] | [[Hugh Blair]] | | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-05-23<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-01-28<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q3895054|Q3895054]] | [[André Schild]] | [[File:André Schild.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1910" | 1910-08-01<ref name="ref_ca309088f927c1bcb4a56da699efd177180166b4094c2895ff0ad10e78b90530">https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/schild.htm</ref> | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981-07-13 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<br/>[[Interlingue]] |- | [[:d:Q7818187|Q7818187]] | [[Toma Macovei]] | | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-07-23 | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-25 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[esperanto]] |- | [[:d:Q11132545|Q11132545]] | [[Alice Morris Sturges]] | | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-11-12 | data-sort-value="1986" | 1986-07-15 | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q140386199|Q140386199]] | ''[[:d:Q140386199|H. P. Frodelund]]'' | | data-sort-value="1912" | 1912<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua danese|danese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[esperanto]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24238036|Q24238036]] | ''[[:d:Q24238036|Hannes Hyrenius]]'' | | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914-08-04 | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-11-09 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q16016016|Q16016016]] | [[Július Tomin]] | | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915-04-12<ref name="ref_07e31f630494daad23efbf44c732bb66ce7f7fb725d3631117c06a5398102c6c">http://svazky.cz/test/svazkyMT.php?jmeno=Julius&prijm=Tomin&dnar=12.04.1915&hledej=Hledat</ref> | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-04-07 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q112539397|Q112539397]] | [[Karel Wilgenhof]] | | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2009" | 2009<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q18238171|Q18238171]] | [[Sven Axel Sigurd Collberg]] | | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-09-10 | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua svedese|svedese]] |- | [[:d:Q6172158|Q6172158]] | [[Jeanne Martinet]] | | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-03-24<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-06<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q22001610|Q22001610]] | [[René Jacobs]] | | data-sort-value="1920" | 1920-10-04 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3440619|Q3440619]] | [[Robert Austerlitz]] | | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-12-13<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1994" | 1994-09-09<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_ae252dccea5cdaaa1379456832ceda432881776d03b668cf65e400a170467893">''[[:d:Q105657727|BiographySampo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_aba585e7bcff5bc07e83f12a27e02523501f205c0eb0b67a27da135bf81e06cd">''[[:d:Q4349956|The National Biography of Finland]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua romanian|romaniano]] |- | [[:d:Q24233822|Q24233822]] | ''[[:d:Q24233822|Giovanni Blandino]]'' | | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923-04-14<ref name="ref_996e2ba30a3b0572d837f62195fc3a2ec6264fa5780ae41a75483d05834fa86a">http://catalogo.pusc.it/auth/8904</ref> | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-02-26<ref name="ref_996e2ba30a3b0572d837f62195fc3a2ec6264fa5780ae41a75483d05834fa86a">http://catalogo.pusc.it/auth/8904</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]] |- | [[:d:Q6520710|Q6520710]] | [[Leland Yeager]] | [[File:Yeager.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-10-04<ref name="ref_8c963042403572a345270af03cf635daf6434fc8281898dd4825c0093cee0a6f">http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6198k9b</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-04-23<ref name="ref_264c3c8a2fdb26e2cfecf5f8435e06253234ac2966a8809180a67c180e63a594">http://economics.virginia.edu/featured-article/43751</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24266701|Q24266701]] | [[Pian Boalt]] | | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-02-27<br/>1925<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q13156522|Q13156522]] | [[Ingvar Stenström]] | | data-sort-value="1928" | 1928-05-19 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua svedese|svedese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24228279|Q24228279]] | [[Bent Andersen]] | | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-03-17 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-03-20 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q1100696|Q1100696]] | [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)|Jeszenszky Ferenc]] | [[File:Jeszenszky Ferenc.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-08-22 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-04-21 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q13156563|Q13156563]] | [[Åsmund Knutson]] | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-05-12 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24233520|Q24233520]] | [[Jonas Negalha]] | | data-sort-value="1933" | 1933-04-26<ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007-04-12<ref name="ref_a038a894def0a35a72086159eeda90d36c532b4bb42b75f239e3225dd3a2f9ed">''[[:d:Q23833686|Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3942656|Q3942656]] | [[Stanley Mulaik]] | | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-04-09<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_14315f79fca4f8f3505e2435a3b18200ef70703d3cac7702cbb24610914be43b">https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinsouthso0000unse_k0u4/page/522/mode/2up</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q13156510|Q13156510]] | [[Erik Enfors]] | | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-03-19 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q5246750|Q5246750]] | [[Deanna Hammond]] | | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q6420000|Q6420000]] | ''[[:d:Q6420000|Klavs Neerbek]]'' | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua danese|danese]] |- | [[:d:Q13156511|Q13156511]] | [[F. P. Gopsill]] | | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3892121|Q3892121]] | [[Tazio Carlevaro]] | | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-07-27 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_598a125ab8c8805bad3640e2e2bec5a9d5114952c0b5423a0aff512b443156f7">https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137633028</ref> | [[esperanto]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Ido]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q24357899|Q24357899]] | [[Italo Notarstefano]] | | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_9db7cdfba6f55a5e2af1041c0df135cfa74542918a43f4a0b01619770b81c070">https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16951616v</ref> | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24233832|Q24233832]] | [[Paolo Castellina]] | | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-06-17 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q3943006|Q3943006]] | [[Anders Blixt]] | | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-03-20<ref name="ref_7f5bbff9df041d88c8b61ec14cbb798b82512ffc53e56e8c973ae72eb0508039">''[[:d:Q1798125|LIBRIS]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q118904199|Q118904199]] | [[Josu Lavin]] | | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-03-23 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua basc|basco]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q6315154|Q6315154]] | [[Jurij Cherednikov]] | | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q10995332|Q10995332]] | ''[[:d:Q10995332|Gonçalo Neves]]'' | | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-06-05 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[esperanto]]<ref name="ref_9766667fd61e97a9b57e95db4e51637489839a1b4fcc06a298180fda9e57e9c0">''[[:d:Q20481229|Originala Literaturo Esperanta]]''</ref><br/>[[Ido]]<br/>[[Volapük]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q58833028|Q58833028]] | [[Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro]] | [[File:Carlos Valcárcel Ribeiro-EMLex Wiktionary HackFest 2018 10.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-09-03 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[lingua gallecian]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] |- | [[:d:Q20605100|Q20605100]] | [[Petyo Angelov]] | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978-11-07 | data-sort-value="2012" | 2012-05-06 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q133173137|Q133173137]] | ''[[:d:Q133173137|Júlia Rosell Saldaña]]'' | | data-sort-value="1987" | 1987 | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[Lingua catalan|catalano]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q56678985|Q56678985]] | ''[[:d:Q56678985|Ivan Camilo Quintero Santacruz]]'' | [[File:Wikimedia Summit 2019 - Portrait Ivan Camilo Quintero Santacruz.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-02-02 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[esperanto]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Lingua catalan|catalano]] |- | [[:d:Q97269314|Q97269314]] | [[Vicente Costalago]] | | data-sort-value="1991" | 1991-11-08<ref name="ref_daf17aed294d56ac2d446d98f35280ea09b0de6a22f6f7cb2e5237a33c615b1a">''[[:d:Q3196878|Cosmoglotta]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua franca nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Interlingue]]<br/>[[Glosa]]<br/>[[Lingua extremaduran]] |- | [[:d:Q3895079|Q3895079]] | [[James Chandler]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]]<ref name="ref_835f6edb72c59e71a29f11dec76a9d0340efa4d857a2b3554759c45e835d7f1f">http://interlanguages.net/interlingua.html</ref> |- | [[:d:Q4727517|Q4727517]] | [[Alix Potet]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q4776419|Q4776419]] | ''[[:d:Q4776419|Antonio Arocho]]'' | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q11017562|Q11017562]] | [[Eric Ahlström]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q13156516|Q13156516]] | [[Hugo Fischer]] | | | data-sort-value="1978" | 1978 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24228288|Q24228288]] | [[Thomas Breinstrup]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q24238144|Q24238144]] | [[Selahattin Kayalar]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[interlingua]] |- | [[:d:Q65404522|Q65404522]] | [[Julio Dobkin]] | | | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[interlingua]]<br/>[[Portugese brasilian]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] |} ---- &sum; 57 items. {{Wikidata list end}} ==Lista de parlatores de interlingua - no includite in Wikidata== * [[Christina Brandt]] * [[S. W. Buckhalter]] * [[Julio Dobkin]] * [[Franco de Fraxino]] * [[H. P. Frodelund]] * [[Esbern Hak]] - anagramma de [[Hans Neerbek]] * [[Julio Inquilino]] * [[Martin Lavallée]] * [[Jørgen Lund]] * [[Hermenegildo de la Campa Martínez]] * [[Giovanni Mascellaro]] * [[Carolo Salicto]] * [[Brian C. Sexton]] * [[Aleš Uhlíř]] * [[Raymond Volf]] * [[Jakob Waage]] * [[Marco Waterman]] * [[Ricard Wilshusen]] == Referenties == [[Categoria:Parlatores de interlingua| ]] br7hjtris75hznquuyun2h1yive3mvk 102 38952 702685 701970 2026-10-07T08:11:32Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 702685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P105 wd:Q38348 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P225,P171,P18,description |thumb=32 |links=red |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! nomine del taxon ! taxon superior immediate ! imagine ! description |- | [[:d:Q1360|Q1360]] | [[arthropodo]] | Arthropoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Asian forest scorpion in Khao Yai National Park.JPG|center|32px]] | phylo de animales |- | [[:d:Q5182|Q5182]] | [[Kinorhyncha]] | Kinorhyncha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b2443bdb8eb065e0d3e88ce0d3b6b6fc0fba0b6a252f6528d420213f2db3c710">''[[:d:Q19317420|Phylum Kinorhyncha]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Echinoderes hwiizaa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5183|Q5183]] | [[Loricifera]] | Loricifera<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5184|Q5184]] | [[Priapulida]] | Priapulida<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Priapulus caudatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5185|Q5185]] | [[Nematoda]] | Nematoda<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5186|Q5186]] | [[Nematomorpha]] | Nematomorpha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Paragordius tricuspidatus.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5189|Q5189]] | [[Lobopodia]] | Lobopodia | [[Panarthropoda]] | [[File:20210000 Lobopodia lobopodians lobopods.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5191|Q5191]] | [[Onychophora]] | Onychophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e06a7e3c469f277c9344b5a5e835660a166c141af045136b523115727e6294ed">''[[:d:Q19329296|Phylum Onychophora Grube, 1853]]''</ref><ref name="ref_663c79fc9d0f4631a1ea8eaf1b8cddf2861b4797951760a3d62ca7c951bdb680">''[[:d:Q19329389|A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Onycophora.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5194|Q5194]] | [[Tardigrada]] | Tardigrada<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Ecdysozoa]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10915|Q10915]] | [[chordato]] | Chordata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_de89d1d7a3b9861aa896c2763db458e8269d1d9fb76891ffc54e0793ca104151">''[[:d:Q34008832|The mitochondrial DNA of Xenoturbella bocki: genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis]]''</ref> | [[File:Chordata.png|center|32px]] | phylo de animales |- | [[:d:Q18960|Q18960]] | [[Porifera]] | Porifera<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[animal]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Vaasspons2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25326|Q25326]] | [[Molluscos|Mollusca]] | Mollusca<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Lophotrochozoa]] | [[File:Mollusca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25441|Q25441]] | [[Cnidari]] | Cnidaria<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Eumetazoa]] | [[File:Schleiden-meduse-2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25522|Q25522]] | [[Annelida]] | Annelida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Nereis pelagica.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q41579|Q41579]] | [[acidobacterio]] | Acidobacteria<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Acidobacterium.jpg|center|32px]] | phylo de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q44631|Q44631]] | [[Echinodermata]] | Echinodermata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec6fcf770918be7d2fba2367606625b26ee439302860547d0a1fcfc8d330b2ce">''[[:d:Q54802324|Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Ambulacraria]] | [[File:Ophionereis reticulata 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q93315|Q93315]] | [[Cyanobacteria]] | Cyanobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_53a0f2b03daa7019b2710ec8dd21755784650fbdc972046fa802842c113a1dae">''[[:d:Q693148|International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:201208 Cyanobacteria.png|center|32px]]<ref name="ref_fc1deb0c6e0726d35b5ca72104428b2a8286c0c11e4a9316bd654855cbfc0a80">http://togotv.dbcls.jp/ja/togopic.2012.18.html</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q102778|Q102778]] | [[Ctenophora|Ctenophoro]] | Ctenophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Eumetazoa]] | [[File:Ctenophore.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q106345|Q106345]] | [[Ciliophora]] | Ciliophora<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c7329662afc81d018cfa327740fedc871a21a94ccd87455d4b66bb43e6687bdf">''[[:d:Q51379118|Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger nach biologischen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Isotricha intestinalis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q107027|Q107027]] | [[Foraminifera]] | Foraminifera | [[Rhizaria]] | [[File:Ammonia tepida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q107920|Q107920]] | [[Radiolaria]] | Radiolaria | [[Rhizaria]] | [[File:Haeckel Stephoidea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q120490|Q120490]] | [[Dinoflagellata]] | Dinoflagellata | [[Dinozoa]] | [[File:Ceratium furca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124900|Q124900]] | [[Plathelminthes|Platyhelminthes]] | Platyhelminthes<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Platodes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q130914|Q130914]] | [[Actinobacteria]] | Actinobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Actinomyces israelii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q130999|Q130999]] | [[Proteobacteria]] | Proteobacteria<ref name="ref_620a847fbcac205b5a1c11ec93ed90db3e61acbe9fb1eae72bc08d4501f60cad">''[[:d:Q45316252|Validation List no. 106: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131032|Q131032]] | [[Orthonectida]] | Orthonectida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[protostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Orthonetida dict flat and cylinder.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131040|Q131040]] | [[Placozoa]] | Placozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_40ddf737f368df45185f884350efa239024ce874f019eac59549d5ac5b0dd455">''[[:d:Q45817173|Ultrastructural analyses support different morphological lineages in the phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971]]''</ref> | [[animal]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Trichoplax mic.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133219|Q133219]] | [[Charophyta]] | Charophyta | [[Viridiplantae]] | [[File:Chara braunii 1.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134869|Q134869]] | [[Rhombozoa]] | Rhombozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[protostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Dicyema macrocephalum.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134886|Q134886]] | [[Deinococcus-Thermus]] | Deinococcus-Thermus<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Deinococcus radiodurans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q137449|Q137449]] | [[Haplosporidia]] | Haplosporidia<ref name="ref_3e058715a18b00e3a22f9b5eb0650695fe4514068aaa169d060a0a28df4e00d5">''[[:d:Q108908969|Sur le genere Aplosporidium (nov.) et l'ordre nouveau des Aplosporidies]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c980fa20222306284d97e6128fcd535cd1bce8c8adf8489d2e8e896c8b6dfc99">''[[:d:Q108913858|Ergebnisse der neueren Sporozoenforschung]]''</ref> | [[Ascetosporea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q148134|Q148134]] | [[Bryozoa]] | Bryozoa<ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Bryozoa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q149075|Q149075]] | [[Firmicutes]] | Firmicutes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q162907|Q162907]] | [[Phoronida]] | Phoronida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Nur03506.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q174301|Q174301]] | [[Hemichordata]] | Hemichordata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Eichelwurm.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q174698|Q174698]] | [[Basidiomycota]] | Basidiomycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Dikarya]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Basimycetes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q174726|Q174726]] | [[Ascomycota]] | Ascomycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ddbcc7e85480f79a67652de9848eb190a612c56b4a88fde67c8d1ff4a91a1692">''[[:d:Q22065662|A revised six-kingdom system of life]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Dikarya]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Xylaria polymorpha a1.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q178235|Q178235]] | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]] | Acanthocephala<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:C wegeneri.JPG|center|32px]] | phylo de vermes parasitic |- | [[:d:Q178272|Q178272]] | [[Brachiopoda]] | Brachiopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:LingulaanatinaAA.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q180148|Q180148]] | [[Rotifera]] | Rotifera<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Habrotrocha rosa 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q185631|Q185631]] | [[Nemertea]] | Nemertea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Micrura verrilli.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q189808|Q189808]] | [[Marchantiophyta]] | Marchantiophyta<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_15301d99d1ade1e5ecd1e0a19335fb2228f21fc8dc86f538b4814f324f2aa7e5">''[[:d:Q55952715|A Checklist of the Liverworts and Hornworts of North America]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e792f138d9d7ef71de54888c5770402ead4c342a7bfb3038ff616d954ddf4174">''[[:d:Q42319604|Correct author citations for some upper rank names of liverworts (Marchantiophyta)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_976bddadb39e933a9d91d0266ee5437aa9f02c00d56726e49f8588f6c7dbd601">''[[:d:Q75186175|Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[Embryophyta]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Assortment of Hepaticae from Kunstformen der Natur (1904), plate 82.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q190115|Q190115]] | [[Gastrotricha]] | Gastrotricha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Gastrotrich.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q192416|Q192416]] | [[Chaetognatha]] | Chaetognatha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Gnathifera]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Chaetoblack.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q193030|Q193030]] | [[Apicomplexa]] | Apicomplexa<ref name="ref_a98611b933e05d46231f4bb4ff0ddb9ad643f023b1ca6561ce02d731ab2f2fc2">''[[:d:Q105882484|Taxonomy of the sporozoa]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]]<br/>[[Protisto|Protista]] | [[File:Malaria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q204219|Q204219]] | [[Euryarchaeota]] | Euryarchaeota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Halobacteria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q208580|Q208580]] | [[Entoprocta]] | Entoprocta<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Barentsa discreta suzukokemusi02.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q264543|Q264543]] | [[Chlorophyta]] | Chlorophyta<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Viridiplantae]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Ulvophyceae composite.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q459276|Q459276]] | [[Gnathostomulida]] | Gnathostomulida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Gnathostomula paradoxa Sylt.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q473747|Q473747]] | [[Chytridiomycota]] | Chytridiomycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Eumycota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Chytridiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Spizellomycete.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q473809|Q473809]] | [[Amoebozoa]] | Amoebozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ab4245d171ca4bc134853c75bbd29156738ecf599972dfd7a09b5d32fc4166fc">''[[:d:Q110094490|Handbuch der Morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere. Vol. 1]]''</ref> | [[Amorphea]]<ref name="ref_88ff74caebbdff69adae1309530f8930d8ba5d8e8ac089aa0eb81bf4fefdaad6">''[[:d:Q57086550|Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes]]''</ref><br/>[[Sarcomastigota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Amoebozoa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q499078|Q499078]] | [[Crenarchaeota]] | Crenarchaeota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:RT8-4.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q499091|Q499091]] | [[Metamonada]] | Metamonada<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Excavata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Giardia lamblia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q500497|Q500497]] | [[Cercozoa]] | Cercozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Rhizaria]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Cabozoa]]<ref name="ref_eb8f4182b34c0bc6aa9cf61e20312bb1c51fa4ad39fc1e8a71abf212f4f4c12b">''[[:d:Q28261633|Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree]]''</ref> | [[File:Cercomonas sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q500531|Q500531]] | [[Haptophyta]] | Haptophyta<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_802acaa704182f044c5fde26b8cc8b7b63c1c9c3d15f61f10a60433407ac57fa">''[[:d:Q110221064|Phylogenetic reconstructions of the Haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data]]''</ref> | [[Haptista]]<ref name="ref_c9efd199c533dacedb4c96fcb7c6c45d8a130638058ce8c9b4536dd171de77e0">''[[:d:Q127708157|The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris]]''</ref> | [[File:Coccolithus pelagicus 07.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q502012|Q502012]] | [[Cycliophora]] | Cycliophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Symbion pandora wikipedia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q504947|Q504947]] | [[Korarchaeota]] | Korarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Korarchaeota.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q548074|Q548074]] | [[Nanoarchaeota]] | Nanoarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Urzwerg.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q597831|Q597831]] | [[Aquificae]] | Aquificae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Venenivibrio.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q623375|Q623375]] | [[Chlorobacteria]] | Chlorobacteria | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Phylum-Chloroflexi-isolate-Anaerolineae-bacterium-HOT-439-is-dependent-on-a-helper-strain.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q645245|Q645245]] | [[Apusozoa]] | Apusozoa | [[bikont]] | [[File:Apusomonas.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q753723|Q753723]] | [[Glomeromycota]] | Glomeromycota<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3294b4563ef87fe76b2d4f35ae5f36e88603ea86ee1f9f7ffbe5c63d420f6d6b">''[[:d:Q21972835|A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution]]''</ref> | [[Eomycota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Mucoromyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Gigaspora margarita.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q851406|Q851406]] | [[Aschelminthes]] | Aschelminthes | [[protostome]] | [[File:Ascaris lumbricoides.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q875679|Q875679]] | [[Chlamydiae]] | Chlamydiae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlusskörperchen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q908484|Q908484]] | [[Tenericutes]] | Tenericutes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Spiro.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q921087|Q921087]] | [[Hyolitha]] | Hyolitha | [[Lophophorata]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref> | [[File:Hyoliths01.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q968988|Q968988]] | [[Heliozoa]] | | [[Hacrobia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Heliozoen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1041942|Q1041942]] | [[Retaria]] | Retaria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Rhizaria]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Ammonia tepida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1048772|Q1048772]] | [[Ochrophyta]] | Ochrophyta | [[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Kelp In Freycinet Tasmania.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1061265|Q1061265]] | [[Bacteroidetes]] | Bacteroidetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1096964|Q1096964]] | [[Myzozoa]] | Myzozoa | [[Protozoa]] | [[File:Haeckel Peridinea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1137677|Q1137677]] | [[Fusobacteria]] | Fusobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Fusobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Fusobacterium novum 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1140791|Q1140791]] | [[Blastocladiomycota]] | Blastocladiomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<br/>[[Blastocladiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Rozella allomycis2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1146853|Q1146853]] | [[Thermotogae]] | Thermotogae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermotoga sketch.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1147292|Q1147292]] | [[Gemmatimonadetes]] | Gemmatimonadetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1186957|Q1186957]] | [[Thaumarchaeota]] | Thaumarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1197160|Q1197160]] | [[Cephalorhyncha]] | Cephalorhyncha | [[Ecdysozoa]] | [[File:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1200941|Q1200941]] | [[Fibrobacteres]] | Fibrobacteres<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1261437|Q1261437]] | [[Vetulicolia]] | Vetulicolia | [[deuterostome]] | [[File:Vetucolia.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1289758|Q1289758]] | [[Chloroflexi]] | Chloroflexi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Phylum-Chloroflexi-isolate-Anaerolineae-bacterium-HOT-439-is-dependent-on-a-helper-strain.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1318124|Q1318124]] | [[Synergistetes]] | Synergistetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Synergistetes.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1349731|Q1349731]] | [[Chrysiogenetes]] | Chrysiogenetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1437858|Q1437858]] | [[Fornicata]] | Fornicata | [[Metamonada]] | [[File:DysnectesBrevis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1782621|Q1782621]] | [[Telonemia]] | Telonemia<ref name="ref_3a6d30a20d30e94a37d36018cc8eecf43380d007805fcf21ed2359bc9642a9c4">''[[:d:Q23379060|Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ba96fb62023284fe1730c23752a29651d8fdd25e0b3f2d15de16bde335da90d">''[[:d:Q23380247|Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, telonemia and centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic chromalveolates]]''</ref> | [[TSAR]] | [[File:Telonema rivulare (contrast micrography).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2294279|Q2294279]] | [[Sarcomastigophora]] | Sarcomastigophora<ref name="ref_77dc7c512b6e5462385cf5b7c49ae88daf74152e08857d54d9948f20bc38a850">''[[:d:Q54493498|A Revised Classification of the Phylum Protozoa*]]''</ref> | [[Protozoa]]<br/>[[Protisto|Protista]] | [[File:Gbulloides.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2334797|Q2334797]] | [[Trilobozoa]] | Trilobozoa | [[Eumetazoa]]<br/>[[animal]] | [[File:Tribrachiidae.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2512784|Q2512784]] | [[Vendozoa]] | Vendobionta<ref name="ref_fe61fc438eba64bbeb2f5b429d77af9885216792315cff23c26e3a2ec3734728">''[[:d:Q55895557|Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution]]''</ref> | [[animal]] | [[File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2566978|Q2566978]] | [[Proarticulata]] | Proarticulata | [[Bilateria]] | [[File:Dickinsonia Archaeaspinus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2823622|Q2823622]] | [[Actinopoda]] | Actinopoda<ref name="ref_3d36609571cf0428a374b752f5c308e8434d1421a68d06061b54862fc9652ea9">''[[:d:Q29452358|A short biography of Hubert Ludwig and a note on the publication dates of his monograph Die Seewalzen (1889–1892)]]''</ref> | [[eucaryote]] | [[File:Actinophrys sol.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3347027|Q3347027]] | [[Nemathelminthes]] | Nemathelminthes | [[animal]] | [[File:Roundworm.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3376321|Q3376321]] | [[Petalonamae]] | Petalonamae | [[animal]] | [[File:Charnia.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3508193|Q3508193]] | [[Syndermata]] | Syndermata | [[Platyzoa]] | [[File:Bdelloid.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3555432|Q3555432]] | [[Vendozoa]] | Vendozoa<ref name="ref_7a692d549cfcd9ca82e792db888888ffae536fdaa97b630b7e62602bd301ad7e">''[[:d:Q56001354|Vendozoa: Organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere]]''</ref> | [[animal]] | [[File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3570860|Q3570860]] | [[Xenacoelomorpha]] | Xenacoelomorpha<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[deuterostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><br/>[[Bilateria]]<ref name="ref_32b050f9596d0885e951362d83811c4173a265bfe5c3607fb865c64500abb104">''[[:d:Q29305163|Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa]]''</ref><br/>[[Xenambulacraria]] | [[File:Proporus sp.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4033604|Q4033604]] | [[Aigarchaeota]] | Aigarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q4792907|Q4792907]] | [[Armatimonadetes]] | Armatimonadetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_02ef276519854a01f66486d26a78484b187383278872729a929c119896f92f7f">''[[:d:Q33630155|Armatimonas rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., of a novel bacterial phylum, Armatimonadetes phyl. nov., formally called the candidate phylum OP10.]]''</ref> | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q4907045|Q4907045]] | [[Bigyra]] | Bigyra | [[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Aplanosem.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5031741|Q5031741]] | [[Saccharibacteria]] | Saccharibacteria | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5113799|Q5113799]] | [[Chromerida]] | Chromerida | [[Alveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5114906|Q5114906]] | [[Chrysophyta]] | Chrysophyta | [[Stramenopiles]]<br/>[[Protisto|Protista]]<br/>[[Chromista]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Alger, Botydium granulatum, Nordisk familjebok.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5365047|Q5365047]] | [[Pseudofungi]] | Pseudofungi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Stramenopiles]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Water mold Mizukabi colony.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5367954|Q5367954]] | [[Elusimicrobia]] | Elusimicrobia<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5376372|Q5376372]] | [[Endomyxa]] | Endomyxa | [[Rhizaria]]<ref name="ref_d6ddbab10ac7ee97f02e92018dda7d2b18e4bf25576f2edb4e27e7c9b4ff16e4">''[[:d:Q125775961|On the phenology of protists: recurrent patterns reveal seasonal variation of protistan (Rhizaria: Cercozoa and Endomyxa) communities in tree canopies]]''</ref> | [[File:Collection Penard MHNG Specimen 427-1-1 Gromia brunneri.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7576782|Q7576782]] | [[Sphingobacteria]] | Sphingobacteria | [[bacterio]] | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9358965|Q9358965]] | [[Pyrrophyta]] | Pyrrophyta | [[eucaryote]] | | |- | [[:d:Q9642991|Q9642991]] | [[Bacillariophyta]] | Bacillariophyta | [[Chromista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q9810870|Q9810870]] | [[Bacteroidota]] | Bacteroidota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9850230|Q9850230]] | [[Conjugatophyta]] | Conjugatophyta | [[Chlorobionts]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10278368|Q10278368]] | [[Euthallophyta]] | Euthallophyta | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10286677|Q10286677]] | [[Elusimicrobiota]] | Elusimicrobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10317255|Q10317255]] | [[Lentisphaerota]] | Lentisphaerota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10334205|Q10334205]] | [[Myxomycota]] | Myxomycota | [[Protisto|Protista]] | [[File:Tubifera ferruginosa 52288.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10640455|Q10640455]] | [[Picozoa]] | Picozoa<ref name="ref_6f84893f17d7dac5f1f35e78e801676446c737f5807c18239365a578d6349f8b">''[[:d:Q21089798|Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as ‘Picobiliphytes’]]''</ref> | [[Archaeplastida]] | [[File:Picomonas judraskeda.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q11299399|Q11299399]] | [[Cryptista]] | Cryptista<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pancryptista]]<ref name="ref_c9efd199c533dacedb4c96fcb7c6c45d8a130638058ce8c9b4536dd171de77e0">''[[:d:Q127708157|The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include Microheliella maris]]''</ref><br/>[[Hacrobia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 6743 SEM Cryptophyte.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12063165|Q12063165]] | [[Fibrobacterota]] | Fibrobacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | phylo de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q12217510|Q12217510]] | [[Armatimonadota]] | Armatimonadota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12651951|Q12651951]] | [[Chlorobi]] | Chlorobi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Green d winogradsky.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12652693|Q12652693]] | [[Deferribacteres]] | Deferribacteres<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12673555|Q12673555]] | [[Spirochaete]] | Spirochaetae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:20100905 211652 Spirochetes.jpg|center|32px]] | phylo e classe de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q12746761|Q12746761]] | [[Preaxostyla]] | Preaxostyla | [[Excavata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12772144|Q12772144]] | [[Myxosporidia]] | Myxosporidia | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12962137|Q12962137]] | [[Pseudomonadota]] | Pseudomonadota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12962791|Q12962791]] | [[Chlorobiota]] | Chlorobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Green d winogradsky.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12963338|Q12963338]] | [[Dictyoglomi]] | Dictyoglomi<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Negibacteria]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12963847|Q12963847]] | [[Methanobacteriota]] | Methanobacteriota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Halobacteria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12968254|Q12968254]] | [[Mycoplasmatota]] | Mycoplasmatota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Spiro.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12971472|Q12971472]] | [[Synergistota]] | Synergistota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Synergistetes.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q13012345|Q13012345]] | [[Cyanophyta]] | Cyanophyta | [[Negibacteria]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q13014476|Q13014476]] | [[Schizomycophyta]] | Schizomycophyta | [[Prokaryota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q13392618|Q13392618]] | [[Entomophthoromycota]] | Entomophthoromycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[File:Entomophthora muscae on Scathophaga stercoraria (lateral view).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q14562931|Q14562931]] | [[Magnoliophyta]] | Magnoliophyta<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_52c422a3a63aa15cea70f788af0d98a62756f3c860fdd8b758b51fe95d8330a2">''[[:d:Q55869373|Flowering Plants]]''</ref> | [[Spermatophyta]]<br/>[[Cycadophytanae]] | [[File:Magnoliafraseri rt1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15156941|Q15156941]] | [[Perkinsozoa]] | Perkinsozoa<ref name="ref_77dfd8970bd2bf14090bf4300c1d002007cc78a4a2b6e598d9de32feee6f3950">''[[:d:Q56038565|Parvilucifera infectans norén et moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]] | | taxon |- | [[:d:Q15283231|Q15283231]] | [[Loukozoa]] | Loukozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Excavata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Malawimonasms.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q16118567|Q16118567]] | [[Nitrososphaerota]] | Nitrososphaerota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ThaspiviridaeFig1rv2.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q17504643|Q17504643]] | [[Aphelida]] | Aphelida<ref name="ref_185afa0acd75b325098430683495cb0acd61ad3f71735cb5b4e6cd28db4cd38c">''[[:d:Q21131107|Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia]]''</ref> | [[Opisthosporidia]] | [[File:Amoeboaphelidium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18636217|Q18636217]] | [[Micrognathozoa]] | Micrognathozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Spiralia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Limnognathia maerski.PNG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18647867|Q18647867]] | [[Lentisphaerae]] | Lentisphaerae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q18667425|Q18667425]] | [[Verrucomicrobia]] | Verrucomicrobia<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_14a405d37222afc2a5fd122a43b7ba0323ff94c1ffc61672c369b6afa236fe03">''[[:d:Q36882454|Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f60752922dfd8784bc96d8c8f468baf4600cf2b4a9fb2b90ed69204c6e6cde49">''[[:d:Q33637195|Cerasicoccus maritimus sp. nov. and Cerasicoccus frondis sp. nov., two peptidoglycan-less marine verrucomicrobial species, and description of Verrucomicrobia phyl. nov., nom. rev.]]''</ref><ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:TEM - Epixenosomes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18668442|Q18668442]] | [[Spirochaete]] | Spirochaetota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:20100905 211652 Spirochetes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18674593|Q18674593]] | [[Planctomycetota]] | Planctomycetota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Figure-2-Scanning-electron-micrograph-of-P.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18674594|Q18674594]] | [[Planctomycetes]] | Planctomycetes<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Santarella plosbio 2010 gemmata obscuriglobus fig3.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19683970|Q19683970]] | [[Deferribacterota]] | Deferribacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q19868361|Q19868361]] | [[Lokiarchaeota]] | Lokiarchaeota<ref name="ref_4adb43d2d2facce52a651d6074856d685756fa9a52691580162aadfb614c76d2">''[[:d:Q22809057|Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes]]''</ref> | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20388896|Q20388896]] | [[Chlamydiota]] | Chlamydiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlusskörperchen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q20641774|Q20641774]] | [[Mastigomycota]] | Mastigomycota | [[Eumycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q20643853|Q20643853]] | [[Thermodesulfobacteria]] | Thermodesulfobacteria<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20721206|Q20721206]] | [[Melainabacteria]] | Melainabacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota/Melainabacteria]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20751938|Q20751938]] | [[Nitrospirae]] | Nitrospirae<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20804840|Q20804840]] | [[Caldiserica]] | Caldiserica<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2f1338e18d27781ad188f99c4efb0138bd47ca4011fafa0455d096c8b78ff992">''[[:d:Q33486346|Caldisericum exile gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldiserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales o]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21092088|Q21092088]] | [[Sulcozoa]] | Sulcozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Sarcomastigota]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Apusomonas.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21286613|Q21286613]] | [[Heterokontophyta]] | Heterokontophyta | [[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Giantkelp2 300.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21293795|Q21293795]] | [[Monoblastozoa]] | Monoblastozoa<ref name="ref_1564da301e83b5d97bf5a357b80f94ddc4320ba1509c91b52cbd38a11c2bcb66">''[[:d:Q51456687|Classification of the animal kingdom]]''</ref> | [[animal]] | [[File:Salinella salve Frenzel.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21397920|Q21397920]] | [[Clostridium tetani E88]] | Clostridium tetani E88 | [[Clostridium tetani]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21439067|Q21439067]] | [[Aquificota]] | Aquificota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Venenivibrio.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21439314|Q21439314]] | [[Chrysiogenota]] | Chrysiogenota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21441825|Q21441825]] | [[Fusobacteriota]] | Fusobacteriota | [[Fusobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Fusobacterium novum 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21442539|Q21442539]] | [[Chloroflexota]] | Chloroflexota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Phylum-Chloroflexi-isolate-Anaerolineae-bacterium-HOT-439-is-dependent-on-a-helper-strain.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21445621|Q21445621]] | [[Neomonada]] | Neomonada | [[Opimoda|Neozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21445839|Q21445839]] | [[Opalozoa]] | Opalozoa | [[Bigyra]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446030|Q21446030]] | [[Granuloreticulosa]] | Granuloreticulosa | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446061|Q21446061]] | [[Ascetospora]] | Ascetospora<ref name="ref_05b76844e293ed05b5e8d83c431f65580cf714a96e7fafa867717d1a6ed1c182">''[[:d:Q108899521|Classification of the Haplosporidia]]''</ref> | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446189|Q21446189]] | [[Haptomonada]] | Haptomonada | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446445|Q21446445]] | [[Plasmodiophoromycota]] | Plasmodiophoromycota | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446765|Q21446765]] | [[Protomonada]] | Protomonada | [[Flagelloopalinida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446795|Q21446795]] | [[Prymnesiophyta]] | Prymnesiophyta | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446800|Q21446800]] | [[Karyoblastea]] | Karyoblastea | [[Rhizopoda]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446920|Q21446920]] | [[Pyrrhophyta]] | Pyrrhophyta | [[Pyrrophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446977|Q21446977]] | [[Chrysomonada]] | Chrysomonada | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447010|Q21447010]] | [[Raphidophyta]] | Raphidophyta | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447146|Q21447146]] | [[Dicyemida]] | Dicyemida | [[protostome]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Dicyema macrocephalum.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447237|Q21447237]] | [[Thermoproteota]] | Thermoproteota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:RT8-4.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447509|Q21447509]] | [[Dinophyta]] | Dinophyta | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447667|Q21447667]] | [[Miozoa]] | Miozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Alveolata]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Oxyrrhis marina.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447813|Q21447813]] | [[Tetramastigota]] | Tetramastigota | [[eucaryote]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447826|Q21447826]] | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]] | Thermodesulfobacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447831|Q21447831]] | [[Thraustochytriacea]] | Thraustochytriacea | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21448006|Q21448006]] | [[Xanthophyta]] | Xanthophyta | [[Chromista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21448056|Q21448056]] | [[Zoomastigina]] | Zoomastigina | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21573733|Q21573733]] | [[Rappemonada]] | Rappemonada | [[Hacrobia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22094454|Q22094454]] | [[Percolozoa]] | Percolozoa<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[Discoba]]<ref name="ref_88ff74caebbdff69adae1309530f8930d8ba5d8e8ac089aa0eb81bf4fefdaad6">''[[:d:Q57086550|Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes]]''</ref> | [[File:Naegleria (formes).png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q22113496|Q22113496]] | [[Dictyoglomota]] | Dictyoglomota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q22159986|Q22159986]] | [[Hepatophyta]] | Hepatophyta | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23044259|Q23044259]] | [[Sphenophyta]] | Sphenophyta | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23419047|Q23419047]] | [[Problematica]] | Problematica | [[animal]] | [[File:Problematica Silurica (Plate 2) (7629246330).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q24088016|Q24088016]] | [[Discomitochondria]] | Discomitochondria | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q24150684|Q24150684]] | [[Agmata]] | Agmata | [[animal]] | [[File:StadtmuseumBerlin GeologischeSammlung SM-2012-1604.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q24975421|Q24975421]] | [[Poribacteria]] | Poribacteria | [[bacterio]] | [[File:Poribacteria localisation using correlative microscopy.gif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25228461|Q25228461]] | [[Verrucomicrobiota]] | Verrucomicrobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:TEM - Epixenosomes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25508584|Q25508584]] | [[Parvarchaeota]] | Parvarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:25K15pA9Def4sec Arman 4 Box1.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25508587|Q25508587]] | [[Diapherotrites]] | Diapherotrites | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q25508591|Q25508591]] | [[Aenigmarchaeota]] | Aenigmarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q25519942|Q25519942]] | [[Bacillota]] | Bacillota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25539559|Q25539559]] | [[Psilophyta]] | Psilophyta | [[planta]] | [[File:Psilotum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25577567|Q25577567]] | [[Cyanobacteriota]] | Cyanobacteriota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:201208 Cyanobacteria.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25834462|Q25834462]] | [[Euglenozoa]] | Euglenozoa<ref name="ref_f9911c01cb81196762d2c6675b2d790f9a923331f602282f796e7af4ea25d82d">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536202</ref><ref name="ref_e42897ef28ca1fbc09977e9a4a2b32bbcf01800c47a324caca5014b17fe73964">''[[:d:Q22919249|Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?]]''</ref> | [[Euglenozoa]]<ref name="ref_f9911c01cb81196762d2c6675b2d790f9a923331f602282f796e7af4ea25d82d">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=536202</ref><ref name="ref_772a9b96f11299bb1ce0d28c2a3a6e4244c6b6d8b24ff822acd47644eb07410d">http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=117576</ref><br/>[[Discicristata]]<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:Euglena sp..jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26209713|Q26209713]] | [[Rhodothermaeota]] | Rhodothermaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26220359|Q26220359]] | [[Ignavibacteriota]] | Ignavibacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26714852|Q26714852]] | [[Nitrospinae]] | Nitrospinae | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827889|Q26827889]] | [[Acetothermia]] | Acetothermia | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827898|Q26827898]] | [[Aerophobetes]] | Aerophobetes | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827901|Q26827901]] | [[Aminicenantes]] | Aminicenantes | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827906|Q26827906]] | [[Hydrogenedentes]] | Hydrogenedentes | [[Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827909|Q26827909]] | [[Micrarchaeota]] | Micrarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26827910|Q26827910]] | [[Woesearchaeota]] | Woesearchaeota | [[DPANN]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827912|Q26827912]] | [[Pacearchaeota]] | Pacearchaeota | [[DPANN]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827914|Q26827914]] | [[Bathyarchaeota]] | Bathyarchaeota | [[TACK]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26827915|Q26827915]] | [[Geoarchaeota]] | Geoarchaeota | [[archeo]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26869732|Q26869732]] | [[Ignavibacteriae]] | Ignavibacteriae<ref name="ref_51ce1d7c1b510fc1cc914c148b06054cf3f25e3e422923184555cad17f3922c6">''[[:d:Q45327616|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26920574|Q26920574]] | [[Calescibacteriota]] | Calescamantes | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26920948|Q26920948]] | [[Pyropristinus]] | Pyropristinus | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26921036|Q26921036]] | [[Latescibacteriota]] | Latescibacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26959588|Q26959588]] | [[Cloacimonetes]] | Cloacimonetes | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26962485|Q26962485]] | [[Fervidibacteria]] | Fervidibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26967716|Q26967716]] | [[Gracilibacteria]] | Gracilibacteria | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26970560|Q26970560]] | [[Marinimicrobia]] | "Candidatus Marinimicrobia" | [[Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26997057|Q26997057]] | [[Parcubacteria]] | Parcubacteria | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q27001824|Q27001824]] | [[Omnitrophica]] | Omnitrophica | [[Planctobacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27067426|Q27067426]] | [[Modulibacteria]] | Modulibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27067589|Q27067589]] | [[Berkelbacteria]] | Berkelbacteria | [[CPR group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27075862|Q27075862]] | [[Absconditabacteria]] | Absconditabacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27076080|Q27076080]] | [[Katanobacteria]] | Katanobacteria | [[CPR group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27077239|Q27077239]] | [[Zixibacteria]] | Zixibacteria | [[Sphingobacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27101797|Q27101797]] | [[Kryptonia]] | Kryptonia | [[Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27102094|Q27102094]] | [[Rokubacteria]] | Rokubacteria | [[Gracilicutes]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27102375|Q27102375]] | [[Peregrinibacteria]] | Peregrinibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27114078|Q27114078]] | [[Wirthbacteria]] | Wirthbacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27116672|Q27116672]] | [[Beckwithbacteria]] | Beckwithbacteria | [[Microgenomates]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27116707|Q27116707]] | [[Collierbacteria]] | Collierbacteria | [[Microgenomates]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27146460|Q27146460]] | [[Adlerbacteria]] | Adlerbacteria | [[CPR group]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27668676|Q27668676]] | [[Thorarchaeota]] | Thorarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27928169|Q27928169]] | [[Mucoromycota]] | Mucoromycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]] | [[File:Mucoromycota.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q28052236|Q28052236]] | [[Entorrhizomycota]] | Entorrhizomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Dikarya]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q28777755|Q28777755]] | [[Balneolaeota]] | Balneolaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q29166402|Q29166402]] | [[Haplospora]] | Haplospora | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q43032442|Q43032442]] | [[Corbihelia]] | Corbihelia | [[Cryptista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q45909159|Q45909159]] | [[Entamoebia]] | Entamoebia<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Opimoda|Neozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q48846920|Q48846920]] | [[Myxococcota]] | Myxococcota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q49408504|Q49408504]] | [[Gemmatimonadota]] | Gemmatimonadota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q53818217|Q53818217]] | [[Aphelidiomycota]] | Aphelidiomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[Aphelidiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Amoeboaphelidium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q53818226|Q53818226]] | [[Basidiobolomycota]] | Basidiobolomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Basidiobolomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54281951|Q54281951]] | [[Kickxellomycota]] | Kickxellomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54463178|Q54463178]] | [[Monoblepharomycota]] | Monoblepharomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycota]]<br/>[[Chytridiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Monoblephs 002.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54463182|Q54463182]] | [[Mortierellomycota]] | Mortierellomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54653006|Q54653006]] | [[Olpidiomycota]] | Olpidiomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Olpidiomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56354566|Q56354566]] | [[Rhodothermota]] | Rhodothermota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56354595|Q56354595]] | [[Calditrichaeota]] | Calditrichaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56354628|Q56354628]] | [[Balneolota]] | Balneolota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56702807|Q56702807]] | [[Heimdallarchaeota]] | Heimdallarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q56704336|Q56704336]] | [[Calditrichota]] | Calditrichota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q56706714|Q56706714]] | [[Odinarchaeota]] | Odinarchaeota | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q57737752|Q57737752]] | [[Negarnaviricota]] | Negarnaviricota<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Negarnaviricota montage.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q57899030|Q57899030]] | [[Coprothermobacterota]] | Coprothermobacterota<ref name="ref_5adebfffdd6e1a7375f0d21bc4d1d54f640873304318658c72f86dbab967138f">''[[:d:Q51143933|Proposal for a new classification of a deep branching bacterial phylogenetic lineage: transfer of Coprothermobacter proteolyticus and Coprothermobacter platensis to Coprothermobacteraceae fam. nov., within Coprothermobacterales ord. nov., Coprotherm]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q58687931|Q58687931]] | [[Hemimastigophora]] | Hemimastigophora<ref name="ref_58dfc1d83951e35703b2a2a1aba78948c7015d0ae4a435375316002039078fa3">''[[:d:Q85570914|The hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils]]''</ref> | [[eucaryote]] | [[File:Hemimastix amphikineta.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q60572600|Q60572600]] | [[Nitrospirota]] | Nitrospirota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q61057246|Q61057246]] | [[Abditibacteriota]] | Abditibacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62066295|Q62066295]] | [[Kiritimatiellaeota]] | Kiritimatiellaeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62573436|Q62573436]] | [[Actinomycetota]] | Actinomycetota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Actinomyces israelii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q65598611|Q65598611]] | [[Helarchaeota]] | Helarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q73346622|Q73346622]] | [[Acidobacteraeota]] | Acidobacteraeota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q73346628|Q73346628]] | [[Acidobacterium group]] | Acidobacterium group | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q73346630|Q73346630]] | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]] | Acidobacteriota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Acidobacterium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q79918695|Q79918695]] | [[Verstraetearchaeota]] | Verstraetearchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q79969204|Q79969204]] | [[Altiarchaeota]] | Altiarchaeota | [[DPANN]] | | |- | [[:d:Q81642167|Q81642167]] | [[Rozellomycota]] | Rozellomycota<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[Rozellomyceta]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q87745169|Q87745169]] | [[Hydrothermarchaeota]] | Hydrothermarchaeota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q87991691|Q87991691]] | [[Marsarchaeota]] | Marsarchaeota | [[TACK]] | | |- | [[:d:Q88926185|Q88926185]] | [[Deinococcota]] | Deinococcota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Deinococcus radiodurans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92194055|Q92194055]] | [[Peploviricota]] | Peploviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Heunggongvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194132|Q92194132]] | [[Uroviricota]] | Uroviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Heunggongvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194209|Q92194209]] | [[Hofneiviricota]] | Hofneiviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Loebvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194276|Q92194276]] | [[Phixviricota]] | Phixviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Sangervirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194353|Q92194353]] | [[Cossaviricota]] | Cossaviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Shotokuvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194437|Q92194437]] | [[Cressdnaviricota]] | Cressdnaviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Shotokuvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194516|Q92194516]] | [[Saleviricota]] | Saleviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Trapavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194594|Q92194594]] | [[Duplornaviricota]] | Duplornaviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194673|Q92194673]] | [[Kitrinoviricota]] | Kitrinoviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194739|Q92194739]] | [[Lenarviricota]] | Lenarviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194811|Q92194811]] | [[Pisuviricota]] | Pisuviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Orthornavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92194888|Q92194888]] | [[Artverviricota]] | Artverviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Pararnavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Retrovirus.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92194946|Q92194946]] | [[Nucleocytoviricota]] | Nucleocytoviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Bamfordvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Megavirus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92195021|Q92195021]] | [[Preplasmiviricota]] | Preplasmiviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Bamfordvirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92195085|Q92195085]] | [[Dividoviricota]] | Dividoviricota<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Helvetiavirae]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q93682123|Q93682123]] | [[Margulisbacteria]] | Margulisbacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota/Melainabacteria]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q96376180|Q96376180]] | [[Delphibacteria]] | Delphibacteria | [[Sphingobacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96377874|Q96377874]] | [[Fermentibacteria]] | Fermentibacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96379822|Q96379822]] | [[Altimarinota]] | Altimarinota | [[CPR group]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q96394625|Q96394625]] | [[NC10 phylum]] | NC10 | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96406155|Q96406155]] | [[Psilophytophyta]] | Psilophytophyta | [[Embryophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q97066136|Q97066136]] | [[Candidatus Cryosericota]] | Cryosericota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q97381227|Q97381227]] | [[Thermotogota]] | Thermotogota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermotoga sketch.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98163206|Q98163206]] | [[Prasinodermatophyta]] | Prasinodermatophyta<ref name="ref_5631ca20a38193263affb5106e125eff9a45b825d04393ee636b119cdad1bec1">''[[:d:Q96641117|The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants]]''</ref> | [[Chloroplastida]] | [[File:Palmophyllum crassum as Palmophyllum flabellatum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98569717|Q98569717]] | [[Dormibacteraeota]] | Dormibacteraeota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98608871|Q98608871]] | [[Kiritimatiellota]] | Kiritimatiellota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q99238832|Q99238832]] | [[Nomurabacteria]] | Nomurabacteria | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q100742333|Q100742333]] | [[Eumycophyta]] | Eumycophyta | [[fungo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q100742412|Q100742412]] | [[Myxomycophyta]] | Myxomycophyta | [[fungo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q100787227|Q100787227]] | [[Eremiobacteraeota]] | Eremiobacteraeota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q105320684|Q105320684]] | [[Nitrospinota]] | Nitrospinota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q106691990|Q106691990]] | [[Sifarchaeota]] | Sifarchaeota | [[Asgard]] | | |- | [[:d:Q106938144|Q106938144]] | [[Taleaviricota]] | Taleaviricota<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Zilligvirae]]<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_366e4bf484d4214841243da83f659ace184bbeecf9fc0cd66df4467b6c755511">''[[:d:Q116118382|ICTV Master Species List 2021.v3]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q108072710|Q108072710]] | [[Caulochytriomycota]] | Caulochytriomycota | [[Chytridiomyceta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q108389880|Q108389880]] | [[Sanchytriomycota]] | Sanchytriomycota | [[fungo]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:Sanchytrid cells Fig1.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q109377432|Q109377432]] | [[Huberarchaeota]] | Huberarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110712107|Q110712107]] | [[Thermomicrobia]] | Thermomicrobia | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110746365|Q110746365]] | [[Atribacterota]] | Atribacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:41467 2020 20149 Fig1f.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q110917266|Q110917266]] | [[Nanohaloarchaeota]] | Nanohaloarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q111169035|Q111169035]] | [[Bdellovibrionota]] | Bdellovibrionota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Slice from electron cryotomogram of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus cell.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q111686092|Q111686092]] | [[Undinarchaeota]] | Undinarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q113867475|Q113867475]] | [[Njordarchaeota]] | Njordarchaeota | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q113882847|Q113882847]] | [[sporae dispersae]] | sporae dispersae | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q117089091|Q117089091]] | [[Moresnetiophyta]] | Moresnetiophyta | [[Cycadophytanae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q117323675|Q117323675]] | [[Actinobacteriota]] | Actinobacteriota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119526751|Q119526751]] | [[Caldisericota]] | Caldisericota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119788827|Q119788827]] | [[Annelida]] | Annelida | [[Lophozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119788837|Q119788837]] | [[Cnidaria]] | Cnidaria | [[Radiata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119822695|Q119822695]] | [[Saccharimonadota]] | Saccharimonadota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119841401|Q119841401]] | [[Spironematellophyta]] | Spironematellophyta | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q121290984|Q121290984]] | [[Candidatus Auribacterota]] | Auribacterota<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q121887854|Q121887854]] | [[Priapula]] | Priapula | | | |- | [[:d:Q121887868|Q121887868]] | [[Acanthocephala (cins)]] | Acanthocephala | | | |- | [[:d:Q122973879|Q122973879]] | [[Nanobdellota]] | Nanobdellota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Urzwerg.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q123461054|Q123461054]] | [[Methylomirabilota]] | Methylomirabilota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123631188|Q123631188]] | [[Thermomicrobiota]] | Thermomicrobiota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q124140374|Q124140374]] | [[Langiophytophyta]] | Langiophytophyta | [[Bryobiotina]] | [[File:Aglaophyton major reconstruccion en.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124318339|Q124318339]] | [[Microcaldota]] | Microcaldota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q124653641|Q124653641]] | [[Brockarchaeota]] | Brockarchaeota | [[archeo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q124736019|Q124736019]] | [[Aminicenantota]] | Aminicenantota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q125044953|Q125044953]] | [[Saccorhytida]] | Saccorhytida | [[Ecdysozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127598725|Q127598725]] | [[Candidatus Babelota]] | Candidatus Babelota<ref name="ref_a2a626b36040c9cc7c50aecc55770281ec611775daf45f37c012f15102a0c642">''[[:d:Q36647264|Comparative Genomics of Candidate Phylum TM6 Suggests That Parasitism Is Widespread and Ancestral in This Lineage.]]''</ref> | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127686997|Q127686997]] | [[Nebulidia]] | Nebulidia | [[Provora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127687643|Q127687643]] | [[Halobacteriota]] | Halobacteriota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128247205|Q128247205]] | [[Cloacimonadota]] | Cloacimonadota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128247315|Q128247315]] | [[Muiribacteriota]] | Muiribacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128247694|Q128247694]] | [[Elulimicrobiota]] | Elulimicrobiota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128504387|Q128504387]] | [[Hadarchaeota]] | Hadarchaeota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598620|Q128598620]] | [[Desulfobacterota]] | Desulfobacterota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598652|Q128598652]] | [[Bipolaricaulota]] | Bipolaricaulota | [[Thermotogati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128635785|Q128635785]] | [[Asgardarchaeota]] | Asgardarchaeota | [[archeo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128788757|Q128788757]] | [[Promethearchaeota]] | Promethearchaeota | [[Promethearchaeati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q130259571|Q130259571]] | [[Thermoplasmatota]] | Thermoplasmatota<ref name="ref_4c90cde234f10f42a4d5ba252a0894f21547c3717d68972f14682f2b81766ad7">''[[:d:Q123289567|Proposal of names for 329 higher rank taxa defined in the Genome Taxonomy Database under two prokaryotic codes]]''</ref> | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q130427981|Q130427981]] | [[Nibbleridia]] | Nibbleridia | [[Provora]] | [[File:Outline drawing of Ubysseya fretuma.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q130693641|Q130693641]] | [[Ambiviricota]] | Ambiviricota | [[Orthornavirae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131299205|Q131299205]] | [[Campylobacterota]] | Campylobacterota<ref name="ref_ab8cedfdaeb57dda04aad9965d1c480c5f2185b2fae158f356311076ef6983f1">''[[:d:Q124791084|Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131585232|Q131585232]] | [[Sysuimicrobiota]] | Sysuimicrobiota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131585276|Q131585276]] | [[Eremiobacterota]] | Eremiobacterota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131822313|Q131822313]] | [[Iainarchaeota]] | Iainarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131987420|Q131987420]] | [[Nanohalarchaeota]] | Nanohalarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131988525|Q131988525]] | [[Poseidoniota]] | Poseidoniota | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132852528|Q132852528]] | [[Minisyncoccota]] | Minisyncoccota | [[Bacillati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133292922|Q133292922]] | [[Patescibacteriota]] | Patescibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134283829|Q134283829]] | [[Fidelibacterota]] | Fidelibacterota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q134389434|Q134389434]] | [[Vulcanimicrobiota]] | Vulcanimicrobiota | [[bacterio]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135012866|Q135012866]] | [[Freyrarchaeota]] | Freyrarchaeota | [[archeo]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135031819|Q135031819]] | [[Hodarchaeota]] | Hodarchaeota | [[archeo]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135038427|Q135038427]] | [[Nezhaarchaeota]] | Nezhaarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135489975|Q135489975]] | [[Hydrothermota]] | Hydrothermota | [[Pseudomonadati]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135494149|Q135494149]] | [[Augarchaeota]] | Augarchaeota | [[Thermoproteati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135494257|Q135494257]] | [[Aenigmatarchaeota]] | Aenigmatarchaeota | [[Nanobdellati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135657034|Q135657034]] | [[Dormibacterota]] | Candidatus Dormibacterota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135686940|Q135686940]] | [[Muellerivitota]] | Muellerivitota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135686941|Q135686941]] | [[Oederibacteriota]] | Oederibacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136768066|Q136768066]] | [[Acidulidesulfobacteriota]] | Acidulidesulfobacteriota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136773909|Q136773909]] | [[Desulfotomaculota]] | Desulfotomaculota | | | |- | [[:d:Q136912989|Q136912989]] | [[Caelestes]] | Caelestes | [[Membrifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136956224|Q136956224]] | [[Ryujiniota]] | Ryujiniota | [[bacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q138425208|Q138425208]] | [[Dictyoglomerota]] | Dictyoglomerota<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q140571826|Q140571826]] | [["Candidatus Acetithermota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013]] | "Candidatus Acetithermota" | [[Thermotogati]] | | |- | [[:d:Q140577645|Q140577645]] | [[Caldifarciminota]] | Caldifarciminota | [[Pseudomonadati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q141198607|Q141198607]] | [[Methanomethylicota]] | Methanomethylicota | [[archeo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q141224092|Q141224092]] | [[Neoluka]] | Neoluka | [[Excavata]] | [[File:Ancyromonadida.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q141542382|Q141542382]] | [[Tracheophyta]] | Tracheophyta<ref name="ref_012eba0dbe37c7aa40587f8eabee8d9593a81bb50a0f2eb0ad19456c16f84c79">''[[:d:Q16958215|iNaturalist]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a5cb691fd2a2b68bd3f1f4fdd86e8363d0afaafce9c9a45fe2e1fcfcae264a67">''[[:d:Q1531570|Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]''</ref> | [[planta]]<ref name="ref_012eba0dbe37c7aa40587f8eabee8d9593a81bb50a0f2eb0ad19456c16f84c79">''[[:d:Q16958215|iNaturalist]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q141640485|Q141640485]] | [[Sumerlaeota]] | Sumerlaeota | [[bacterio]] | | |} ---- &sum; 372 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 96154u658v86xn94rsne8jtvn5tm2wc 102 39521 702489 701818 2026-10-06T13:24:46Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 702489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q15089 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P300,P41,P94,P242,P131,P36,description |thumb=48 |sort=label |links=red |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! ISO 3166-2 ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! position geographic ! situate in le entitate territorial administrative ! capital ! description |- | [[:d:Q16144|Q16144]] | [[Provincia de Brescia|Brescia]] | IT-BS<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Brescia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Brescia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Brescia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Brescia]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16189|Q16189]] | [[Provincia de L'Aquila|L'Aquila]] | IT-AQ<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of L'Aquila.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia dell'Aquila-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:L'Aquila in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Abruzzo]] | [[L'Aquila]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16188|Q16188]] | [[Provincia de La Spezia|La Spezia]] | IT-SP<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia della Spezia-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia della Spezia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:La Spezia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Liguria]] | [[La Spezia]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16242|Q16242]] | [[Provincia de Pescara|Pescara]] | IT-PE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Pescara.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Pescara-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pescara in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Abruzzo]] | [[Pescara]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q153427|Q153427]] | [[Province of Pola]] | | | [[File:Provincia di Pola-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | | | | |- | [[:d:Q106997093|Q106997093]] | [[province of Sulcis Iglesiente]] | | | [[File:Provincia del Sulcis Iglesiente-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Sulcis Iglesiente in Italy (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sardinia]] | [[Carbonia]]<br/>[[Iglesias (Italia)]] | |- | [[:d:Q16114|Q16114]] | [[Provincia de Ancona|provincia Ancona]] | IT-AN<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Ancona-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Ancona-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Ancona in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Marcas|Marche]] | [[Ancona]] | |- | [[:d:Q16117|Q16117]] | [[Provincia de Ascoli Piceno|provincia Ascoli Piceno]] | IT-AP<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Ascoli Piceno-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Ascoli Piceno in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Marcas|Marche]] | [[Ascoli Piceno]] | |- | [[:d:Q16120|Q16120]] | [[Provincia de Avellino|provincia Avellino]] | IT-AV<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Avellino-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Avellino-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Avellino in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Campania]] | [[Avellino]] | |- | [[:d:Q16124|Q16124]] | [[Provincia de Barletta-Andria-Trani|provincia Barletta-Andria-Trani]] | IT-BT<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Barletta-Andria-Trani-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Barletta-Andria-Trani-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Barletta-Andria-Trani in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Apulia]] | [[Barletta]]<br/>[[Andria]]<br/>[[Trani]] | |- | [[:d:Q16134|Q16134]] | [[Provincia de Benevento|provincia Benevento]] | IT-BN<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Benevento-Gonfalone.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Benevento-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Benevento in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Campania]] | [[Benevento]] | |- | [[:d:Q15094|Q15094]] | [[Provincia de Biella|provincia Biella]] | IT-BI<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Biella-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Biella-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Biella in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Biella]] | |- | [[:d:Q16148|Q16148]] | [[Provincia de Brindisi|provincia Brindisi]] | IT-BR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Brindisi.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Brindisi-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Brindisi in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Apulia]] | [[Brindisi]] | |- | [[:d:Q16151|Q16151]] | [[Provincia de Campobasso|provincia Campobasso]] | IT-CB<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Campobasso.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Campobasso-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Campobasso in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Molise]] | [[Campobasso]] | |- | [[:d:Q16153|Q16153]] | [[Provincia de Caserta|provincia Caserta]] | IT-CE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Caserta.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Caserta-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Caserta in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Campania]] | [[Caserta]] | |- | [[:d:Q16159|Q16159]] | [[Provincia de Catanzaro|provincia Catanzaro]] | IT-CZ<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Catanzaro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Province of Catanzaro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Catanzaro in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Calabria]] | [[Catanzaro]] | |- | [[:d:Q16161|Q16161]] | [[Provincia de Como|provincia Como]] | IT-CO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Como-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Como-Stemma 2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Como in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Como]] | |- | [[:d:Q16163|Q16163]] | [[Provincia de Cremona|provincia Cremona]] | IT-CR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Cremona.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Cremona-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Cremona in Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Cremona]] | |- | [[:d:Q16165|Q16165]] | [[Provincia de Crotone|provincia Crotone]] | IT-KR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Crotone.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Crotone-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Crotone in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Calabria]] | [[Crotone]] | |- | [[:d:Q15091|Q15091]] | [[Provincia de Cuneo|provincia Cuneo]] | IT-CN<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Cuneo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Cuneo-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Cuneo in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Cuneo]] | |- | [[:d:Q15097|Q15097]] | [[Provincia de Alessandria]] | IT-AL<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Alessandria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Alessandria-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Alessandria in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Alessandria]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16115|Q16115]] | [[Provincia de Arezzo]] | IT-AR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Arezzo-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Arezzo-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Arezzo in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Arezzo]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q15099|Q15099]] | [[provincia de Asti]] | IT-AT<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Asti.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Asti-Stemma3.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Asti in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Asti]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16126|Q16126]] | [[provincia de Belluno]] | IT-BL<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Belluno.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Belluno-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Belluno in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Veneto]] | [[Belluno]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16137|Q16137]] | [[provincia de Bergamo]] | IT-BG<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Bergamo-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Bergamo in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Bergamo]] | |- | [[:d:Q15124|Q15124]] | [[Provincia de Bolzano]] | IT-BZ<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of South Tyrol.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Suedtirol CoA.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Bolzano in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Trentino-Alto Adige]] | [[Bolzano]] | provincia autonome trilingue de Italia septentrional |- | [[:d:Q16160|Q16160]] | [[Provincia de Chieti]] | IT-CH<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Chieti (Variant).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Chieti-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Chieti in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Abruzzo]] | [[Chieti]] | |- | [[:d:Q16162|Q16162]] | [[Provincia de Cosenza]] | IT-CS<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Cosenza-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Cosenza-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Cosenza in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Calabria]] | [[Cosenza]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16196|Q16196]] | [[Provincia de Latina]] | IT-LT<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of The Province of Latina-2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Latina-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Latina in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Latio]] | [[Latina]] | provincia italian |- | [[:d:Q16204|Q16204]] | [[provincia de Mantua]] | IT-MN<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Mantua.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Mantova-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Mantova in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Mantua]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16223|Q16223]] | [[Provincia de Ogliastra]] | IT-OG<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Ogliastra.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia dell'Ogliastra-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Ogliastra in Italy (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sardinia]] | [[Lanusei]]<br/>[[Tortolì]] | |- | [[:d:Q16226|Q16226]] | [[Provincia de Padua]] | IT-PD<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Padua.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Padova-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Padova in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Veneto]] | [[Padua]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16241|Q16241]] | [[Provincia de Pesaro e Urbino]] | IT-PU<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Pesaro-Urbino.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Pesaro e Urbino-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pesaro-Urbino in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Marcas|Marche]] | [[Pesaro]]<br/>[[Urbino]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16299|Q16299]] | [[Provincia de Varese]] | IT-VA<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Varese.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Varese-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Varese in Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Varese]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16315|Q16315]] | [[Provincia de Vibo Valentia]] | IT-VV<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Vibo Valentia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Vibo Valentia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Vibo Valentia in Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Calabria]] | [[Vibo Valentia]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16316|Q16316]] | [[provincia de Vicenza]] | IT-VI<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Vicenza-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Vicenza in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Veneto]] | [[Vicenza]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q106996869|Q106996869]] | [[Province of Gallura North-East Sardinia]] | | | [[File:Provincia della Gallura Nord-Est Sardegna-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Nord-Est Sardegna in Italy (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sardinia]] | [[Olbia]]<br/>[[Tempio Pausania]] | |- | [[:d:Q3924541|Q3924541]] | [[Province of Cattaro]] | | | | | [[Governorate of Dalmatia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16167|Q16167]] | [[Provincia de Fermo|provincia Fermo]] | IT-FM<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Fermo-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Fermo-Stemma3.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Fermo in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Marcas|Marche]] | [[Fermo]] | |- | [[:d:Q16168|Q16168]] | [[Provincia de Ferrara|provincia Ferrara]] | IT-FE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Ferrara.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Ferrara-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Ferrara in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Ferrara]] | |- | [[:d:Q15129|Q15129]] | [[Provincia de Foggia|provincia Foggia]] | IT-FG<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Foggia-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Foggia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Foggia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Apulia]] | [[Foggia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16180|Q16180]] | [[Provincia de Forlì-Cesena|provincia Forlì-Cesena]] | IT-FC<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Forlì-Cesena-Gonfalone.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Forlì-Cesena-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Forlì-Cesena in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Forlì]]<br/>[[Cesena]]<ref name="ref_6ca4af2063faa34bbba578e1ceab7937c38cf9c64136a4ce93ad60a28abe6ded">https://www.provincia.fc.it/it/news/da-oggi-martedi-30-gennaio-la-citta-di-cesena-e-ufficialmente-co-capoluogo-della-provincia-forli-cesena</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q16181|Q16181]] | [[Provincia de Frosinone|provincia Frosinone]] | IT-FR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Frosinone.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Frosinone-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Frosinone in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Latio]] | [[Frosinone]] | |- | [[:d:Q16185|Q16185]] | [[Provincia de Grosseto|provincia Grosseto]] | IT-GR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Grosseto.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Grosseto-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Grosseto in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Grosseto]] | |- | [[:d:Q16186|Q16186]] | [[Provincia de Imperia|provincia Imperia]] | IT-IM<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Imperia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Province of Imperia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Imperia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Liguria]] | [[Imperia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16187|Q16187]] | [[Provincia de Isernia|provincia Isernia]] | IT-IS<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Isernia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Isernia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Isernia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Molise]] | [[Isernia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16197|Q16197]] | [[Provincia de Lecce|provincia Lecce]] | IT-LE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Lecce.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Province of Lecce.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Lecce in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Apulia]] | [[Lecce]] | |- | [[:d:Q16199|Q16199]] | [[Provincia de Lecco|provincia Lecco]] | IT-LC<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Lecco-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Lecco-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Lecco in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Lecco]] | |- | [[:d:Q16200|Q16200]] | [[Provincia de Livorno|provincia Livorno]] | IT-LI<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Livorno.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Province of Livorno.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Livorno in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Livorno]] | |- | [[:d:Q16201|Q16201]] | [[Provincia de Lodi|provincia Lodi]] | IT-LO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Lodi.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Lodi-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Lodi in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Lodi]] | |- | [[:d:Q16202|Q16202]] | [[Provincia de Lucca|provincia Lucca]] | IT-LU<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Lucca-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Lucca-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Lucca in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Lucca]] | |- | [[:d:Q16203|Q16203]] | [[Provincia de Macerata|provincia Macerata]] | IT-MC<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Macerata-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Macerata in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Marcas|Marche]] | [[Macerata]] | |- | [[:d:Q16205|Q16205]] | [[Provincia de Massa-Carrara|provincia Massa e Carrara]] | IT-MS<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Massa-Carrara.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Massa-Carrara-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Massa-Carrara in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Massa (Italia)|Massa]] | |- | [[:d:Q16206|Q16206]] | [[Provincia de Matera|provincia Matera]] | IT-MT<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Matera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Matera-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Matera in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Basilicata]] | [[Matera]] | |- | [[:d:Q16207|Q16207]] | [[provincia Medio Campidano]] | IT-VS<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | | [[File:Medio Campidano in Italy (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sardinia]] | [[Sanluri]]<br/>[[Villacidro]] | |- | [[:d:Q16209|Q16209]] | [[Provincia de Modena|provincia Modena]] | IT-MO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Modena.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Modena-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Modena in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Modena]] | |- | [[:d:Q16210|Q16210]] | [[Provincia de Monza e Brianza|provincia Monza e della Brianza]] | IT-MB | [[File:Provincia di Monza e della Brianza-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Monza e della Brianza-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Monza e Brianza in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Monza]] | |- | [[:d:Q15123|Q15123]] | [[provincia Napoli]] | No/unknown value | [[File:Flag of the province of Naples (Variant).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Napoli-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Map Province of Napoli.svg|center|48px]] | [[Campania]] | [[Neapole]] | |- | [[:d:Q16216|Q16216]] | [[Provincia de Novara|provincia Novara]] | IT-NO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Novara-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Novara-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Novara in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Novara]] | |- | [[:d:Q16220|Q16220]] | [[Provincia de Nuoro|provincia Nuoro]] | IT-NU<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Nuoro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Nuoro-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Nuoro in Italy (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sardinia]] | [[Nuoro]] | |- | [[:d:Q16225|Q16225]] | [[Provincia de Oristano|provincia Oristano]] | IT-OR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Oristano.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Oristano-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Map of province of Oristano (region Sardinia, Italy) as of 2016.svg|center|48px]] | [[Sardinia]] | [[Oristano]] | |- | [[:d:Q16228|Q16228]] | [[Provincia de Parma|provincia Parma]] | IT-PR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Parma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Parma-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Parma in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Parma]] | |- | [[:d:Q16231|Q16231]] | [[Provincia de Pavia|provincia Pavia]] | IT-PV<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Pavia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pavia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Pavia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16240|Q16240]] | [[Provincia de Perugia|provincia Perugia]] | IT-PG<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Perugia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Perugia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Perugia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Umbria]] | [[Perugia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16243|Q16243]] | [[Provincia de Piacenza|provincia Piacenza]] | IT-PC<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Piacenza (Variant).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Piacenza-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Piacenza in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Piacenza]] | |- | [[:d:Q16244|Q16244]] | [[Provincia de Pisa|provincia Pisa]] | IT-PI | [[File:Flag of the province of Pisa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Pisa-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pisa in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Pisa]] | |- | [[:d:Q16245|Q16245]] | [[Provincia de Pistoia|provincia Pistoia]] | IT-PT<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Pistoia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pistoia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Pistoia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16249|Q16249]] | [[Provincia de Potenza|provincia Potenza]] | IT-PZ<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Potenza.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Potenza-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Potenza in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Basilicata]] | [[Potenza (Italia)|Potenza]] | |- | [[:d:Q16250|Q16250]] | [[Provincia de Prato|provincia Prato]] | IT-PO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Prato.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Prato-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Prato in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Prato (Italia)|Prato]] | |- | [[:d:Q16252|Q16252]] | [[Provincia de Ravenna|provincia Ravenna]] | IT-RA<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Ravenna.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Ravenna-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Ravenna in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Ravenna]] | |- | [[:d:Q16254|Q16254]] | [[Provincia de Reggio Emilia|provincia Reggio nell'Emilia]] | IT-RE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Reggio Emilia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Reggio Emilia-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Reggio Emilia in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Reggio Emilia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16267|Q16267]] | [[Provincia de Rieti|provincia Rieti]] | IT-RI<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Rieti.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Rieti-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Rieti in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Latio]] | [[Rieti]] | |- | [[:d:Q16268|Q16268]] | [[Provincia de Rimini|provincia Rimini]] | IT-RN<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Rimini.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Rimini-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Rimini in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | [[Rimini]] | |- | [[:d:Q16270|Q16270]] | [[Provincia de Rovigo|provincia Rovigo]] | IT-RO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Rovigo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Rovigo-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Rovigo in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Veneto]] | [[Rovigo]] | |- | [[:d:Q16271|Q16271]] | [[Provincia de Salerno|provincia Salerno]] | IT-SA<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Salerno.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Salerno-Stemma-2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Salerno in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Campania]] | [[Salerno]] | |- | [[:d:Q16274|Q16274]] | [[Provincia de Savona|provincia Savona]] | IT-SV<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Savona-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Savona-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Savona in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Liguria]] | [[Savona]] | provincia de Italia |- | [[:d:Q16275|Q16275]] | [[Provincia de Siena|provincia Siena]] | IT-SI<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Siena-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Siena in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Toscana]] | [[Siena]] | |- | [[:d:Q16282|Q16282]] | [[Provincia de Sondrio|provincia Sondrio]] | IT-SO<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Sondrio.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Sondrio-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Sondrio in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lombardia]] | [[Sondrio]] | |- | [[:d:Q16283|Q16283]] | [[Provincia de Taranto|provincia Taranto]] | IT-TA<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Taranto.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Taranto-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Taranto in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Apulia]] | [[Taranto]] | |- | [[:d:Q16284|Q16284]] | [[Provincia de Teramo|provincia Teramo]] | IT-TE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Teramo-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Teramo in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Abruzzo]] | [[Teramo]] | |- | [[:d:Q16286|Q16286]] | [[Provincia de Terni|provincia Terni]] | IT-TR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the province of Terni.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Terni-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Terni in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Umbria]] | [[Terni]] | |- | [[:d:Q16292|Q16292]] | [[Provincia de Treviso|provincia Treviso]] | IT-TV<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Treviso (2015 design).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Treviso-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Treviso in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Veneto]] | [[Treviso]] | |- | [[:d:Q16312|Q16312]] | [[Provincia del Verbano-Cusio-Ossola|provincia Verbano-Cusio-Ossola]] | IT-VB<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia del Verbano-Cusio-Ossola-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia del Verbano-Cusio-Ossola-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Verbania]] | |- | [[:d:Q15096|Q15096]] | [[Provincia de Vercelli|provincia Vercelli]] | IT-VC<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | | [[File:Provincia di Vercelli-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Vercelli in Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pedemonte]] | [[Vercelli]] | |- | [[:d:Q16314|Q16314]] | [[Provincia de Verona|provincia Verona]] | IT-VR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Verona.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Verona-Stemma.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Verona in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Veneto]] | [[Verona]] | |- | [[:d:Q16318|Q16318]] | [[Provincia de Viterbo|provincia Viterbo]] | IT-VT<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Provincia di Viterbo-Bandiera.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Provincia di Viterbo-Stemma2.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Viterbo in Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Latio]] | [[Viterbo]] | |- | [[:d:Q16289|Q16289]] | [[Trentino]] | IT-TN<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[File:Flag of the Province of Trento.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Trentino CoA.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Trentino in Italy (2018).svg|center|48px]] | [[Trentino-Alto Adige]] | [[Trento]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 2bp70uhxrl0v84tfhgl8fwb08177229 102 39531 702587 698844 2026-10-06T20:25:59Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 702587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q719987 } |wdq= |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P36,description |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! ISO 3166-2 ! capital ! description |- | [[:d:Q211900|Q211900]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Napo.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q211900|Napo Province]]'' | [[File:Napo in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-N<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q994312|Tena]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q214814|Q214814]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Pastaza.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q214814|Pastaza Province]]'' | [[File:Pastaza in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-Y<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q676931|Puyo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q220451|Q220451]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Azuay.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Azuay.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q220451|Azuay Province]]'' | [[File:Azuay in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-A<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q54886|Cuenca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q238492|Q238492]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Chimborazo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Chimborazo.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q238492|Chimborazo Province]]'' | [[File:Chimborazo in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-H<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q478675|Riobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q241140|Q241140]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Cotopaxi.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Cotopaxi.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q241140|Cotopaxi Province]]'' | [[File:Cotopaxi in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-X<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q379338|Latacunga]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q261165|Q261165]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Bolívar.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q261165|Bolívar Province]]'' | [[File:Bolivar in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-B<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q264464|Guaranda]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q272586|Q272586]] | | | ''[[:d:Q272586|Pichincha Province]]'' | [[File:Pichincha in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-P<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[Quito]] | |- | [[:d:Q321729|Q321729]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Carchi.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q321729|Carchi]]'' | [[File:Carchi in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-C<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q752113|Tulcán]]'' | provincia de Ecuador |- | [[:d:Q321863|Q321863]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Imbabura.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Imbabura.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q321863|Imbabura Province]]'' | [[File:Imbabura in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-I<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q946384|Ibarra]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q335464|Q335464]] | [[File:Bandera de Guayaquil.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Guayas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q335464|Guayas Province]]'' | [[File:Guayas in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-G<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q43509|Guayaquil]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q335471|Q335471]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Cañar.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Cañar.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q335471|Cañar Province]]'' | [[File:Canar in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-F<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q786758|Azogues]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q335526|Q335526]] | | [[File:Escudo de Esmeraldas.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q335526|Esmeraldas Province]]'' | [[File:Esmeraldas in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-E<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q149955|Esmeraldas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q466019|Q466019]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia El Oro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de El Oro.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q466019|El Oro Province]]'' | [[File:El Oro in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-O<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q215080|Machala]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q475038|Q475038]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Galápagos.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q475038|Galápagos Province]]'' | [[File:Galapagos in Ecuador (real location) (cropped).svg|center|48px]] | EC-W<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q694109|Puerto Baquerizo Moreno]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q499456|Q499456]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Sucumbíos.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q499456|Sucumbíos Province]]'' | [[File:Sucumbios in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-U<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q683938|Nueva Loja]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q499475|Q499475]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Orellana.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q499475|Orellana Province]]'' | [[File:Orellana in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-D<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1014564|Coca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q504238|Q504238]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Loja.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo vectorizado de la provincia de Loja.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q504238|Loja Province]]'' | [[File:Loja in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-L<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q944697|Loja]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q504252|Q504252]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Tungurahua.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Tungurahua.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q504252|Tungurahua Province]]'' | [[File:Tungurahua in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-T<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q210161|Ambato]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q504260|Q504260]] | [[File:Bandera de Los Ríos.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Los Ríos.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q504260|Los Ríos Province]]'' | [[File:Los Rios in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-R<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q797568|Babahoyo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q504666|Q504666]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Manabí.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Manabí.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q504666|Manabí Province]]'' | [[File:Manabi in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-M | ''[[:d:Q990716|Portoviejo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q549522|Q549522]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Morona Santiago.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q549522|Morona-Santiago Province]]'' | [[File:Morona Santiago in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-S<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1014554|Macas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q744670|Q744670]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Zamora Chinchipe.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q744670|Zamora Chinchipe]]'' | [[File:Zamora-Chinchipe in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-Z<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2283736|Zamora]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1123208|Q1123208]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1123208|Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province]]'' | [[File:Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-SD<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1015654|Santo Domingo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1124125|Q1124125]] | [[File:Bandera Provincia Santa Elena.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Santa Elena.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1124125|Santa Elena Province]]'' | [[File:Santa Elena in Ecuador (+Galapagos).svg|center|48px]] | EC-SE<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q135864|Santa Elena]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} gn90ds7mpdb32z4zq4iyern18c769ge 0 40561 702594 700609 2026-10-06T20:51:46Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 702594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-07-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-06-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q83055|Q83055]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-05 | ''[[:d:Q83055|Operation Barbarossa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122100|Q122100]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d">http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/11/08/valirauhan-aika</ref> | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-09-19<ref name="ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d">http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/11/08/valirauhan-aika</ref> | ''[[:d:Q122100|Continuation War]]'' | [[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q189266|Q189266]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-07<br/>1955-01-21 | ''[[:d:Q189266|Eastern Front]]'' | ''[[:d:Q842332|war front]]''<br/>[[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q313442|Q313442]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q313442|Operation Silver Fox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q327061|Q327061]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q327061|Battle of Białystok–Minsk]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q384680|Q384680]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-02 | ''[[:d:Q384680|Battle of Hanko]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q611789|Q611789]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | ''[[:d:Q611789|Defense of Brest Fortress]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q667890|Q667890]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-02 | ''[[:d:Q667890|Lviv pogroms]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q682399|Q682399]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17 | ''[[:d:Q682399|Operation Battleaxe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q708213|Q708213]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q708213|Battle of Brody]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q770698|Q770698]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | ''[[:d:Q770698|Syria–Lebanon campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q941834|Q941834]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q941834|1941 Vuelta a España]]'' | ''[[:d:Q33937|Vuelta a España]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1102584|Q1102584]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q1102584|Iași pogrom]]'' | [[Pogrom]]<br/>''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1528565|Q1528565]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q1528565|Battle of Raseiniai]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2083668|Q2083668]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-28 | ''[[:d:Q2083668|German occupation of Lithuania during World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2310242|Q2310242]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21 | ''[[:d:Q2310242|Operation Platinum Fox]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2563727|Q2563727]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q2563727|Bombing of Minsk in World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2915791|Q2915791]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04 | ''[[:d:Q2915791|Liepāja Massacres]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2953425|Q2953425]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-20 | ''[[:d:Q2953425|1941 Norrländska Mästerskapet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3919386|Q3919386]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q3919386|Defense of Borisov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4438359|Q4438359]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | ''[[:d:Q4438359|Battle for Alytus]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4538839|Q4538839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-09 | ''[[:d:Q4538839|Ярославская область в Великой Отечественной войне]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q4671621|Q4671621]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-21 | ''[[:d:Q4671621|Battle of Damascus]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4830610|Q4830610]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12 | ''[[:d:Q4830610|Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4871454|Q4871454]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4871454|Battle of Kissoué]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4871714|Q4871714]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-24 | ''[[:d:Q4871714|Battle of Merdjayoun]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q11322081|Q11322081]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q11322081|Operation Tracer]]'' | ''[[:d:Q113782315|naval operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12760414|Q12760414]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-07 | ''[[:d:Q12760414|June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16931765|Q16931765]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-12 | ''[[:d:Q16931765|Convoy SL 78]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17126188|Q17126188]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-28 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-07-03 | ''[[:d:Q17126188|German occupation of Minsk during World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18343100|Q18343100]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12-08 | ''[[:d:Q18343100|jatkosodan hyökkäysvaihe]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29075700|Q29075700]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | ''[[:d:Q29075700|Battle of Sidon]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q79478571|Q79478571]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478571|Watercolors by J. M. D. Olmsted]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478576|Q79478576]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478576|Flowers as Art - Arrangements by Museum Classes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478579|Q79478579]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478579|Paintings from "The Long Voyage Home"]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478582|Q79478582]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478582|Mural Paintings and Paintings by Candido Portinari]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478585|Q79478585]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478585|Eastman Kodak Photographs, Prize Winners of 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478589|Q79478589]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478589|Camera Club Photographs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478591|Q79478591]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-16<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478591|Prints by Charles Surendorf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478595|Q79478595]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478595|Paintings by Eleanore Bates]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478598|Q79478598]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478598|Sculpture by Zygmund Sazevich]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478603|Q79478603]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478603|Architecture Around San Francisco Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478605|Q79478605]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478605|All-American Photographic Salon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478608|Q79478608]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478608|Exhibition of 48 States Mural Designs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478611|Q79478611]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-13<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478611|Watercolors And Lithographs by B. Ullrich Prendergast]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q87406445|Q87406445]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-07 | ''[[:d:Q87406445|Gentsch Photosalon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q87406446|Q87406446]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-07 | ''[[:d:Q87406446|De Kunstenaar en de Grafiek]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q96149130|Q96149130]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q96149130|Battle of Lwów]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q100342394|Q100342394]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-29<ref name="ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh1227</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-05-10<ref name="ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh1227</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100342394|Chineesche, Japansche en Indische kunst]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467689|Q109467689]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-08<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467689|Nyförvärv, teckningar och grafik 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467690|Q109467690]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-17<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q109467690|Minnesutställning över Märta Måås-Fjetterström]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890638|Q110890638]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q110890638|New Acquisitions: European Paintings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890640|Q110890640]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q110890640|Sculpture and Sculptor's Drawings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890641|Q110890641]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-03 | ''[[:d:Q110890641|A History of American Movies]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890642|Q110890642]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-11 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-26 | ''[[:d:Q110890642|A History of the Modern Poster]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890643|Q110890643]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-27 | ''[[:d:Q110890643|Paul Klee]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112685574|Q112685574]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-24 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | ''[[:d:Q112685574|Raseiniai KV]]'' | ''[[:d:Q608573|KV-1]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019035|Q115019035]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-30 | ''[[:d:Q115019035|Index of American Design, New York City WPA Art Project]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046667|Q126046667]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-24<br/>1941-07-25 | ''[[:d:Q126046667|Jumada al-Thani 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127247663|Q127247663]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-15 | ''[[:d:Q127247663|National Liberation War and Socialist Revolution]]'' | [[guerra]]<br/>''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130282483|Q130282483]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-23 | ''[[:d:Q130282483|Participarea României în Campania din Est împotriva Uniunii Sovietice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133040520|Q133040520]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01 | ''[[:d:Q133040520|Tentoonstelling van schilderijen der Utrechtsche School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134053500|Q134053500]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-22<ref name="ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e">https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_2000422</ref><ref name="ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1">https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/a25b306b-59b2-4c58-b80e-1769d482ee8b/download</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31<ref name="ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e">https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_2000422</ref><ref name="ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1">https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/a25b306b-59b2-4c58-b80e-1769d482ee8b/download</ref> | ''[[:d:Q134053500|Alberta-British Columbia Expedition 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138773112|Q138773112]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-15<ref name="ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3">https://placesofpride.awm.gov.au/stories/239611/260576</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-12-09<ref name="ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3">https://placesofpride.awm.gov.au/stories/239611/260576</ref> | ''[[:d:Q138773112|No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School]]'' | ''[[:d:Q78634583|military training unit]]''<ref name="ref_1c1c6f38df15fa4b843c5d7842bce24111b2750830b83ab3e99351ed65edd3c6">https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U59494</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q140638470|Q140638470]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-27 | ''[[:d:Q140638470|Vilijampole pogrom]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q141625179|Q141625179]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-19<ref name="ref_7ff18894614752302231d32ab602262eac5b52cbaa44181ad0c876785a554b0c">https://www.ala.org/conferencesevents/past-and-future/pastannualconferences</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-06-25<ref name="ref_7ff18894614752302231d32ab602262eac5b52cbaa44181ad0c876785a554b0c">https://www.ala.org/conferencesevents/past-and-future/pastannualconferences</ref> | ''[[:d:Q141625179|American Library Association 1941 Annual Conference]]'' | ''[[:d:Q116267711|library conference]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} sgxdsqvqg55vffbntks4bggs6xdalde 0 47775 702666 662931 2026-10-07T05:03:37Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 702666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Curte description|Conceptos semantic innate}} {{plure problemas| {{essay-like|data=novembre 2009}} {{duplication|dupe=Natural_semantic_metalanguage|data=martio 2013}} }} '''Primos semantic''' o '''primitivos semantic''' es un collection de conceptos semantic que es arguite esser innatemente comprendite per tote le gente, ma que es impossibile exprimer in terminos plus simple. Illos representa parolas o expressiones que es apprendite per practica, ma non pote esser definite concretemente. Per exemplo, ben que le significato de "toccar" es facilemente comprensibile, un dictionario poterea definir "toccar" como "prender contacto" e "contacto" como "toccar", forniente nulle informationes si nulle de iste parolas es comprendite. Le concepto de primos semantic universal era in grande parte introducite per le libro de [[Anna Wierzbicka]], ''Semantics: Primes and Universals''. ==Lista de primos semantic== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Categoria Primos |- | [[Substantivo substantive|Substantive]]s || io, tu, qualcuno, gente, qualcosa/cosa, corpore |- | Substantivos relational || Genere, parte |- | [[Determinator (linguistica)|Determinatores]] || Isto, le mesme, altere~sinon~un altere |- | [[Quantificator (linguistica)|Quantificatores]] || Un, duo, alcun, tote, multo/multe, parve/pauc |- | Evalutatores || Bon, mal |- | Descriptores || Grande, micre |- | Mental [[predicato (grammatica)|predicato]]s || Pensar, saper, voler, non voler, sentir, vide, audir |- | [[Discurso]] || Dicer, parolas, ver |- | [[wikt:action|Actiones]], [[wikt:evento|eventos]], [[movimento (physica)|movimento]] || Facer, evenir, mover |- | [[Existentia]], [[Proprietate|possession]] || Esser (alicubi), il ha, esser (qualcuno/qualcosa), (es) mie |- | Vita e morte || Viver, morir |- | Tempore || Quando/tempore, ora, ante, post, un longe tempore, un curte tempore, pro aliquando, momento |- | Spatio || Ubi/loco, hic, supra, infra, longe, presso, a latere, intra, toccar (contacto) |- | Conceptos logic || Non, forsan, poter, perque, si |- | [[Intensificator]], augmentor || Multo, plus |- | Similaritate || como/maniera |} Tabula adaptava de Levisen e Waters 2017<ref>{{Citar libro|titulo=Cultural Parolas clave in Discurso|ultime=Carsten Levisen|prime=Sophia Waters|editor=Johannes Benjamins Publication Compania|anno=2017|isbn=9789027256829}}</ref> e Goddard e Wierzbicka 2014.<ref>{{Citar libro|titulo=Parolas e Significatos: Lexical Semantica inter Dominios, Linguas e Culturas|ultime=Cliff Goddard|prime=Anna Wierzbicka|editor=Oxford Universitate Pulsa|anno=2014|isbn=978-0-19-966843-4|position=Oxford}}</ref> ==Un ''syntaxe'' universal del significatos== Le primos semantic representa ''conceptos'' universalmente significative, ma pro haber ''messages'' o ''declarationes'' significative, tal conceptos debe combinar se in maniera que illos mesme exprime significato. Tal significative combinationes, in lor plus simple forma como phrases, constitue le ''syntaxe'' del lingua. Wierzbicka forni evidentia que solo quando tote le linguas usa le mesme collection de primos semantic, illos usa alsi un syntaxe identic o multo simile. Illa assere: "Io va alsi postular certe regulas de syntaxe, innate e universal, non in le senso de alcun syntaxe formal intuitivemente inverificabile à la Chomsky, ma in le senso de patronos intuitivemente verificabile, determinante possibile combinationes de conceptos primitive (Wierzbicka, 1996)." Illa da un exemplo comparante le phrase anglese, "I want to do this", con su equivalente in russo. Ben que illa nota certe differentias formal inter le duo structuras del phrase, lor equivalentia semantic emerge ab le "....equivalentia del ipse primitivos e del regulas pro lor combination." <blockquote>Iste labor [de Wierzbicka e collegas] ha ducite a un collection de projectos altemente concrete re un hypothisate irreducibile nucleo de tote le linguas human. Iste nucleo universal es credite haber un character plenmente ‘simile-a-lingua’ in le senso que illo consiste de un lexico de primitivos semantic insimul con un syntaxe governante como le primitivos pote esser combinate (Goddard, 1998).</blockquote> Il pote non esser surprendente que tote le humanos hodie possede un nucleo de lingua commun de primos semantic e un plus o minus universal syntaxe pois que il ha evidentia substantial que tote le humanos hodie descende ab un commun progenitor capace de parlar ''Homo sapiens'' [[Y-chromosomal Adam|masculo]] e [[Mitochondrial Eva|femina]]. {{citation necessari|data=decembre 2019}} Le linguista [[Johanna Nichols]] tracia le origine del lingua del ''Homo sapiens'' tanto retro como 130000 annos, forsan solo 65,000 annos post le plus antique discopertas fossile del ''Homo sapiens'' (Adler, 2000). Le philosopho G. J. Whitrow lo exprime: <blockquote>....malgrado le formidabile diversitate del linguas e dialectos existente, le capacitate pro le linguage pare esser identic in tote le racias. Ergo, nos pote concluder que le capacitate linguistic del homines existite ante que occurreva le diversification racial (Whitrow, 1988).</blockquote> ==Metalingua semantic natural== {{main|Metalingua semantic natural}} De facto, le combination de un ensemble de primos semantic cata representante un differente concepto basic, residente in le mentes con un propension a acquirer certe conceptos basic, e un commun ensemble de regulas pro combinar ille conceptos in messages significative, constitue un prime lingua semantic natural, o [[metalingua semantic natural]]. In anglese, le metalingua semantic natural reduce ille lingua a un nucleo que permitte le plen disveloppamento del lingua anglese. Un nove parola pote esser addite como un abbreviation substitute de un 'texto' in le metalingua semantic natural, un 'texto' que pote transmitter lo que le parlatores anglese intende per ''mentir'', per ''lo que un persona face quando ille dice qualcosa non ver ut qualcuno pensa que illo es ver''. Ulle Parola anglese pote esser describite (definite) con un texto per un lexico primitive de circa 60 parolas (conceptos) in le metalingua semantic natural anglese. {{citation necessari|data=decembre 2019}} Equalmente ulle complexe semantic phrase in anglese pote esser paraphrasate reductivemente al parolas e syntaxe nucleo del metalingua semantic natural. {{citation necessari|data=decembre 2019}} Le textos pote render le subtil distinctiones que le parlantes anglese face inter ''happy'', ''glad'', ''joyful'', ''ecstatic'', etc., e poter fornir ille distinctiones a le qui vole saper los. Date le natura universal del lista de primos semantic inter le linguas, e del grammatica, cata lingua ha essentialmente le mesme metalingua semantic natural, ben que cata primo semantic sona differente inter linguas e le apparentia del syntaxe pote differer. Wierzbicka e collegas refere que tote le metalinguas semantic natural es 'isomorphe' le un le altere. {{citation necessari|data=decembre 2019}} Presumibilemente, si le dictionario del descriptiones de significato de cata un lingua era reductivemente paraphrasate in le texto de su metalingua semantic natural, e que metalingua semantic natural era traducite a un commun metalingua semantic natural pro totes le linguas natural, illo reducera grandemente le barrieras del linguas. == Vide alsi == * [[Core ontology]] * [[Linguistic universal]] * [[Natural semantic metalanguage]] ==Referentias== {{refbegin}} *{{Citizendium}} *Adler R. (2000) [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16522274.500-voices-from-the-past.html “Voices from the past”] ''New Scientist'', 26 February. *Goddard C. (1998) Bad arguments against semantic primitives. ''Theoretical Linguistics'' 24:129-156. [http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/347394/bad-arguments.pdf View/Download PDF of article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307165705/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/347394/bad-arguments.pdf |date=2016-03-07 }} [Goddard: "''....this paper is heterogenous in nature and polemical in purpose....''"] *Goddard C. (2002) The search for the shared semantic core of all languages. In Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka (eds). ''Meaning and Universal Grammar - Theory and Empirical Findings''. Volume I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp.&nbsp;5–40. [http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/347542/goddard-2002.pdf View/Download PDF of the book chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104823/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/347542/goddard-2002.pdf |date=2016-03-07 }} *Goddard C., Wierzbicka A. (eds.) (1994) ''Semantic and Lexical Universals: Theory and Empirical Findings''. Amsterdam: Johannes Benjamins. [http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=SLCS%2025 Publisher’s website’s description of book, with Table of Contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927145209/http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=SLCS%2025 |date=2011-09-27 }} *Whitrow GJ. (1988) ''Time in History: The evolution of our general awareness of time and temporal perspective.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-215361-7}}. p.&nbsp;11. *Wierzbicka A. (1996) Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-870002-4}}. [http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198700036 Publisher's website's description of book] [http://languages.anu.edu.au/staff/professor-anna-wierzbicka Professor Wierzbicka’s faculty webpage] [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZN029Pmbnu4C Excerpts from Chapters 1 and 2] {{refend}} ==Ligamines externe== *[http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/347525/goddard-wierzbicka-applied-nsm.pdf Goddard C, Wierzbicka A (2007) ''Semantic Primes and Cultural Scripts in Language Learning and Intercultural Communication''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224213756/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/347525/goddard-wierzbicka-applied-nsm.pdf |date=2016-02-24 }}. PDF *[http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/347542/goddard-2002.pdf Goddard, Cliff. 2002. The search for the shared semantic core of all languages.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104823/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/347542/goddard-2002.pdf |date=2016-03-07 }} In Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka (eds). ''Meaning and Universal Grammar - Theory and Empirical Findings''. Volume I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp.&nbsp;5–40. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230929073828/https://intranet.secure.griffith.edu.au/schools-departments/natural-semantic-metalanguage The Natural Semantics Metalanguage] [[Category:Semantics]] [[Category:Pragmatics]] qqryzilrx6jajtzdd8tovv7krfdpwho 0 53405 702652 701083 2026-10-06T21:19:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 702652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eminente}} {{infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Extremadura''' (espaniol: ''Extremadura''; [[extremadurano]]: ''Estremaúra''; [[portugese]]: ''Estremadura''; Fala: ''Extremaúra'') es un [[communitate autonome de Espania|communitate autonome]] de [[Espania]]. Su capital es [[Mérida]], e [[Badajoz]] es su citate le plus populate. Situate in le parte centro-occidental del [[Peninsula Iberic]], Extremadura es formate per le provincias de [[provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e [[provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]], le duo provincias plus grande de Espania per superficie. Illa ha frontieras con [[Portugal]] al west, con [[Castilia e León]] al nord, con [[Castilla-La Mancha]] al est e con [[Andalusia]] al sud. Le major parte de su territorio appartene al [[bacino hydrographic]] del [[Fluvio Tago|Tago]] e del [[Guadiana]].<ref name="Statuto">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-1638 |title=Ley Orgánica 1/2011, de 28 de januario, de reforma del Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura |publisher=[[Boletin Oficial del Stato]] |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Con 41 634 km² e 1 053 345 habitantes al 1 de januario 2025, Extremadura es un del communitates autonome le plus pauc densamente populate de Espania.<ref name="INE2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=Espania in cifras 2026 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Espania)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le region possede un importante patrimonio natural, con areas protegite como le [[Parco National de Monfragüe]], le [[Parco Natural del Tago Internacional]] e le [[Parco Natural de Cornalvo]].<ref name="Monfrague">{{cite web |url=https://turismoextremadura.juntaex.es/es/explora/Monfraguee-National-Park/ |title=Parco National de Monfragüe |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tajo">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-tajo-internacional |title=Parco Natural del Tajo Internacional |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="Cornalvo">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-de-cornalvo |title=Parco Natural de Cornalvo |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Illa include etiam le [[Geoparco Mundial UNESCO Villuercas-Ibores-Jara]] e numerose altere areas de valor ecologic e geologic. Le [[Junta de Extremadura]] es le organo executive del communitate autonome e es dirigite per le [[Presidente de Extremadura]]. Le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]] es le organo legislative regional. [[Mérida]] es le capital e sede del Assemblea, del Presidencia e del Junta de Extremadura.<ref name="Statuto"/><ref name="Capitalitate">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-4328 |title=Ley 7/2015, de 31 de martio, per le qual es regulate le Statuto de Capitalitate de Mérida |publisher=[[Boletin Oficial del Stato]] |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Dia de Extremadura]] es celebrate le [[8 de septembre]], data associate con le festivitate de [[Nostre Seniora de Guadalupe]]. Extremadura ha un important production de energia electric, particularmente de origine solar.<ref name="AnnuarioEnergia">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/5548153/Anuario_2025.pdf/ab27ff81-19b4-c9cc-b680-ddcfd99565cd |title=Annuario statistic 2025 |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le region possede etiam recursos de [[lithium]], e plure projectos industrial ligate al exploitation del mineral e al fabrication de materiales pro batteries ha essite promovite o tramutate in Extremadura.<ref name="LithiumNavas">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/doe-y-mina-litio |title=Projecto integral de aprovechamento de lithium in le mina Las Navas |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |date=30 de decembre 2022 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="LithiumMerida">{{cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2025&doe=670o&xml=2025040039 |title=Decreto 19/2025: planta de fabrication de materiales pro cathodos de baterias de lithium ferrofosfato |publisher=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=7 de april 2025 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Prehistoria === Le presentia human in le actual territorio de Extremadura es documentate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Durante iste periodo, gruppos de chassatores e recollectores frequentava le vallatas fluvial e altere ambientes in cerca de aqua, alimento e materia prime. Le restos archeologic del Paleolithico consiste in grande parte in utensiles lithic, sovente trovate in depositos superficial o in relation con terrazas fluvial. Inter le zonas con importante concentration de sitios prehistoric se trova le ambientes del [[Guadiana]], [[Zújar]], [[Tago]], [[Alagón]] e [[Jerte]].<ref name="Cerrillo2011">{{cite journal|last=Cerrillo Cuenca|first=Enrique|title=Planteamientos y nuevos datos para la interpretación de los paisajes prehistóricos del sector extremeño del Tajo: el área de Alconétar|journal=Zephyrus|year=2011|url=https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/10366/130414/1/Planteamientos_y_nuevos_datos_para_la_in.pdf}}</ref> ==== Paleolithico inferior ==== Le testos de presentia human le plus ancian in le actual territorio de Extremadura corresponde al [[Paleolithico inferior]]. In numerose depositos, in lor majoritate superficial, ha essite trovate grande quantitates de utensiles lithic, principalmente fabricate in [[cuarzita]] e, in minor grado, in granito e altere materias. Le technicas de fabrication consisteva in percuter un nucleo de petra con un percutor, generalmente de petra, pro obtener filos e instrumentos de differente formas. Inter le utensiles characteristic se trova instrumentos pro cortar, punctas, hachas, picos e, particularmente, [[bifaciale|bifaces]], [[divisor (archeologia)|divisores]] e picos trihedric. Le restos plus ancian es associate al [[Acheuliano]] e ha essite estimate in alcun sitios a circa 700 000 annos. Le depositos se trova frequentemente in proximitate de materias prime adequate pro le fabrication de utensiles o juxta fluvios e grande affluentias. Le zonas con importante concentration de sitios acheulian se trova in le environs de [[Mérida]], al curso del [[Guadiana]], in le valle del [[Zújar]], in le area del [[embalse de Valdecañas]] e in le vallatas del [[Alagón]] e del [[Jerte]], inter altere partes del territorio extremeño.<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/> Le distribution del sitios indica que le gruppos human utilisava diverse ambientes secundo le disponibilitate de aqua, materia prime e altere recursos. Le caracter superficial de multe del depositos rende tamen difficile determinar le contexto chronologic precise de tote le utensiles. ==== Paleolithico medie ==== Le [[Paleolithico medie]] es representate principalmente per sitios del [[Musteriense]]. Le utensiles de iste periodo esseva producite mediante technicas que permitteva al artifex de predeterminar in parte le forma del fragmento a extraher del nucleo lithic. Isto permitteva fabricar instrumentos plus standardisate e specialisate que multe del utensiles del Paleolithico inferior. Inter le formas characteristic se trova [[raschiato|raschiatores]], denticulates e punctas. Le instrumentos tende a esser plus diverse e sovente plus leve que le grandes bifaces e picos characteristic del Acheuliano. Le sitios musteriense es cognoscite in plure del mesme ambientes ubi on trova depositos acheulian, particularmente in le proximitate del fluvios. Tamen, ha essite identificate etiam occupationes in zonas basse e medie del sierras de [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]], lo que monstra un exploitation plus ample del territorio. Le distribution del sitios suggere un adaptation al differentes ambientes del region e un mobilitate importante del gruppos human.<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/> ==== Paleolithico superior ==== [[File:Cueva de Maltravieso 02.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le caverna de Maltravieso, ubi un stencil de mano ha essite datate a un etate minimal de circa 66 700 annos.]] Le [[Paleolithico superior]] es le periodo traditionalmente associate al expansion de [[Homo sapiens]] in Europa. Tamen, le arte parietal de Extremadura ha apportate datos que ha obligate a reexaminar iste chronologia, particular-mente in le caso del [[Caverna de Maltravieso|caverna de Maltravieso]]. Le caverna de Maltravieso, in [[Cáceres]], contine stencils de manos, motivos geometric e altere manifestationes de arte parietal. Un stencil de mano ha essite datate per le methodo de [[uranio-torio]] a un etate minimal de 66 700 annos. Iste data es anterior al presentia cognoscite de [[Homo sapiens]] in le peninsula Iberic e ha conducite le autores del studio a concluder que le arte pote esser attribuite al [[Neanderthal|Neandertales]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Dirk L.|last2=Standish|first2=Christopher D.|last3=García-Díez|first3=Marcos|last4=Pettitt|first4=Paul B.|last5=Milton|first5=James A.|last6=Zilhão|first6=João|last7=Alcolea-González|first7=José J.|last8=Cantalejo-Duarte|first8=Pedro|last9=Collado|first9=Hipólito|last10=de Balbín|first10=Rodrigo|last11=Lorblanchet|first11=Michel|last12=Ramos-Muñoz|first12=José|last13=Weniger|first13=Gerd-Christian|last14=Pike|first14=Alistair W. G.|title=U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6378|pages=912–915|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aap7778|url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778}}</ref> Le arte de Maltravieso comprende plus de trenta representations de manos in negativo, in plure casos sin le digito auricular, insimul con figuras geometric e altere motivos. Le sito es assi un del centros importante pro le studio del prime arte parietal in Europa. Altere restos prehistoric del territorio include material lithic, osses e instrumentos fabricate con corna de animales. Inter le sitios archeologic mentionate se trova [[Cabezo de Galisteo]]. Le distribution de iste restos contribue al cognoscentia del exploitation del territorio per le communitates prehistoric. ==== Neolithico ==== Ben que le datos super le [[Epipaleolithico]] in le actual Extremadura es limitate, le [[Neolithico]] apportava transformationes importante al modo de vita del communitates human. Le cambios principal includeva le introduction progressive del [[agricultura]] e del [[allevamento]], que se addeva al chassa e al recollection ja practicante. Un altere innovation importante esseva le utilisation del [[ceramica]], que permitteva immagazinar e preparar productos e conservar excedentes.<ref name="Cerrillo2002">{{cite journal|last=Cerrillo Cuenca|first=Enrique|last2=Prada Gallardo|first2=Alicia|last3=González Cordero|first3=Antonio|last4=Heras Mora|first4=Francisco Javier|title=La secuencia cultural de las primeras sociedades productoras en Extremadura: una datación absoluta del yacimiento de Los Barruecos (Malpartida de Cáceres, Cáceres)|journal=Trabajos de Prehistoria|volume=59|issue=2|pages=101–111|year=2002|doi=10.3989/tp.2002.v59.i2.200|url=https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2002.v59.i2.200}}</ref> [[File:Dolmen de Lácara (6901631891).jpg|thumb|left|Le [[dolmen del prato de Lácara]], 15 km al nord-est de Mérida, es un importante [[tumba de corredor|sepulcro de corredor]] de Extremadura.]] Le studios archeologic indica que le prime societates productrice esseva ja present in Extremadura durante le Neolithico antique. Le sito de [[Los Barruecos]], in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]], ha apportate datos importante super le occupation del region e le introduction del nove economia productrice.<ref name="Cerrillo2002"/> Inter le jacimentos representative del Neolithico in Extremadura se trova le [[caverna de la Charneca]] in [[Oliva de Mérida]], le [[collina de la Horca]] in [[Plasenzuela]], le [[caverna de Boquique]] in [[Plasencia]], le [[caverna de El Conejar]] in [[Cáceres]] e [[Los Barruecos]] in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]]. Los Barruecos es particularmente importante pro le evidentias de agricultura e pro le chronologia del prime societates productrice del region.<ref name="Cerrillo2002"/> Le ceramica decorate es ben representate in iste sitios. Un del varietates le plus cognoscite es le ceramica de [[Boquique]], denominate secundo le caverna de Boquique in Plasencia, ubi iste typo de decoration esseva documentate. A partir del Neolithico medie, le [[megalitismo]] se diffundeva in grande parte del region. Le assentamentos cognoscite es plus rare que le monumentos funerari, ma le concentration de [[dolmen]]es in certe partes de Extremadura es un del principales manifestationes archeologic del periodo. Conjunctos de sepulcros megalithic se trova particular-mente in [[Valencia de Alcántara]], [[Cedillo]], [[Santiago de Alcántara]] e [[Barcarrota]], alora que altere monumentos isolate ha grande interesse, como le [[dolmen del prato de Lácara]]. Le phenomeno megalithic se prolongava usque al initio del [[Etate del Bronzo]]. Le sepulturas pote includer microlithos de silex, ceramica e [[idolo-placa|idolos-placa]].<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Dolmen de Lácara|publisher=Consorcio de la Ciudad Monumental de Mérida|url=https://www.consorciomerida.org/conjunto/monumentos/dolmenlacara|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le Neolithico final es melio documentate in le margines del [[Guadiana]], con jacimentos como [[Araya]] e [[El Lobo]], al quales se pote adder [[Los Caños de Zafra]]. Iste assentamentos se disveloppava desde circa 3500 a.Chr. e contribueva al transition verso le Chalcolithico. Lor situation es sovente associate a terras fertile, collinas suave e proximitate a cursos de aqua. Le economia de iste communitates habeva un forte character agricole e pecuari. Le ceramica esseva generalmente simple e pauc decorate, con formas characteristic como le «cassola carenate», cognoscite etiam in altere partes del sud-west del peninsula Iberic. Le similaritates inter iste sitios indica que Extremadura participava a un dynamica cultural regional plus ample, associate al incremento del population e al consolidation del agricultura e del allevamento.<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/> ==== Chalcolitico ==== Durante le [[Chalcolitico]], o Etate del Cupro, le communitates human del actual Extremadura continuava le developpamento del agricultura e del allevamento e initiava un exploitation plus sistematic del metalles. Le [[metallurgia]] del [[cupro]] es documentate desde le III millennio a.Chr., insimul con nove formas de organisation del habitation e del societate. Un del sitios le plus representative es [[Los Castillejos (Fuente de Cantos)|Los Castillejos]], presso [[Fuente de Cantos]], ubi ha essite identificate un assentamento chalcolithic e phases posterior. Le archeologia del sito monstra transformationes in le organisation del habitat e in le exploitation del recursos, associate al crescente complexitate del communitates.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernández Corrales|first=Juan Manuel|last2=Rodríguez Díaz|first2=Alfonso|last3=Sauceda Pizarro|first3=María Isabel|title=Los poblados calcolítico y prerromano de Los Castillejos (Fuente de Cantos, Badajoz)|journal=Extremadura Arqueológica|volume=1|year=1988|pages=69–88}}</ref> === Extremadura preroman === [[File:Museo Arqueológico Nacional - Conjunto 586 - Tesoro de Aliseda (Conjunto).jpg|thumb|[[Thesauro de Aliseda]], del seculo VI a.Chr., conservate al [[Museo Archeologic National (Espania)|Museo Archeologic National]].]] Durante le [[Etate del Bronzo]] e le [[Etate del Ferro]], le actual Extremadura esseva un zona de contacto inter diverse traditiones cultural del peninsula Iberic. Le populationes del region practicava agricultura, allevamento e metallurgia e manteneva relationes commercial e cultural con altere regiones del peninsula. Le fontes antique e le archeologia permitte identificar inter le populationes preroman le [[Vettones]], le [[Lusitanos]] e le [[Celtici]]. Le limites del territorios attribuite a iste gruppos es difficile a definir con precision e non corresponde al limites del actual Extremadura. Le [[Vettones]] habitava un ample territorio del centro-occidente peninsular, includente le nord del actual [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e zonas del actual [[Salamanca]], [[Ávila]] e [[Toledo]]. Lor cultura archeologic es associate, inter altere elementos, al grande esculturas de bovinos e porcos cognoscite como [[verraco|verracos]]. Le [[Lusitanos]] occupava un territorio extendite al occidental del peninsula Iberic, inter le Tago e le centro de Portugal. Illes esseva implicate in varie conflictos con Roma durante le II seculo a.Chr. Le leader lusitan le plus celebre esseva [[Viriato]], qui dirigeva durante plure annos le resistentia contra le expansion roman. In le sud-west se trovava le [[Celtici]], associate per le autores antique a un cultura de character celtic. Lor territorio se extendava verso le actual [[Andalusia]] e le sud de Portugal e manteneva relationes con le regiones del valle del [[Guadalquivir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berrocal-Rangel|first=Luis|title=Los pueblos célticos del Suroeste de la Península Ibérica|journal=Complutum|year=1992}}</ref> === Extremadura roman === [[File:Teatro de Mérida, España, 2017 18.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[Theatro roman de Mérida]], erigite in le seculo I a.Chr. e renovate in le seculo IV p.Chr.]] Le conquista roman del actual Extremadura esseva un processo progressive que se disveloppava principalmente inter le II e le I seculos a.Chr. Le territorio esseva incorporate al [[Hispania Ulterior]] e, durante le reorganisations administrative de [[Augusto]], grande parte del actual Extremadura esseva integrate in le nove provincia de [[Lusitania]]. [[Emerita Augusta]] esseva fundate in 25 a.Chr. per ordine de Augusto pro le veteranos del legiones [[Legio V Alaudae|V Alaudae]] e [[Legio X Gemina|X Gemina]]. Le citate deveniva le capital de Lusitania e un del principal centros politic, administrative, economic e cultural del occidental del Imperio roman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conjunto Arqueológico de Mérida|publisher=Ministerio de Cultura|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1993/merida.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le romanisation transformava profundemente le territorio. Se construeva un rete de vias, pontes e altere infrastructuras, e se disveloppava numerose centros urban. Inter illos se distingueva [[Emerita Augusta]], [[Norba Caesarina]], [[Cáparra]], [[Augustobriga]] e [[Iulipa]]. [[File:El puente de Alcántara, Cáceres.jpg|thumb|[[Ponte de Alcántara|Ponte roman de Alcántara]] super le Tago, del seculo II p.Chr.]] Le [[Vía de la Plata|Via del Argente]] constitueva un del principal axes viari del occidental peninsular. Illa ligava le area de Emerita Augusta al nord del peninsula e permetteva le communication con altere citates. Altere vias conduceva verso [[Corduba]], [[Olisipo]] e [[Conimbriga]]. Le [[Ponte de Alcántara]], super le Tago, esseva un del obras le plus monumentales del rete viari roman. Emerita Augusta attingeva un grande prosperitate. Le citate possedeva un theatro, un amphitheatro, un circo, pontes, aqueductos, templos e altere edificios public. Le [[circo roman de Mérida]] poteva accollier un numero importante de spectatores e demonstra le rolo del spectaculos in le vita urban roman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Álvarez Martínez|first=José María|title=El conjunto arqueológico de Mérida|publisher=Ministerio de Cultura|year=1982}}</ref> Le [[latino]] deveniva le lingua del administration e del vita public, e le institutiones roman, le derecto e le modellos urban se diffundeva progressivemente. Le romanisation non esseva tamen un processo instantanee e traditiones local continuava a existir insimul con le nove formas roman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alarcão|first=Jorge de|title=Roman Portugal|publisher=Aris & Phillips|year=1988}}</ref> In le seculo III, le crise politic e economic del Imperio affectava etiam le citates del occidental. Le fortification del centros urban se intensificava e certe partes del territorio videva un reduction del activitate urban. Mérida, Cáceres e Coria conservava tamen importantia durante le periodo tarde-roman. Le seculo IV esseva un periodo de importante transformationes religiose. Le christianismo se diffundeva e Mérida deveniva un del centros ecclesiastic le plus importante del peninsula Iberic. In le seculo V, le disintegration del autoritate imperial in le occidental Imperio roman facilitava le installation de nove potentias politic. Le territorio esseva traversate e occupate per le [[Alanos]], le [[Suevos]] e, ulteriormente, le [[Visigothos]]. Alcun citates roman declinava o esseva transformate, durante que altere centros continuava a esser habitate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alarcão|first=Jorge de|title=Roman Portugal|publisher=Aris & Phillips|year=1988}}</ref> === Medievo === [[File:Santa Lucía de El Trampal.jpg|thumb|[[Ecclesia de Santa Lucía del Trampal]] in [[Alcuéscar]], edificio de epocha visigothic o tardo-antique.]] Con le conquista musulman del peninsula Iberic in le initio del seculo VIII, le territorio extremeñese esseva incorporate a [[al-Andalus]]. [[Mérida]] esseva occupate in 713 e deveniva un importante centro administrative del occidental peninsular. Le territorio esseva organisate in divisiones administrative que cambiava durante le evolution politic de al-Andalus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Época islámica-Medieval|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arte Romano|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/mnromano/ca/investigacion/rbae/islam.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo del [[Califato de Córdoba]], Mérida conservava un importante rolo, ben que le centro de gravitate politic del area se desplazava progressivemente verso [[Badajoz]]. Post le cadita del califato in 1031, se formava le [[Taifa de Badajoz]], un del plus importante regnos taifa del peninsula. [[File:Badajoz, Torre Espantaperros 01-1.jpg|thumb|[[Torre de Espantaperros]], in le [[alcazaba de Badajoz]], del periodo almohade.]] Le periodo musulman lassava numerose vestigios in Extremadura. Inter le plus importante se trova le [[Alcazaba de Mérida]], le [[alcazaba de Badajoz]], le fortification de [[Alange]], le fortificationes de [[Trujillo (Cáceres)|Trujillo]], le [[Palacio de las Veletas|cisterna de Cáceres]] e le murallas de [[Galisteo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Época islámica-Medieval|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arte Romano|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/mnromano/ca/investigacion/rbae/islam.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Durante le [[Reconquista]], le regnos christian de [[Leon]], [[Castilia]] e [[Portugal]] se expandava verso le sud. Le territorio del actual Extremadura deveniva un importante zona de frontiera inter iste potentias. ;Extremadura leonese Le [[Regno de Leon]] reconquistava progressive-mente grande parte del occidental e centro del actual Extremadura. Le 17 de januario de 1213, [[Alfonso IX de León|Alfonso IX]] conquistava [[Alcántara]]. Le citate deveniva ulteriormente un del centros del [[Ordine de Alcántara]], un ordine militar que possedeva vaste territorios in le region.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agut|first=Nieves|title=800 años de reconquista de Alcántara|journal=El Periódico de Extremadura|date=27 de enero de 2013|url=http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/extremadura/800-anos-reconquista-alcantara_708679.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> In 1229 Alfonso IX conquistava [[Cáceres]], post varie tentativas anterior. Le 19 de martio de 1230 le forces leonese prendeva [[Badajoz]] e [[Mérida]]. In 1233, un armea ducite per [[Fernán Ruiz]] conquistava [[Trujillo]] del [[Almohades|Almohades]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ruíz Moreno|first=Manuel Jesús|title=XLIII Coloquios Históricos de Extremadura|date=28 de septembre de 2014|isbn=978-84-608-1848-9|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/congreso/115|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le territorio leonese esseva organisate mediante ''[[fuero]]s'', concejos e possessiones del ordines militar. Le termino «Extremadura» esseva empleate in le regno de Leon pro referer a territorios meridional del regno, ben que su signification e limites cambiava secundo le epocha.<ref name="MartinezDiaz">{{cite journal|last=Martínez Díaz|first=Gonzalo|title=Génesis histórica de las Provincias españolas|journal=Anuario de historia del derecho español|year=1981|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=134426|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Post le union del regnos de Leon e Castilia in 1230, le territorio esseva incorporate al [[Corona de Castilia]]. Badajoz manteneva un importante rolo territorial e juridic e esseva etiam denominate «regno de Badajoz» in certe documentos e titulos del monarchia.<ref name="MartinezDiaz"/> ;Extremadura castilian [[File:Plasencia muralla parte sur.JPG|thumb|[[Muro de Plasencia]], del seculo XII.]] Le [[Regno de Castilia]] se expandava etiam verso le actual Extremadura. In 1186 le rege [[Alfonso VIII de Castilla|Alfonso VIII]] fundava [[Plasencia]], con le objective de fortificar le frontiera meridional del regno e controlar le communicationes verso le [[Valle del Jerte]] e le [[Sistema Central]]. Le termino «Extremadura» esseva empleate etiam in Castilia pro designar territorios multo plus grande que le actual communitate autonome. Durante le Medievo, le Extremadura castilian poteva referer a territorios extendite in le interior del peninsula, includente comunidades de villa e tierra, vicariatos e territorios ecclesiastic. Le uso medieval del termino non debe esser confundite con le actual limites administrative de Extremadura.<ref name="MartinezDiaz"/> ==== Provincia de Estremadura ==== {{Vide etiam|Provincia de Estremadura|Extremadurano}} Durante le ultime seculos del Medievo e le initio del Etate Moderne, le territorio del actual Extremadura se consolidava progressivemente como un espace regional intra le Corona de Castilia. Le organisation institutional remaneva tamen complexe, con territorio dividite inter provincias, ordines militar, jurisdictones ecclesiastic e señorios. Le seculos XIV e XV esseva marcate per le consolidation del monarchia, le organisation del jurisdictones e le importantia del ordines militar e del grande dominos territorial. Le territorio esseva etiam un zona de contacto inter [[christianismo]], [[judaismo]] e [[islam]]. Post le conquest de [[Granada]] in 1492, le monarchia catholic introducerea nove politicas religiose. Le judeos esseva expulse del regnos christian e le musulmanes esseva progressivemente subjectate a conversiones forciate. Le musulmanes convertite, cognoscite como [[Moriscos|moriscos]], remaneva in Espania usque al expulsion general inter 1609 e 1614.<ref>{{cite book|last=Suárez|first=Luis|title=La expulsión de los moriscos, un problema europeo|date=2012|publisher=Ariel|location=Madrid|isbn=9788434400252|page=11}}</ref> Un facto importante del religiositate regional esseva le developpamento del culto al [[Virgine de Guadalupe (Espania)|Virgine de Guadalupe]]. Le sanctuario de Guadalupe deveniva un importante centro de peregrination e un del principales centros religiose del Castilia del tarde medioevo.<ref>{{cite web|last=Asensio|first=Manuel S.|title=Leyenda de la Virgen de Guadalupe|work=Revista de Guadalupe|year=1907|url=https://alcazaba.unex.es/~emarnun/docs/caceres/lasvilluer/guadalu3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712074458/http://alcazaba.unex.es/~emarnun/docs/caceres/lasvilluer/guadalu3.htm|archive-date=12 de julio de 2012|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> === Epocha Moderne === ==== Seculo XVI ==== [[File:Concatedral de Caceres.JPG|thumb|[[Concatedral de Santa María de Cáceres|Concatedral de Santa Maria]], in le centro historic de [[Cáceres]], un del conjunctos historic le plus importante del region.]] {{Vide etiam|Recinto abaluartado de Badajoz}} Le seculo XVI esseva un del periodos le plus importante del historia de Extremadura. Le expansion del monarchia hispanic in America aperiva nove vias de migration e mobilitate social. Numerose personas originari del region partiva verso le nove colonias e participava al conquista, colonisation e administration del territorios american.<ref>{{cite book|last=Altman|first=Ida|title=Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and the Spanish Colonies in America|url=https://archive.org/details/emigrantssociety00altm|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989}}</ref> Inter le personas originari de Extremadura le plus celebre se trova [[Hernán Cortés]], qui participava al conquista del [[Imperio azteca]]; [[Francisco Pizarro]], un del principales leaders del conquista del [[Imperio inca]]; [[Pedro de Valdivia]], conquistator de [[Chile]]; [[Ñuflo de Chaves]], explorator e conquistator in le actual [[Paraguay]] e [[Bolivia]]; [[Alonso de Mendoza]], fundator de [[La Paz]] in Bolivia; e [[Diego García de Paredes]], associate al fundation de [[Trujillo (Venezuela)|Trujillo]] in Venezuela. Illes esseva accompaniate per numerose colonos, administratores, soldatos e emigrantes de origine extremeña.<ref>{{cite book|last=Altman|first=Ida|title=Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and the Spanish Colonies in America|url=https://archive.org/details/emigrantssociety00altm|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989}}</ref> [[File:Plaza Mayor de Trujillo - 01.jpg|thumb|left|Plaza Major de [[Trujillo (Cáceres)|Trujillo]], con le statua de [[Francisco Pizarro]].]] Le [[Censo de Pecheros]] de [[Carlos I de España|Carlos I]], elaborate in le decennio de 1520, includeva le territorio extremeño inter le principal areas fiscal del Corona de Castilia. Le cifra de 48 789 [[Pechero|vicinos pecheros]] e le percentual de 6,75 % del population del Corona debe esser presentate como datos del censo e non como un estimation moderne del population total.<ref>{{cite web|author=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|title=Censo de Pecheros de Carlos I|year=2008|url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/censo_pecheros/tomo2.pdf}}</ref> Le [[Libro de los millones|Censo del Millones]] de 1591 recognosceva le [[Provincia de Trujillo]] como un del provincias del Corona. Le majoritate del localitates del actual Extremadura pertineva a iste provincia, durante que altere territorios esseva incorporate a le provincias de Salamanca e León o a jurisdictones del [[Ordine de Santiago]]. Le provincia de Trujillo non habeva un voto proprie in le [[Cortes de Castilla]] e su representation esseva associate al de Salamanca.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> In 1580, post le extinction del linea masculine del Casa de Aviz, [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]] esseva recognoscite como rege de Portugal. Le union dynastic reuniva le coronas de Castilia e Portugal sub le mesme monarcha, durante que Portugal conservava su leges, institutiones e imperio proprie. Le position de Extremadura al frontiera con Portugal acquireva nove importantia. Citates como [[Badajoz]] deveniva importante centros militar e logistic. Le situation cambiava radicalmente in 1640, quando Portugal se rebellava contra le monarchia hispanic e comenciava le [[Guerra de Restauration Portugese]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> ==== Seculos XVII e XVIII ==== [[File:Puerta Palmas.JPG|thumb|[[Puerta de Palmas]], Badajoz.]] [[File:Mapa de la provincia de Estremadura (1766).jpg|thumb|Mappa del «provincia de Estremadura» in 1766.]] Le [[Guerra de Restauration Portugese]] (1640–1668) transformava profundemente le vita del region. Extremadura deveniva un importante frontiera militar e suffreva destructiones, depopulation, requisitiones de recursos e interruptiones del agricultura e del commercio. Le proximitate de Portugal significava que numerose citates e villas esseva directemente implicate in le guerra. Le frontiera esseva fortificate e le stationamento de truppas deveniva un carga importante pro le population local. Post le pace de 1668, le frontiera remaneva militarmente strategic e le consequencias economic e demographic del guerra se prolongava durante annos.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> In 1653, Extremadura obteneva un derecto de voto in le [[Cortes de Castilla]]. Le acquisition esseva associate al initiative de [[Plasencia]] e costa 80 000 [[ducato]]s. Isto permitteva al provincia de disponer de representation distincte de Salamanca.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clemente Campos|first=María Belén|title=La adquisición del privilegio del voto por la "provincia" de Extremadura|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=119318|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Pauc decennios post le fin del guerra con Portugal, Extremadura esseva implicate in le [[Guerra de succession espaniol]] (1701–1714). Le frontiera portugese esseva de novo un importante teatro de operationes. [[Badajoz]] e altere localitates suffreva assedios e destructiones, e le [[ponte de Ajuda]] super le Guadiana esseva destruite in 1709. Durante le seculo XVIII, le monarchia borbonic initiava reformas administrative e militar que afficeva etiam Extremadura. Le character de frontiera remaneva importante, ma le administration deveniva progressivemente plus centralisate. === Etate Contemporanee === ==== Seculo XIX ==== [[File:Battle of Albuhera, by William Barnes Wollen.jpg|thumb|Soldatos britannic in le [[Battalia de La Albuera (1811)|Battalia de La Albuera]], le 16 de maio de 1811. Pictura a oleo de [[William Barnes Wollen]] (1912).]] Durante le [[Guerra de Independentia Espaniol]] (1808–1814), Extremadura registrava un nove periodo de guerra, destruction e penuria. Su position geographic inter Portugal, le centro del peninsula e le frontiera occidental faceva del region un importante zona strategic pro le truppas francese e le forces espaniol, britannic e portugese.<ref>{{cite book|title=Correspondencia del Duque de Wellington 1799–1815|publisher=Universitate de Oxford|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=DX8BAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Le guerra aggravava le crise economic e demographic ja existente. Le occupation, le requisitiones, le destruction del recoltas e le epidemias affectava le population rural. In 1809, le truppas francese occideva [[Juan Álvarez de Castro]], episcopo de [[Coria]], in [[Hoyos (Cáceres)|Hoyos]], un del episodios note del repression francese in le region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historia del levantamiento, Guerra y Revolución de España|last=Queipo de Llano|first=José María|year=1835|page=64|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=yeoaAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> In 1810 le administration francese divideva le territorio in le prefecturas de [[Cáceres]] e [[Mérida]]. Durante le processo liberal de organisation territorial, le duo provincias de [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] esseva establite in 1822. Le reforma administrative de 1833, promovite per [[Javier de Burgos]], confirmava le duo provincias, que deveniva le base territorial del Extremadura moderne.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> ==== Seculo XX ==== Le initio del seculo XX esseva marcate per le forte character rural del economia extremeña, le concentration del proprietate agrari e le question del accesso al terra. Iste problemas contribuiva al developpamento del [[regionalismo extremaduran]] e de movimentos social e politic que reclamava reformas agrari e un melior distribution del proprietate. Le medico e pensator [[Antonio Elviro]] es un del figuras associate al prime regionalismo extremeñese. In le campo literari, autores como [[Luis Chamizo]] e [[José María Gabriel y Galán]] usava formas linguistic e temas associate al vita rural del region.<ref>{{cite book|last=García Pérez|first=Juan|title=Entre la frustración y la esperanza: una historia del regionalismo extremeño|publisher=Biblioteca Nueva|year=1999}}</ref> Le 25 de martio de 1936, in le quadro del conflicto agrari del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]], decenas de milles de campesinos participava in occupationes de terras in numerose localitates de Extremadura. Secundo le fontes dedicate al evento, circa 60 000 campesinos esseva organisate in plus de 280 pueblos e occupava terras pro demandar le application del reforma agrari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Espinosa|first=Francisco|title=El día que se levantó Extremadura. Veinticinco de marzo de 1936|date=2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Extremadura: Veinticinco de Marzo de 1936. El día se levantó Extremadura|publisher=Dialnet|year=2020|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=854018|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> [[File:Campesinos de Extremadura.jpg|thumb|Paisanos extremaduran durante le periodo del Secunde Republica Espaniol.]] In julio 1936 comenciava le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]]. Le forces insurgente que arrivava del sud traversava rapidemente Extremadura durante lor avance verso Madrid. In augusto occurreva le [[masacre de Badajoz]], un del episodios le plus grave del repression durante le guerra. Le numero exacte del victimas es objecto de debate historiographic e le estimativas varia secundo le fontes; le repression esseva tamen ample e affectava le population civil e le prisioneros. Le cifra non debe esser presentate como un dato proveniente del censo de population de 1930, que naturalmente non documenta le victimas del massacre. Le secunde medietate del seculo XX esseva marcate per un grande [[exodo rural]]. Durante le periodo del developpamento economic espaniol del annos 1950–1970, centos de milles de habitantes abandonava Extremadura pro cercar travalio e melior conditiones de vita in altere regiones espaniol, specialmente in [[Communitate de Madrid|Madrid]], [[Pais Basc]] e [[Catalonia]], e in paises europee como [[Francia]] e [[Germania]]. Le migration contribuiva al depopulation de numerose zonas rural e al vieillissement del population regional.<ref>{{cite book|last=García Pérez|first=Juan|title=Entre la frustración y la esperanza: una historia del regionalismo extremeño|publisher=Biblioteca Nueva|year=1999}}</ref> Le question del disveloppamento regional remaneva central durante le ultime decennios del dictatura. Un del principales conflictos regional esseva le opposition al projecto del [[Central Nuclear de Valdecaballeros]]. Le projecto esseva finalemente paralysate e le paralisation definitive esseva establite per le Lege 40/1994 del 30 de decembre. Con le [[Transition espaniol verso le democratia]], Extremadura initiava un nove phase politic e institutional. Le [[Estatuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]] esseva approbate per le [[Cortes Generales]] mediante le Lege Organica 1/1983 del 25 de februario. Le lege esseva publicate in le ''Boletín Oficial del Estado'' le 26 de februario e entrava in vigor le 27 de februario. Le Statuto constituiva Extremadura como communitate autonome e establiva que su territorio comprende le municipios del provincias de Badajoz e Cáceres. Illo fixava [[Mérida]] como capital e sede del [[Junta de Extremadura]] e del [[Assemblea de Extremadura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lei Organica 1/1983, del 25 de februario, de Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura|publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado|url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1983/02/25/1/con|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de maio de 1983 occurreva le prime electiones al [[Assemblea de Extremadura]]. Le [[PSOE]] obteneva le majoritate absolute e [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]] deveniva le prime presidente del Junta de Extremadura. Le 8 de septembre de 1985 esseva celebrate le prime [[Die de Extremadura]] institutional in [[Guadalupe (Cáceres)|Guadalupe]]. In 1986, le [[Cáceres|Citate vetule de Cáceres]] esseva inscribite in le Lista del [[Patrimonio del Humanitate]] del [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Town of Cáceres|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/384|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> ==== Seculo XXI ==== Le initio del seculo XXI esseva marcate per le consolidation del institutiones autonome, le developpamento del infrastructuras e le transformation del economia regional. Le [[Junta de Extremadura]] assumeva nove competentias in areas como education, sanitate, agricultura, infrastructuras e cultura. Le 25 de maio de 2003 occurreva electiones al [[Assemblea de Extremadura]], con un nove victoria del [[PSOE]]. Le 31 de julio de 2004, le presidente del Governamento [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] presentava in Mérida un plano de dynamisation economic e employment dedicate al region. In 2005 comenciava le emissiones del television e del radio public autonome, [[Canal Extremadura TV]] e [[Canal Extremadura Radio]]. Le 19 de septembre de 2006, post 23 annos como presidente del Junta, [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]] annunciava que ille non se presentarea como candidato al successive electiones regional. Le cambio de leadership marcava un nove phase del politica extremeña. Durante le seculo XXI, le region continuava a confrontar le problemas historic de depopulation rural e envejecimento demographic, ma etiam experientiava transformationes in le agricultura, le energia, le turismo e le servicios. Le disveloppamento del energia renovabile deveniva un del nove sectores importante del economia regional. In le campo cultural e linguistic, cresceva le interesse pro le varietates linguistic traditional del region. Le [[Estremeñu]], le [[Fala]] e le varietates extremeño-portugese e extremeño-oriental esseva subjecto a crescente attention cultural e academic. Le 18 de augusto de 2018 esseva celebrate pro le prime vice le [[Die del Linguas de Extremadura]], dedicate al patrimonio linguistic del communitate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/extremadura/sociedad/estremenu-reivindica-europeo-prestigioso-minoritarios_1_2087172.html|title=Expertos international appoya le ‘Estremeñu’ como un lingua|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026|last=Conde|first=Jesús|date=10 de junio de 2018|website=ElDiario.es|language=es}}</ref> Le historia recente de Extremadura es assi marcate per le transition de un societate majoritariemente rural verso un economia plus diversificate, le consolidation del autonomia regional e le effortios persistente pro affrontar le depopulation e le disparitates economic intra le region. == Geographia == Le [[superficie (mathematica)|superficie]] de Extremadura es de circa 41 634 km², lo que la situa inter le plus grande [[communidades autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] de Espania per superficie. Le duo provincias que la compone —[[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]]— es le plus grande del pais per superficie. Extremadura limita al nord con le provincias de [[Provincia de Salamanca|Salamanca]] e [[Provincia de Ávila|Ávila]] ([[Castilla y León]]), al est con [[Provincia de Toledo|Toledo]] e [[Provincia de Ciudad Real|Ciudad Real]] ([[Castilla-La Mancha]]), al sud con [[Provincia de Huelva|Huelva]], [[Provincia de Sevilla|Sevilla]] e [[Provincia de Córdoba (Espania)|Córdoba]] ([[Andalusia]]), e al west con [[Portugal]]. === Relievo === [[File:La-vera.JPG|thumb|[[Sierra de Gredos]] in su versante extremaduran]] Extremadura se situa principalemente in le grande [[bacino hydrographic]] del [[Fluvio Tago|Tago]] al nord e in illo del [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]] al centro e al sud. Le major parte del territorio appartene a iste duo bacinos, ben que alcun areas marginale del nord e del sud versa verso le [[Fluvio Duero|Duero]] e le [[Fluvio Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir]]. Le major parte del territorio corresponde al zoclo paleozoic del [[Maciço iberic]], sur le qual se developpa vaste penillanuras, serras e depressiones sedimentari. Le [[granito]] e le [[pizarra (roca)|pizarra]] es roccas multo diffuse, e in numerose sectores le rios ha excavate valles profundemente incastrate. Le principal conjuntos montaniose es le [[Sistema Central]] al nord, le [[Montes de Toledo]] in le centro e [[Sierra Morena]] al sud. Inter illos se extende vaste superficies de penillanura. In le serras interior le relievo presenta frequentemente formas de typo [[Relievo apalachense|apalachense]], particularmente ben conservate in [[Las Villuercas]]. Le elevationes maxime se trova in le [[Sistema Central]], al limite inter Extremadura e Castilla y León. Le puncto le plus alte de Extremadura es le [[Calvitero]], con circa 2400 m. [[La Covacha]], con 2395 m, es un del culmines le plus alte del communitate. Inter le altere elevationes importante se trova La Nijarra (2214 m), Peludillo (2250 m), Alto del Horco (2162 m) e Mesas Altas (2070 m). In le [[Montes de Toledo]], le [[pic Villuercas]] attinge circa 1600 m e constitue le maxime elevation del massivo de [[Las Villuercas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Plan Territorial del Valle del Jerte |url=https://sitex.juntaex.es/SITEX/files/JERTE_AI/PT_Jerte_AInicial_sellado_ISA_I.pdf |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> Le relievo actual es le resultato de un historia geologic longe e complexe. Le materiales del zoclo paleozoic esseva affectate principalemente per le [[Orogenia varisca|orogenia varisca]], postea erosate e dismanteallate durante le [[Permiano]] e le [[Mesozoico]]. Durante le [[Orogenia alpina]] le blocos del zoclo esseva reactivitate e elevate o affundite, contribuente al formation del actual serras e depressiones.<ref name="vera2004-01">{{cite book |author=Vera, J. A.; Ancoechea E.; Barnolas, A.; Bea, F.; Calvo, J. P.; Civis, J.; Vicente, G. de; Fernández-Giannotti, J.; García Cortés, A.; Pérez Estaún, A.; Pujalte, V.; Rodríguez Fernández, L. R.; Sopeña, A.; Tejero, R. |year=2004 |chapter=Introduction |editor=Vera Torres, J. A. |title=Geología de España |publisher=Sociedad Geológica de España e Instituto Geológico y Minero de España |pages=1–17 |isbn=84-7840-546-1}}</ref> In le sector nord-occidental del region se succede le [[sierra de Gata]], [[Las Hurdes]], le conjunto de [[Traslasierra]] e le [[valle del Jerte]], [[La Vera]] e le depressiones associate al Tago. Le valles del [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]], [[Fluvio Alagón|Alagón]], [[Fluvio Jerte|Jerte]] e [[Fluvio Árrago|Árrago]] contribue a structurar iste paisage. Le vega de [[Moraleja]] se trova al pede del [[sierra de Gata]] e es irrigate per le Árrago. Plus al sud se extende le vega de [[Coria]] e [[Galisteo]], associate al Alagón. Plus al nord-est se trova le depression occupate per le [[embalse de Gabriel y Galán]], durante que le [[valle del Tiétar]] e [[Campo Arañuelo]] forma le grande depression al sud del [[Sierra de Gredos|Gredos]]. In le centro del region predomina le [[penillanura]], un superficie extensive e levemente undulate formate sur le zoclo paleozoic. Le cursos fluvial ha incastrate lor valles in iste superficie. In le penillanura central on distingue, inter altere sectores, le [[Llanos del Salor]] e le [[Tierras de Cáceres e Trujillo]]. Le erosion del granito ha producite formas characteristic como [[berrocal|berrocales]], bolos, tors e [[roca caballera|roccas caballeras]]. [[File:Magacela fields (20999978199).jpg|izquierda|thumb|Campos de cultivo in [[Magacela]]]] Le [[Montes de Toledo]] forma in le centro-oriente del region un serie de serras de direction general occidental-oriental. In Extremadura lor principales conjuntos es [[Las Villuercas]], le [[sierra de Montánchez]] e le [[Sierra de San Pedro (Extremadura)|sierra de San Pedro]]. Le Villuercas presenta un serie de serras parallel con orientation general nord-west–sud-est e un relievo fortemente incastrate. Le [[sierra de Altamira]] constitue in parte le limite con le provincia de Toledo. Montánchez se trova inter le Villuercas e San Pedro, durante que le sierra de San Pedro es le plus occidental del tres. [[File:Sierra de las Villuercas 1.jpg|thumb|[[Sierra de las Villuercas]]]] Le [[Vegas del Guadiana]] forma un altere grande sector de bassas terras sedimentari. In le vicinity de [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] on distingue traditionalmente le [[Vegas Altas]] al est e le [[Vegas Bajas]] al west, usque a [[Badajoz]]. Le solos alluvial del valle es particularmente importante pro le agricultura irrigate. Al west de Badajoz le Guadiana se dirige verso Portugal e le paisage passa gradualmente al penillanura. Al sud de Extremadura le penillanura se extende verso le [[Tierra de Barros]], le [[La Serena (Badajoz)|La Serena]] e [[Sierra Morena]]. Le Tierra de Barros es un depression basse con solos argillose, particularmente importante pro le agricultura circa [[Almendralejo]]. La Serena, inter le [[Fluvio Zújar|Zújar]] e le [[Fluvio Guadamez|Guadamez]], es un vaste paisage de penillanura e [[glacis]]. Plus al sud, Sierra Morena forma le transition verso le [[valle del Guadalquivir]]. ==== Systemas montaniose ==== Al nord del communitate se eleva le [[Sistema Central]], con le [[sierra de Gredos]], le [[sierra de Béjar (sierra)|sierra de Béjar]] e le [[sierra de Gata]]. Le Calvitero es le puncto le plus alte de Extremadura, con circa 2400 m. Le [[La Covacha|Covacha]] attinge 2395 m e es un del culmines le plus alte del communitate. In le centro-oriente se trova le conjuntos del [[Montes de Toledo]], specialmente [[Las Villuercas]], le [[sierra de Montánchez]] e le [[Sierra de San Pedro (Extremadura)|sierra de San Pedro]]. Al sud, [[Sierra Morena]] forma le principal cadena montaniose e le limite physic con Andalusia. === Hydrographia === [[File:RíoIbor.jpg|thumb|[[Fluvio Ibor|Fluvio Ibor]] durante su passage per [[Bohonal de Ibor]]]] [[File:Garganta Mayor.jpg|thumb|Garganta Mayor de [[Garganta la Olla]], in le [[sierra de Tormantos]]]] Le reticulo hydrographic de Extremadura es dominate per le bacinos del [[Fluvio Tago|Tago]] e del [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]]. Alcun parve sectores del territorio appartene al [[Fluvio Duero|Duero]] al nord e al [[Fluvio Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir]] al sud. Le major parte del aquas del communitate termina dunque in le [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]]. Le rios extremaduran presenta un regime mediterranee, con debit generalmente plus alte durante le hiberno e le primavera e un forte [[estiaje]] durante le estate. Le precipitationes es irregular e varia fortemente secundo le altitude e le exposition. Numerose reservoirs regula le fluxo del Tago, del Guadiana e de lor tributarios. Illos servi pro irrigation, production hydroelectric e abastecimento de aqua. Extremadura non possede grande [[lago]]s natural. In vice, le [[dehesa]] es punctuate per numerose charcas e parve massas de aqua, multe de illos artificial, que ha un importantia ecologic como habitat pro aves, amphibios e altere fauna. ==== Bassino del Tago ==== Le [[Fluvio Tago|Tago]] es le principal fluvio del provincia de [[Cáceres]]. Il nasce in le [[Montes Universales]], in le provincia de Teruel, e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]] per un grande estuario apud [[Lisbona]]. Intra in Extremadura al est del provincia de Cáceres e traversa le region de est a west. In grande parte de su percurso extremaduran, le fluvio es fortemente incastrate in le penillanura. Inter le principal tributarios del Tago in Extremadura se trova le [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]], le [[Fluvio Alagón|Alagón]], le [[Fluvio Almonte|Almonte]], le [[Fluvio Ibor|Ibor]] e le [[Fluvio Salor|Salor]]. Le [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]] nasce in le [[Sistema Central]] e traversa le sector de [[La Vera]] e [[Campo Arañuelo]] ante de desembocar in le Tago in le area de [[Monfragüe]]. Le [[Fluvio Alagón|Alagón]] nasce in le provincia de Salamanca e entra in Extremadura per [[Las Hurdes]]. Il traversa le area de [[Coria]] e recipe tributarios como le [[Fluvio Jerte|Jerte]] e le [[Fluvio Árrago|Árrago]] ante de desembocar in le Tago apud le [[reservoir de Alcántara]]. Inter le tributarios del Tago se distingue etiam le [[Fluvio Almonte|Almonte]], le [[Fluvio Ibor|Ibor]], le [[Fluvio Gualija|Gualija]] e le [[Fluvio Salor|Salor]]. Le Almonte drena un grande parte del [[Tierras de Cáceres|Tierras de Cáceres]] e del area de Trujillo e recipe tributarios como le [[Fluvio Tamuja|Tamuja]] e le [[Fluvio Tozo|Tozo]]. Le Tago e su tributarios es fortemente regulate per reservoirs. Le plus importante del region es le [[reservoir de Alcántara]], un del major reservoirs del systema del Tago. ==== Cuenca del Guadiana ==== [[File:Mérida. Guadiana river. Badajoz. Extremadura. Spain (4923913891).jpg|thumb|Le [[Fluvio Guadiana|fluvio Guadiana]] in [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]]]] Le [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]] es le principal fluvio del provincia de [[Badajoz]] e le secunde grande axe hydrographic de Extremadura. Le fluvio se forma in le area del [[Campo de Montiel]] e traversa le meseta central ante de entrar in Extremadura. Il traversa le [[Vegas Altas]], le area de [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] e le [[Vegas Bajas]], passando per [[Badajoz]]. Post Badajoz, le fluvio forma per un portion un limite inter Espania e Portugal ante de desembocar in le [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]] inter [[Ayamonte]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]]. Inter le principal tributarios del Guadiana in Extremadura se trova le [[Fluvio Gévora|Gévora]], le [[Fluvio Aljucén|Aljucén]], le [[Fluvio Ruecas|Ruecas]], le [[Fluvio Gargáligas|Gargáligas]] e le [[Fluvio Guadalupejo|Guadalupejo]] al nord; e le [[Fluvio Zújar|Zújar]], le [[Fluvio Matachel|Matachel]], le [[Fluvio Guadajira|Guadajira]], le [[Fluvio Olivenza|Olivenza]] e le [[Fluvio Alcarrache|Alcarrache]] al sud. Le [[Fluvio Zújar|Zújar]] es le principal tributario del Guadiana in Extremadura per extension de su bacino. Il nasce in le provincia de Badajoz e recipe aquas del area de [[Los Pedroches]] e del [[valle de Alcudia]]. Le [[reservoir de La Serena]], sur le Zújar, es un del plus grande reservoirs de Espania per superficie. Le systema del Guadiana es intensemente utilisate pro le irrigation. Inter le principal infrastructure de irrigation se trova le [[Canal de Orellana]], le [[Canal de Montijo]], le [[Canal del Zújar]] e le [[Canal de Lobón]], associate al grande systema de irrigation developpate durante le seculo XX. [[File:35 - E2-07-Zujar - aguas abajo (5431236914).jpg|thumb|sinistra|[[Fluvio Zújar|Fluvio Zújar]]]] ==== Cuenca del Guadalquivir ==== Un parve sector del sud de Extremadura appartene al [[Fluvio Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir]]. Le aquas del versante meridional de [[Sierra Morena]] es tributari del Guadalquivir, specialmente per le bacinos del [[Fluvio Viar|Viar]] e del [[Fluvio Bembézar|Bembézar]]. Iste area es multo minor que le bacinos del Tago e del Guadiana. === Clima === [[File:Embalse de la Serena (20994551358).jpg|thumb|Paisage del [[reservoir de La Serena]] in fin de augusto]] Le clima de Extremadura es principalemente [[Clima mediterranee|mediterranee]], con un forte character continental in le areas interior. Le proximitate del [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]] modera le temperaturas e explica le importante contribution del frontes oceanic al precipitationes. Le [[anticyclon del Azores]] ha un rolo importante in le estate e contribui al secura e al ariditate estival. Le [[Sistema Central]] exerce un importante effecto orographic super le precipitationes del nord del communitate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas climático ibérico |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/Atlas-climatologico |publisher=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]}}</ref> Le insolation es elevate e le estate es generalmente calide e sic. Le temperaturas e precipitationes presenta forte variationes spatial: le areas basse del valle del Guadiana es inter le plus calide e sic, durante que le serras del [[Sistema Central]] es multo plus fresc e humide. Le precipitationes es generalmente plus basse in le valle del Guadiana e in le sud-est del region, e plus alte in le montanias del nord. In multe areas basse le media annual es inferior a 600 mm, durante que in le serras del [[Sistema Central]] illo pote superar 1000 mm e localmente 1500 mm. Le Valle del Jerte, [[Valle del Ambroz]], [[La Vera]], [[Las Hurdes]] e [[Sierra de Gata]] es inter le sectores plus humide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas climático ibérico |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/Atlas-climatologico |publisher=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]}}</ref> [[File:Cielo -2 (30231912706).jpg|thumb|sinistra|Nubes in [[Fuentes de León]]]] Le distribution saisonal del precipitationes es typic del clima mediterranee: le maxima occurre generalmente in le autumno e le primavera, durante que le estate es le periodo le plus sic. In le areas plus basse, le ariditate estival pote durar tres o quatro menses; in le alte montanias, le periodo sic es plus breve. [[File:Quercus pyrenaica - La Vera - 20181116e.jpg|thumb|Foreste autumnal in [[Losar de la Vera]]]] Le temperatura medie annual varia fortemente secundo le altitude. Le areas basse del Guadiana presenta valores medie annual circa 17–18 °C, durante que le areas montaniose del nord es nettemente plus fresc. In estate le maxime diurne supera frequentemente 35 °C e, durante episodios de calor, pote exceder 40 °C. Le hibernos es geralmente suave in le basse terras, ma le gelate e le basse temperaturas es frequente in le serras. Le altitude es dunque un del factores le plus importante in le differentiation climatic del region. In le [[Sistema Central]] le temperaturas es nettemente plus basse e le nivello de precipitation plus alte que in le penillanuras central e meridional. Le [[bilancio hydric]] es generally negative durante le estate. Le forte evaporation, le alte temperaturas e le basse precipitationes estival produce un deficit hydric saisonal, specialmente in le basse terras. Le disponibilitate de aqua es compensate in grande parte per le reservoirs e le aquiferos, ben que le annos sic ha un effecto importante super le ressources hydric. === Vegetation === [[File:Montehermoso - Árbol.jpg|thumb|[[Dehesa]] de [[Montehermoso]]]] Le varietate de relievo, altitude, solos e clima produce un grande diversitate de vegetation in Extremadura. Le major parte del territorio pertine al dominio del [[foreste mediterranee]], ma le vegetation cambia secundo le altitude e le humiditate. Le intervention human ha modificate profundemente le paisage, specialmente per le agricultura, le pasturage e le exploitation del foreste. Un del paisages le plus characteristic es le [[dehesa]], un systema agro-sylvo-pastoral in le qual arbores disperse, praterias e usos agricole coexiste. Le [[encina]] es le specie arboree plus characteristic, accompaniate frequentemente per le [[subere]] e, in areas plus humide, per varie species de [[Quercus|quercia]]. Le dehesa combina le production agricole e pecuari con le conservation de un parte importante del biodiversitate regional. Le encinares e alcornocales domina le basse terras plus sic. Le [[subere]] es particularmente importante in le occidental del communitate e in le areas con pluviometria plus alte. Le estrato arbustive comprende species como le [[lentisco]], le [[aladierno]], le [[rosmarino]], le [[thymo]] e varie [[Cistus|cistos]]. In le valles e in le areas plus humide se developpa [[foreste de galeria]] associate al rios, con [[populo]]s, [[salice]]s, [[olmo]]s e altere species riparic. In le serras del nord, le vegetation cambia conforme al altitude e comprende vaste areas de [[Quercus pyrenaica|quercia]] e altere species caducifolie. In le pisos montaniose le vegetation es plus fresc e humide. Le [[Quercus pyrenaica|quercia]] ha un distribution importante in le serras, e in alcun areas alte se trova [[fago]] e altere species montaniose. Le vegetation del alte montanias del [[Sistema Central]] comprende praterias e arbustetos subalpine. Iste areas esseva traditionalmente utilisate pro le pasturage estival. === Spatios natural protegite === [[File:Mirador del Salto del Gitano y Rio Tajo.jpg|thumb|[[Parque national de Monfragüe]]]] [[File:Reserva Natural de los Barruecos (Malpartida de Cáceres).jpg|thumb|[[Monumento natural]] de [[Los Barruecos]], in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]]]] Extremadura possede un rete extensive de [[area protegite|areas natural protegite]], que include le [[Parque national de Monfragüe]], duo [[Parque Natural|parcos natural]], un [[Reserva Natural|reserva natural]], cinque [[Monumento Natural|monumentos natural]], paisages protegite, [[Zona de interés regional|zonas de interesse regional]], e altere categorias regional de protection. Le territorio es etiam largemente includite in le rete [[Natura 2000]], con numerosas [[Zona de especial protección para las aves|ZEPAs]] e [[Zona especial de conservación|ZECs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Áreas protegidas de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |accessdate=2026-09-13 |archivedate=2024-08-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805164813/https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura}}</ref> Le [[Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Extremadura|rete regional de areas protegite]] include, inter altere figuras, parcos natural, reservas natural, monumentos natural, paisages protegite, corredores ecologicamente importante, parcos periurban, locos de interesse scientific e arbores singular. Le cartographia official del Junta de Extremadura integra iste figuras con le [[Natura 2000]] e altere figuras de conservation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cartografía de las Áreas Protegidas de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/cartografia-areas-protegidas-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Geoparco Villuercas-Ibores-Jara Le [[Geoparco Villuercas-Ibores-Jara]] es un territorio de grande interesse geologic in le centro-oriente de Extremadura. Illo esseva includite in le rete mundial del geoparcos in 2011. Su relievo presenta formas de typo apalachense e conserva un importante patrimonio geologic, paleontologic, minier e cultural. Le geoparco es membro del rete [[UNESCO Global Geoparks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Global Geoparks |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/iggp/geoparks |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> ; Parque national de Monfragüe Le [[Parque national de Monfragüe]] es situate in le centro de [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]], circa le confluencia del [[Fluvio Tago|Tago]] e del [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]]. Le territorio es dominate per serras basse, valles fluvial e [[dehesa]] mediterranee. Monfragüe esseva declarate [[Parque natural|parco natural]] in 1979 e devenite [[parque national]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Nacional de Monfragüe |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/monfrague.html |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico}}</ref> Le area possede etiam altere figuras de protection, inter illas le [[Reserva de biosphera|Reserva de Biosphera de Monfragüe]], recognoscite per le [[UNESCO]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monfragüe Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/monfrague |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> ; Parcos natural Extremadura possede duo [[Parque Natural|parcos natural]]: le [[Parque natural de Cornalvo]] e le [[Parque natural del Tajo Internacional]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parques Naturales de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura/parques-naturales |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> * [[Parque natural de Cornalvo]] es situate circa [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] e comprende paisages de [[dehesa]], encinares e alcornocales, insimul con le systemas fluvial del [[Fluvio Aljucén|Aljucén]] e [[Fluvio Albarregas|Albarregas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Natural de Cornalvo |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-de-cornalvo |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> * [[Parque natural del Tajo Internacional]] es situate al frontiera con [[Portugal]], in le sector occidental de [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]]. Le parco es structurate circa le Tajo e su tributarios e forma un ensemble transfrontalier con le [[Parque Natural do Tejo Internacional]] in Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Natural Tajo Internacional |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-tajo-internacional |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Reserva natural [[File:Valle del Jerte, Garganta de los Infiernos 02.jpg|thumb|[[Reserva natural Garganta de los Infiernos]], in le [[Valle del Jerte]]]] * [[Reserva Natural Garganta de los Infiernos]] es situate in le cabecera del [[Valle del Jerte]], inter le [[sierra de Tormantos]] e le [[Sierra de Gredos]]. Illa esseva declarate Reserva Natural in 1994 e protege un paisage montaniose con forte variation altitudinal e un dense reticulo de gargantas e cursos de aqua.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reserva Natural Garganta de los Infiernos |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/reserva-natural-garganta-de-los-infiernos |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Monumentos natural Le rete regional comprende actualmente cinque [[Monumento Natural|monumentos natural]]: * [[Los Barruecos]], in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]], un paisage de granito, charcas e vegetation mediterranee; * [[Mina La Jayona]], un ancian complexo minier con importante valores geologic e ecologic; * [[Cueva de Castañar]], un caverna con importante formations mineral; * [[Cuevas de Fuentes de León]], un complexe de cavitates calcaree; * [[El Berrocal de la Data]], in [[Valencia de Alcántara]], un paisage granitic de grande interesse geomorphologic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monumentos Naturales de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura/monumentos-naturales |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Paisages protegite Le [[Monte Valcorchero]] apud [[Plasencia]] es un del [[Paisaje protegido|paisages protegite]] de Extremadura. Le protection conserva un paisage de grande valor natural e cultural, associate al [[dehesa]] e al exploitation traditional del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paisajes Protegidos de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/paisajes-protegidos-de-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> == Governo e politica == Extremadura es un [[communitate autonome de Espania|communitate autonome]] de Espania con un systema de [[monarchia parlamentari|governo parlamentar]]. Su institutiones autonome principal es le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]], le [[Junta de Extremadura]] e le [[President del Junta de Extremadura|Presidente del Junta]]. Le [[Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]] constitue le norma institutional fundamental del communitate. === Antecedentes === Le [[Fuero de Baylío]] es un institution de [[derecto consuetudinari]] conservate in alcun localidades de Extremadura. Le [[Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]] attribue al communitate autonome le conservation, defensa e protection del Fuero de Baylío e de altere institutiones del derecto consuetudinari extremaduran.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley Orgánica 1/2011, de 28 de enero, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-1638 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Le formation historic del territorio extremaduran es anterior al actual communitate autonome. Durante le [[Etate Media]], le nomine [[Las Extremaduras|Extremaduras]] se applicava a un vaste zona de frontiera inter le regnos cristian del nord e le territorios musulman del sud. Le [[provincia de Extremadura]] esseva establite como provincia in le [[reformation territorial de 1833]] e correspondeva in grande parte al territorio del actual communitate, ben que le organisation territorial ha cambiate ulteriormente. In le [[Etate Moderne]] e [[Etate Contemporanee|Contemporanee]] se developpava institutiones juridic e administrative proprie del territorio. Le [[Real Audientia de Extremadura]], establite in [[Cáceres]] in 1790, constitueva un importante institution judicial pro le territorio extremaduran. === Poter legislative === [[File:Pleno de la Asamblea de Extremadura.jpg|thumb|Le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]]]] Le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]] es le organo legislative del communitate autonome. Illo es componite de 65 deputatos eligite per suffragio universal, libere, directe e secret. Le duo provincias constitue le circumscriptiones electoral del electiones autonomic. Le repartition territorial del 65 sedes es de 36 deputatos pro le [[provincia de Badajoz]] e 29 pro le [[provincia de Cáceres]]. Le [[Electiones al Assemblea de Extremadura de 2025|electiones autonomic de 2025]] producite le sequente composition del Assemblea: {| class="wikitable" |+ Composición de la Asamblea de Extremadura tras las elecciones de 2025 ! Partido ! Sedes ! Votos ! % |- | [[Partido Popular de Extremadura|Partido Popular]] (PP) | 29 | 228 300 | 43,2 % |- | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|Partido Socialista Obrero Español]] (PSOE) | 18 | 136 017 | 25,7 % |- | [[Vox (partido político)|Vox]] | 11 | 89 360 | 16,9 % |- | [[Unidas por Extremadura]] | 7 | 54 189 | 10,3 % |- ! Total ! 65 ! 507 866 ! 96,1 % |} Le majoritate absolute del Assemblea es fixate a 33 sedes. Le PP es le prime gruppo parlamentar con 29 deputatos, sequite per le PSOE con 18, Vox con 11 e Unidas por Extremadura con 7.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resultados Elecciones Extremadura 2025 |url=https://resultados-elecciones.rtve.es/autonomicas/2025/extremadura/ |publisher=[[Radiotelevisión Española]]}}</ref> === Poter executive === Le [[Junta de Extremadura]] es le organo executive e administrative del communitate autonome. Illo es presidite per le [[President del Junta de Extremadura]], qui dirige le action del governo regional. [[María Guardiola Martín]] es presidente del Junta de Extremadura. Illa esseva prime eligite in 2023 e deveniva le prime femina a presider le governo autonome. Post le electiones de 2025, le investitura esseva initialmente refusate in martio 2026, quando Guardiola obteneva solmente le supporto del PP. In april 2026, un accordo inter le PP e [[Vox (partito politico)|Vox]] permitteva su nove investitura con majoritate absolute del Assemblea. Illa esseva formalmente nominate presidente per [[Felipe VI|le Rege]] le 22 de april 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real Decreto 361/2026, de 22 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidenta de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura a doña María Guardiola Martín |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2026/04/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2026-8873.pdf |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Le prime presidente del Junta de Extremadura esseva [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]], qui occupava le carga inter 1983 e 2007. Il esseva succedite per [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (2007–2011), [[José Antonio Monago]] (2011–2015), e de novo Guillermo Fernández Vara (2015–2023). In 2023, [[María Guardiola]] succedeva Fernández Vara e deveniva le prime femina presidente del communitate.<ref>{{cite web |title=María Guardiola es investida presidenta de la Junta de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/maria-guardiola-investida-presidenta-de-la-junta-de-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |date=14 de julio 2023}}</ref> Le secunde governo de María Guardiola es supportate per un accordo inter le PP e Vox, qui dispone insimul de 40 del 65 sedes del Assemblea. Le PSOE e Unidas por Extremadura constitue le opposition parlamentar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guardiola, investida presidenta de Extremadura por mayoría absoluta tras el acuerdo con Vox |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260422/directo-segunda-jornada-debate-investidura-guardiola-extremadura-votacion/17035311.shtml |publisher=[[Radiotelevisión Española]] |date=22 de april 2026}}</ref> Le [[Delegation del Governo in Extremadura]] representa le [[Governo de Espania]] in le communitate autonome. Su sede se trova in [[Badajoz]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Presidentes del Junta de Extremadura ! Presidente ! Partito ! Periodo |- | [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]] | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | 1983–2007 |- | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | 2007–2011 |- | [[José Antonio Monago]] | [[Partido Popular (España)|PP]] | 2011–2015 |- | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | 2015–2023 |- | [[María Guardiola]] | [[Partido Popular (España)|PP]] | 2023–presente |} === Organisation territorial === ==== Provincias ==== Extremadura es dividite in duo provincias: le [[provincia de Cáceres]], al nord, e le [[provincia de Badajoz]], al sud. Illas es etiam circumscriptiones electoral pro le electiones al [[Congresso del Deputatos]] e al [[Senato de Espania]], e possede lor respective [[deputation provincial|deputationes provincial]]. Secundo le datos del [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] al 1 de januario 2025, le provincia de Badajoz habeva 665 155 habitantes e un superficie de 21 769 km², durante que Cáceres habeva 388 190 habitantes e un superficie de 19 864 km².<ref>{{cite web |title=España en cifras 2026 |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Provincias de Extremadura ! Provincia ! Superficie ! Population<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&padre=11555 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] }}</ref> ! Municipios |- | [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] | 19 864 km² | 388 190 hab. | 223 |- | [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] | 21 769 km² | 665 155 hab. | 165 |} Le provincia de Badajoz es le plus vaste provincia de Espania per superficie, durante que Cáceres es le secunde plus vaste. In insimul, le duo provincias constitue un del plus grande superficies provincial del pais. ==== Municipios ==== [[File:Extremadura municipalities.png|thumb|Carta municipal de Extremadura]] Extremadura es organise territorialmente in 388 [[municipio]]s: 223 in le provincia de Cáceres e 165 in le provincia de Badajoz. Le numeros de municipios e le cifras de population son mantenite per le [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] in su registros official.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&padre=11555 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]}}</ref> Le grande extension territorial del communitate e le relative basse densitate de population resulta in un grande dimension medie del terminos municipal. Inter le plus grande per superficie se trova [[Cáceres]], [[Badajoz]], [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]], [[Jerez de los Caballeros]] e [[Alburquerque]]. [[Badajoz]] es le municipio le plus populate del communitate e le sol que supera 100 000 habitantes. [[Cáceres]] es le secunde centro urban per population e un del principal polos administrative e universitari de Extremadura. ==== Districtos judicial ==== [[File:Partidos Judiciales de Extremadura.svg|thumb|Districtos judicial de Extremadura]] Le organisation judicial del communitate es determinate secundo le [[Poter Judicial de Espania|legislation judicial espaniol]] e le [[Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]]. Le [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia de Extremadura]] ha su sede in [[Cáceres]] e constitue le organo in le qual culmina le organisation judicial del communitate autonome.<ref>{{cite web |title=Estatuto de Autonomía de Extremadura |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-1638 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Extremadura es dividite in 21 [[Districtos judicial de Extremadura|districtos judicial]], qui organiza le competentia territorial del [[tribunal|organo judicial]] de prime grado. ==== Mancomunitates integral ==== Le legislation extremaduran permitte le creation de [[mancomunitate]]s de municipios pro le gestion in commun de servicios e pro le cooperation supramunicipal. Le [[Lege 17/2010, de mancomunitates e entidades local minor de Extremadura|Lege 17/2010]] establi le requisitos pro que un mancomunitate pote esser qualificate como ''integral'' e regula su organisation e functionamento.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley 17/2010, de 22 de diciembre, de mancomunidades y entidades locales menores de Extremadura |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-555 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Extremadura ha un rete de [[mancomunitate integral|mancomunitates integral]] que facilita le prestation commun de servicios municipal e le cooperation inter municipalitates. Le mancomunitates integral pote intervenir in campos como le gestion del residuos, le aqua, le protection ambiental, le servicios social, le cultura, le sport, le developpamento local, le urbanismo e le infrastructure. ; Provincia de Badajoz <div style="column-count:3; column-gap:3em;"> # Centro # [[Cijara]] # [[Mancomunitate del Guadiana|Guadiana]] # [[La Serena (Badajoz)|La Serena]] # [[Vegas Altas|La Serena-Vegas Altas]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral Lácara-Los Baldíos|Lácara-Los Baldíos]] # [[Comarca de Llerena|Llerena]] # [[Llanos de Olivenza|Olivenza]] # [[La Siberia|Siberia]] # [[Sierra Suroeste]] # [[Tentudía]] # Tierra de Barros # [[Tierra de Barros|Tierra de Barros-Fluvio Matachel]] # [[Vegas Bajas]] # [[Zafra-Fluvio Bodión]] </div> ; Provincia de Cáceres <div style="column-count:3; column-gap:3em;"> # [[Mancomunitate Integral Sierra de Montánchez|Sierra de Montánchez]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral Valle del Alagón|Valle del Alagón]] # [[Mancomunitate Comarca de Trujillo|Trujillo]] # [[Mancomunitate Tajo-Salor|Tajo-Salor]] # [[Valle del Jerte]] # [[Mancomunitate de la Rivera de Fresnedosa|Rivera de Fresnedosa]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral Sierra de San Pedro|Sierra de San Pedro]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral de Trasierra-Tierras de Granadilla|Trasierra-Tierra de Granadilla]] # [[Las Hurdes]] # [[Sierra de Gata (comarca)|Sierra de Gata]] # [[Granadilla (Cáceres)|Granadilla]] # [[Valle del Ambroz|Valle de Ambroz]] # [[Valle del Jerte]] # [[La Vera]] # [[Valle del Alagón]] # [[Riberos del Tajo]] # [[Campo Arañuelo]] # [[Las Villuercas]] </div> Al margen del organisation per mancomunitates, existe in Extremadura numerose [[comarca]]s historic, geographic e cultural que non constitue necessarimente divisiones administrative official. Inter le plus cognoscite se trova [[Valle del Ambroz]], [[Campo Arañuelo]], [[Valle del Jerte]], [[Las Hurdes]], [[Las Villuercas]], [[Los Ibores]], [[La Jara cacereña]], [[Sierra de Gata (comarca)|Sierra de Gata]] e [[Trasierra - Tierras de Granadilla]]. Le distinction inter mancomunitates integral e comarcas es importante: le prime es entitates local de cooperation inter municipalitates, durante que le secunde corresponde frequentemente a regiones historic o geographic sin un status administrative uniforme. In le [[provincia de Badajoz]], le [[Deputation Provincial de Badajoz]] usa etiam divisiones comarcal pro fines de organisation e cooperation territorial, ma illas non equivale al organisation administrative provincial o al mancomunitates integral. == Demographia == === Population e densitate === [[File:Extremadura densidad 2018.png|thumb|Densitate del population in Extremadura]] Le population residente de Extremadura esseva de 1 053 345 habitantes al 1 de januario 2025, secundo le [[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]. Illo representava circa 2,14 % del population de Espania. Le densitate medie era de 25,3 habitantes per km², multo inferior al media espaniol.<ref>{{cite web |title=España en cifras 2026 |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> Le population se distribue in modo irregular inter le duo provincias. [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] contava 665 155 habitantes e habeva un densitate de circa 30,6 hab./km², durante que [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] contava 388 190 habitantes e habeva un densitate de circa 19,5 hab./km².<ref>{{cite web |title=España en cifras 2026 |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> Le population es fortemente concentrate in un numero limitate de centros urban. [[Badajoz]] es le sol municipio del communitate que supera 100 000 habitantes. [[Cáceres]] e [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] supera 50 000, durante que [[Plasencia]], [[Don Benito]], [[Almendralejo]] e [[Villanueva de la Serena]] es altere centros urban importante. Nonobstante, le major parte del territorio conserva un character rural. Le basse densitate del population, le grande extension del terminos municipal e le dispersion del insediamento contribui al contrasto inter le principales centros urban e vaste areas de population basse. Le [[despobulation]] es specialmente importante in alcun areas del interior e del est del communitate. Le principal concentrationes del population se trova circa le corridor del [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]] e in le axe que liga [[Plasencia]], [[Cáceres]], [[Mérida]], [[Almendralejo]] e [[Zafra]]. Un altere concentration importante existe in le area [[Badajoz]]–[[Mérida]]–[[Don Benito]]–[[Villanueva de la Serena]]. Le areas montaniose e le sectores plus distante del principal centros urban presenta generalmente densitates nettemente inferior. === Evolution del population === [[File:Extremadura crecimiento 1998-2008.png|thumb|sinistra|Crescimento del population per municipio inter 1998 e 2008]] [[File:Extremadura crecimiento 2008-2018.png|thumb|Crescimento del population per municipio inter 2008 e 2018]] Le population de Extremadura ha presentate grande variationes durante le ultime cinque seculos. Le datos historic es in parte estimative e debe esser interpretate con caution, proque le definition del population e le methodos de recenseamento cambiava multo inter le periodos. Un alarde realisate in 1502 per ordine de [[Isabel I de Castilia]] ha essite utilisate pro estimar le population del territorio extremaduran a circa 350 000 habitantes. Le [[censimento del 1591]] del [[Corona de Castilia|Corona de Castilia]] dava un cifra plus alte, de circa 540 000 habitantes, ben que le comparation con le cifras moderne es difficile per le differentias administrative e methodologic.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel |title=Le cavalleria e le population de Extremadura secundo le alardes de 1502 |journal=Norba. Revista de historia |volume=17 |year=2004 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1158941}}</ref> Durante le [[seculo XVIII]] le population esseva multo inferior al cifra estimate del seculo XVI, como resultato de guerras, epidemias, crises agricole e altere factores. Le censimentos del [[Etate Moderne]] es generalmente minus uniforme que le censimentos posterior. Durante le [[seculo XIX]] e le prime medietate del [[seculo XX]], le population cresceva de maniera importante. Secundo le [[Censimento de Espania de 1960|censimento de 1960]], Extremadura attingeva 1 379 072 habitantes, uno del maximos historic del population regional.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de población de 1960 |url=https://www.ine.es/inebaseweb/71807.do |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> A partir del decennio de 1960 comenciava un forte processo de [[exodo rural]] e [[emigration]]. Numerose habitantes de Extremadura emigrava verso altere regiones de Espania, specialmente [[Communitate de Madrid|Madrid]], [[Catalonia]] e le [[Pais Basc]], e verso paises europee como [[Francia]], [[Germania]], [[Suisia]], [[Paises Basse]] e [[Belgica]]. Le migrationes affectava particularmente le juvene in etate active e contribueva al [[invecchiamento del population]] del areas rural. Le perdita de population esseva particolarmente forte in le decennios 1960 e 1970. Al mesme tempore, alcun capitales e centros regional acquisiva population, specialmente [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]] e [[Mérida]]. Iste processo accentuava le contrasto inter le principales centros urban e le areas rural. Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le prime del seculo XXI, le population regional deveniva plus stabile, ma Extremadura continuava a haber un crescimento demographic inferior al media espaniol. Le invecchiamento e le basse natalitate deveniva factores importante del evolution demographic. In le 2020s le evolution ha de novo essite negative. Inter le 1 de januario 2024 e le 1 de januario 2025, le population de Extremadura diminuiva de 1 336 personas, o 0,13 %. Le population de nationalitate espaniol diminuiva de 4 664 personas, durante que le population de nationalitate estranjer cresceva de 3 328 personas, o 7,15 %, usque a 46 556 habitantes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le evolution demographic recente es assi caracterisate per un combination de [[invecchiamento del population]], basse natalitate, saldo natural negative e un contribution crescente del immigration. === Distribution === [[File:Tipos de Municipios de Extremadura.png|thumb|Typos de insediamento urban e rural in Extremadura]] Le systema de population de Extremadura es policentric in comparation con altere regiones espaniol, ma non possede grande metropolitan areas. [[Badajoz]] es le principal centro urban del communitate per population e per le extension de su area de influentia. [[Cáceres]] ha un importante function administrative, universitari e cultural. [[Mérida]], capital del communitate autonome, ha un rolo institutional e administrative central. Inter le altere centros urban regional se distingue [[Plasencia]], [[Don Benito]], [[Almendralejo]], [[Villanueva de la Serena]], [[Navalmoral de la Mata]], [[Zafra]], [[Montijo]], [[Villafranca de los Barros]], [[Coria]], [[Olivenza]], [[Miajadas]] e [[Jerez de los Caballeros]]. Le position geographic del communitate face que alcun areas del nord, del est e del sud ha etiam relationes functional con centros exterior a Extremadura. Inter illos se trova [[Salamanca]], [[Béjar]], [[Talavera de la Reina]], [[Ciudad Real]], [[Córdoba]] e [[Sevilla]]. Iste relationes varia secundo le services, le employment, le commercio e le communicationes. Le insediamento rural es generalmente concentrate in villages, con relativamente pauc population disperse. Iste forma de [[poblamiento concentrate]] es particularmente characteristic del penillanuras e del dehesas. Historicamente, le structure agrari, le grande extension del proprietates in alcun areas e le formas traditional de exploitation del terra contribueva al concentration del population in villages de dimension considerabile. Le architecture traditional varia secundo le parte del communitate. Le villages del sud presenta frequentemente facciatas blanchite e placias central, durante que in le nord e in le areas montaniose es presente un plus grande varietate de materiales e formas architectural. Le agricultura extensive, le [[dehesa]] e le allevamento ha exercite un importante influentia super le distribution del population rural. Le modernisation del agricultura e le mecanisation, insimul con le emigration del seculo XX, reduceva le necessitate de labor agricole e accelereva le perdita de population in multe parve municipios. === Systema urban === [[File:Extremadura poblacion 2018.png|thumb|Population per municipio]] Le municipios de Extremadura con plus de 7000 habitantes al 1 de januario 2025 es 19. Le cifras proveni del population official del [[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cifras oficiales de población de los municipios españoles |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177011&idp=1254734710990 |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Position ! Municipalitate ! Population |- | 1 | [[Badajoz]] | 150 209 |- | 2 | [[Cáceres]] | 96 651 |- | 3 | [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] | 60 225 |- | 4 | [[Plasencia]] | 40 132 |- | 5 | [[Don Benito]] | 37 986 |- | 6 | [[Almendralejo]] | 34 587 |- | 7 | [[Villanueva de la Serena]] | 25 773 |- | 8 | [[Navalmoral de la Mata]] | 17 352 |- | 9 | [[Zafra]] | 16 735 |- | 10 | [[Montijo (Badajoz)|Montijo]] | 15 198 |- | 11 | [[Villafranca de los Barros]] | 12 284 |- | 12 | [[Coria]] | 12 001 |- | 13 | [[Olivenza]] | 11 789 |- | 14 | [[Miajadas]] | 9 396 |- | 15 | [[Jerez de los Caballeros]] | 9 095 |- | 16 | [[Trujillo (Espania)|Trujillo]] | 8 611 |- | 17 | [[Los Santos de Maimona]] | 8 088 |- | 18 | [[Azuaga]] | 7 587 |- | 19 | [[Talayuela]] | 7 439 |} Le lista mostra le forte concentration del population in un numero limitate de centros. Badajoz, Cáceres e Mérida forma le principal trio urban del communitate. Le altere centros de plus de 20 000 habitantes —Plasencia, Don Benito, Almendralejo e Villanueva de la Serena— ha un rolo important in lor respective areas territorial. Le concentration del population non significa un concentration territorial uniforme. Vaste areas de Extremadura conserva densitates basse e un predominio del insediamento rural. Le contrasto inter centros urban e areas de bassa densitate es un del principales characteristicas del geographia demographic del communitate. In Extremadura, duodece municipios ha le titulo historic de [[citate|citate]]: in le provincia de Badajoz, [[Almendralejo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Don Benito]], [[Jerez de los Caballeros]], [[Llerena]], [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]], [[Olivenza]] e [[Villanueva de la Serena]]; in le provincia de Cáceres, [[Cáceres]], [[Coria]], [[Plasencia]] e [[Trujillo (Espania)|Trujillo]]. Le titulo de citate es un distinction historic e non implica necessarimente un minimum moderne de population. Le titulos de citate de Badajoz, Coria, Mérida, Plasencia e Trujillo remontan al [[Etate Media]]. Durante le [[Etate Moderne]] esseva accordate, inter altere, le titulos de Jerez de los Caballeros (1525) e Llerena (1641). Durante le [[seculo XIX]] esseva accordate le titulos de Almendralejo (1851), Don Benito (1856), Villanueva de la Serena (1856), Olivenza (1858) e Cáceres (1882). === Immigration === Le population de nationalitate estranjer in Extremadura ha crescite durante le ultime annos, ben que illo representa ancora un portion relativemente parve del population regional. Al 1 de januario 2025, Extremadura contava 46 556 habitantes de nationalitate estranjer, circa 4,4 % del population total. Inter le 1 de januario 2024 e le 1 de januario 2025, iste population cresceva de 3 328 personas, o 7,15 %.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le principal nationalitates estranjer in Extremadura in 2025 esseva le marocchina, con 8 377 residentes, le romaniana, con 7 696, le colombiana, con 4 624, e le portugese, con 3 430. Insimul, iste quatro nationalitates representava plus del 50 % del population de nationalitate estranjer del region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anuario Estadístico 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/5548153/Anuario_2025.pdf/ab27ff81-19b4-c9cc-b680-ddcfd99565cd |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le immigration es in parte concentrate in le principal centros urban e in areas con demanda de labor in le agricultura, le industria agroalimentari, le construction e le servicios. Le composition del population estranjer varia secundo le municipio e le area geographic, con un importante presentia de population romaniana e marocchina e un crescente numero de residentes originari de paises latinoamerican.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Durante 2024, le augmentos le plus importante in Extremadura concerneva le residentes de nationalitate colombian (+802), marocchin (+528), venezuelan (+467) e peruvian (+466). Le population colombian cresceva de 17,34 %, mentre le population venezuelan e peruvian cresceva etiam de maniera importante.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le immigration ha un rolo crescente in le evolution recent del population extremaduran, compensante in parte le declino del population de nationalitate espaniol e contribuente al mantenimento o al crescimento del population in alcun municipios. Nonobstante, le effecto demographic es irregular e non basta a compensar le basse natalitate e le invecchiamento del population in tote le territorio. == Economia == [[File:Pabellón en la Feria de Zafra, Badajoz (2019).jpg|thumb|[[Feria International Ganadere de Zafra|Feria International Ganadere de Zafra]]]] Le economia de Extremadura es dominante in le sector del servicios, que representa le major parte del producto interior brut regional. Le construction e le parve e medie interprisas ha etiam un rolo importante. Durante le ultime decennios, le region ha cognoscite un processo de [[tertiarisation]] economic, associate al crescimento del commercio, del turismo e del servicios, in particular in le areas rural. Le proximitate con Portugal favorisa etiam le relationes commercial inter le region e le vicin territorio portugese.{{sfn|Sánchez Martín|Rengifo Gallego|2019|p=22}} Le [[turismo in Extremadura|turismo]] constitue un del sectores in expansion, con un crescente interesse pro le patrimonio historic e cultural, le areas natural e le paisages rural del region. Le turismo ha acquirite un peso crescente in le economia regional, specialmente in le comarcas rural, ubi contribue al diversification del activitates traditionalmente agricole.{{sfn|Sánchez Martín|Rengifo Gallego|2019|p=22}} [[File:Cerdos ibericos.jpg|thumb|sinistra|[[Porco iberic|Porcos iberic]] in Extremadura]] Le agricultura e le [[bestiame]] remane importante pro le economia extremadurense. Le [[dehesa]], un paisage agro-silvo-pastoral characteristic del region, permitte le exploitation extensive de bovinos, ovinos e [[porco iberic|porcos iberic]], insimul con le production de [[corco]], cereales, oliva e productos hortofructicole. Le agroindustria constitue consequente un del principal ramos del industria regional. In le ultime decennios, Extremadura ha etiam presentate periodos de crescimento economic superior al media espaniol. In 2017, le [[producto interior brut]] regional cresceva de 3,7 %, un del plus alte taxas inter le comunidades autonome de [[Espania]].{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |language=es }} Le structura industrial de Extremadura es caracterisate per le predominio del parve e medie interprisas. Inter le principal activitates industrial se trova le [[agroindustria]], le energia, le transformation del [[liège]], le petra ornamental, le metalurgia e machination, e le industria textile. Le agroindustria es particularmente importante debite al peso del agricultura e del bestiame in le economia regional. [[File:Extremadura Product Exports (2020).svg|thumb|Exportationes de Extremadura in 2020]] Le sector energetic ha etiam un peso importante. Le construction de [[reservoir|reservoirs]] e de centrales hydroelectric ha permittite le exploitation del ressources aquatic del region e un production de electricitate que in varie periodos ha superate le consumo interne. A iste production se ha addite in le ultime annos un forte expansion del [[energia solar]], favorate per le conditiones climatic e le disponibilitate de grandes superficies de terreno. Malgrado le progresso economic e le diversification del activitates, Extremadura ha historicamente presentate niveles de renta e de [[producto interior brut per capita]] inferior al media de Espania. Le economia regional ha dunque continuate a enfrentar problemas structural como le debilitate del tessuto industrial, le despoblamento de numerose areas rural e le dependentia relative del sector public e del servicios.{{sfn|Parejo Moruno|Rangel Preciado|2014|pp=14-15}} == Infrastructure e servicios == === Education === Le education superior in Extremadura es principalemente representate per le [[Universitate de Extremadura]] (UEx), le universitate public del communitate autonome. Illa ha campus in [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Mérida]] e [[Plasencia]], e su offerta include studios de grado, master e doctorato in numerose campos.<ref name="UEx">{{cite web |url=https://www.unex.es/conoce-la-uex/presentacion-de-la-uex/conoce-extremadura/ |title=Conoce Extremadura e le campus del Universitate de Extremadura |publisher=Universitate de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026 |accessdate=2026-09-13 |archivedate=2024-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029134432/https://www.unex.es/conoce-la-uex/presentacion-de-la-uex/conoce-extremadura/}}</ref> Durante le annos 2020, plure projectos pro crear nove universitates in Extremadura esseva proponite. Le situation ha evoluite postea: le administration autonome ha initiate proceduras official pro le recognition e le implantation de nove institutiones e studios universitari.<ref name="JuntaUniversitate">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/educacion/universidad |title=Universitate |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Junta de Extremadura ha publicate le [[Decreto 139/2026]], relative al implantation de nove enseignamentos official de grado e master in le Universitate de Extremadura, e ha etiam initiate le procedura pro le recognition del [[Universitate Aperte de Extremadura]].<ref name="DOE1392026">{{cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1280o&xml=2026040168 |title=Decreto 139/2026, de 30 de junio |publisher=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=6 de julio 2026 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="JuntaUniversitate"/> === Energia === [[File:Centraldealmaraz.JPG|thumb|[[Central nuclear de Almaraz]]]] Extremadura es un importante productor de energia electric e produce considerablemente plus electricitate que su demanda regional. Secundo [[Red Eléctrica]], in 2025 le demanda de energia electric in le communitate esseva de 4 983 GWh, durante que le production electric esseva multo superior. Le generation regional esseva ancora dominate per le energia nuclear, que representava 47 % del total, sequite per le solar photovoltaic con 35 %, le hydroelectric con 12,3 % e le solar thermoelectric con 4,2 %.<ref name="REE2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/07_SALA_PRENSA/Documentos/2026/np-extremadura.pdf |title=Le demanda de energia electric in Extremadura cresce 3,4 % in 2025 |publisher=Red Eléctrica |date=11 de martio 2026 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion del energia solar ha essite particularmente importante. In 2025 Extremadura addeva 689 MW de nove capacitate solar photovoltaic, e le 85,6 % del capacitate installate de generation del region pertineva a technologias renovabile.<ref name="REE2025"/> Extremadura es assi un del principales centros del production solar photovoltaic in Espania. Le [[Central nuclear de Almaraz]], in le provincia de [[Cáceres]], remane un del principales installationes energetic del region. Le systema electric regional include etiam numerose centrales hydroelectric, installations solar thermoelectric e photovoltaic, e un quantitá crescente de production renovabile.<ref name="REE2025"/> Le evolution del sector energetic ha renforçate le position de Extremadura in le transition verso un systema electric a basse emissiones. Le expansion del energia solar e le developpamento de nove installations renovabile constitue un del principales cambios in le infrastructure energetic del communitate durante le ultime annos.<ref name="REE2025"/> === Rete routier === Le [[Carreteras de Extremadura|rete de carreteras de Extremadura]] es administrate per differente niveles de administration. Le [[Ministerio de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible|Stato]] gere le principal vias del [[rete de carreteras del Stato]], durante que le [[Junta de Extremadura]] gere le rete autonoma. Le [[Deputación Provincial de Badajoz|Deputations provincial de Badajoz e Cáceres]] e le [[municipio|municipalitate]] gere altere vias de lor competentia. Le rete routier connecte Extremadura con le centro del Peninsula Iberic, le regiones vicin e Portugal. Le principal axes de longa distantia es le [[Autovia del Sud-West|A-5]], que connecte le region con [[Madrid]] e Portugal, le [[Autovia Ruta de la Plata|A-66]], que traversa le region del nord al sud, e le [[Autovia Extremaduran|A-58]]. Le [[N-432]] constitue un altere importante connexion inter Badajoz e le sud del Peninsula. ==== Autovias ==== Le principal autovias que traversa Extremadura es le [[Autovia del Sud-West|A-5]], le [[Autovia Ruta de la Plata|A-66]] e le [[Autovia Extremaduran|A-58]]. Le A-5 connecte le region con Madrid e Portugal, durante que le A-66 forma le principal axe nord-sud per Plasencia, Cáceres, Mérida e Almendralejo. In 2026, le [[Autovia Extremaduran|A-58]] habeva un nove tramo in construction inter le [[A-66]] apud Cáceres e le Rio Ayuela. Le tramo, de 13,5 km, es un parte del connexion inter Cáceres e Badajoz.<ref name="A58">{{cite web |url=https://visorcarreteras.transportes.gob.es/PrincipalesObras |title=Principales obras en ejecución |publisher=Ministerio de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le [[Autovia Badajoz-Granada|A-81]] es un projecto de nove autovia inter Badajoz e le sud-est del Peninsula. In 2026 esseva approbate definitivamente le studio informative del tramo [[Badajoz]]–[[Zafra]], con connexion al [[A-66]]. Le tramo ha un longitude approximative de 71 km. Le approbation concerne le tramo inter Badajoz e Zafra e non significa que le autovia integre sia ancora construite.<ref name="A81">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-14456 |title=Anuncio de la aprobación definitiva del Estudio Informativo de la Autovía Badajoz-Córdoba-Granada. Tramo Badajoz-Zafra |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=2026-05-07 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le [[EX-A1]] es le principal autovia del rete autonome. Illa connecte [[Navalmoral de la Mata]] e [[Plasencia]] con [[Moraleja]] e le frontiera con Portugal. In 2025 esseva sottoposite a information public le projecto del subtramo Moraleja Oeste-Cilleros, parte del continuation del EX-A1 verso Portugal.<ref name="EXA1">{{cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2025&doe=620o&xml=2025080502 |title=Anuncio de 17 de marzo de 2025 por el que se somete a información oficial y pública el proyecto denominado Autovía EX-A1, de Navalmoral de la Mata a Portugal |publisher=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2025-03-31 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> In addition al rete del Stato e al rete regional, le [[municipio|municipalitate]] gere le vias de lor competentia in le interior de lor terminos municipal. === Transporto public === ==== Autobuses ==== Le [[transporto public]] per [[autobus]] es un importante forma de connexion inter le citates e le localitates de Extremadura. Inter le interprisas que opera servicios interurban se trova [[ALSA]], [[LEDA]] e [[CEVESA]].<ref name="LEDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.leda.es/ |title=Sito web de LEDA |publisher=LEDA |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref><ref name="CEVESA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cevesa.es/ |title=Sito web de CEVESA |publisher=CEVESA |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le principal citates, inter illos [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] e [[Plasencia]], dispone etiam de [[autobus urban|servicios urban de autobus]]. ==== Ferrovias ==== Le rete [[ferrovia]] de Extremadura es integrate in le rete ferroviari espaniol e connecte le region con [[Madrid]], le resto de Espania e [[Portugal]]. Le principal axes include le connexion Madrid–Extremadura, le linea [[Ciudad Real-Badajoz]], le connexion [[Mérida]]–[[Sevilla]] e le linea verso Portugal. Le 19 de julio 2026 entrava in servicio le nove tramo de [[Alta velocitate in Espania|alte prestactiones]] inter [[Plasencia]] e [[Badajoz]], parte del corridor Madrid–Extremadura. Renfe annunciava que le nove tramo permitterea reducer le tempore de viage inter Madrid e Badajoz usque a 51 minutas in iste prime phase e augmentava le offerta ferroviari del region de 145 a 170 circulations per septimana.<ref name="Renfe2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.renfe.com/es/es/grupo-renfe/comunicacion/renfe-al-dia/sala-de-prensa/Renfe-mejora-promocion-Extremadura |title=Renfe mejora la promoción de los Alvia a Extremadura |publisher=Renfe |date=2026-06-24 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le modernisation del rete conventional continua tamben. In septembre 2026, le renovation de 63,7 km del linea [[Ciudad Real-Badajoz]] inter Brazatortas-Veredas e Guadalmez-Los Pedroches permitteva reducer le tempore de viage del servicios de [[Renfe Media Distancia|Medie Distantia]] de circa 19 minutas in medio.<ref name="AdifCRB">{{cite web |url=https://www.adif.es/w/obras-renovacion-adif-permiten-reducir-media-19-minutos-tiempos-viaje-linea-ciudad-real-badajoz |title=Las obras de renovación ejecutadas por Adif permiten reducir en una media de 19 minutos los tiempos de viaje en la línea Ciudad Real-Badajoz |publisher=Adif |date=2026-09-07 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le principal lineas ferroviari que traversa le region comprende: * [[Linea Aljucén-Cáceres|Aljucén-Cáceres]] * [[Linea Ciudad Real-Badajoz|Ciudad Real-Badajoz]] * [[Linea Córdoba-Almorchón|Córdoba-Almorchón]] * [[Linea Madrid-Valencia de Alcántara|Madrid-Valencia de Alcántara]] * [[Linea Mérida-Los Rosales|Mérida-Los Rosales]] * [[Linea Plasencia-Astorga|Plasencia-Astorga]] * [[Linea Zafra-Huelva|Zafra-Huelva]] * [[Linea Zafra-Jerez de los Caballeros|Zafra-Jerez de los Caballeros]] Le connexion ferroviari con Portugal se face per le corredor Badajoz–Elvas–[[Lisbona]]. === Aeroporto === Il existe un sol [[aeroporto]] commercial in Extremadura, le [[Aeroporto de Badajoz]], situate apud [[Badajoz]]. In septembre 2026, le aeroporto dispone de quatro destinationes regular: [[Barcelona]], [[Madrid]], [[Gran Canaria]] e [[Tenerife]]. Le servicios es operate per [[Air Nostrum]] e [[Binter Canarias]].<ref name="AenaBJZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.aena.es/es/badajoz/aerolineas-y-destinos/destinos-del-aeropuerto.html |title=Destinos del Aeropuerto de Badajoz |publisher=Aena |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le programmation del volos pote variar secundo le saison e le decisiones del companias aerie.<ref name="AenaAirlines">{{cite web |url=https://www.aena.es/es/badajoz/aerolineas-y-destinos/aerolineas.html |title=Aerolíneas del Aeropuerto de Badajoz |publisher=Aena |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura de Extremadura es le resultato de un longe historia de contactos inter diverse populationes e civilisationes del Peninsula Iberic. Le patrimonio cultural del region comprende sitios archeologic, citates historic, architecture religiose e militar, traditiones popular, musica, gastronomia e linguas. Le position de Extremadura inter le interior del Peninsula e le frontiera con Portugal ha contribuite al formation de un patrimonio cultural diverse. === Patrimonio === [[File:Badajoz - Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo 2.jpg|thumb|[[Museo Extremenio e Iberoamerican de Arte Contemporanee]].]] [[File:Diosa_Ceres_siglo_I_d.C.jpg|thumb|Statua sedente del deessa [[Ceres (mythologia)|Ceres]] (seculo I p.Chr.), [[Museo National de Arte Roman de Mérida]].]] ==== Patrimonio del Humanitate ==== [[File:Royal_Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_Guadalupe.jpg|thumb|[[Regal Monasterio de Sancta Maria de Guadalupe|Monasterio de Guadalupe]] ]] [[File:WLM14ES - Real Monasterio de San Jeronimo, Yuste, Caceres - MARIA ROSA FERRE.jpg|thumb|[[Monasterio de Yuste]] ]] Extremadura possede tres sitios cultural inscripte in le [[Lista del Patrimonio del Humanitate|Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]]: * le [[Citate vetere de Cáceres]], inscripte in 1986; * le [[Conjunto arqueologic de Mérida]], inscripte in 1993; * le [[Real Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe]], inscripte in 1993. Le Citate vetere de Cáceres conserva un ensemble urban fortificate in le qual se combina elementos roman, islamic, gotic e renascentista. Le Conjunto arqueologic de Mérida conserva un importante parte del antique [[Augusta Emerita]], fundate in 25 a.C. e capital de [[Lusitania]] roman. Le monasterio de Guadalupe representa un complexo architectural de grande valor historic e artistic, con elementos Mudéjar, gotic, renascentista e baroc.<ref name="UNESCO_Caceres">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/384 |title=Old Town of Cáceres |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO_Merida">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/664 |title=Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO_Guadalupe">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/665 |title=Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Inter le altere elementos del patrimonio historic del region se distingue le [[Monasterio de Yuste]], ubi le imperator [[Carlos V]] passava le ultime annos de su vita, le [[Ponte de Alcántara]], le [[Via de la Plata]], le fortificationes de [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Plasencia]], [[Trujillo]] e [[Jerez de los Caballeros]], e le numerose castellos, palatios, ecclesias e conventos distribuite per le territorio. ==== Vias pecuarie e transhumantia ==== Le [[vias pecuarie]] es un importante elemento del patrimonio cultural e paisagistic de Extremadura. Illas esseva utilisate traditionalmente pro le movemento saisonal del bestiame inter le pasturas de estive e le pasturas de hiberno. Le [[transhumantia]] ha influentiate le organisation del territorio, le economia rural, le paisage e le traditiones del region. Le rete de vias pecuarie de Extremadura ha un longitude de circa 7 200 km e occupa approximativemente 30 000 hectares in le duo provincias. Le vias constitue etiam corredores natural e pote esser usate pro usos compatible con le transito ganader, como le excursionismo e altere activitates recreational.<ref name="ViasPecuarie">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2022&doe=2190o&xml=2022040199 |title=Resolución de incoación del expediente de declaración de la Trashumancia en Extremadura como Bien de Interés Cultural |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2022-11-16 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le rete se divide traditionalmente secundo le largessa del via in categorias como [[cañada]], [[cordel]], [[vereda]] e [[colada]]. Le [[cañada]] ha un largessa legal de 75 metros, le cordel de 37,5 metros e le vereda de 20 metros. === Cinematographia === Le diversitate de paisages e de centros historic ha facite de Extremadura un importante loco de rodage cinematographic e televisive. Le [[Extremadura Film Commission]] promove le region como loco de production e facilita le organisation de rodages. Inter le productiones associate con Extremadura se trova ''[[Las Hurdes, tierra sin pan]]'' (1933) de [[Luis Buñuel]], ''[[Los santos inocentes]]'' (1984), ''[[1492: La conquista del paraíso]]'' (1992), e plure productiones contemporanee. Le serie ''[[Juego de tronos]]'' esseva filmate in locos como [[Cáceres]], [[Trujillo]] e [[Los Barruecos]] in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]]. Le serie ''[[La casa del dragón]]'' e altere productiones international ha etiam utilisate locos del region.<ref name="FilmCommission">{{Cite web |url=https://fundacionextremenadelacultura.org/shooting-locations-marketplace/ |title=Extremadura Film Commission participa en el III Shooting Locations Marketplace |website=Fundación Extremeña de la Cultura |date=2023-10-27 |access-date=13 September 2026 |accessdate=2026-09-13 |archivedate=2024-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518000111/https://fundacionextremenadelacultura.org/shooting-locations-marketplace/}}</ref><ref name="JuegoTronos">{{Cite web |url=https://spainfilmcommission.com/blog/se-instalan-en-extremadura-paneles-de-informacion-para-los-turistas-en-los-lugares-de-rodaje-de-la-serie-juego-de-tronos/ |title=Se instalan en Extremadura paneles de información para los turistas en los lugares de rodaje de la serie Juego de Tronos |website=Spain Film Commission |date=2018-01-17 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le activitate audiovisual ha continuate con filmes e series como ''Cerdita'', ''Día de caza'', ''Los relatos'', ''El cuco de cristal'' e ''La casa del Dragón'', inter alteres.<ref name="Rodajes2025">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cameraandlightmag.com/noticias/extremadura-se-posiciona-como-un-destino-de-rodajes-en-auge/ |title=Extremadura se posiciona como un destino de rodajes en auge |website=Camera&Light |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> === Museos === [[File:Vista exterior del Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Helga de Alvear.jpg|thumb|[[Museo de Arte Contemporanee Helga de Alvear]], in [[Cáceres]].]] Extremadura possede un rete de museos dedicate al archeologia, historia, arte, etnographia e altere aspectos del patrimonio regional. In [[Mérida]] se trova le [[Museo Nacional de Arte Romano]] (MNAR), un museo statal dedicate principalemente al patrimonio de [[Augusta Emerita]]. Su collectiones comprende sculpturas, mosaicos, inscriptiones, monetas, objectos del vita quotidian e altere restos del periodo roman. Le museo es etiam associate al conservation e studio del patrimonio roman del region.<ref name="MuseosCERES">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/museos-en-ceres/extremadura.html |title=Extremadura |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le [[Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Helga de Alvear]], in Cáceres, es un institution public gestionate per un fundation public del communitate autonome e dedicate al arte contemporanee. Su collection comprende obras de varie artistas international e espaniol.<ref name="MuseosCERES"/> In [[Badajoz]] se trova le [[Museo Extremaduran e Iberoamerican de Arte Contemporanee]] (MEIAC), dedicate al arte contemporanee de Extremadura, del resto de Espania e del mundo iberoamerican.<ref name="MEIAC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/censo-guia/archivo-del-museo-extremeno-e-iberoamericano-de-arte-contemporaneo.html |title=Archivo del Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le patrimonio museal del region include etiam museos archeologic, provincial, etnographic e local, que contribue al conservation e al diffusion del patrimonio material e immaterial. === Folklore e traditiones === Le folklore extremaduran comprende festas, dances, cantiones, costumes, ceremonias e altere practicas traditional. Le traditiones varia inter le differente comarcas e es influentiate per le historia rural, le religion, le transhumantia e le contactos con le regiones vicin e con Portugal. Inter le traditiones le plus cognoscite se trova le [[Jarramplas]] de [[Piornal]], le [[Peropalo]] de [[Villanueva de la Vera]], le [[Encamisá]] de [[Torrejoncillo]] e le [[Carnaval Hurdano]] de [[Las Hurdes]]. Le calendario cultural comprende etiam numerose festas religiose, historic e gastronomic recognoscite como festas de interesse turistic per le administration autonome.<ref name="FestasExtremadura2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2026/810o/26060990.pdf |title=Resolución de 21 de abril de 2026, de la Consejería de Cultura, Turismo y Deportes, sobre ayudas a fiestas de interés turístico de Extremadura |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-04-29 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le patrimonio immaterial continua a esser subjectate a mesuras de protection. In 2026, le [[caza de perdiz con reclamo]] in Extremadura esseva declarate [[Bien de Interés Cultural]] con character de patrimonio cultural immaterial.<ref name="Perdiz2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1380o&xml=2026040178 |title=Decreto 147/2026, de 14 de julio, por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural a favor de la "Caza de perdiz con reclamo en Extremadura" |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-07-20 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> In le mesme anno, le administration autonome incoava le expediente pro declarar le [[Los Auroros de Zarza Capilla|Auroros de Zarza Capilla]] como Bien de Interés Cultural con character de patrimonio cultural immaterial.<ref name="Auroros2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1270o&xml=2026061726 |title=Resolución de 23 de junio de 2026, del Consejero, por la que se incoa expediente de declaración como Bien de Interés Cultural de Los Auroros de Zarza Capilla |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-07-03 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> ==== Festas ==== [[File:Panoramica Womad 2009.jpg|thumb|Le Placia Major de Cáceres durante le celebration del [[WOMAD]] 2009]] Extremadura possede un grande numero de festas recognoscite como de interesse turistic a nivello regional, national o international. Illas comprende carnavales, festas religiose, celebrationes historic e manifestationes ligate al traditiones local. Le [[Carnaval de Badajoz]] es un del carnavales le plus importante de Espania e possede le recognition de Festa de Interesse Turistic International. Le Carnaval Hurdano es un altere importante manifestation carnavalesque e possede le recognition regional.<ref name="FestasExtremadura2026"/> Le [[Septimana Sancte]] es celebrate con particular solemnitate in diverse citates. Inter le celebrationes con recognition international se trova le Septimana Sancte de [[Mérida]], [[Cáceres]] e [[Badajoz]].<ref name="SemanaSanta2026">{{Cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/semana-santa-extremadura-interes-turistico-internacional-2026 |title=La Semana Santa de Mérida, Cáceres y Badajoz recibe la declaración de Fiesta de Interés Turístico Internacional |website=Junta de Extremadura |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> [[File:Desfile-comparsas-badajoz.jpg|thumb|[[Carnaval de Badajoz]], [[Appendice:Festas de Interesse Turistic International (Espania)|Festa de Interesse Turistic International]] ]] Inter le festas regionalmente recognoscite se trova: * le [[Jarramplas]] de Piornal; * le [[Peropalo]] de Villanueva de la Vera; * le [[Encamisá]] de Torrejoncillo; * le [[Carnaval Hurdano]]; * le [[Almossassa]] de Badajoz; * le [[Festival Templario]] de Jerez de los Caballeros; * le [[Emérita Lvdica]] de Mérida; * le [[Boda Regia]] de Valencia de Alcántara; * le [[De la Luna al Fuego]] de Zafra; * le [[La Velá, Tradición y Gastronomía]] de Don Benito; * le [[Matanza Tradicional Extremeña]] de Llerena; * le [[Feria del Toro]] de Olivenza.<ref name="FestasExtremadura2026"/> Le calendario de festas de interesse turistic es regularmente actualisate per le Junta de Extremadura. ==== Dances e musica popular ==== Le musica popular extremaduran comprende un grande varietate de cantiones e dances traditional. Inter le formas plus cognoscite se trova le [[jota]], le [[fandango]], le [[rondeña]], le [[perantón]] e altere sones regional. Le tradition musical varia inter le comarcas e es associate a festas, peregrinationes, labores agricole e celebrationes familiar. Inter le instrumentos traditional se trova le [[gaita extremaduran]], le tambur, le guitarra, le [[laúd]], le [[rabel]], le pandero e altere instrumentos de percussion. Le musica flamenco ha etiam un importantia in le region. Le [[jaleo extremaduran]] e le [[tango extremaduran]] es formas regional del flamenco. Le collection e studio del musica traditional extremaduran esseva promovite inter alteres per musicologos como [[Bonifacio Gil]] e [[Manuel García Matos]], qui recolligeva e documentava un grande numero de cantiones popular. === Gastronomia === Le gastronomia de Extremadura es ligate al agricultura, al pecuaria e al paisage del [[dehesa]]. Le cuisine traditional usa frequentemente carne de porco, agnello, caseo, legumines, cereales, olivas, fructos, miel e spetias. Le [[porco iberic]] e le productos derivate de illo, in particular le [[prosciutto iberic]], le palettas e le embutitos, constitue un del productos plus cognoscite del gastronomia regional. Le allevamento traditional in le dehesa es ligate al production del carne e del prosciutto iberic. Inter le platos traditional se trova le [[migas]], le [[caldereta de agnello]], le [[chanfaina]], le [[cachuela]], le [[frito extremaduran]], le [[potage de vigilia]] e altere platos a base de carne, legumines e productos del campania. Le [[torta del Casar]] es un caseo traditional del provincia de Cáceres e possede denomination de origine protegite. Le [[Pimentón de la Vera]], producite in le comarca de La Vera, es un paprika fumate con denomination de origine protegite.<ref name="TortaCasar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/torta-del-casar |title=Torta del Casar |website=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="PimentonVera">{{Cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/pimenton-de-la-vera |title=Pimentón de la Vera |website=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Inter le altere productos del region protegite per denominationes de origine o indicationes geographic se trova [[Ribera del Guadiana]], [[Dehesa de Extremadura]], [[Queso de la Serena]], [[Queso de Ibores]], [[Aceite de Monterrubio]], [[Gata-Hurdes]], [[Cereza del Jerte]], [[Miel Villuercas-Ibores]], [[Ternera de Extremadura]], [[Cordero de Extremadura]], [[Queso de Acehúche]], [[Cabrito de Extremadura]], [[Vaca de Extremadura]] e [[Aceite Villuercas-Ibores-Jara]].<ref name="DOPIGP2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1280o&xml=2026061747 |title=Convocatoria 2026 de ayudas destinadas a promover la participación en los regímenes de calidad de los productos agrícolas y alimenticios en Extremadura |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-07-06 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le [[corco]] ha etiam un rol importante in le paisage rural del region, specialmente in le dehesas, ubi le exploitation del corco es associate al conservation del ecosystema mediterranee e al economia traditional. <gallery mode="packed" style="margin:0;"> B34 morcon iberico cular.jpg|[[Morcón]] [[cerdo ibérico|ibérico]] Patatera dulce.jpg|[[Patatera]] dulce Pimenton-ahumado-candeleda.jpg|[[Pimentón de la Vera]] Wikicheese - Tortita - 20160520 - 014.jpg|[[Torta del Casar]] </gallery> === Linguas === [[File:Idiomas de Extremadura.PNG|thumb|Linguas de Extremadura.]] Le [[espaniol]] es le sol lingua official de Extremadura. Ultra le espaniol, le region conserva varie formas de linguage romanice traditional. [[A Fala]] es parlate in le [[Valle de Jálama]], specialmente in [[San Martín de Trevejo]], [[Eljas]] e [[Valverde del Fresno]]. Le administration autonome ha recognoscite A Fala como elemento del patrimonio cultural e ha initiate le procedura pro su protection como [[Bien de Interés Cultural]].<ref name="AFala">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/ultimosdoe/mostrardoe.php?fecha=20001028&t=o |title=Orden de 14 de junio de 2000, por la que resuelve incoar el expediente para declaración de A Fala como bien de interés cultural |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2000-10-28 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le [[portugese]] ha un presentia historic in varie localitates del frontiera con Portugal. Le caso de [[Olivenza]] es particularemente importante per le historia linguistic e cultural del citate e de su area. Le [[extremadurano]] designa un insimul de varietates romanice occidental traditionalmente associate con le dominio astur-leonese. Illas es concentrate principalmente in le occidental e septentrional del region e in areas adjacente. Le transmission del varietates traditional ha diminuite durante le ultime decennios. === Religion === [[File:Cristo Serradilla.JPG|thumb|[[Sancte Christo del Victoria de Serradilla]], un del imagines de Christo con plus devotos de Espania]] Le [[catholicismo]] ha habite un rol historic importante in le cultura e le patrimonio de Extremadura. Le territorio es organisate ecclesiasticamente inter le [[Archidioecese de Mérida-Badajoz]], le [[Diocese de Coria-Cáceres]] e le [[Diocese de Plasencia]]. Le patrimonio religiose del region include un grande numero de ecclesias, monasterios, conventos e santuarios. Inter le locos plus importante se trova le [[Real Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe]], le [[Monasterio de Yuste]] e le [[Monasterio de Tentudía]]. Le [[Virgine de Guadalupe]] ha un importantia historic e religiose particular, e le monasterio de Guadalupe esseva inscripte in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 1993.<ref name="UNESCO_Guadalupe"/> Hodie, le population de Extremadura es religiosemente plus diverse que in le passato. Ultra le catholicismo, il existe communitates de altere confessiones christian, musulman, judaic e altere traditiones religiose, assi como un crescente numero de personas sin affiliation religiose. === Medios de communication === Le medios de communication in Extremadura comprende pressa scribite, radio, television e medios digital. Le medios regionales tracta principalmente le actualitate politic, social, economic e cultural del communitate. ==== Pressa scribite ==== Inter le diarios regional se trova [[Hoy]], con principal presentia historic in le provincia de Badajoz, e [[El Periódico Extremadura]], con forte presentia historic in le provincia de Cáceres. Ultra le pressa regional, le population ha accesso a diarios national e a un crescente numero de medios digital local e regional. ==== Radio e television ==== Le principal servicio public regional es [[Canal Extremadura]], que opera television e radio. Le station radio [[Canal Extremadura Radio]] diffunde information regional e local, cultura, sport, musica e altere programmationes. In septembre 2026, le station inaugurava un nove saison con plus information local e nove formatos pro radio e plataformas digital.<ref name="CanalExtremadura2026">{{Cite web |url=https://www.canalextremadura.es/sala-de-prensa/canal-extremadura-radio-estrena-temporada-con-mas-informacion-local-mas-calle-y |title=Canal Extremadura Radio estrena temporada con más información local, más calle y nuevos formatos |website=Canal Extremadura |date=2026-09-07 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le television regional, [[Canal Extremadura TV]], diffunde notitias, programas cultural, sport, divertimento e information sobre le actualitate del communitate. Le gruppo public regional es completate per servicios digital e le plataforma [[EXPlay]]. Le servicios territorial de [[RTVE]], [[Televisión Española]] e [[Radio Nacional de España]] contribue etiam al cobertura del actualitate regional. {{Ref}} {{Communitates Autonome de Espania}} [[Categoria:Extremadura]] rdvqi043s3b81bndukhx1hk1z475f9i 0 53929 702475 669627 2026-10-06T12:50:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 702475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guerra Italo-Turc''' o '''Turco-Italian''' (turc: Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Guerra de Tripoli", italiano: Guerra di Libia, "Guerra de Libia") esseva combattite inter le [[Regno de Italia]] e le [[Imperio Ottoman|Imperio Ottomano]] inter le 29 de septembre 1911 e le 18 de octobre 1912. Como resultado de iste conflicto, Italia capturava le vilayet otomane de Tripolitania, le qual habeva como subprovincias principal Fezzan, Cyrenaica e Tripoli mesme. Iste territorios deveniva le colonias italian de Tripolitania e Cyrenaica, que posteriormente fusionava se in le Libia italian. Durante le conflicto, le fortias italian occupava anque le insulas de Dodecanese, in le mar Aegean. Italia acceptava retornar Dodecanese al Imperio Ottomano in le Tractato de Ouchy de 1912. Tamen, le ambiguitate del texto, con juncto a ulterior evenimentos adversative pro le Imperio Ottomano (le explosion del Guerras Balkan e le Primera Guerra Mundial), permitteva un administration provisional italian del insulas, e Turcia finalmente renunciava a omne pretesa super illos in le articulo 15 del Tractato de Lausanne de 1923. Le guerra esset precursor del Primera Guerra Mundial. Le membros del Liga Balkanic, presagiente le debilitate del Imperio Ottomano e motivate per le nascentemente nationalismo balcanic, attaccava le Imperio Ottomano in octobre 1912, initianto le Primera Guerra Balkanic pauc dies ante le fin del guerra italo-turc. Le guerra italo-turc vide numeros cambios technologic, inter le quales se destaca le uso de aviones in combate. Le 23 de octobre 1911, un piloto italian, le capitan Carlo Piazza, supervolava le lineas turc in le prime mission de recognition aeree del mundo, e le 1 de novembre, le Sottotenente Giulio Gavotti lanciava le prime bomba aeree super le tropas turc in Libya, a partir de un prime modelo de avion Etrich Taube. Le turcos, per medio de fusiles, esseva le prime a derrubar un avion. Un altere uso del nove technologia esseva un rete de stationes de telegraphia sin filo establite pauco post le prime sbarcamentos. Guglielmo Marconi, le inventor del telegraphia sin filo, arrivava a Libya pro facer experimentos con le Corpo de Ingenieros italian. [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] fthc85a93g65a5ek2s2bvatebv2hpid 0 53930 702509 682785 2026-10-06T13:45:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Regno de Italia]] a [[Regno de Italia (1861-1946)]] 682785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Italia}} Le '''Regno de Italia''' (italiano: ''Regno d'Italia'') esseva un stato que existeva a partir de 1861, quando Victor Emmanuel II de Sardinia esseva proclamate Rege de Italia, usque a 1946, quando un discontento civil conducite a un referendum institutional pro abandonar le monarchia e establir le moderne Republica Italiana. Le stato resultava de un processo durava de decennios, le Risorgimento, de consolidar le differente statos del Peninsula Italian in un stato unic. Iste processo esseva influentiate per le Regno de Sardinia dirigite per Savoy, que pote esser considerate como le stat predecessor legal de Italia. In 1866, Italia declarava guerra contra Austria in alliance con Prussia e obteneva le region de Veneto post su victoria. Tropas italian entrava in Roma in 1870, terminate plus que mille annos del poter temporal papal. Italia entrava in un Triple Alliance con le Imperio German e le Imperio Austro-Hungaric in 1882, seguente fortissime disaccordes con Francia a proposito de lor expansiones colonial respective. Ben que le relationes con Berlin deveniva multo amical, le alliance con Vienna remaneva puremente formale, a causa del desiro de Italia de acquire Trentino e Trieste de Austria-Hungaria. Como consequentia, Italia acceptava le invitation britannic a unir se al Potentias Alliate durante le Prima Guerra Mundial, proque le potentias occidental promitteva compensation territorial (a expensas de Austria-Hungaria) plus generose que le offerta de Vienna in cambio de neutralitate italian. Le victoria in le guerra donava a Italia un sede permanente in le Consilio del Liga de Nationes. In 1922, Benito Mussolini deveniva prime ministro de Italia, initiate un epocha de governamento per le National Fascist Party cognoscite como "Italia Fasciste". Le Fascistas italian imposeva un governamento totalitari e supprimeva le opposition politic e intellectual, promovendo al mesme tempore un modernisation economic, valores social traditional, e un rapprochement con le Ecclesia Catholic Roman per le Trattatos de Laterano que creava le Citate del Vatican como un replacemento soveran minimum pro le Statos Papal. In le fin del annos 1930, le governamento Fasciste initiateva un politica exterior plus aggressive. Isto includeva le guerra contra Ethiopia, lanceate ab Eritrea e Somaliitalian, que resultava in su annexation; confrontationes con le Liga de Nationes, conduce a sanctiones; un crescente autarchia economic; e le signature del Pacto de Stahlo. Le Italia Fasciste deveniva un membro principal del potentias Axis durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial. Al 1943, le defection germano-italian in plusere frontes e le subsequentes aterragios del Alleatos in Sicilia conducente al cadentia del regime fasciste. Mussolini esseva incarcerate per ordine del re Victor Emmanuel III. Le nove governo firmava un armistitio con le Alleatos in septembre 1943. Le fortias german occupava le Italia del nord e central, stabilivano le Republica Social Italian, un stato fantoccio collaborante ancora dirigite per Mussolini e su leales fasciste. Como consequentia, le pais se discendeva in un guerra civil, con le Armada Co-beligerante Italian e le movimento de resistance contender con le fortias del Republica Social e lor alleates german. Poco post le guerra e le liberation del pais, discontento civil conducea al referendum institutional sur si Italia remanerea un monarchia o devenerea un republica. Le italians deciderea de abandonar le monarchia e crear le Republica Italian, le stato presente italiano. [[Categoria:Paises anterior]] [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] 0sw9d2hlqaefiye4bj2v9kmvjnhc66x 10 58727 702474 702375 2026-10-06T12:49:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 702474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historia de Italia]] | imago = Copertina libretto mameli.JPG | grex1 = Prehistoria | index1 = * [[Prehistoria in Italia]] | grex2 = Antiquitate | index2 = * [[Roma antique]] ** [[Monarchia roman]] ** [[Republica Roman]] ** [[Imperio Roman]] | grex3 = [[Medievo]] | index3 = * [[Italia medieval|Medievo]] * [[Guerra Gothic]] * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] | grex4 = Etate Moderne | index4 = * [[Renascentia]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] | grex5 = Etate Contemporanee | index5 = * [[Regno de Italia]] * [[Guerra Italo-Turc]] * [[Fascismo]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] | vide_etiam = }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de historia]] </noinclude> a6gdx0cxue5l0c0ld4j7r0s7mutt4hp 702476 702474 2026-10-06T12:50:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 702476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historia de Italia]] | imago = Copertina libretto mameli.JPG | grex1 = Prehistoria | index1 = * [[Prehistoria in Italia]] | grex2 = Antiquitate | index2 = * [[Roma antique]] ** [[Monarchia roman]] ** [[Republica Roman]] ** [[Imperio Roman]] | grex3 = [[Medievo]] | index3 = * [[Italia medieval|Medievo]] * [[Guerra Gothic]] * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] | grex4 = Etate Moderne | index4 = * [[Renascentia]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] | grex5 = Etate Contemporanee | index5 = * [[Regno de Italia]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Fascismo]] | vide_etiam = }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de historia]] </noinclude> 0jcpc3r2l5oa48i29t3kwsa2d60h75f 702483 702476 2026-10-06T13:09:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 702483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historia de Italia]] | imago = Copertina libretto mameli.JPG | grex1 = Prehistoria | index1 = * [[Prehistoria in Italia]] | grex2 = Antiquitate | index2 = * [[Roma antique]] ** [[Monarchia roman]] ** [[Republica Roman]] ** [[Imperio Roman]] | grex3 = [[Medievo]] | index3 = * [[Italia medieval|Medievo]] * [[Guerra Gothic]] * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] | grex4 = Etate Moderne | index4 = * [[Renascentia]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] | grex5 = Etate Contemporanee | index5 = * [[Regno de Italia]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Fascismo]] | vide_etiam = }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de historia]] </noinclude> cwg9af3vw92wnbtvycxmk3468l6y9or 702508 702483 2026-10-06T13:42:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 702508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historia de Italia]] | imago = Copertina libretto mameli.JPG | grex1 = Prehistoria | index1 = * [[Prehistoria in Italia]] | grex2 = Antiquitate | index2 = * [[Roma antique]] ** [[Monarchia roman]] ** [[Republica Roman]] ** [[Imperio Roman]] | grex3 = [[Medievo]] | index3 = * [[Italia medieval|Medievo]] * [[Guerra Gothic]] * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] | grex4 = Etate Moderne | index4 = * [[Renascentia]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] | grex5 = Etate Contemporanee | index5 = * [[Regno de Italia]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian|Fascismo italian]] | vide_etiam = }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de historia]] </noinclude> s7zhq2mrvtwgsn05hg87zip1pfbd63u 702515 702508 2026-10-06T13:57:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 702515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historia de Italia]] | imago = Copertina libretto mameli.JPG | grex1 = Prehistoria | index1 = * [[Prehistoria in Italia]] | grex2 = Antiquitate | index2 = * [[Roma antique]] ** [[Monarchia roman]] ** [[Republica Roman]] ** [[Imperio Roman]] | grex3 = [[Medievo]] | index3 = * [[Italia medieval|Medievo]] * [[Guerra Gothic]] * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] | grex4 = Etate Moderne | index4 = * [[Renascentia]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] | grex5 = Etate Contemporanee | index5 = * [[Regno de Italia]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian|Fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] | vide_etiam = }}<noinclude> [[Categoria:Patronos de historia]] </noinclude> gnagcfq33h2cpyh12nls33tbsr0ru0r 10 60699 702555 695850 2026-10-06T16:54:17Z CommonsDelinker 346 Le file "Safavid_Flag.svg" esseva removite, proque illo esseva eliminate ex Commons per [[c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]]. Motivo donate: ''per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]''. 702555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Iran | flag alias = Flag of Iran.svg | flag alias-official = Flag of Iran (official).svg | flag alias-1502 = | flag alias-1576 = | flag alias-1665 = Flag of Persia (1665).svg | flag alias-1736 = Nadir Shah Flag.svg | flag alias-1760 = Zand Dynasty flag.svg | border-1760 = | flag alias-1796 = Qajar Naval Ensign.svg | flag alias-1849 = Amir Kabir Flag.svg | flag alias-1907 = Flag of Persia (1907).svg | flag alias-1910 = Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg | flag alias-1925 = State Flag of Iran (1925).svg | flag alias-1964 = State Flag of Iran (1964).svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force | flag alias-army = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces.svg | link alias-army = Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces | flag alias-navy = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.svg | link alias-navy = Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | link alias-naval = Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | flag alias-military = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg | link alias-military = Islamic Republic of Iran Army | flag alias-coast guard = Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg | link alias-coast guard = Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = official | var2 = 1502 | var3 = 1576 | var4 = 1665 | var5 = 1736 | var6 = 1760 | var7 = 1796 | var8 = 1849 | var9 = 1907 | var10 = 1910 | var11 = 1925 | var12 = 1964 | redir1 = IRN | redir2 = IRI </noinclude> | related1 = Persia | related2 = Pahlavi Iran | related3 = Qajar Iran }} rywh38yq3z304q9hf03a7lk6vbz9fyv 702561 702555 2026-10-06T17:46:52Z CommonsDelinker 346 Le file "Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg" esseva removite, proque illo esseva eliminate ex Commons per [[c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]]. Motivo donate: ''per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]''. 702561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Iran | flag alias = Flag of Iran.svg | flag alias-official = Flag of Iran (official).svg | flag alias-1502 = | flag alias-1576 = | flag alias-1665 = Flag of Persia (1665).svg | flag alias-1736 = | flag alias-1760 = Zand Dynasty flag.svg | border-1760 = | flag alias-1796 = Qajar Naval Ensign.svg | flag alias-1849 = Amir Kabir Flag.svg | flag alias-1907 = Flag of Persia (1907).svg | flag alias-1910 = Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg | flag alias-1925 = State Flag of Iran (1925).svg | flag alias-1964 = State Flag of Iran (1964).svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force | flag alias-army = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces.svg | link alias-army = Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces | flag alias-navy = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.svg | link alias-navy = Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | link alias-naval = Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | flag alias-military = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg | link alias-military = Islamic Republic of Iran Army | flag alias-coast guard = Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg | link alias-coast guard = Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = official | var2 = 1502 | var3 = 1576 | var4 = 1665 | var5 = 1736 | var6 = 1760 | var7 = 1796 | var8 = 1849 | var9 = 1907 | var10 = 1910 | var11 = 1925 | var12 = 1964 | redir1 = IRN | redir2 = IRI </noinclude> | related1 = Persia | related2 = Pahlavi Iran | related3 = Qajar Iran }} 4xaysdosvddtk3c0z7z9hpatp81u1g9 2 61141 702465 702461 2026-10-06T12:00:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 702465 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 9yiv1ipg5upd8gm66mmorzrt4exo9ni 702467 702465 2026-10-06T12:13:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 702467 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] rtudjdyeqdn1rcs0kzilgw1wow91rnc 702469 702467 2026-10-06T12:29:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 702469 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 0egj8nhcw8trfmb76ia142t151ccznp 702473 702469 2026-10-06T12:49:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 702473 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] hnezans1xtv72s7w0tsgbsd61mycwpk 702485 702473 2026-10-06T13:10:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 702485 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 58g4b9m1jdgpxcq80ktw62o6o8esx4t 702507 702485 2026-10-06T13:41:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Italia */ 702507 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] npmlnr3afdtgev6seitrxsovtgiqvj5 702516 702507 2026-10-06T14:00:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 702516 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] g87x02rmzwkqr9h19ufq7cdv8tmnab1 702519 702516 2026-10-06T14:06:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 702519 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] h567elkei3keyccjepfw7lk4x4w9lux 702526 702519 2026-10-06T14:20:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 702526 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 5gok3ghjzmw2703nucassjqgdfor3i2 702528 702526 2026-10-06T14:51:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 702528 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] kbqjn6yb8tesolr233aiyhqk2n1z5kt 702530 702528 2026-10-06T15:12:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 702530 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 19mf8lwxkgfd1flf0o6axpq2pb5ohop 702532 702530 2026-10-06T15:30:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 702532 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 3qe1zkswnusk08zg2vkgximv7hud7hh 702538 702532 2026-10-06T15:42:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 702538 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] bwgwewh1gzyat4y5ginbdjfzjehhuqj 702540 702538 2026-10-06T15:56:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 702540 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 9r3kydack1kwdnopk2bh5ftsnu8s440 702543 702540 2026-10-06T16:21:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 702543 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] qg8ku2at2ru228m7d2f77ruvsf9ks91 702554 702543 2026-10-06T16:41:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Alteres */ 702554 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] otn0ljkzuxbemqnhfg5ixnipnqkjn9r 702558 702554 2026-10-06T17:16:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 702558 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] dlrtcr9guyjkgab26bhj8tneqnousmo 702560 702558 2026-10-06T17:46:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 702560 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] cw8xg1avwkc7kg7220wv1tl80gaevg1 702569 702560 2026-10-06T18:15:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 702569 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ir7gbrqmgu8rbb1qnz8t8grdati76pg 702572 702569 2026-10-06T19:10:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 702572 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] qhql2ysz80luw1o6sznl61c3kt262cv 702574 702572 2026-10-06T19:32:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 702574 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] rcns16kb87v54uglbdrih0d828abgaa 702579 702574 2026-10-06T19:44:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 702579 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] mdtol3mdfjdwnz8r08r6i0sswh1t9we 702583 702579 2026-10-06T19:56:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 702583 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] tljvzgd0232llr9fx9705yla5nvsjrr 702586 702583 2026-10-06T20:13:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 702586 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] olsvryra1tdhbfgf9yqopzoa8u4dpqh 702589 702586 2026-10-06T20:26:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 702589 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] i6gotn801mc21ncsx3i8thlxna7c4sp 702598 702589 2026-10-06T20:53:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 702598 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 0yttgsgdnfjw48utey999esrceeg3x2 702658 702598 2026-10-06T21:35:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Geographia */ 702658 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 7pow42zf4md4rmh18ui8t5h4ykvpkh2 702673 702658 2026-10-07T06:36:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Alteres */ 702673 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] nj3ibn2fllmusuk9obb22u3pviwa1ia 702677 702673 2026-10-07T06:46:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 702677 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** [[Fluvio Ebro]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ab0w4s545dlyxkzj8w3vnif5dwa8tvx 702683 702677 2026-10-07T07:03:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 702683 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** [[Fluvio Ebro]] ** [[Fluvio Duero]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] h8ntz2tpsqvixniewghbzdjsldxgov8 702684 702683 2026-10-07T07:18:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 702684 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** [[Fluvio Ebro]] ** [[Fluvio Duero]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 2jwgy96ipmmlp9sedefmnhlqdceh94x 702689 702684 2026-10-07T08:43:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 702689 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** [[Fluvio Ebro]] ** [[Fluvio Duero]] ** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] md6f06n1csoxm83ij9pqhqolrr4l9dp 702690 702689 2026-10-07T08:48:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 702690 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 7mv7w43tnrug7zbbx8moyqhbmg0nilv 702693 702690 2026-10-07T09:01:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 702693 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] aiv4pychafxfhdy6je0hq85ochekjls 702697 702693 2026-10-07T09:12:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 702697 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 7oitcq2he4hi22icz441zebufp8a105 702701 702697 2026-10-07T09:30:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 702701 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ji17kw85euibf53qnu1nbeu5nil5h9t 702705 702701 2026-10-07T09:41:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 702705 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ggjnrjy8nd9j277a2z1277wjuik7nt7 702710 702705 2026-10-07T09:53:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 702710 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 09r6xka2zbr4mv813o27lfbna38dxct 702712 702710 2026-10-07T09:59:17Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 702712 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] dd4tkex90c5wpyk6wppy7x76667pv61 702715 702712 2026-10-07T10:27:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Espania */ 702715 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] sgocdm8d2ywz5x3ta68auda5064dhi2 702717 702715 2026-10-07T10:33:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 702717 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] ** [[Secretaria de Stato de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 4xvudhctstdk0w5iu89hkxi0uh8ye3a 702725 702717 2026-10-07T11:47:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 702725 wikitext text/x-wiki Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastre del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Comissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Mando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] </div> </div> === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Historia === * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Lingua artificial]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] rog19w7phez2jm2da4bzi9ela8ns3yl 0 61445 702663 702050 2026-10-07T00:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 702663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Capite de Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''JEMAD''') es le principal autoritate militar operative del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]] e le official que exerce le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa. Il dirige tamben le [[Stato Major del Defensa]] (EMAD) e auxilia le [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania|Presidente del Governamento]] e le Ministro de Defensa in le direction strategic del operationes militar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le cargo es exercite per un official general de las Fortias Armate, nominate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, previo deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le JEMAD ha rango de Secretario de Stato e representa militarmente le [[Espania]] ante organisationes international de securitate e defensa, secundo le competentias establite per le legislation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Origine del cargo == Le figura del JEMAD nasce como tal in '''1980''', in le contexto del transformation del organisation del defensa espaniol e del progressiva coordination interarme. Le antecedentes se trova in le [[Alte Stato Major]], create in 1939, e in le development del structures conjuncte destinate al studio del doctrina militar e al coordination del tres arme.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del JEMAD respondeva al crescente importantia del action conjuncte del [[Armea de Terra]], del [[Marina Espaniol]] e del [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]. Con le tempore, le cargo assumeva un rolo crescente in le commandamento operational del Fortias Armate e in le participation espaniol in structures multinational de defensa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Nomination == Le JEMAD es nominate per le '''Rege de Espania''', a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, que es formulate post deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le nomination se insere in le cadena de autoritate politic e militar establite per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] e le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le position non substitue le autoritate politic super le defensa. Le Governo dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio; le JEMAD dirige le structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Inter le principal functiones del JEMAD se trova le '''consilio militar al Presidente del Governamento e al Ministro de Defensa''', le assistentia al direction strategic del operationes militar, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate e le conduction strategic del operationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-11858 |titulo=Real Decreto 787/2007, de 15 de junio, por el que se regula la estructura operativa de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le JEMAD participa tamben in le planeamento integral del defensa e propone le capacidades militar necessari pro executar le politica militar. Il determina le objectives strategic militar, emite directives pro le employment del Fortias Armate e supervise le preparation e le disponibilitate operative del unidades.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Commandamento operative == Le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del '''structura operative''' del Fortias Armate. Iste structura es distincte del structura organic del tres arme e es destinate al employment del fortias in missiones militar national e international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisationes operative permanente depende del JEMAD e include, secundo le organisation vigente, commandos correspondentes al dominios terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, assi como le [[Unitate Militar de Emergencias]] quando illo es subordinate operative al EMAD. Le JEMAD pote assignar fortias al operationes national o multinational secundo le decisiones del autoritates competent.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Stato Major del Defensa == Le JEMAD dirige le '''Stato Major del Defensa''', organo que provide le medios de assistentia, consilio e preparation necessari pro le exercitio de su functiones. Le EMAD es incaricate del definition e disveloppamento del strategia militar, del planeamento militar, del planeamento e conduction del operationes e del transformation del Fortia Conjuncte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal organos del EMAD se trova le '''Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa''', le '''Mando de Operationes''', le '''Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate''', le '''Mando Conjuncte del Ciberespacio''' e le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National'''.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le tres arme == Le JEMAD coordina le empleo conjuncte del tres arme sin substituer le commandamento organic de cata un de illos. Le Capite de Stato Major del [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Capite de Stato Major del Marina]] e le [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] exerce le commandamento de lor respective arme sub le autoritate del Ministro de Defensa e provide al JEMAD le consilio necessari in lor dominios specific.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le JEMAD contribue assi al preparation del [[Fortia Conjuncte]], formate per elementos del tres arme e per altere unidades que pote esser subordina al structura operative. Su objective es assicurar que le capacidades del differente arme pote esser empleate de maniera conjuncte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Operationes international == Le JEMAD participa in le planeamento militar espaniol in le quadro del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]], del [[Nationes Unite]] e de altere organisationes international de securitate e defensa. Le JEMAD representa le Espania ante iste organisationes in le materia militar quando le legislation o le designation official lo establi.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In operationes multinational, le JEMAD pote transferer le autoritate super unidades espaniol designate al commandos international correspondente, conformemente al mandato politic e al accordos international applicabile. Le Espania mantene assi un representation militar in le principal structures de cooperation e securitate collective.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF21.pdf |titulo=Organización de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609013554/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF21.pdf |archivedate=2025-06-09 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-25}}</ref> == Cadena de commandamento == Le JEMAD se situa in le cadena de commandamento operative inter le autoritates politic e le commandos operative del Fortias Armate. Le [[Rege de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate secundo le Constitution, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In le structura operative, le JEMAD constitue le puncto central de commandamento del fortias conjuncte. Iste separation inter direction politic, preparation organic e empleo operative pretende clarificar le responsabilitates del autoritates civil e militar e facilitar le coordination del Fortias Armate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Titulares del cargo == Desde le creation del figura in 1980, le cargo ha essite occupate per officiales general proveniente del differente arme del Fortias Armate. Inter le titulares recente se trova Fernando García Sánchez, Fernando Alejandre Martínez, Miguel Ángel Villarroya Vilalta e Teodoro Esteban López Calderón, qui assumeva le cargo in 2021.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2021/01/DGC-210126-nombramiento-jemad-lopez-calderon.html |titulo=El Consejo de Ministros aprueba el nombramiento del nuevo JEMAD, Teodoro López Calderón |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2021 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le almirante general ''Teodoro Esteban López Calderón'' exerce actualmente le cargo de JEMAD. Il ha previamente essite Capite de Stato Major del Marina e assumeva le position de JEMAD in januario 2021.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organos militar de Espania]] 589c9swa31xslnkfgfalw1x3aatx39v 0 61518 702664 701512 2026-10-07T04:18:43Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 702664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incargate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania|Governamento]] in materia de education, [[formation professional]] e deporte. Su competentias include le systema educative, con exception del education universitari, le formation professional del systema educative e pro le empleo, e le politica estatal in materia de deporte.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |title=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930105100/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |title=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le administration educational espaniol ha su origines institutional in le [[Constitution de Cadiz]] de 1812, que establite un [[Direction General de Studios]] pro le inspection del instruction public. Durante le 19e seculo, le competentias educational esseva successivemente integrate in differente departamentos del Administration, specialmente le [[Ministerio de Fomento]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion.html |title=Materiales para la historia de la educación |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930040724/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> Le Ministerio esseva create le 18 de april 1900 sub le denomination Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes, post le division del Ministerio de Fomento. Le nove departamento assumeva le administration del instruction public e private, le promotion del scientias e litteras, le belle artes, archivos, bibliothecas e museos, inter altere competentias.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/gl/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion/siglo-xx.html |title=Siglo XX: El Ministerio de Educación hasta finales de la Guerra Civil (1900-1939) |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710150026/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/gl/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion/siglo-xx.html |archivedate=2026-07-10 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> Durante le 20e seculo, le departamento cambiava de denomination e incorporava o transferiva competentias relative a education, scientia, cultura e deporte. In 1939 illo deveniva Ministerio de Educación Nacional, e post le transition constitutional su denomination e structura esseva modificate plure vices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion.html |title=Materiales para la historia de la educación |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930040724/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> In 2018 esseva establite le Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional. In 2023, con le nove reorganisation del departamentos ministerial, le departamento adopteva le actual denomination de Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes, incorporante explicitemente le politica de deporte al sue competentias.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |title=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica educational del Governamento e del coordination general del systema educative in le quadro del competentias del Stato. Le education non universitari es gestionate in grande parte per le [[Communitates autonome de Espania|Communitates Autonome]], mentre le Stato establi le elementos basic del systema e le conditiones que garanti le equalitate fundamental in le accesso al education.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/gl/mc/redie-eurydice/sistemas-educativos/capitulo-1-contexto/i-2-principales-organos-ejecutivos-y-legislativos.html |title=Principales órganos ejecutivos y legislativos |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio coordina le cooperation educational inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, participa in le definition del curriculos e del standards educational, gere le competentias educational que remane al Stato e promove le evaluation e cooperation territorial in le systema educative non universitari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/mc/sgctie/quien-somos.html |title=Acerca de la Subdirección General de Cooperación Territorial e Innovación Educativa |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411173556/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/mc/sgctie/quien-somos.html |archivedate=2026-04-11 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> In materia de [[formation professional]], le Ministerio coordina le politica del Governamento pro le formation professional del systema educative e pro le empleo, includente le planning, innovation e gestion del formation professional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |title=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930105100/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de deporte e exerce iste competentias principalmente per le [[Consilio Superior de Deportes]], que ha rango de Secretaria de Stato.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |title=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in le Secretaria de Stato de Education, le Consilio Superior de Deportes, le Secretaria General de Formation Professional e le Subsecretaria de Education, Formation Professional e Deportes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |title=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato de Education include le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial e le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. Illo es responsabile de materias como evaluation del systema educative, cooperation con le Communitates Autonome e administration del competentias educational del Stato.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |title=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria General de Formation Professional ha sub su dependentia le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional, que coordina le competentias del Ministerio in iste campo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |title=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretaria de Education, Formation Professional e Deportes include le Secretaria General Technic e le altere organos administrative del departamento. Le Ministerio mantene etiam servicios pro le [[action educational al exterior]] e altere programas de cooperation educational international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |title=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930105100/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede principal del Ministerio se trova al calle de Alcalá, 34, Madrid. Le edificio es occupate per le departamento desde 1928 e esseva construite originalmente como parte del complexe administrative associate al precedente Ministerio de Fomento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/gl/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion/siglo-xx.html |title=Siglo XX: El Ministerio de Educación hasta finales de la Guerra Civil (1900-1939) |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |access-date=29 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710150026/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/gl/servicios-al-ciudadano/archivo-central/materiales-historia-educacion/siglo-xx.html |archivedate=2026-07-10 |accessdate=2026-09-29}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Education de Espania|Education]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Scientia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Sport de Espania]] [[Categoria:Education in Espania]] [[Categoria:Formation professional in Espania]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sport in Espania]] [[Categoria:Relationes international de Espania]] qqlsg823tt7plw16btfs20m3g8oe43l 0 61523 702691 701509 2026-10-07T08:50:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 702691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incargate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania|Governamento]] in materia de [[allogiamento]], [[Agenda Urban]], qualitate del construction e [[solo]]. Illo exerce etiam le altere competentias que le ordinamento juridic attribue al departamento.<ref name="boe">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |title=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias del Stato in materia de allogiamento esseva historicamente repartite inter differente departamentos ministerial. Un Ministerio specificamente dedicate al allogiamento esseva create in 2004 sub le denomination Ministerio de Allogiamento, durante le VIII legislatura, con competentias relative al politica del allogiamento e al solo. In 2010 le Ministerio esseva supprimite e su competentias esseva incorporate principalmente al [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le politica del allogiamento remaneva ulteriormente integrate in iste departamento, que in 2020 deveniva Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilidade e Agenda Urbaa. Le actual Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban esseva recreate per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que reorganisava le departamentos ministerial del Governamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |title=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 208/2024 developpava le structura organic del nove departamento usque al nivello de subdirection general e defini le competentias de su principales organos.<ref name="boe"/> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de [[accesso al allogiamento]], [[solo]], [[architectura]], innovation, qualitate e sostenibilitate del construction. Illo es etiam competente in le disveloppamento de politicas urban sostenibile in le quadro del [[Agenda 2030]] e del agendas urban international.<ref name="boe"/> Le Ministerio promove le rehabilitation del edificios, specialmente le amélioration del efficacitate energetic, le application de criterios de sostenibilitate e le reutilisation del edificios. Illo coordina etiam politicas urban, architectonic e de construction al nivello del Stato.<ref name="decreto">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |title=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidado |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le departamento participa in le elaboration del normas e instrumentos del politica del allogiamento e del solo, in le evaluation del politicas public e in le coordination con le [[Communitates autonome de Espania|Communitates Autonome]] e le [[Administration local (Espania)|Administration Local]] in le materias de su competentia. == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura principalmente in le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e le Subsecretariato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban.<ref name="boe"/> Del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban depende le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura. De iste Secretariato General depende le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architectura, le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo e le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation.<ref name="boe"/> Le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architectura tracta le politicas urban, le architectura, le innovation e le sostenibilitate in le construction. Le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo es responsabile del politicas del allogiamento e del suelo in le quadro del competentias estatal. Le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation se ocupa del planification, coordination e evaluation del politicas del departamento.<ref name="decreto"/> Le Subsecretariato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban include le Secretariato General Technic e le organos administrative incargate del supporto general al Ministerio.<ref name="boe"/> == Entitates attachate == Le Entidad Public Empresarial de Solo (SEPES) es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Le Secretariato de Stato exerce le direction strategic, le evaluation e le controlo del resultatos de su activitate, e su titular preside le entidad.<ref name="boe"/> Le Casa del Architectura es etiam attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura. Illo serve como instrumento pro le diffusion e promotion del architectura e es regulate per le Real Decreto 1125/2023.<ref name="decreto"/> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Historia del ministerios de Espania]] 3779p5jv9oq0luhilafsy5vbknewntk 0 61527 702665 701272 2026-10-07T05:02:00Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 702665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} [[File:Evolucion Precio Vivienda España 1985 2012 (cropped).png|thumb|400px|Evolution del [[precio del habitation]] nove in Espania 1985-2012 -Sociedad de Tasación-. Le [[bulla immobiliari in Espania]] comenciava in 2001 e durava usque a 2007 quando le habitation attingeva su culmine de precios, tunc erumpeva le [[crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] provocante un [[Crise espaniol de 2008-2013|crise economic, social e institutional in Espania]].<ref name=sociedad_tasación_precio_vivienda_nueva>[https://www.st-tasacion.es/es/indice-de-precios-de-vivienda-nueva.html Precio del habitation nove in Espania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209085615/https://www.st-tasacion.es/es/indice-de-precios-de-vivienda-nueva.html |date=2025-02-09 }}, Sociedad de Tasación</ref>]] Le '''precio del allogiamento in Espania''' se refere al valor economic del compravenda e del location del allogiamento in le mercato espaniol. Su evolution ha presentate periodos de stabilitate, forte crescimento e importante correctiones, particularimente durante le bulla immobiliari e le crise del 2008–2014. Le evolution del precios es mensurate inter altere per le Indice de Precios de Vivienda (IPV) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), que considera le compravendas de allogiamento libere, nove e de secunde mano.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736152838&idp=1254735576757&menu=metodologia |title=Índice de precios de vivienda: Metodología |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Compravenda == Le precio del allogiamento ha cognoscite un forte augmento durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le prime annos del seculo XXI. Le expansion del credito hypothecari, le croissance economic e le forte activitate del construction contribueva al augmento del precios durante le periodo precedente al crise immobiliari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/GAP/Secciones/SalaPrensa/InformacionInteres/ReestructuracionSectorFinanciero/Arc/Fic/InformeCrisis_Completo_web.pdf |title=Informe sobre la crisis financiera y bancaria en España, 2008-2014 |publisher=Banco de España |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le precios attingeva un nivello maxime ante le crise del 2008. Secundo le series del INE, le indice del precios del allogiamento esseva 13,1 % plus alte que le anno precedente in le prime trimestre de 2007. Le crescimento remaneva forte durante le anno, ma comenciava a ralentisar se in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_tabla1.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: evolución anual |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Crise immobiliari de 2008–2014 == Le fin del expansion immobiliari esseva sequite per un prolongate reduction del precios. Le indice del INE registrava taxas annual negative desde 2008, con le descenso deveniente particularmente forte inter 2011 e 2013. In le secunde trimestre de 2013, le diminution annual del indice general attingeva 12,0 %, e in le prime trimestre esseva 14,3 %.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_tabla1.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: evolución anual |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le correction esseva accompagnate per un forte reduction del construction e del compravendas. Le crise immobiliari esseva etiam intimemente ligate al crise financiari, perque le entidades de credito habeva un importante exposition al sector del construction e del promotion immobiliari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/GAP/Secciones/SalaPrensa/InformacionInteres/ReestructuracionSectorFinanciero/Arc/Fic/InformeCrisis_Completo_web.pdf |title=Informe sobre la crisis financiera y bancaria en España, 2008-2014 |publisher=Banco de España |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> A partir de 2014, le indice reveniva a registrare taxas positive, marcante le initio de un nove phase de recuperation del mercato.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_tabla1.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: evolución anual |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Recuperation post le crise == Inter 2015 e 2019, le precios del allogiamento cresceva de maniera continue. Le indice del INE registrava taxas annual de 4,2 % in 2015, 4,5 % in 2016, 7,2 % in 2017, 6,6 % in 2018 e 3,6 % in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_tabla1.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: evolución anual |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le pandemia de COVID-19 non produceva un forte correction national del precios del compravenda comparable al crise anterior. Le IPV continuava a registrar taxas positive in 2020 e 2021, ben que le evolution differiva secundo le typologia del allogiamento e le territorios.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_tabla1.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: evolución anual |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution recente == Durante 2024 e 2025, le precio del allogiamento cresceva rapidemente. Le IPV registrava un augmento annual de 11,3 % in le quarto trimestre de 2024, 12,2 % in le prime trimestre de 2025, 12,7 % in le secunde, 12,8 % in le tertie e 12,9 % in le quarto trimestre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/IPV4T25.htm?print=1 |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=6 March 2026 |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In le secunde trimestre de 2026, le augmento annual esseva de 12,2 %. Le allogiamento nove registrava un augmento de 7,4 %, durante que le allogiamento de secunde mano cresceva de 12,9 %. In comparation con le trimestre precedente, le indice general cresceva de 3,4 %.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/IPV2T26.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda. Segundo trimestre 2026 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=7 September 2026 |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le evolution regional es heterogene. In le quarto trimestre de 2025, le augmentos annual variava inter le communitates autonome, con valores de 15,3 % in Castilla e Leon, 14,2 % in le Communitate de Madrid e 10,9 % in Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/IPV4T25.pdf |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=6 March 2026 |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == ''Indice de Precios de Vivienda'' == Le IPV es un statistica trimestral del INE que mesura le evolution del precios de compravenda del allogiamento libere. Illo include allogiamento nove e allogiamento de secunde mano e adjusta le variationes del composition e del qualitate del allogiamento vendite per medio de un methodo statistic basate super stratification e regression.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/metadatos/es/RespuestaPrint.html?oper=15 |title=Índice de Precios de la Vivienda: informe metodológico estandarizado |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le indice usa information proveniente del escrituras de compravenda e del registros administrativi. Le population statistic include personas physic, residentes e non residentes, que acquire un allogiamento in le territorio espaniol; le compravendas effectuate per personas juridic non face parte del population del IPV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_prensa.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: principales características |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> A partir del prime trimestre de 2026, le anno base del IPV esseva actualisate a 2025, con un nove systema de ponderationes e le continuation del classification inter allogiamento nove e de secunde mano.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736152838&idp=1254735576757&menu=metodologia |title=Índice de precios de vivienda: Metodología. Base 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=8 June 2026 |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Factores que influentia le precios == Le precio del allogiamento depende de un combination de factores economic, financiari e demographic. Inter illos se trova le nivello del ingresos, le employment, le taxas de interesse, le accesso al credito hypothecari, le evolution del population e del numero de hogares, le disponibilitate de terreno e le costo del construction. Le relation inter oferta e demanda es etiam importante. Le limitation del oferta de nove allogiamento in areas con forte demanda pote contribuir al augmento del precios, durante que un excesso de oferta pote exercer pression al baisse. Le conditiones financiari ha un effecto particularmente importante super le mercato. Le variation del taxas de interesse modifica le costo del credito hypothecari e pote assi influentiar le capacitate de compra del hogares. == Location == Le mercato del location constitue un parte distincte del mercato immobiliari. Su precios non es mesurate directemente per le IPV, que se concentra super le compravenda de allogiamento libere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/ipv_prensa.htm |title=Índice de Precios de Vivienda: principales características |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=29 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le evolution del location depende de factores como le demanda de allogiamento, le numero de allogiamento disponibile, le ingresos del hogares, le mobilitate del population e le peso del location touristico in certe areas. Le situation pote differer considerabilemente inter grandes citates, zonas costier e altere partes del territorio. == Accessibilitate al allogiamento == Le evolution del precio del allogiamento es frequentemente studiate in relation con le ingresos del hogares e le costo del financiation. Un augmento del precio pote render le accesso al proprietate plus difficile si le ingresos non cresce al mesme ritmo. Le accessibilitate depende etiam del conditiones del credito, del duration e costo del hypotheca e del proportion del ingresos destinate al pagamento del allogiamento. Pro iste ration, le precio medie national non describe solmente le situation de tote le hogares: le conditiones local e le situation economic del compradores pote esser multo differente. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Precio de allogiamento per pais|Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia economic de Espania]] kt7aj0i4vtl1aaf24s45wyqxx3awepf 14 61558 702646 701711 2026-10-06T21:08:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 702646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1986]] [[Categoria:Espania in 1986]] [[Categoria:Transition espaniol]] [[Categoria:Regno de Juan Carlos I]] [[Categoria:Regno de Felipe VI de Espania]] [[Categoria:Corpores de functionarios de Spania|Politia]] [[Categoria:Directorio General del Policia]] [[Categoria:Decoratos con le cravata del Ordine de Alfonso X le Sapiente]] [[Categoria:Mutinatos majores]] 7encplga7s8ywdii8zjul21vjm2s55a 702647 702646 2026-10-06T21:09:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 702647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1986]] [[Categoria:Espania in 1986]] [[Categoria:Transition espaniol]] [[Categoria:Regno de Juan Carlos I]] [[Categoria:Regno de Felipe VI de Espania]] [[Categoria:Corpores de functionarios de Espania|Politia]] [[Categoria:Directorio General del Policia]] [[Categoria:Decoratos con le cravata del Ordine de Alfonso X le Sapiente]] [[Categoria:Mutinatos majores]] 0e4y78ny20vjrdum5m27a1whj4o8t7c 0 61620 702645 702067 2026-10-06T21:08:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 702645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General del Policia''' (DGP) es le organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Interne]] incargate del direction, coordination e execution del missiones attribuite al [[Corpore National de Policia|Policia National]]. Illa depende del [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)|Secretaria de Stato de Securitate]] e su titular ha rango de subsecretario. Le titular del Direction General exerce le commandamento directe del Policia National secundo le directivas del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGP dirige le servicios central e territorial del Policia National, distribue le medios human e material inter le unitates, propone planos e projectos operative e mantene relationes con altere autoritates e institutiones in materias concernente al operation del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General del Policia esseva create in le quadro del reforma del securitate public post le fin del franquismo. Le Lege del Policia de 4 de decembre 1978 establiva un nove organisation del corpores de securitate e prevedeva le creation del DGP, que deveniva operative in 1979 como successor del Direction General de Securitate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-30918 |title=Ley 55/1978, de 4 de diciembre, de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le approbation del Lege Organic 2/1986 del [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)|Fortias e Corpores de Securitate]] transformava profundemente le organisation del Policia National. Le Corpore Superior de Policia e le Corpore de Policia National esseva integrate in un sol corpore, le actual Policia National, durante que le DGP deveniva le organo directivo incargate del su commandamento e administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 1994, durante le periodo del Ministerio de Justitia e Affaires Interne, le organo esseva denominate Secretaria General-Direction General del Policia. Le denomination traditional esseva recuperate in 1996 post le separation del duo ministerios. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1994-10168 |title=Real Decreto 1334/1994, de 20 de junio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Inter 2006 e 2011, le direction del Policia National e del [[Guarda Civil]] esseva reunite in un organo unic, le Direction General del Policia e del Guarda Civil. In 2012 esseva restablite le duo directiones general distincte, ambe sub le coordination del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20769 |title=Real Decreto 991/2006, de 8 de septiembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le function principal del DGP es ordinar, diriger, coordinar e executar le missiones que le legislation attribue al Policia National. Inter su competentias se trova: * diriger e coordinar le servicios e organos central e territorial del Policia National; * distribuir le medios human e material inter le diverse unitates; * proponer planos e projectos de action operative al Secretaria de Stato de Securitate; * centralisar, analysar e diffunder le information necessari al missiones policial; * coordinar le cooperation con policias estranier; * diriger le competentias policial in materias de extranieria, documentation, passaportes, securitate private, drogas, jocos e spectacles public; * applicar le regime disciplinari e investigar conductas contrari al etica professional; * organisar le selection, promotion e formation del personal; * proponer le acquisition del equipamentos, armamentos, vehiculos e altere medios necessari al Policia National; * promover le developpamento de methodos, technicas e proceduras operative. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation central == Le organisation central del DGP es formate principalmente per le Direction Adjuncte Operative, le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Formation, le Subdirection General de Logistica e Innovation e le Gabinete Technic. A iste organos se adjunge le Division de Cooperation International, que depende directemente del titular del DGP. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica y funciones de los servicios centrales y territoriales de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Direction Adjunct Operative dirige, coordina e supervisa le activitate operative del Policia National e le unitates central, supraterritorial e territorial. Illa participa etiam in le definition del recursos human e material e in le planification strategic del transformation digital. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Formation coordina le gestion del personal, su selection e su formation. Illa include le Division de Personal e le Division de Formation e Perfectionamento. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Logistica e Innovation administra le recursos economic e material, le sistemas de information e telecommunication, le documentation del espanioles e estranieros e le archivos policial. Illa include le Division Economic e Technic e le Division de Documentation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete Technic presta assistentia al titular del DGP, prepara studios e informes e participa in le tramitamento de dispositiones general in le areas de competentia del organo. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Comisariatos General == Le Direction Adjunct Operative coordina le principal Comisariatos General del Policia National: * Comisariato General de Information, incargate del obtention, reception, tractamento e exploitation operative del information concernente le ordine e securitate public, con special attention al terrorismo. * Comisariato General de Policia Judicial, que dirige le investigation e persecution del delictos supraterritorial, includente criminalitate organise, economic, financiari e technologic. * Comisariato General de Securitate Citatan, incargate del prevention e mantenimento del ordine e securitate public, securitate private, spectacles public e protection de personas e edificios que require special protection. * Comisariato General de Extranieria e Frontieras, que controla le entrata e sortie del territorio national e le materias de extranieria, refugio, asylum e immigration. * Comisariato General de Policia Scientific, que presta servicios de criminalistica, identification, analytica e investigation technic e prepara informes pericial. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Division de Operationes e Transformation Digital completa iste organisation operative e presta supporto al Direction Adjunct Operative in le coordination e supervision del activitate operative e in le transformation digital del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation international == Le Division de Cooperation International depende directemente del titular del DGP. Illa coordina le cooperation policial international e include le Officio Central National de INTERPOL, le Unitate National de EUROPOL e le Officio SIRENE. Illa participa etiam in le cooperation bilateral e multilateral, le gruppos de labor del Union Europee e le missiones de assistentia a altere paises. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation territorial == Le organisation territorial del DGP es constituite per le Jefaturas Superior de Policia, le Comisariatos Provincial, le Comisariatos Local, le Comisariatos Zonal e de District, insimul con altere unitates territorial. Illa include etiam le Comisariatos Conjuncte o Mixt, le Centros de Cooperation Policial e Aduanari, le Puestos Frontiera, le Unitate de Extranieria e le Unitate de Documentation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le titulares del Jefaturas Superior pote etiam assumer le direction del Comisariato Provincial del capital provincial ubi le Jefatura ha su sede. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organos consultive == In le nivel central, le DGP ha le Junta de Governamento e le Consejo Consultive, cuje composition e competentias es determinate per le legislation vigente. Illes functiona como organos collegial associate al direction del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Direction General == Le titular del Direction General del Policia ha rango de subsecretario e es nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. In 2026, le titular es Francisco Pardo Piqueras, qui continua a apparer como Director General del Policia in resolutiones del BOE publicate in maio, julio e augusto 2026. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-11871 |title=Resolución de 29 de mayo de 2026, de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede principal del Direction General del Policia es in Madrid. Le DGP ha su sede institutional in le edificio del Calle Miguel Ángel, que es historicamente associate con le organo central del Policia National. Le organisation del DGP include tamen numerose dependencias central e territorial in tote le territorio national. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le DGP continua a esser le organo directivo incargate del commandamento directe del Policia National, sub le dependentia del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. Le quadro organic vigente resulta del Real Decreto 207/2024, modificate in 2025 e 2026, e del Orden INT/859/2023 pro le organisation central e territorial. In april 2026, le Real Decreto 328/2026 actualisava le organisation basic del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e confirmava le Direction General del Policia como organo dependente del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate, con rango de subsecretaria. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/22/328 |title=Real Decreto 328/2026, de 22 de abril |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Directorio General del Policia]] 5auo5l1kggg6nta3qvkhce7o7f85gaj 702648 702645 2026-10-06T21:10:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 702648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General del Policia''' (DGP) es le organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Interne]] incargate del direction, coordination e execution del missiones attribuite al [[Corpore National de Policia|Policia National]]. Illa depende del [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)|Secretaria de Stato de Securitate]] e su titular ha rango de subsecretario. Le titular del Direction General exerce le commandamento directe del Policia National secundo le directivas del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGP dirige le servicios central e territorial del Policia National, distribue le medios human e material inter le unitates, propone planos e projectos operative e mantene relationes con altere autoritates e institutiones in materias concernente al operation del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General del Policia esseva create in le quadro del reforma del securitate public post le fin del franquismo. Le Lege del Policia de 4 de decembre 1978 establiva un nove organisation del corpores de securitate e prevedeva le creation del DGP, que deveniva operative in 1979 como successor del Direction General de Securitate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-30918 |title=Ley 55/1978, de 4 de diciembre, de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le approbation del Lege Organic 2/1986 del [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)|Fortias e Corpores de Securitate]] transformava profundemente le organisation del Policia National. Le Corpore Superior de Policia e le Corpore de Policia National esseva integrate in un sol corpore, le actual Policia National, durante que le DGP deveniva le organo directivo incargate del su commandamento e administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 1994, durante le periodo del Ministerio de Justitia e Affaires Interne, le organo esseva denominate Secretaria General-Direction General del Policia. Le denomination traditional esseva recuperate in 1996 post le separation del duo ministerios. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1994-10168 |title=Real Decreto 1334/1994, de 20 de junio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Inter 2006 e 2011, le direction del Policia National e del [[Guarda Civil]] esseva reunite in un organo unic, le Direction General del Policia e del Guarda Civil. In 2012 esseva restablite le duo directiones general distincte, ambe sub le coordination del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20769 |title=Real Decreto 991/2006, de 8 de septiembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le function principal del DGP es ordinar, diriger, coordinar e executar le missiones que le legislation attribue al Policia National. Inter su competentias se trova: * diriger e coordinar le servicios e organos central e territorial del Policia National; * distribuir le medios human e material inter le diverse unitates; * proponer planos e projectos de action operative al Secretaria de Stato de Securitate; * centralisar, analysar e diffunder le information necessari al missiones policial; * coordinar le cooperation con policias estranier; * diriger le competentias policial in materias de extranieria, documentation, passaportes, securitate private, drogas, jocos e spectacles public; * applicar le regime disciplinari e investigar conductas contrari al etica professional; * organisar le selection, promotion e formation del personal; * proponer le acquisition del equipamentos, armamentos, vehiculos e altere medios necessari al Policia National; * promover le developpamento de methodos, technicas e proceduras operative. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation central == Le organisation central del DGP es formate principalmente per le Direction Adjuncte Operative, le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Formation, le Subdirection General de Logistica e Innovation e le Gabinete Technic. A iste organos se adjunge le Division de Cooperation International, que depende directemente del titular del DGP. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica y funciones de los servicios centrales y territoriales de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Direction Adjunct Operative dirige, coordina e supervisa le activitate operative del Policia National e le unitates central, supraterritorial e territorial. Illa participa etiam in le definition del recursos human e material e in le planification strategic del transformation digital. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Formation coordina le gestion del personal, su selection e su formation. Illa include le Division de Personal e le Division de Formation e Perfectionamento. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Logistica e Innovation administra le recursos economic e material, le sistemas de information e telecommunication, le documentation del espanioles e estranieros e le archivos policial. Illa include le Division Economic e Technic e le Division de Documentation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete Technic presta assistentia al titular del DGP, prepara studios e informes e participa in le tramitamento de dispositiones general in le areas de competentia del organo. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Comisariatos General == Le Direction Adjunct Operative coordina le principal Comisariatos General del Policia National: * Comisariato General de Information, incargate del obtention, reception, tractamento e exploitation operative del information concernente le ordine e securitate public, con special attention al terrorismo. * Comisariato General de Policia Judicial, que dirige le investigation e persecution del delictos supraterritorial, includente criminalitate organise, economic, financiari e technologic. * Comisariato General de Securitate Citatan, incargate del prevention e mantenimento del ordine e securitate public, securitate private, spectacles public e protection de personas e edificios que require special protection. * Comisariato General de Extranieria e Frontieras, que controla le entrata e sortie del territorio national e le materias de extranieria, refugio, asylum e immigration. * Comisariato General de Policia Scientific, que presta servicios de criminalistica, identification, analytica e investigation technic e prepara informes pericial. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Division de Operationes e Transformation Digital completa iste organisation operative e presta supporto al Direction Adjunct Operative in le coordination e supervision del activitate operative e in le transformation digital del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation international == Le Division de Cooperation International depende directemente del titular del DGP. Illa coordina le cooperation policial international e include le Officio Central National de INTERPOL, le Unitate National de EUROPOL e le Officio SIRENE. Illa participa etiam in le cooperation bilateral e multilateral, le gruppos de labor del Union Europee e le missiones de assistentia a altere paises. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation territorial == Le organisation territorial del DGP es constituite per le Jefaturas Superior de Policia, le Comisariatos Provincial, le Comisariatos Local, le Comisariatos Zonal e de District, insimul con altere unitates territorial. Illa include etiam le Comisariatos Conjuncte o Mixt, le Centros de Cooperation Policial e Aduanari, le Puestos Frontiera, le Unitate de Extranieria e le Unitate de Documentation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le titulares del Jefaturas Superior pote etiam assumer le direction del Comisariato Provincial del capital provincial ubi le Jefatura ha su sede. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organos consultive == In le nivel central, le DGP ha le Junta de Governamento e le Consejo Consultive, cuje composition e competentias es determinate per le legislation vigente. Illes functiona como organos collegial associate al direction del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Direction General == Le titular del Direction General del Policia ha rango de subsecretario e es nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. In 2026, le titular es Francisco Pardo Piqueras, qui continua a apparer como Director General del Policia in resolutiones del BOE publicate in maio, julio e augusto 2026. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-11871 |title=Resolución de 29 de mayo de 2026, de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede principal del Direction General del Policia es in Madrid. Le DGP ha su sede institutional in le edificio del Calle Miguel Ángel, que es historicamente associate con le organo central del Policia National. Le organisation del DGP include tamen numerose dependencias central e territorial in tote le territorio national. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le DGP continua a esser le organo directivo incargate del commandamento directe del Policia National, sub le dependentia del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. Le quadro organic vigente resulta del Real Decreto 207/2024, modificate in 2025 e 2026, e del Orden INT/859/2023 pro le organisation central e territorial. In april 2026, le Real Decreto 328/2026 actualisava le organisation basic del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e confirmava le Direction General del Policia como organo dependente del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate, con rango de subsecretaria. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/22/328 |title=Real Decreto 328/2026, de 22 de abril |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Directorio General del Policia]] 82mu52vawkr7zceu3xemaof121ow2p8 702650 702648 2026-10-06T21:13:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General del Policia]] a [[Directorio General del Policia]] 702648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General del Policia''' (DGP) es le organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Interne]] incargate del direction, coordination e execution del missiones attribuite al [[Corpore National de Policia|Policia National]]. Illa depende del [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)|Secretaria de Stato de Securitate]] e su titular ha rango de subsecretario. Le titular del Direction General exerce le commandamento directe del Policia National secundo le directivas del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGP dirige le servicios central e territorial del Policia National, distribue le medios human e material inter le unitates, propone planos e projectos operative e mantene relationes con altere autoritates e institutiones in materias concernente al operation del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General del Policia esseva create in le quadro del reforma del securitate public post le fin del franquismo. Le Lege del Policia de 4 de decembre 1978 establiva un nove organisation del corpores de securitate e prevedeva le creation del DGP, que deveniva operative in 1979 como successor del Direction General de Securitate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-30918 |title=Ley 55/1978, de 4 de diciembre, de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le approbation del Lege Organic 2/1986 del [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)|Fortias e Corpores de Securitate]] transformava profundemente le organisation del Policia National. Le Corpore Superior de Policia e le Corpore de Policia National esseva integrate in un sol corpore, le actual Policia National, durante que le DGP deveniva le organo directivo incargate del su commandamento e administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 1994, durante le periodo del Ministerio de Justitia e Affaires Interne, le organo esseva denominate Secretaria General-Direction General del Policia. Le denomination traditional esseva recuperate in 1996 post le separation del duo ministerios. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1994-10168 |title=Real Decreto 1334/1994, de 20 de junio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Inter 2006 e 2011, le direction del Policia National e del [[Guarda Civil]] esseva reunite in un organo unic, le Direction General del Policia e del Guarda Civil. In 2012 esseva restablite le duo directiones general distincte, ambe sub le coordination del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20769 |title=Real Decreto 991/2006, de 8 de septiembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le function principal del DGP es ordinar, diriger, coordinar e executar le missiones que le legislation attribue al Policia National. Inter su competentias se trova: * diriger e coordinar le servicios e organos central e territorial del Policia National; * distribuir le medios human e material inter le diverse unitates; * proponer planos e projectos de action operative al Secretaria de Stato de Securitate; * centralisar, analysar e diffunder le information necessari al missiones policial; * coordinar le cooperation con policias estranier; * diriger le competentias policial in materias de extranieria, documentation, passaportes, securitate private, drogas, jocos e spectacles public; * applicar le regime disciplinari e investigar conductas contrari al etica professional; * organisar le selection, promotion e formation del personal; * proponer le acquisition del equipamentos, armamentos, vehiculos e altere medios necessari al Policia National; * promover le developpamento de methodos, technicas e proceduras operative. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation central == Le organisation central del DGP es formate principalmente per le Direction Adjuncte Operative, le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Formation, le Subdirection General de Logistica e Innovation e le Gabinete Technic. A iste organos se adjunge le Division de Cooperation International, que depende directemente del titular del DGP. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica y funciones de los servicios centrales y territoriales de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Direction Adjunct Operative dirige, coordina e supervisa le activitate operative del Policia National e le unitates central, supraterritorial e territorial. Illa participa etiam in le definition del recursos human e material e in le planification strategic del transformation digital. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Formation coordina le gestion del personal, su selection e su formation. Illa include le Division de Personal e le Division de Formation e Perfectionamento. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Logistica e Innovation administra le recursos economic e material, le sistemas de information e telecommunication, le documentation del espanioles e estranieros e le archivos policial. Illa include le Division Economic e Technic e le Division de Documentation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete Technic presta assistentia al titular del DGP, prepara studios e informes e participa in le tramitamento de dispositiones general in le areas de competentia del organo. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Comisariatos General == Le Direction Adjunct Operative coordina le principal Comisariatos General del Policia National: * Comisariato General de Information, incargate del obtention, reception, tractamento e exploitation operative del information concernente le ordine e securitate public, con special attention al terrorismo. * Comisariato General de Policia Judicial, que dirige le investigation e persecution del delictos supraterritorial, includente criminalitate organise, economic, financiari e technologic. * Comisariato General de Securitate Citatan, incargate del prevention e mantenimento del ordine e securitate public, securitate private, spectacles public e protection de personas e edificios que require special protection. * Comisariato General de Extranieria e Frontieras, que controla le entrata e sortie del territorio national e le materias de extranieria, refugio, asylum e immigration. * Comisariato General de Policia Scientific, que presta servicios de criminalistica, identification, analytica e investigation technic e prepara informes pericial. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Division de Operationes e Transformation Digital completa iste organisation operative e presta supporto al Direction Adjunct Operative in le coordination e supervision del activitate operative e in le transformation digital del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation international == Le Division de Cooperation International depende directemente del titular del DGP. Illa coordina le cooperation policial international e include le Officio Central National de INTERPOL, le Unitate National de EUROPOL e le Officio SIRENE. Illa participa etiam in le cooperation bilateral e multilateral, le gruppos de labor del Union Europee e le missiones de assistentia a altere paises. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation territorial == Le organisation territorial del DGP es constituite per le Jefaturas Superior de Policia, le Comisariatos Provincial, le Comisariatos Local, le Comisariatos Zonal e de District, insimul con altere unitates territorial. Illa include etiam le Comisariatos Conjuncte o Mixt, le Centros de Cooperation Policial e Aduanari, le Puestos Frontiera, le Unitate de Extranieria e le Unitate de Documentation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le titulares del Jefaturas Superior pote etiam assumer le direction del Comisariato Provincial del capital provincial ubi le Jefatura ha su sede. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organos consultive == In le nivel central, le DGP ha le Junta de Governamento e le Consejo Consultive, cuje composition e competentias es determinate per le legislation vigente. Illes functiona como organos collegial associate al direction del Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Direction General == Le titular del Direction General del Policia ha rango de subsecretario e es nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. In 2026, le titular es Francisco Pardo Piqueras, qui continua a apparer como Director General del Policia in resolutiones del BOE publicate in maio, julio e augusto 2026. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-11871 |title=Resolución de 29 de mayo de 2026, de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede principal del Direction General del Policia es in Madrid. Le DGP ha su sede institutional in le edificio del Calle Miguel Ángel, que es historicamente associate con le organo central del Policia National. Le organisation del DGP include tamen numerose dependencias central e territorial in tote le territorio national. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-17072 |title=Orden INT/859/2023, de 21 de julio |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le DGP continua a esser le organo directivo incargate del commandamento directe del Policia National, sub le dependentia del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. Le quadro organic vigente resulta del Real Decreto 207/2024, modificate in 2025 e 2026, e del Orden INT/859/2023 pro le organisation central e territorial. In april 2026, le Real Decreto 328/2026 actualisava le organisation basic del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e confirmava le Direction General del Policia como organo dependente del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate, con rango de subsecretaria. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/22/328 |title=Real Decreto 328/2026, de 22 de abril |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Directorio General del Policia]] 82mu52vawkr7zceu3xemaof121ow2p8 14 61621 702605 701557 2026-10-06T21:00:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 702605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1979]] [[Categoria:Corpore National de Policia]] 3317je9jynbou9mu3n6bfib81d3kgnk 702643 702605 2026-10-06T21:08:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 702643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 61634 702637 701611 2026-10-06T21:05:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] a [[Directorio General del Guarda Civil]] 701611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General del Guarda Civil''' (DGGC) es le organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Interne]] incaricate del ordenamento, direction, coordination e execution del missiones attribuite al [[Guarda Civil]] per le legislation vigente. Illo depende del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate, durante que su functiones es exercite secundo le directives del Ministerios de Affaires Interne e de Defensa in lor respective competentias. Le titular del Direction General ha rango de subsecretario e exerce le commandamento directe del Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGGC coordina le services e le distribution del unitates del Guarda Civil, impulsa le planification del institution e mantene relationes con autoritates e organos national e estranier. Illo exerce tamben competentias concernente al personal, formation, recursos, armas e explosivos e le missiones de character militar attribuite al Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Origine e historia == Le origine del Direction General se trova in le creation del Guarda Civil in 1844. Le decreto del 13 de maio 1844 establi le organisation del nove institution, e le Reglamento Militar del 15 de octobre 1844 regula su organisation, personal, disciplina e material. Le prime organo central de direction esseva le Inspection General del Guarda Civil, con Francisco Javier Girón, Duque de Ahumada, como prime titular. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/destacados/efemerides/13-de-mayo-de-1844.-Segundo-decreto-fundacional-de-la-Guardia-Civil/ |title=13 de mayo de 1844. Segundo decreto fundacional de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 1859 le Inspection General esseva transformate in le Direction General del Guarda Civil e Veterana, e in 1864 le organo adopta le denomination Direction General del Guarda Civil. Durante le historia posterior, su denomination e relation administrative con le ministerios cambiava secundo le organisation del Stato. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/destacados/efemerides/28-de-abril-de-1882.-Creacion-de-una-Compania-de-Escribientes-y-Ordenanzas-en-la-Direccion-General/ |title=28 de abril de 1882. Creación de una Compañía de Escribientes y Ordenanzas en la Dirección General |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo democratic, le DGGC esseva temporarimente integrate con le Direction General del Policia in un Direction General del Policia e del Guarda Civil inter 2006 e 2011. In le fin de 2011 le duo organos directorial esseva separate de novo, durante que le coordination general remaneva in le Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. == Position institutional == Le DGGC es un organo directorial del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e depende hierarchicamente del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. Le Ministerio de Affaires Interne exerce le superior commandamento del Forces e Corpores de Securitate del Stato, durante que le Secretaria de Stato dirige, coordina e supervisiona le organos directorial que depende de illo. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le relation con le Ministerio de Defensa resulta del natura militar del Guarda Civil. Le Defense assume le competentias que le legislation attribue a illo in materia de promotiones e situationes del personal e in le missiones de character militar. Le Affaires Interne e Defense participa conjunctemente in certe materias concernente le selection, formation, armamento, displiegamento territorial e le nomination del titular del DGGC. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/destacados/efemerides/15-de-octubre-de-1844.-Se-aprueba-el-Reglamento-Militar-para-la-Guardia-Civil/ |title=15 de octubre de 1844. Se aprueba el Reglamento Militar para la Guardia Civil |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le titular del DGGC exerce le commandamento directe del Guarda Civil e dirige, impulsa e coordina le servicios e le distribution del unitates. Ille impulsa tamben le analyse, planification e developpamento de planos e projectos del institution e presenta le propositiones correspondente al Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Inter le altere competentias del Direction General se trova le execution del politicas de personal, formation, equalitate e diversitate; le administration del recursos material e economic; le elaboration de propositiones normative; le competentias super armas e explosivos; e le execution del missiones militar que le Ministerio de Defensa attribue al Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGGC mantene tamben relationes con autoritates e entidades public e private e le coordination con organos de information national e estranier in le quadro de su competentias. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation central == Secundo le organisation actual, depende directemente del titular del DGGC le Direction Adjuncte Operative, le Commandamento de Operationes, le Commandamento de Frontieras e Policia Maritime, le Commandamento de Personal e le Commandamento de Supporto. Existe tamben un Gabinete Technic, con nivello organic de subdirection general, que provide consilio e supporto al titular. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Direction Adjuncte Operative (DAO) es le prime organo auxiliar del titular del DGGC e assicura le direction, coordination e cohesion global del institution. Illa coordina le activitate operative, propone le organisation e distribution territorial del unitates e impulsa le cooperation international e le collaboration con policias de altere paises. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Commandamento de Operationes == Le Commandamento de Operationes es responsabile del planification, impulso e coordination del servicios operative del Guarda Civil. Illo coordina le securitate citatan in su demarcation e le functiones concernente le vias de communication, traffico, transit e transporte in le vias public interurban. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Commandamento include le Stato Major e altere unitates operative. Le Stato Major es le principal organo auxiliar pro le preparation del decisiones, lor transformation in ordines e le controlo de lor execution. == Information e Policia Judicial == Sub le Direction Adjuncte Operative se trova le Jefatura de Information, incaricate del obtention, reception, traitement, analyse e diffusion del informationes relevante pro le ordine e le securitate public. Su activitate include specialmente le lutte contra le terrorismo in le ambito national e international. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Jefatura de Policia Judicial organiza e gere le investigation e persecution del delictos. Illa dirige e coordina le investigationes concernente le criminalitate organisate, le criminalitate grave e altere investigationes que, per lor specialitate, require coordination central. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Commandamento de Frontieras e Policia Maritime == Le Commandamento de Frontieras e Policia Maritime dirige le competentias del Guarda Civil in materia de controlo del frontieras, fluxos migratori irregular e surveillance maritime. Le creation de iste commandamento in 2020 reuniava in un structure de commandamento le principal competentias concernente frontieras e policia maritime. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/eu/destacados/efemerides/4-de-agosto-de-2020.-Creacion-del-Mando-de-Fronteras-y-Policia-Maritima/ |title=4 de agosto de 2020. Creación del Mando de Fronteras y Policía Marítima |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Guarda Civil exerce tamben functiones de resguardo fiscal del Stato, controlo de certos fluxos transfrontier e cooperation con altere autoritates in portos e frontieras. == Commandamento de Personal == Le Commandamento de Personal es responsabile del areas concernente le personal del Guarda Civil. Le DGGC ha competentias in materia de politicas de personal, formation, equalitate e diversitate, in coordination con le quadro legal del personal del institution. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del personal include le gestion del carriera professional, formation e altere materias administrative e de recursos human. == Commandamento de Supporto == Le Commandamento de Supporto gere le recursos material e economic necessari al functionamento del Guarda Civil. Su activitate include le preparation e acquisition de equipamento, medios de transporte, naves, helicoptros, armamento, equipamento de transmission, sistemas de information e uniforme, secundo le programmation approbate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 2024 esseva create in le Commandamento de Supporto un Jefatura de Innovation Digital, incaricate del planification strategic del transformation digital, su execution e controlo e le supporto al DGGC in materias de nove technologias. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3793 |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation territorial == Le organisation territorial del Guarda Civil constitue le principal rete operative del institution. Le organisation periferic es basate super zonas, comandancias, companias e postos, structure consolidate con le reforma de 1997 que supprimeva le anterior escalones de tercios e lineas. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/va/destacados/efemerides/20-de-octubre-de-1844.-Organizacion-del-primer-Tercio/ |title=20 de octubre de 1844. Organización del primer Tercio |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le displiegamento territorial e le distribution del unitates secundo le necessitates operative e le competentias attribuite al Guarda Civil. == Organo consultive == Le Consejo Superior del Guarda Civil e le Consejo del Guarda Civil es adscripte al Direction General. Le Consejo Superior es presedite per le titular del DGGC e comprende officiales general del Guarda Civil in servicio active, con le participation de altere officiales general quando illes es convocate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Direction General == Desde septembre 2024, le titular del Direction General es María de las Mercedes González Fernández. Illa esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 931/2024, a proposition del ministros de Affaires Interne e de Defensa e post deliberation del Consejo de Ministros. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-18631 |title=Real Decreto 931/2024, de 17 de septiembre, por el que se nombra Directora General de la Guardia Civil a doña María de las Mercedes González Fernández |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le director adjuncte operative actual es le Teniente General Manuel Llamas Fernández. Le official directory del Ministerio de Affaires Interne identifica etiam le titulares del Commandamento de Operationes, Frontieras e Policia Maritime, Personal e Supporto. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/ca/el-ministerio/directorio/servicios-centrales/direccion-general-de-la-guardia-civil/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Ministerio del Interior |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General del Guarda Civil es in le Calle Guzmán el Bueno, 110, Madrid. Le complexe alberga le organos central del Direction General e altere services del Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/ca/el-ministerio/directorio/servicios-centrales/direccion-general-de-la-guardia-civil/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Ministerio del Interior |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Direction General del Guarda Civil]] en2ylmvysf9dn0k137wvqdu8uq17p4v 702639 702637 2026-10-06T21:06:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 702639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General del Guarda Civil''' (DGGC) es le organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Interne]] incaricate del ordenamento, direction, coordination e execution del missiones attribuite al [[Guarda Civil]] per le legislation vigente. Illo depende del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate, durante que su functiones es exercite secundo le directives del Ministerios de Affaires Interne e de Defensa in lor respective competentias. Le titular del Directorio General ha rango de subsecretario e exerce le commandamento directe del Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGGC coordina le services e le distribution del unitates del Guarda Civil, impulsa le planification del institution e mantene relationes con autoritates e organos national e estranier. Illo exerce tamben competentias concernente al personal, formation, recursos, armas e explosivos e le missiones de character militar attribuite al Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Origine e historia == Le origine del Directorio General se trova in le creation del Guarda Civil in 1844. Le decreto del 13 de maio 1844 establi le organisation del nove institution, e le Reglamento Militar del 15 de octobre 1844 regula su organisation, personal, disciplina e material. Le prime organo central de directorio esseva le Inspection General del Guarda Civil, con Francisco Javier Girón, Duque de Ahumada, como prime titular. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/destacados/efemerides/13-de-mayo-de-1844.-Segundo-decreto-fundacional-de-la-Guardia-Civil/ |title=13 de mayo de 1844. Segundo decreto fundacional de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 1859 le Inspection General esseva transformate in le Directorio General del Guarda Civil e Veterana, e in 1864 le organo adopta le denomination Directorio General del Guarda Civil. Durante le historia posterior, su denomination e relation administrative con le ministerios cambiava secundo le organisation del Stato. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/destacados/efemerides/28-de-abril-de-1882.-Creacion-de-una-Compania-de-Escribientes-y-Ordenanzas-en-la-Direccion-General/ |title=28 de abril de 1882. Creación de una Compañía de Escribientes y Ordenanzas en la Dirección General |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo democratic, le DGGC esseva temporarimente integrate con le Directorio General del Policia in un Directorio General del Policia e del Guarda Civil inter 2006 e 2011. In le fin de 2011 le duo organos directorial esseva separate de novo, durante que le coordination general remaneva in le Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. == Position institutional == Le DGGC es un organo directorial del Ministerio de Affaires Interne e depende hierarchicamente del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. Le Ministerio de Affaires Interne exerce le superior commandamento del Forces e Corpores de Securitate del Stato, durante que le Secretaria de Stato dirige, coordina e supervisiona le organos directorial que depende de illo. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le relation con le Ministerio de Defensa resulta del natura militar del Guarda Civil. Le Defense assume le competentias que le legislation attribue a illo in materia de promotiones e situationes del personal e in le missiones de character militar. Le Affaires Interne e Defense participa conjunctemente in certe materias concernente le selection, formation, armamento, displiegamento territorial e le nomination del titular del DGGC. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/destacados/efemerides/15-de-octubre-de-1844.-Se-aprueba-el-Reglamento-Militar-para-la-Guardia-Civil/ |title=15 de octubre de 1844. Se aprueba el Reglamento Militar para la Guardia Civil |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le titular del DGGC exerce le commandamento directe del Guarda Civil e dirige, impulsa e coordina le servicios e le distribution del unitates. Ille impulsa tamben le analyse, planification e developpamento de planos e projectos del institution e presenta le propositiones correspondente al Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Inter le altere competentias del Directorio General se trova le execution del politicas de personal, formation, equalitate e diversitate; le administration del recursos material e economic; le elaboration de propositiones normative; le competentias super armas e explosivos; e le execution del missiones militar que le Ministerio de Defensa attribue al Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le DGGC mantene tamben relationes con autoritates e entidades public e private e le coordination con organos de information national e estranier in le quadro de su competentias. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation central == Secundo le organisation actual, depende directemente del titular del DGGC le Directorio Adjuncte Operative, le Commandamento de Operationes, le Commandamento de Frontieras e Policia Maritime, le Commandamento de Personal e le Commandamento de Supporto. Existe tamben un Gabinete Technic, con nivello organic de subdirection general, que provide consilio e supporto al titular. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio Adjuncte Operative (DAO) es le prime organo auxiliar del titular del DGGC e assicura le directorio, coordination e cohesion global del institution. Illa coordina le activitate operative, propone le organisation e distribution territorial del unitates e impulsa le cooperation international e le collaboration con policias de altere paises. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Commandamento de Operationes == Le Commandamento de Operationes es responsabile del planification, impulso e coordination del servicios operative del Guarda Civil. Illo coordina le securitate citatan in su demarcation e le functiones concernente le vias de communication, traffico, transit e transporte in le vias public interurban. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Commandamento include le Stato Major e altere unitates operative. Le Stato Major es le principal organo auxiliar pro le preparation del decisiones, lor transformation in ordines e le controlo de lor execution. == Information e Policia Judicial == Sub le Directorio Adjuncte Operative se trova le Jefatura de Information, incaricate del obtention, reception, traitement, analyse e diffusion del informationes relevante pro le ordine e le securitate public. Su activitate include specialmente le lutte contra le terrorismo in le ambito national e international. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Jefatura de Policia Judicial organiza e gere le investigation e persecution del delictos. Illa dirige e coordina le investigationes concernente le criminalitate organisate, le criminalitate grave e altere investigationes que, per lor specialitate, require coordination central. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Commandamento de Frontieras e Policia Maritime == Le Commandamento de Frontieras e Policia Maritime dirige le competentias del Guarda Civil in materia de controlo del frontieras, fluxos migratori irregular e surveillance maritime. Le creation de iste commandamento in 2020 reuniava in un structure de commandamento le principal competentias concernente frontieras e policia maritime. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/eu/destacados/efemerides/4-de-agosto-de-2020.-Creacion-del-Mando-de-Fronteras-y-Policia-Maritima/ |title=4 de agosto de 2020. Creación del Mando de Fronteras y Policía Marítima |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Guarda Civil exerce tamben functiones de resguardo fiscal del Stato, controlo de certos fluxos transfrontier e cooperation con altere autoritates in portos e frontieras. == Commandamento de Personal == Le Commandamento de Personal es responsabile del areas concernente le personal del Guarda Civil. Le DGGC ha competentias in materia de politicas de personal, formation, equalitate e diversitate, in coordination con le quadro legal del personal del institution. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del personal include le gestion del carriera professional, formation e altere materias administrative e de recursos human. == Commandamento de Supporto == Le Commandamento de Supporto gere le recursos material e economic necessari al functionamento del Guarda Civil. Su activitate include le preparation e acquisition de equipamento, medios de transporte, naves, helicoptros, armamento, equipamento de transmission, sistemas de information e uniforme, secundo le programmation approbate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/es/institucional/conocenos/estructuraorganizacion/directora/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil: funciones y estructura |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 2024 esseva create in le Commandamento de Supporto un Jefatura de Innovation Digital, incaricate del planification strategic del transformation digital, su execution e controlo e le supporto al DGGC in materias de nove technologias. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3793 |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Organisation territorial == Le organisation territorial del Guarda Civil constitue le principal rete operative del institution. Le organisation periferic es basate super zonas, comandancias, companias e postos, structure consolidate con le reforma de 1997 que supprimeva le anterior escalones de tercios e lineas. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.guardiacivil.es/va/destacados/efemerides/20-de-octubre-de-1844.-Organizacion-del-primer-Tercio/ |title=20 de octubre de 1844. Organización del primer Tercio |publisher=Guardia Civil |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General coordina le displiegamento territorial e le distribution del unitates secundo le necessitates operative e le competentias attribuite al Guarda Civil. == Organo consultive == Le Consejo Superior del Guarda Civil e le Consejo del Guarda Civil es adscripte al Directorio General. Le Consejo Superior es presedite per le titular del DGGC e comprende officiales general del Guarda Civil in servicio active, con le participation de altere officiales general quando illes es convocate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Directorio General == Desde septembre 2024, le titular del Directorio General es María de las Mercedes González Fernández. Illa esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 931/2024, a proposition del ministros de Affaires Interne e de Defensa e post deliberation del Consejo de Ministros. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-18631 |title=Real Decreto 931/2024, de 17 de septiembre, por el que se nombra Directora General de la Guardia Civil a doña María de las Mercedes González Fernández |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le director adjuncte operative actual es le Teniente General Manuel Llamas Fernández. Le official directory del Ministerio de Affaires Interne identifica etiam le titulares del Commandamento de Operationes, Frontieras e Policia Maritime, Personal e Supporto. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/ca/el-ministerio/directorio/servicios-centrales/direccion-general-de-la-guardia-civil/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Ministerio del Interior |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Directorio General del Guarda Civil es in le Calle Guzmán el Bueno, 110, Madrid. Le complexe alberga le organos central del Directorio General e altere services del Guarda Civil. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/ca/el-ministerio/directorio/servicios-centrales/direccion-general-de-la-guardia-civil/ |title=Dirección General de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Ministerio del Interior |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Directorio General del Guarda Civil]] tkf2dki4o8y9w4a47mc52oiw5ynsuhd 0 61635 702640 701613 2026-10-06T21:07:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 702640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Director Adjuncte Operative''' (DAO) es un alte cargo del [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Interne]] de [[Espania]] que dirige e coordina le activitate operative del [[Guarda Civil]] o del [[Corpore National de Policia|Policia National]], secundo le caso. In le organisation actual existe un Director Adjuncte Operative pro cata un del duo corpores estatal de securitate. Le cargos ha nivel organic de subdirection general e depende del Director General correspondente.<ref name="boe">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |title=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> Le DAO es le principal collaboratore del Director General in materias operative. Su competentias include le direction, impulsion, coordination e supervision del activitates policial operative, le planification del recursos e le coordination del unitates que depende de illo. == Origine del cargo == Le figura del Director Adjuncte Operative esseva introducite in 2006 in le contexto del organisation commun del Direction General del Policia e del Guarda Civil. Le reforma establiva un DAO pro cata un del duo corpores. In 2011, le direction general commun esseva separate, ma le cargos de Director Adjuncte Operative esseva mantenite in le duo institutiones. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2006-16074 |title=Real Decreto 991/2006, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> In 2017 le cargos esseva suprimitte durante un reforma del organisation del Ministerio de Affaires Interne. In 2018 le figura esseva restabilite in le Guarda Civil e le Policia National. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/952/con |title=Real Decreto 952/2018, de 27 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio del Interior |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> == DAO del Policia National == Le Direction Adjuncte Operative del Policia National es un organo con nivel de subdirection general dependente directemente del Director General del Policia. Su function principal es collaborar con le Director General in le direction del mantenimento del ordine public e del securitate citatan, e diriger, coordinar e supervisar le unitates central, supraterritorial e territorial. Illo participa etiam in le definition del recursos human e material necessari pro le programas operative e in le planification strategic del transformation digital.<ref name="boe"/> Le DAO del Policia National es responsabile, secundo le directivas del Director General, del direction, impulsion e coordination del functiones policial operative. Al nivello central, iste activitate es exercite per le Commissariato General de Intelligentia, le Commissariato General de Policia Judicial, le Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan, le Commissariato General de Extranieria e Frontieras, le Commissariato General de Policia Scientific e le Division de Operationes e Transformation Digital.<ref name="boe"/> Le Commissariato General de Policia Judicial tracta le investigation e persecution de delictos supraterritorial, inter altere le criminalitate organize, economic, financiari e technologic. Le Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan coordina le prevention e mantenimento del ordine e securitate public. Le Commissariato General de Extranieria e Frontieras tracta le controlo del entrata e sortita del territorio e le investigation del redes de immigration illegal.<ref name="boe"/> Desde le 7 de martio 2026, le cargo de DAO del Policia National es occupate per le Commissario Principal José Luis Santafé Arnedo, nominate per le Ministro de Affaires Interne mediante Orden INT/178/2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-5330 |title=Orden INT/178/2026, de 6 de marzo, por la que se nombra Director Adjunto Operativo de la Dirección General de la Policía al Comisario Principal don José Luis Santafé Arnedo |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> == DAO del Guarda Civil == Le Direction Adjuncte Operative del Guarda Civil ha etiam nivel organic de subdirection general e es a cargo de un Tenente General del Guarda Civil in servicio active. Illo es le prime organo auxiliar del Director General del Guarda Civil e contribue al direction, coordination e cohésion global del institution.<ref name="boe"/> Inter su functiones se trova le coordination del unitates dependente, le preparation del strategia institutional e del planos strategic, le definition del recursos human e material necessari pro le activitate operative, e le proposition del organisation e distribution territorial del unitates. Le DAO pote etiam substituir le Director General in casos interin o accidental e presider le Consejo Superior del Guarda Civil quando le Director General non participa.<ref name="boe"/> Depende del DAO del Guarda Civil le Mando de Operationes, le Mando de Frontieras e Policia Maritime, le Jefatura de Intelligentia, le Jefatura de Policia Judicial, le Jefatura de Cooperation International e le Jefatura de Transformation Digital e Cybersecuritate.<ref name="boe"/> Le Mando de Operationes planifica e coordina le servicios operative del Guarda Civil e le securitate citatan in su demarcation. Le Mando de Frontieras e Policia Maritime exerce competentias concernente al controlo del frontieras, costas, portos, aeroportos e fluxos irregular. Le Jefatura de Policia Judicial organiza le investigation e persecution del delictos, con attention special al criminalitate organize e grave.<ref name="boe"/> Le Tenente General Manuel Llamas Fernández es le actual DAO del Guarda Civil. Ille esseva nominate per Orden INT/1355/2023, con effecto del 20 de decembre 2023. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-25781 |title=Orden INT/1355/2023, de 12 de diciembre, por la que se nombra Director Adjunto Operativo de la Dirección General de la Guardia Civil |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Director General == Le DAO non es un organo independente del Direction General. In le Policia National, ille depende directemente del Director General del Policia e exerce su competentias conforme al directivas de illo. In le Guarda Civil, le DAO depende directemente del Director General del Guarda Civil e dirige le unitates operative que le legislation attribue a illo.<ref name="boe"/> Le position distingue le direction general del institution del coordination del activitate operative. Le Director General conserva le commandamento direct del respectivo corpore, durante que le DAO coordina e dirige le execution operative secundo le competentias establite per le legislation. == Relation con le Ministerio de Affaires Interne == Le duo DAO participa al systema superior de coordination del Ministerio de Affaires Interne. Le Comite Executive de Coordination, presedite per le Secretario de Stato de Securitate, include le Directores Generales del Policia e del Guarda Civil e le duo Directores Adjuncte Operative, inter altere cargos superior.<ref name="boe"/> Le DAO opera assi in le quadro del systema de commandamento del Ministero de Affaires Interne, durante que le coordination strategic inter le Forces e Corpore de Securitate del Stato corresponde al Secretaria de Stato de Securitate e al altere organos previde per le lege. == Nomination e rang == Le DAO del Policia National es nominate per le Ministro de Affaires Interne secundo le procedura establite per le legislation del Policia National. Le nomination de José Luis Santafé Arnedo in 2026 esseva facite super proposition del Director General del Policia e con le informe del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-5330 |title=Orden INT/178/2026, de 6 de marzo, por la que se nombra Director Adjunto Operativo de la Dirección General de la Policía |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> Le DAO del Guarda Civil es occupate per un Tenente General in servicio active. Le nomination de Manuel Llamas Fernández esseva facite per le Ministro de Affaires Interne super proposition del Director General del Guarda Civil e con le conformitate del Secretario de Stato de Securitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-25781 |title=Orden INT/1355/2023, de 12 de diciembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=27 September 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026 le figura del Director Adjuncte Operative es presente in le duo principal corpores de securitate del Stato. Le DAO del Policia National es José Luis Santafé Arnedo desde martio 2026, durante que le DAO del Guarda Civil es Manuel Llamas Fernández desde decembre 2023. Le legislation vigente determina lor competentias e le relationes con le respective Directores General.<ref name="boe"/> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Subdirectores general de Espania]] [[Categoria:Directorio General del Policia]] [[Categoria:Directorio General del Guarda Civil]] ixxlsqjn9fo7oem4xpn8m4aw6yzk3et 14 61637 702604 701618 2026-10-06T21:00:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 702604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Guarda Civil (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1844]] scvk30pfimqifa8td2xq8n47ba89bua 702641 702604 2026-10-06T21:07:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 702641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 61643 702603 701631 2026-10-06T21:00:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 702603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 61740 702614 701916 2026-10-06T21:01:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] a [[Directorio General de Politica de Defensa]] 701916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Politica de Defensa''' (DIGENPOL) es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] incargate del [[planification]] e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] e coordina le competentias relative al politica de defensa, le relationes international del Ministerio e diverse materias de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le DIGENPOL es un organo directivo del Ministerio de Defensa e depende del Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa. == Functiones == Le principal function del DIGENPOL es le planification e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. In iste ambito, le organos competente del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate]] e del organismos autonome del Ministerio depende functionalmente del direction general pro le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias del DIGENPOL es: * sequer e evaluar le evolution del situation international in le campo del politica de securitate e defensa, specialmente in zonas de crise e altere areas de interesse; * elaborar le directivas del politica de defensa e sequer lor execution; * controlar le disveloppamento del Plan de Diplomatia de Defensa; * conducer e disveloppar le actiones resultante del relationes bilateral con altere Statos in materia de politica de defensa; * elaborar le lineas general de disveloppamento del directivas del politica de defensa pro le participation in organisationes international de securitate e defensa; * preparar, coordinar, controlar e supportar le elaboration de tractatos, accordos e conventiones international concernente le defensa e sequer lor execution; * elaborar le lineas general pro le participation de altere departamentos ministerial in le defensa national; * preparar e gestionar le contribution del Ministerio de Defensa al action del Stato pro facer fronte a situationes de crise e emergentia; * coordinar le contribution al planification civil de emergentia in le organisationes international; * disveloppar le action del Ministerio in materia de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento; * coordinar le participation del Ministerio in le organismos international de securitate e defensa; * coordinar le disveloppamento del politicas multilateral de defensa in le espacios commun global e in le lutte contra le cambiamento climatic, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Un parte important del activitate del DIGENPOL concerne le relationes international de defensa. Le direction general conduci e disveloppa le actiones resultante del relationes bilateral con altere Statos e prepara le lineas de politica de defensa pro le participation espaniol in organisationes international de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le DIGENPOL prepara e coordina etiam le tractatos, accordos e conventiones international que concerne le defensa. Illa participa al sequimento del application de iste instrumentos e coordina le activitate del Ministerio in le organismos international de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3791 |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction general prepara etiam le lineas general pro le participation de altere departamentos ministerial in le defensa national e coordina le contribution del Ministerio al action del Stato in situationes de crise e emergentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate, armamentos e disarmamento == Le DIGENPOL exerce competentias in materia de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento. Illa participa etiam al planification civil de emergentia in le organisationes international e al coordination del contributiones espaniol in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del DIGENPOL es distincte de illos del [[Direction General de Strategia e Innovation del Industria de Defensa]], que tracta le politicas industrial, technologicamente e de innovation del Ministerio. Le distinction es establite per le structura organic del Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Del DIGENPOL depende duo organos directivos: * le Subdirection General de Planes e Relationes International, incaricate del elaboration e sequimento del directivas del politica de defensa, le Plan de Diplomatia de Defensa, le relationes bilateral, le participation in organisationes international e le preparation de tractatos e accordos international; * le Subdirection General de Cooperation e Defensa Civil, incaricate del participation de altere departamentos in le defensa national, le gestion del contribution del Ministerio al situationes de crise e emergentia, le planification civil de emergentia e le materias de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subdirection General de Planes e Relationes International depende etiam le Officio de Application del Convention inter le Statos Membros del [[Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord|Tractato del Atlantico Nord]] relative al Statuto del lor Fortias e del accordo relative al Statuto del Fortias del Statos membro del Union Europee, cognoscite como EU SOFA. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa == Le DIGENPOL es subordinate al [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] (SEGENPOL), que es le organo directivo responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa, le promotion del cultura de defensa e le relationes international del Ministerio in iste campo. Le DIGENPOL es le organo specialisate incaricate de traducer iste orientamentos in planification e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículos 15 e 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le SEGENPOL ha etiam sub su dependentia le Division de Coordination e Studos de Securitate e Defensa (DICOES), durante que le DIGENPOL se concentra super le planification, relationes international, diplomatia de defensa e altere competentias establite in le articulo 16 del Real Decreto 205/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/ |titulo=Secretaría General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Politica de Defensa ha un longe trajectoria in le organisation del Ministerio de Defensa. Su competentias ha essite modificate conforme al reformas del structura organic del departamento. Le Real Decreto 64/2001, que establite le Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa con rango de Subsecretariato, redistributeva al nove organo parte del competentias que antea pertineva al Direction General de Politica de Defensa, specialmente in materia de elaboration del directivas del politica de defensa e del coordination del planification general del defensa. Le DIGENPOL remaneva como organo dependente del nove Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2001/01/26/64/dof/spa/pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 64/2001, de 26 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual es fundate super le Real Decreto 205/2024, que establi le DIGENPOL como organo directivo del SEGENPOL e defini su competentias e su duos subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Director General == Le Director General de Politica de Defensa es le titular del DIGENPOL. Le cargo es occupate actualmente per le tenente general Fernando López del Pozo. Le Ministerio de Defensa indica que ille es Director General de Politica de Defensa e identifica le sede del direction general in le Paseo de la Castellana, 109, Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/digenpol/ |titulo=Dirección General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> López del Pozo esseva nominate Director General de Politica de Defensa in 2021 e continuava in le cargo post le nove nomination in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2023/03/DGC-230331-toma-posesion-digenpol.html |titulo=Robles preside la toma de posesión de Fernando López del Pozo como director general de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Politica de Defensa es al Paseo de la Castellana 109, 28071 Madrid, ubi es situate le sede del Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa e altere organos del Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/digenpol/ |titulo=Dirección General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] 34zzjo8mtxj8kr4ii4uydsfspqtddq3 702616 702614 2026-10-06T21:01:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 702616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Politica de Defensa''' (DIGENPOL) es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] incargate del [[planification]] e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] e coordina le competentias relative al politica de defensa, le relationes international del Ministerio e diverse materias de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le DIGENPOL es un organo directivo del Ministerio de Defensa e depende del Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa. == Functiones == Le principal function del DIGENPOL es le planification e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. In iste ambito, le organos competente del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate]] e del organismos autonome del Ministerio depende functionalmente del direction general pro le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias del DIGENPOL es: * sequer e evaluar le evolution del situation international in le campo del politica de securitate e defensa, specialmente in zonas de crise e altere areas de interesse; * elaborar le directivas del politica de defensa e sequer lor execution; * controlar le disveloppamento del Plan de Diplomatia de Defensa; * conducer e disveloppar le actiones resultante del relationes bilateral con altere Statos in materia de politica de defensa; * elaborar le lineas general de disveloppamento del directivas del politica de defensa pro le participation in organisationes international de securitate e defensa; * preparar, coordinar, controlar e supportar le elaboration de tractatos, accordos e conventiones international concernente le defensa e sequer lor execution; * elaborar le lineas general pro le participation de altere departamentos ministerial in le defensa national; * preparar e gestionar le contribution del Ministerio de Defensa al action del Stato pro facer fronte a situationes de crise e emergentia; * coordinar le contribution al planification civil de emergentia in le organisationes international; * disveloppar le action del Ministerio in materia de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento; * coordinar le participation del Ministerio in le organismos international de securitate e defensa; * coordinar le disveloppamento del politicas multilateral de defensa in le espacios commun global e in le lutte contra le cambiamento climatic, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Un parte important del activitate del DIGENPOL concerne le relationes international de defensa. Le direction general conduci e disveloppa le actiones resultante del relationes bilateral con altere Statos e prepara le lineas de politica de defensa pro le participation espaniol in organisationes international de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le DIGENPOL prepara e coordina etiam le tractatos, accordos e conventiones international que concerne le defensa. Illa participa al sequimento del application de iste instrumentos e coordina le activitate del Ministerio in le organismos international de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3791 |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction general prepara etiam le lineas general pro le participation de altere departamentos ministerial in le defensa national e coordina le contribution del Ministerio al action del Stato in situationes de crise e emergentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate, armamentos e disarmamento == Le DIGENPOL exerce competentias in materia de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento. Illa participa etiam al planification civil de emergentia in le organisationes international e al coordination del contributiones espaniol in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del DIGENPOL es distincte de illos del [[Direction General de Strategia e Innovation del Industria de Defensa]], que tracta le politicas industrial, technologicamente e de innovation del Ministerio. Le distinction es establite per le structura organic del Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Del DIGENPOL depende duo organos directivos: * le Subdirection General de Planes e Relationes International, incaricate del elaboration e sequimento del directivas del politica de defensa, le Plan de Diplomatia de Defensa, le relationes bilateral, le participation in organisationes international e le preparation de tractatos e accordos international; * le Subdirection General de Cooperation e Defensa Civil, incaricate del participation de altere departamentos in le defensa national, le gestion del contribution del Ministerio al situationes de crise e emergentia, le planification civil de emergentia e le materias de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subdirection General de Planes e Relationes International depende etiam le Officio de Application del Convention inter le Statos Membros del [[Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord|Tractato del Atlantico Nord]] relative al Statuto del lor Fortias e del accordo relative al Statuto del Fortias del Statos membro del Union Europee, cognoscite como EU SOFA. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa == Le DIGENPOL es subordinate al [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] (SEGENPOL), que es le organo directivo responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa, le promotion del cultura de defensa e le relationes international del Ministerio in iste campo. Le DIGENPOL es le organo specialisate incaricate de traducer iste orientamentos in planification e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículos 15 e 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le SEGENPOL ha etiam sub su dependentia le Division de Coordination e Studos de Securitate e Defensa (DICOES), durante que le DIGENPOL se concentra super le planification, relationes international, diplomatia de defensa e altere competentias establite in le articulo 16 del Real Decreto 205/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/ |titulo=Secretaría General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Politica de Defensa ha un longe trajectoria in le organisation del Ministerio de Defensa. Su competentias ha essite modificate conforme al reformas del structura organic del departamento. Le Real Decreto 64/2001, que establite le Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa con rango de Subsecretariato, redistributeva al nove organo parte del competentias que antea pertineva al Direction General de Politica de Defensa, specialmente in materia de elaboration del directivas del politica de defensa e del coordination del planification general del defensa. Le DIGENPOL remaneva como organo dependente del nove Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2001/01/26/64/dof/spa/pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 64/2001, de 26 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual es fundate super le Real Decreto 205/2024, que establi le DIGENPOL como organo directivo del SEGENPOL e defini su competentias e su duos subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Director General == Le Director General de Politica de Defensa es le titular del DIGENPOL. Le cargo es occupate actualmente per le tenente general Fernando López del Pozo. Le Ministerio de Defensa indica que ille es Director General de Politica de Defensa e identifica le sede del direction general in le Paseo de la Castellana, 109, Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/digenpol/ |titulo=Dirección General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> López del Pozo esseva nominate Director General de Politica de Defensa in 2021 e continuava in le cargo post le nove nomination in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2023/03/DGC-230331-toma-posesion-digenpol.html |titulo=Robles preside la toma de posesión de Fernando López del Pozo como director general de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Politica de Defensa es al Paseo de la Castellana 109, 28071 Madrid, ubi es situate le sede del Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa e altere organos del Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/digenpol/ |titulo=Dirección General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] cgo7jldvyz4crtitbxxmysurnaovykt 702632 702616 2026-10-06T21:03:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 702632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Politica de Defensa''' (DIGENPOL) es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] incargate del [[planification]] e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] e coordina le competentias relative al politica de defensa, le relationes international del Ministerio e diverse materias de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le DIGENPOL es un organo directivo del Ministerio de Defensa e depende del Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa. == Functiones == Le principal function del DIGENPOL es le planification e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. In iste ambito, le organos competente del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate]] e del organismos autonome del Ministerio depende functionalmente del direction general pro le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias del DIGENPOL es: * sequer e evaluar le evolution del situation international in le campo del politica de securitate e defensa, specialmente in zonas de crise e altere areas de interesse; * elaborar le directivas del politica de defensa e sequer lor execution; * controlar le disveloppamento del Plan de Diplomatia de Defensa; * conducer e disveloppar le actiones resultante del relationes bilateral con altere Statos in materia de politica de defensa; * elaborar le lineas general de disveloppamento del directivas del politica de defensa pro le participation in organisationes international de securitate e defensa; * preparar, coordinar, controlar e supportar le elaboration de tractatos, accordos e conventiones international concernente le defensa e sequer lor execution; * elaborar le lineas general pro le participation de altere departamentos ministerial in le defensa national; * preparar e gestionar le contribution del Ministerio de Defensa al action del Stato pro facer fronte a situationes de crise e emergentia; * coordinar le contribution al planification civil de emergentia in le organisationes international; * disveloppar le action del Ministerio in materia de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento; * coordinar le participation del Ministerio in le organismos international de securitate e defensa; * coordinar le disveloppamento del politicas multilateral de defensa in le espacios commun global e in le lutte contra le cambiamento climatic, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Un parte important del activitate del DIGENPOL concerne le relationes international de defensa. Le direction general conduci e disveloppa le actiones resultante del relationes bilateral con altere Statos e prepara le lineas de politica de defensa pro le participation espaniol in organisationes international de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le DIGENPOL prepara e coordina etiam le tractatos, accordos e conventiones international que concerne le defensa. Illa participa al sequimento del application de iste instrumentos e coordina le activitate del Ministerio in le organismos international de securitate e defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3791 |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction general prepara etiam le lineas general pro le participation de altere departamentos ministerial in le defensa national e coordina le contribution del Ministerio al action del Stato in situationes de crise e emergentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate, armamentos e disarmamento == Le DIGENPOL exerce competentias in materia de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento. Illa participa etiam al planification civil de emergentia in le organisationes international e al coordination del contributiones espaniol in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del DIGENPOL es distincte de illos del [[Direction General de Strategia e Innovation del Industria de Defensa]], que tracta le politicas industrial, technologicamente e de innovation del Ministerio. Le distinction es establite per le structura organic del Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Del DIGENPOL depende duo organos directivos: * le Subdirection General de Planes e Relationes International, incaricate del elaboration e sequimento del directivas del politica de defensa, le Plan de Diplomatia de Defensa, le relationes bilateral, le participation in organisationes international e le preparation de tractatos e accordos international; * le Subdirection General de Cooperation e Defensa Civil, incaricate del participation de altere departamentos in le defensa national, le gestion del contribution del Ministerio al situationes de crise e emergentia, le planification civil de emergentia e le materias de controlo del armamentos, non-proliferation e disarmamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subdirection General de Planes e Relationes International depende etiam le Officio de Application del Convention inter le Statos Membros del [[Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord|Tractato del Atlantico Nord]] relative al Statuto del lor Fortias e del accordo relative al Statuto del Fortias del Statos membro del Union Europee, cognoscite como EU SOFA. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa == Le DIGENPOL es subordinate al [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] (SEGENPOL), que es le organo directivo responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa, le promotion del cultura de defensa e le relationes international del Ministerio in iste campo. Le DIGENPOL es le organo specialisate incaricate de traducer iste orientamentos in planification e disveloppamento del politica de defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículos 15 e 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le SEGENPOL ha etiam sub su dependentia le Division de Coordination e Studos de Securitate e Defensa (DICOES), durante que le DIGENPOL se concentra super le planification, relationes international, diplomatia de defensa e altere competentias establite in le articulo 16 del Real Decreto 205/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/ |titulo=Secretaría General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Politica de Defensa ha un longe trajectoria in le organisation del Ministerio de Defensa. Su competentias ha essite modificate conforme al reformas del structura organic del departamento. Le Real Decreto 64/2001, que establite le Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa con rango de Subsecretariato, redistributeva al nove organo parte del competentias que antea pertineva al Direction General de Politica de Defensa, specialmente in materia de elaboration del directivas del politica de defensa e del coordination del planification general del defensa. Le DIGENPOL remaneva como organo dependente del nove Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2001/01/26/64/dof/spa/pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 64/2001, de 26 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual es fundate super le Real Decreto 205/2024, que establi le DIGENPOL como organo directivo del SEGENPOL e defini su competentias e su duos subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/205/con |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Director General == Le Director General de Politica de Defensa es le titular del DIGENPOL. Le cargo es occupate actualmente per le tenente general Fernando López del Pozo. Le Ministerio de Defensa indica que ille es Director General de Politica de Defensa e identifica le sede del direction general in le Paseo de la Castellana, 109, Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/digenpol/ |titulo=Dirección General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> López del Pozo esseva nominate Director General de Politica de Defensa in 2021 e continuava in le cargo post le nove nomination in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2023/03/DGC-230331-toma-posesion-digenpol.html |titulo=Robles preside la toma de posesión de Fernando López del Pozo como director general de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Politica de Defensa es al Paseo de la Castellana 109, 28071 Madrid, ubi es situate le sede del Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa e altere organos del Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/segenpol/digenpol/ |titulo=Dirección General de Política de Defensa |sitioweb=Ministerio de Defensa |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] m5zy9bxmkmbh6ux20djxbwqxq6ea8qk 0 61814 702668 702180 2026-10-07T05:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 702668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne''' es un universitate public francese de [[Paris]], specialisate principalmente in le [[scientias human e social]], le derecto, le scientias politic, le economia, le gestion, le historia del arte, le archeologia e le artes. Illa es un établissement public a character scientific, cultural e professional e ha su sede al 12, place du Panthéon, in le [[5e arrondissement de Paris]]. Create in 1971 in le quadro del reorganisation del Universitate de Paris post le eventos de 1968, le universitate combina le hereditage del [[Sorbonne]] con celle del ancian Facultate de Derecto e de Scientias Economic de Paris.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation |titulo=Présentation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000050673126 |titulo=Code de l'éducation, article D711-1 |sitioweb=Légifrance |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nom de Panthéon-Sorbonne == Le denomination Panthéon-Sorbonne reflecte le duo principal polos historic del universitate. Le Sorbonne representa le hereditage del ancian Universitate de Paris e del collegio fundate per Robert de Sorbon. Le Panthéon allude al principal sede del Facultate de Derecto de Paris, situate super le [[Place du Panthéon]] e hodie integrate in le rete del Universitate Paris 1. Le sede administrative del universitate es al 12, place du Panthéon. Le institution occupa etiam locales in le Sorbonne e in numerose altere sitios academic de Paris e del region [[Île-de-France]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/Statuts_Universite_Paris_1_Pantheon_Sorbonne.pdf |titulo=Statuts de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Origines medieval e tradition del Sorbonne === Le historia intellectual del universitate se liga al origine del [[Universitate de Paris]], que se formava inter le [[seculo XII]] e le initio del [[seculo XIII]]. In 1200, [[Philippe Auguste]] accordava un prime recognition juridic al universitarios de Paris. Le bulla papal ''Parens Scientiarum'' de 1231 confirmava le autonomia del institution e establiva un quadro pro su grados e privilegios. In 1253, [[Robert de Sorbon]] fundava un collegio pro estudiantes de theologia. Le institution, cognoscite ulteriormente como le Sorbonne, esseva establite como collegio in 1257 e deveniva un del centros le plus importante del Universitate de Paris.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite |titulo=Histoire de l'université |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121123711/https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite |archivedate=2023-01-21 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> Durante le [[Medievo]], le Universitate de Paris deveniva un importante centro europee de education e de investigation intellectual. Le Sorbonne se specialisava particularmente in le theologia, durante que le universitates e collegios del Quartier Latin se developpava in altere campos del cognoscentia. === Del Ancian Regime al Universitate de Paris moderne === In le [[seculo XVII]], le [[Cardinal de Richelieu]] deveniva proviseur del Sorbonne in 1622 e initiava importante obras de renovation e expansion. Le nove edificios del Sorbonne contribueva al transformation del institution in un del principal centros intellectual del regno. Le Revolution Francese interrompeva le organisation traditional del Universitate de Paris. Le ancian collegios esseva supprimite e le institution esseva reorganisate. In 1806, [[Napoleon I]] reorganisava le systema de education superior e establiva in Paris cinque facultates: theologia, scientias, litteras, derecto e medicina. Le Sorbonne deveniva le sede de plure de illos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite |titulo=Histoire de l'université |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121123711/https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite |archivedate=2023-01-21 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> In 1896, le Universitate de Paris esseva recreate como un institution que reuniva le cinque facultates. Le Sorbonne deveniva su principal sede academic. Le actual edificio del Sorbonne esseva construite inter 1885 e 1901 sub le direction de Henri-Paul Nénot, in le quadro del grande reforma del education superior francese del fin del seculo XIX.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sorbonne.fr/en/the-sorbonne/history-of-the-sorbonne/la-sorbonne-au-xxe-siecle-de-lancienne-universite-de-paris-aux-13-universites-parisiennes/ |titulo=The Sorbonne in the 20th century |sitioweb=Chancellerie des Universités de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le reforma de 1968 e creation de Paris 1 === Le [[Mai 1968]] provoca un profunde crise del systema universitari francese. Le Universitate de Paris esseva disaggregate e le ancian facultates esseva repartite inter nove universitates pluridisciplinari. Le actual Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne esseva create in le quadro de iste reforma. Le Universitate Paris 1 esseva erigite como établissement public a partir del 1 de januario 1971, per le decreto del 23 de decembre 1970 que erigeva nove universitates, inter illes Paris-I, como établissements publics a character scientific e cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000850542 |titulo=Décret du 23 décembre 1970 portant érection d'universités et instituts nationaux polytechniques en établissements publics à caractère scientifique et culturel |sitioweb=Légifrance |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove universitate reuniva elementos del ancian Facultate de Derecto e de Scientias Economic de Paris con elementos del ancian facultates de litteras e scientias human. Su projecto esseva ab initio pluridisciplinari, associando le derecto e le economia con le historia, geographia, philosophia, historia del arte, archeologia e altere disciplinas. Le Universitate Paris 1 se developpava durante le decennios sequente per le creation de nove centros de education e de investigation. Inter le prime importante infrastructuras se trovava le centro de [[Pierre-Mendès-France]] e le centro dedicate al artes plastic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite |titulo=Histoire de l'université |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121123711/https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite |archivedate=2023-01-21 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> == Organisation academic == Le universitate es organise in 10 Unitates de Formation e de Recerca (UFR) e 4 institutos. Le formationes es repartite inter tres grande polos disciplinari: derecto e scientia politic; scientias economic e gestion; e artes, scientias human e social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/formation |titulo=Formation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal UFR e escolas comprende: * le École de Droit de la Sorbonne; * le École d'Économie de la Sorbonne; * le École d'Histoire de l'Art e d'Archéologie de la Sorbonne; * le École des Arts de la Sorbonne; * le École de Management de la Sorbonne; * le UFR de Geographia; * le École d'Histoire de la Sorbonne; * le UFR de Philosophia e Sociologia; * le École de Scientia Politic de la Sorbonne; * le UFR de Mathematic e Informatica.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/D%C3%A9lib%C3%A9ration%20CA_2024-01-25_01%20-%20SPSI%202023-2024%20UP1PS.pdf |titulo=Liste des composantes et instituts de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le institutos principal include le Institut de Demographia del Universitate Paris 1, le Institut de Studios del Disveloppamento del Sorbonne, le Institut del Scientias Social del Labor e le Institut de Recerca e de Studios Superior del Turismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/Statuts_Universite_Paris_1_Pantheon_Sorbonne.pdf |titulo=Statuts de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation == Le Universitate Paris 1 offere formationes al nivellos de [[licentia]], [[master]] e [[doctorato]], assi como formationes continue e diplomas universitari. Su offerta comprende 22 licentias, 18 duple licentias, 418 percursos de master e 71 diplomas universitari, secundo le presentation institutional actual.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/formation |titulo=Formation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le campos del formation include derecto, scientia politic, economia, gestion, mathematic e informatica, historia, geographia, philosophia, historia del arte, archeologia, artes plastic e scientias del arte. Le École de Droit de la Sorbonne reunite le principal formationes e equipes de recerca juridic del universitate. Le pôle de artes e scientias human include inter altere historia, geographia, philosophia, historia del arte, archeologia e artes plastic. Le pôle de scientias economic e de gestion include economia, gestion e economia de interprisa, mathematic e informatica.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/formation |titulo=Formation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Recerca == Le recerca es un componente central del universitate. Paris 1 dispone de 37 unitates de recerca e 10 escolas doctoral. In le anno academic 2025–2026, le universitate contava 2 028 doctorantes e doctorantes, e in 2025 esseva sustenite 288 theses e 35 habilitationes a diriger le recerca.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://recherche.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ |titulo=La recherche à Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le unitates de recerca opera in plure campos del scientias human e social, del derecto, del scientias politic, del economia e del gestion. Plure unitates es associate al [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS]] o al [[Institut de recherche pour le développement|IRD]], e le universitate participa a structuras collaborative como le [[Campus Condorcet]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/sites/default/files/2024-10/20240930_dossier_presse_2024-2025.pdf |titulo=Une université pour et par la recherche |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le École d'Histoire de la Sorbonne constitue un del principal polos historic del universitate. Le departemento combina formationes in historia con recerca super plure periodos e campos del scientias social e dispone de plure bibliothecas specialisate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://histoire.pantheonsorbonne.fr/lecole/presentation-generale-lecole-dhistoire-sorbonne |titulo=Présentation générale de l'École d'histoire de la Sorbonne |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sitos e campus == Le universitate non es concentrate in un sol campus. Illa ha 26 sitios o centros in le region Île-de-France, includente plure locos historic in le Quartier Latin e nove campus developpate durante le ultime decennios.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation |titulo=Présentation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal sitios se trova le Centre Pierre-Mendès-France, le campus de Saint-Charles, le Campus Port-Royal, le [[Institut de géographie]], le [[Institut national d'histoire de l'art]] e le sites del [[Campus Condorcet]]. Le Centre Pierre-Mendès-France, inaugurate in 1973 e sovente nominate ''Tolbiac'', es un del principal centros de education del universitate. Le Campus Port-Royal ha essite developpate pro le formationes juridic e es devenite un altere polo important del institution. In 2026, le Centre La Chapelle esseva officialmente inaugurate post haber aperite al estudiantes e al personal in januario del mesme anno. Le nove centro constitue un nove etapa in le disveloppamento del rete spatial del universitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/actualite/le-centre-la-chapelle-officiellement-inaugure-nouveau-chapitre-luniversite |titulo=Le centre La Chapelle officiellement inauguré : un nouveau chapitre pour l'université |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bibliothecas == Le universitate dispone de un importante rete de bibliothecas e centros de documentation. Le documentation universitaria es organisate in un Service commun de la documentation, con bibliothecas integrate e altere bibliothecas associate. Le collections servi le principal campos de formation e recerca del universitate, in particular le derecto, le scientias economic, le historia, le geographia, le philosophia, le historia del arte e le archeologia. Le estudiantes e recercatores ha etiam accesso a bibliothecas interuniversitari del Quartier Latin, inter illas le [[Bibliotheca interuniversitari de la Sorbonne]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/contacts |titulo=Contacts |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Internationalisation == Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne ha un importante rete de cooperation international. Secundo le datos institutional actual, le universitate ha 322 institutiones partner in 73 paises e participa in le [[Una Europa]], un alliance de 11 institutiones universitari europee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation |titulo=Présentation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cooperation international include mobilitate del estudiantes e recercatores, programas de formation conjuncte, projectos de recerca e partenariatos interuniversitari. Le universitate accoglie etiam un important numero de estudiantes international e participa al programma europee de mobilitate. Le Universitate Paris 1 es membro del Campus Condorcet e participa a plure collaborationes institutional in le campo del scientias human e social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/sites/default/files/2024-10/20240930_dossier_presse_2024-2025.pdf |titulo=Une université pour et par la recherche |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation e governamento == Como établissement public francese, le Universitate Paris 1 es administrate per un presidente, un [[Consilio de Administration]] e un [[Consilio academic]]. Le statutos del universitate attribue al presidente le administration del institution, durante que le Consilio de Administration decide per su deliberationes e le Consilio academic exerce le competentias que le lege e le statutos attribue a illo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/sites/default/files/inline-files/Statuts_Universite_Paris_1_Pantheon_Sorbonne.pdf |titulo=Statuts de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le presidente actual es Christine Neau-Leduc, professore de derecto private. Illa esseva eligite presidente pro le prime vice in 2021 e reeligite le 24 de april 2025 pro un secunde mandato, comenciante le 25 de april 2025.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/actualite/christine-neau-leduc-reelue-presidente-luniversite |titulo=Christine Neau-Leduc réélue présidente de l'université |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Effectivos e dimensiones == Secundo le datos institutional publicate in 2026, le universitate accompania plus de 46 000 estudiantes per anno e conta circa 1 500 docentes e docentes-recercatores. Illa ha un budget annual de circa 250 milliones de euros e se extende super 26 sitios o centros in Île-de-France.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation |titulo=Présentation |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cifras pote variar secundo le anno academic e le modo de calcul del effectivos. Le universitate distingue inter estudiantes, docentes e docentes-recercatores, personale administrative e de bibliothecas, recercatores associate e altere membros del communitate academic. == Heritage academic == Le identitate de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne se basa super le combination de un hereditage institutional que remonta al Universitate de Paris medieval e un organisation create in le [[1970]]–[[1971]]. Le nom del Sorbonne conserva le memoria del collegio fundate per Robert de Sorbon e del central rolo que le ancian Universitate de Paris habeva in le historia intellectual europee. Le referentia al Panthéon rememora le sede del ancian Facultate de Derecto e le implantation historic del institution in le Quartier Latin. Durante su historia moderne, Paris 1 ha expandite su disciplinas al beyond del traditiones del derecto, del historia e del economia, includente le mathematica applicate, le informatica, le artes plastic, le turismo, le communication e altere campos interdisciplinari.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/archives/publications/luniversite-paris-1-pantheon-sorbonne |titulo=L'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne : Cinquante ans entre utopie et réalités (1971-2021) |sitioweb=Archives de l'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne es un institution public pluridisciplinari con un forte concentration super le scientias human e social, le derecto, le scientias politic, le economia e le gestion. Illa combina sites historic del Quartier Latin con nove campus in Paris e in le region Île-de-France. Le universitate continua a developpar su rete de formation e recerca, con nove infrastructuras como le Centre La Chapelle, aperite in 2026, e con un crescente participation in cooperationes europee e international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/actualite/le-centre-la-chapelle-officiellement-inaugure-nouveau-chapitre-luniversite |titulo=Le centre La Chapelle officiellement inauguré : un nouveau chapitre pour l'université |sitioweb=Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Universitate Paris-I-Panthéon-Sorbonne| ]] [[Categoria:Establimento scholar fundate in 1971]] 2gexbndvlepd9u5uz8aizan0yw2dww3 0 61861 702620 702436 2026-10-06T21:02:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Stratas]] a [[Directorio General de Stratas]] 702436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Stratas''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]] e del exercitio del competentias statal in materia de infrastructuras routier. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]], que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4865 |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es responsabile del planification, projecto, construction, conservation e exploitation del stratas del Stato. Le normativa vigente integra iste activitates con objectivos de securitate routier, descarbonisation, mobilitate sostenibile, resiliente al cambio climatic e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro institutional == Le administration del stratas del Stato ha essite traditionally un del principal areas del politica del infrastructuras public de Espania. Le actual quadro institutional del Direction General es definite per le Lege 37/2015, de Stratas e per le regulamentos que developpa le organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpa le structura organic del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e establi le actual distribution del competentias del Direction General de Stratas. Le texto ha essite ulteriormente modificate, con un ultime actualisation publicate le 27 de februario 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le structura ministerial actual, le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre insimul con le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrovias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le principal function del Direction General es le administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]]. Illa developpa e seque le planification del rete conforme al instrumentos previde per le Lege 37/2015 e altere instrumentos de planification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le elaboration, supervision e approbation del studios prealabile e informative, le analyses de rentabilitate socio-ambiental e le studios de rentabilitate economic, social, ambiental e financiari. Iste activitates include etiam le tramitation ambiental necessari pro le projectos routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta etiam le studios de viabilitate de concessiones routier e le inspection e controlo de stratas exploitate per concession o altere formas de gestion indirecte. Illa coordina etiam le concessiones de areas de servicio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area importante es le gestion del patrimonio routier. Isto include le defense e uso correcte del zonas de dominio public, servitute, affection e influentia del , assi como le gestion del transferimento de tramos al municipalitates e del cambios de titularitate inter administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Projectos e construction == Le Direction General prepara, seque e controla le anteprojectos e projectos de construction concernente nove traciatos, adaptationes, duplicationes de carregiata e stratas de configuration 2+1. Illa tracta etiam le projectos de rehabilitation, reparo e melioramento del infrastructuras existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es responsabile del gestion e controlo del construction e del qualitate del obras, includente le sequimento technic e le controlo economic del execution e del incidencias del projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo realisa etiam auditorias de securitate routier del projectos e del fases precedente al entrata in servicio, in le quadro del legislation super le gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier. Iste competentias es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio del Affaires Interne in materia de regulation e vigilancia del traffico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-1425 |titulo=Real Decreto 61/2022, de 25 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conservation e gestion del rete == Le conservation del stratas del Stato es un del principal functiones del Direction General. Illa include le operationes de viabilitate, conservation ordinari, reparo e altere interventiones necessari pro garantir le qualitate del servicio public routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha implementate un politica de gestion de activos routier, basate super standards internationalmente recognoscite. Illa realisa inspectiones e recognitiones del stato del elementos del strata e programma melioramentos, reparationes e rehabilitationes secundo le information obtenite del sistemas de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include tamben le gestion del rumor routier, le elaboration del mapas de rumor e le correspondente planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General mantene le inventario del rete e realisa analyses e statisticas del accidentes routier. Illa contribue al evaluation e gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier in servicio e coordina le formation del auditores de securitate routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sostenibilitate e innovation == Le politica del Direction General include le adaptation del rete al cambio climatic, le descarbonisation e le efficacitate energetic. Illa elabora e controla strategias concernente le efficacitate energetic del Rete de Stratas del Stato e le resiliente e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere linea de activitate es le promotion del mobilitate cyclabile. Le Direction General promueve infrastructuras que permitte un rete continue e secur pro le cyclistas e collabora con le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e altere administrationes public pro coordinar iste politicas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General developpa etiam innovationes technologic e le digitalisation del gestion del rete. Isto include le gestion del datos durante tote le ciclo de vita del strata e le utilisation de metodologias [[BIM]] pro studios, projectos e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al politicas national e europee de [[recerca, disveloppamento e innovation]] in materia de stratas e representa le Ministerio in programas, foros e organisationes specialisate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General de Stratas depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]. Le regulation organic divide su activitates inter cinque subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Planification e Exploitation exerce le competentias concernente le planification del rete, le studios preliminar e informative, le concessiones, le patrimonio routier e le exploitation. Le Subdirection General de Projectos e Obras se ocupa del projectos de nove infrastructuras, adaptationes, duplicationes, stratas 2+1 e del construction e controlo del obras. Le Subdirection General de Conservation e Gestion de Activos es responsabile del conservation, gestion de activos, securitate routier in servicio, rumor e analyses de accidentalitate. Le Subdirection General de Sostenibilitate e Innovation tracta le mobilitate cyclabile, efficacitate energetic, descarbonisation, resiliente, adaptation al cambio climatic, innovation e recerca. Le Subdirection General de Coordination tracta le materias concernente le budget, contractos, acquisitiones, expropriationes, fundos europee e conventiones e protocollos del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Demarcationes de Stratas == Le Direction General coordina le activitate del Demarcationes de Stratas, que constitue le structura territorial del administration statal del rete routier. Illas participa in le implementation territorial del planos, projectos, conservation e exploitation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General establi methodologies e criterios commun pro le implementation coordinata de planos strategic, lineas de action e projectos per le differente Demarcationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Rete de Stratas del Stato == Le Direction General administra le infrastructuras routier que forma parte del Rete de Stratas del Stato, distincte del retes routier dependente del Communitates Autonome, deputationes provincial e municipalitates. Le administration statal se concentra super le vias que ha un function de interesse general e que es de competentia del Stato conforme al quadro constitutional e al Lege 37/2015. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de stratas |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le rete include autovias, autopistas, stratas conventional e altere traciatos routier del Stato. Le Direction General assume le responsabilitate super lor planification, construction, conservation e exploitation secundo le competentias previde per le lege e le structura organic del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate e coordination interadministrative == Le Direction General participa in le coordination con le autoritates competente in materia de regulation, ordination, gestion, vigilance e disciplina del traffico. Su competentia concerne principalmente le infrastructura routier, durante que le securitate del traffico in su dimension de regulation e vigilance pertine etiam a altere organos del Administration del Stato e al administrationes territorial secundo lor competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In casos de emergentia, le Direction General pote participar in le organos de coordination constitute pro le gestion del incidentes que afecta le infrastructuras routier. Illa collabora con le autoritates competente pro mantener le viabilitate e le securitate del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General de Stratas ha su sede administrative in Paseo de la Castellana 67, 28071 Madrid. Le adresse figura in le documentation official del BOE concernente le contrationes del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-47113 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General de Carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le Direction General de Stratas es le principal organo del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile pro le administration del stratas de competentia statal. Le structura vigente, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024 e su modificationes ulterior, combina le planification e construction traditional con le conservation del activos, securitate infrastructural, descarbonisation, innovation e digitalisation del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General continua a esser le organo incaricate de garantir que le Rete de Stratas del Stato es planificate, construite, conservate e exploitate secundo le normas technic e administrative applicabile. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Direction General de Stratas| ]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1785]] o0ufgz8v1hizdenzve9lklbbs91a2ty 702622 702620 2026-10-06T21:02:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 702622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Stratas''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]] e del exercitio del competentias statal in materia de infrastructuras routier. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]], que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4865 |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es responsabile del planification, projecto, construction, conservation e exploitation del stratas del Stato. Le normativa vigente integra iste activitates con objectivos de securitate routier, descarbonisation, mobilitate sostenibile, resiliente al cambio climatic e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro institutional == Le administration del stratas del Stato ha essite traditionally un del principal areas del politica del infrastructuras public de Espania. Le actual quadro institutional del Direction General es definite per le Lege 37/2015, de Stratas e per le regulamentos que developpa le organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpa le structura organic del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e establi le actual distribution del competentias del Direction General de Stratas. Le texto ha essite ulteriormente modificate, con un ultime actualisation publicate le 27 de februario 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le structura ministerial actual, le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre insimul con le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrovias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le principal function del Direction General es le administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]]. Illa developpa e seque le planification del rete conforme al instrumentos previde per le Lege 37/2015 e altere instrumentos de planification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le elaboration, supervision e approbation del studios prealabile e informative, le analyses de rentabilitate socio-ambiental e le studios de rentabilitate economic, social, ambiental e financiari. Iste activitates include etiam le tramitation ambiental necessari pro le projectos routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta etiam le studios de viabilitate de concessiones routier e le inspection e controlo de stratas exploitate per concession o altere formas de gestion indirecte. Illa coordina etiam le concessiones de areas de servicio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area importante es le gestion del patrimonio routier. Isto include le defense e uso correcte del zonas de dominio public, servitute, affection e influentia del , assi como le gestion del transferimento de tramos al municipalitates e del cambios de titularitate inter administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Projectos e construction == Le Direction General prepara, seque e controla le anteprojectos e projectos de construction concernente nove traciatos, adaptationes, duplicationes de carregiata e stratas de configuration 2+1. Illa tracta etiam le projectos de rehabilitation, reparo e melioramento del infrastructuras existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es responsabile del gestion e controlo del construction e del qualitate del obras, includente le sequimento technic e le controlo economic del execution e del incidencias del projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo realisa etiam auditorias de securitate routier del projectos e del fases precedente al entrata in servicio, in le quadro del legislation super le gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier. Iste competentias es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio del Affaires Interne in materia de regulation e vigilancia del traffico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-1425 |titulo=Real Decreto 61/2022, de 25 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conservation e gestion del rete == Le conservation del stratas del Stato es un del principal functiones del Direction General. Illa include le operationes de viabilitate, conservation ordinari, reparo e altere interventiones necessari pro garantir le qualitate del servicio public routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha implementate un politica de gestion de activos routier, basate super standards internationalmente recognoscite. Illa realisa inspectiones e recognitiones del stato del elementos del strata e programma melioramentos, reparationes e rehabilitationes secundo le information obtenite del sistemas de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include tamben le gestion del rumor routier, le elaboration del mapas de rumor e le correspondente planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General mantene le inventario del rete e realisa analyses e statisticas del accidentes routier. Illa contribue al evaluation e gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier in servicio e coordina le formation del auditores de securitate routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sostenibilitate e innovation == Le politica del Direction General include le adaptation del rete al cambio climatic, le descarbonisation e le efficacitate energetic. Illa elabora e controla strategias concernente le efficacitate energetic del Rete de Stratas del Stato e le resiliente e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere linea de activitate es le promotion del mobilitate cyclabile. Le Direction General promueve infrastructuras que permitte un rete continue e secur pro le cyclistas e collabora con le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e altere administrationes public pro coordinar iste politicas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General developpa etiam innovationes technologic e le digitalisation del gestion del rete. Isto include le gestion del datos durante tote le ciclo de vita del strata e le utilisation de metodologias [[BIM]] pro studios, projectos e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al politicas national e europee de [[recerca, disveloppamento e innovation]] in materia de stratas e representa le Ministerio in programas, foros e organisationes specialisate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General de Stratas depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]. Le regulation organic divide su activitates inter cinque subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Planification e Exploitation exerce le competentias concernente le planification del rete, le studios preliminar e informative, le concessiones, le patrimonio routier e le exploitation. Le Subdirection General de Projectos e Obras se ocupa del projectos de nove infrastructuras, adaptationes, duplicationes, stratas 2+1 e del construction e controlo del obras. Le Subdirection General de Conservation e Gestion de Activos es responsabile del conservation, gestion de activos, securitate routier in servicio, rumor e analyses de accidentalitate. Le Subdirection General de Sostenibilitate e Innovation tracta le mobilitate cyclabile, efficacitate energetic, descarbonisation, resiliente, adaptation al cambio climatic, innovation e recerca. Le Subdirection General de Coordination tracta le materias concernente le budget, contractos, acquisitiones, expropriationes, fundos europee e conventiones e protocollos del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Demarcationes de Stratas == Le Direction General coordina le activitate del Demarcationes de Stratas, que constitue le structura territorial del administration statal del rete routier. Illas participa in le implementation territorial del planos, projectos, conservation e exploitation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General establi methodologies e criterios commun pro le implementation coordinata de planos strategic, lineas de action e projectos per le differente Demarcationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Rete de Stratas del Stato == Le Direction General administra le infrastructuras routier que forma parte del Rete de Stratas del Stato, distincte del retes routier dependente del Communitates Autonome, deputationes provincial e municipalitates. Le administration statal se concentra super le vias que ha un function de interesse general e que es de competentia del Stato conforme al quadro constitutional e al Lege 37/2015. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de stratas |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le rete include autovias, autopistas, stratas conventional e altere traciatos routier del Stato. Le Direction General assume le responsabilitate super lor planification, construction, conservation e exploitation secundo le competentias previde per le lege e le structura organic del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate e coordination interadministrative == Le Direction General participa in le coordination con le autoritates competente in materia de regulation, ordination, gestion, vigilance e disciplina del traffico. Su competentia concerne principalmente le infrastructura routier, durante que le securitate del traffico in su dimension de regulation e vigilance pertine etiam a altere organos del Administration del Stato e al administrationes territorial secundo lor competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In casos de emergentia, le Direction General pote participar in le organos de coordination constitute pro le gestion del incidentes que afecta le infrastructuras routier. Illa collabora con le autoritates competente pro mantener le viabilitate e le securitate del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General de Stratas ha su sede administrative in Paseo de la Castellana 67, 28071 Madrid. Le adresse figura in le documentation official del BOE concernente le contrationes del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-47113 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General de Carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le Direction General de Stratas es le principal organo del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile pro le administration del stratas de competentia statal. Le structura vigente, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024 e su modificationes ulterior, combina le planification e construction traditional con le conservation del activos, securitate infrastructural, descarbonisation, innovation e digitalisation del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General continua a esser le organo incaricate de garantir que le Rete de Stratas del Stato es planificate, construite, conservate e exploitate secundo le normas technic e administrative applicabile. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Direction General de Stratas| ]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1785]] 5bgjn72j6l3i2ea61etk9jbr2cxsuyu 702634 702622 2026-10-06T21:04:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 702634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Stratas''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]] e del exercitio del competentias statal in materia de infrastructuras routier. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]], que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4865 |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es responsabile del planification, projecto, construction, conservation e exploitation del stratas del Stato. Le normativa vigente integra iste activitates con objectivos de securitate routier, descarbonisation, mobilitate sostenibile, resiliente al cambio climatic e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro institutional == Le administration del stratas del Stato ha essite traditionally un del principal areas del politica del infrastructuras public de Espania. Le actual quadro institutional del Direction General es definite per le Lege 37/2015, de Stratas e per le regulamentos que developpa le organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpa le structura organic del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e establi le actual distribution del competentias del Direction General de Stratas. Le texto ha essite ulteriormente modificate, con un ultime actualisation publicate le 27 de februario 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le structura ministerial actual, le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre insimul con le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrovias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le principal function del Direction General es le administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]]. Illa developpa e seque le planification del rete conforme al instrumentos previde per le Lege 37/2015 e altere instrumentos de planification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le elaboration, supervision e approbation del studios prealabile e informative, le analyses de rentabilitate socio-ambiental e le studios de rentabilitate economic, social, ambiental e financiari. Iste activitates include etiam le tramitation ambiental necessari pro le projectos routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta etiam le studios de viabilitate de concessiones routier e le inspection e controlo de stratas exploitate per concession o altere formas de gestion indirecte. Illa coordina etiam le concessiones de areas de servicio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area importante es le gestion del patrimonio routier. Isto include le defense e uso correcte del zonas de dominio public, servitute, affection e influentia del , assi como le gestion del transferimento de tramos al municipalitates e del cambios de titularitate inter administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Projectos e construction == Le Direction General prepara, seque e controla le anteprojectos e projectos de construction concernente nove traciatos, adaptationes, duplicationes de carregiata e stratas de configuration 2+1. Illa tracta etiam le projectos de rehabilitation, reparo e melioramento del infrastructuras existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es responsabile del gestion e controlo del construction e del qualitate del obras, includente le sequimento technic e le controlo economic del execution e del incidencias del projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo realisa etiam auditorias de securitate routier del projectos e del fases precedente al entrata in servicio, in le quadro del legislation super le gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier. Iste competentias es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio del Affaires Interne in materia de regulation e vigilancia del traffico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-1425 |titulo=Real Decreto 61/2022, de 25 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conservation e gestion del rete == Le conservation del stratas del Stato es un del principal functiones del Direction General. Illa include le operationes de viabilitate, conservation ordinari, reparo e altere interventiones necessari pro garantir le qualitate del servicio public routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha implementate un politica de gestion de activos routier, basate super standards internationalmente recognoscite. Illa realisa inspectiones e recognitiones del stato del elementos del strata e programma melioramentos, reparationes e rehabilitationes secundo le information obtenite del sistemas de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include tamben le gestion del rumor routier, le elaboration del mapas de rumor e le correspondente planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General mantene le inventario del rete e realisa analyses e statisticas del accidentes routier. Illa contribue al evaluation e gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier in servicio e coordina le formation del auditores de securitate routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sostenibilitate e innovation == Le politica del Direction General include le adaptation del rete al cambio climatic, le descarbonisation e le efficacitate energetic. Illa elabora e controla strategias concernente le efficacitate energetic del Rete de Stratas del Stato e le resiliente e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere linea de activitate es le promotion del mobilitate cyclabile. Le Direction General promueve infrastructuras que permitte un rete continue e secur pro le cyclistas e collabora con le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e altere administrationes public pro coordinar iste politicas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General developpa etiam innovationes technologic e le digitalisation del gestion del rete. Isto include le gestion del datos durante tote le ciclo de vita del strata e le utilisation de metodologias [[BIM]] pro studios, projectos e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al politicas national e europee de [[recerca, disveloppamento e innovation]] in materia de stratas e representa le Ministerio in programas, foros e organisationes specialisate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General de Stratas depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]. Le regulation organic divide su activitates inter cinque subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Planification e Exploitation exerce le competentias concernente le planification del rete, le studios preliminar e informative, le concessiones, le patrimonio routier e le exploitation. Le Subdirection General de Projectos e Obras se ocupa del projectos de nove infrastructuras, adaptationes, duplicationes, stratas 2+1 e del construction e controlo del obras. Le Subdirection General de Conservation e Gestion de Activos es responsabile del conservation, gestion de activos, securitate routier in servicio, rumor e analyses de accidentalitate. Le Subdirection General de Sostenibilitate e Innovation tracta le mobilitate cyclabile, efficacitate energetic, descarbonisation, resiliente, adaptation al cambio climatic, innovation e recerca. Le Subdirection General de Coordination tracta le materias concernente le budget, contractos, acquisitiones, expropriationes, fundos europee e conventiones e protocollos del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Demarcationes de Stratas == Le Direction General coordina le activitate del Demarcationes de Stratas, que constitue le structura territorial del administration statal del rete routier. Illas participa in le implementation territorial del planos, projectos, conservation e exploitation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General establi methodologies e criterios commun pro le implementation coordinata de planos strategic, lineas de action e projectos per le differente Demarcationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Rete de Stratas del Stato == Le Direction General administra le infrastructuras routier que forma parte del Rete de Stratas del Stato, distincte del retes routier dependente del Communitates Autonome, deputationes provincial e municipalitates. Le administration statal se concentra super le vias que ha un function de interesse general e que es de competentia del Stato conforme al quadro constitutional e al Lege 37/2015. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de stratas |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le rete include autovias, autopistas, stratas conventional e altere traciatos routier del Stato. Le Direction General assume le responsabilitate super lor planification, construction, conservation e exploitation secundo le competentias previde per le lege e le structura organic del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate e coordination interadministrative == Le Direction General participa in le coordination con le autoritates competente in materia de regulation, ordination, gestion, vigilance e disciplina del traffico. Su competentia concerne principalmente le infrastructura routier, durante que le securitate del traffico in su dimension de regulation e vigilance pertine etiam a altere organos del Administration del Stato e al administrationes territorial secundo lor competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In casos de emergentia, le Direction General pote participar in le organos de coordination constitute pro le gestion del incidentes que afecta le infrastructuras routier. Illa collabora con le autoritates competente pro mantener le viabilitate e le securitate del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General de Stratas ha su sede administrative in Paseo de la Castellana 67, 28071 Madrid. Le adresse figura in le documentation official del BOE concernente le contrationes del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-47113 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General de Carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le Direction General de Stratas es le principal organo del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile pro le administration del stratas de competentia statal. Le structura vigente, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024 e su modificationes ulterior, combina le planification e construction traditional con le conservation del activos, securitate infrastructural, descarbonisation, innovation e digitalisation del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General continua a esser le organo incaricate de garantir que le Rete de Stratas del Stato es planificate, construite, conservate e exploitate secundo le normas technic e administrative applicabile. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Direction General de Stratas| ]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1785]] 9d6kfmzrvndpxclu1o1s7p05danim0l 702669 702634 2026-10-07T06:25:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 702669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Stratas''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]] e del exercitio del competentias statal in materia de infrastructuras routier. Illa depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]], que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4865 |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General es responsabile del planification, projecto, construction, conservation e exploitation del stratas del Stato. Le normativa vigente integra iste activitates con objectivos de securitate routier, descarbonisation, mobilitate sostenibile, resiliente al cambio climatic e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro institutional == Le administration del stratas del Stato ha essite traditionally un del principal areas del politica del infrastructuras public de Espania. Le actual quadro institutional del Directorio General es definite per le Lege 37/2015, de Stratas e per le regulamentos que developpa le organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Regal Decreto]] 253/2024 developpa le structura organic del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e establi le actual distribution del competentias del Directorio General de Stratas. Le texto ha essite ulteriormente modificate, con un ultime actualisation publicate le 27 de februario 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le structura ministerial actual, le Directorio General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre insimul con le Directorio General del Sector Ferroviari e le Directorio General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrovias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le principal function del Directorio General es le administration del [[Rete de Stratas del Stato]]. Illa developpa e seque le planification del rete conforme al instrumentos previde per le Lege 37/2015 e altere instrumentos de planification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le elaboration, supervision e approbation del studios prealabile e informative, le analyses de rentabilitate socio-ambiental e le studios de rentabilitate economic, social, ambiental e financiari. Iste activitates include etiam le tramitation ambiental necessari pro le projectos routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General tracta etiam le studios de viabilitate de concessiones routier e le inspection e controlo de stratas exploitate per concession o altere formas de gestion indirecte. Illa coordina etiam le concessiones de areas de servicio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area importante es le gestion del patrimonio routier. Isto include le defense e uso correcte del zonas de dominio public, servitute, affection e influentia del , assi como le gestion del transferimento de tramos al municipalitates e del cambios de titularitate inter administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Projectos e construction == Le Directorio General prepara, seque e controla le anteprojectos e projectos de construction concernente nove traciatos, adaptationes, duplicationes de carregiata e stratas de configuration 2+1. Illa tracta etiam le projectos de rehabilitation, reparo e melioramento del infrastructuras existente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General es responsabile del gestion e controlo del construction e del qualitate del obras, includente le sequimento technic e le controlo economic del execution e del incidencias del projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo realisa etiam auditorias de securitate routier del projectos e del fases precedente al entrata in servicio, in le quadro del legislation super le gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier. Iste competentias es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio del Affaires Interne in materia de regulation e vigilancia del traffico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-1425 |titulo=Real Decreto 61/2022, de 25 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conservation e gestion del rete == Le conservation del stratas del Stato es un del principal functiones del Directorio General. Illa include le operationes de viabilitate, conservation ordinari, reparo e altere interventiones necessari pro garantir le qualitate del servicio public routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha implementate un politica de gestion de activos routier, basate super standards internationalmente recognoscite. Illa realisa inspectiones e recognitiones del stato del elementos del strata e programma melioramentos, reparationes e rehabilitationes secundo le information obtenite del sistemas de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include tamben le gestion del rumor routier, le elaboration del mapas de rumor e le correspondente planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General mantene le inventario del rete e realisa analyses e statisticas del accidentes routier. Illa contribue al evaluation e gestion del securitate del infrastructuras routier in servicio e coordina le formation del auditores de securitate routier. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sostenibilitate e innovation == Le politica del Directorio General include le adaptation del rete al cambio climatic, le descarbonisation e le efficacitate energetic. Illa elabora e controla strategias concernente le efficacitate energetic del Rete de Stratas del Stato e le resiliente e adaptation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere linea de activitate es le promotion del mobilitate cyclabile. Le Directorio General promueve infrastructuras que permitte un rete continue e secur pro le cyclistas e collabora con le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e altere administrationes public pro coordinar iste politicas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General developpa etiam innovationes technologic e le digitalisation del gestion del rete. Isto include le gestion del datos durante tote le ciclo de vita del strata e le utilisation de metodologias [[BIM]] pro studios, projectos e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General participa tamben al politicas national e europee de [[recerca, disveloppamento e innovation]] in materia de stratas e representa le Ministerio in programas, foros e organisationes specialisate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General de Stratas depende del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]. Le regulation organic divide su activitates inter cinque subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Le Subdirectorio General de Planification e Exploitation exerce le competentias concernente le planification del rete, le studios preliminar e informative, le concessiones, le patrimonio routier e le exploitation. * Le Subdirectorio General de Projectos e Obras se ocupa del projectos de nove infrastructuras, adaptationes, duplicationes, stratas 2+1 e del construction e controlo del obras. * Le Subdirectorio General de Conservation e Gestion de Activos es responsabile del conservation, gestion de activos, securitate routier in servicio, rumor e analyses de accidentalitate. * Le Subdirectorio General de Sostenibilitate e Innovation tracta le mobilitate cyclabile, efficacitate energetic, descarbonisation, resiliente, adaptation al cambio climatic, innovation e recerca. * Le Subdirectorio General de Coordination tracta le materias concernente le budget, contractos, acquisitiones, expropriationes, fundos europee e conventiones e protocollos del Directorio General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Demarcationes de Stratas == Le Directorio General coordina le activitate del Demarcationes de Stratas, que constitue le structura territorial del administration statal del rete routier. Illas participa in le implementation territorial del planos, projectos, conservation e exploitation del infrastructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General establi methodologies e criterios commun pro le implementation coordinata de planos strategic, lineas de action e projectos per le differente Demarcationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Rete de Stratas del Stato == Le Directorio General administra le infrastructuras routier que forma parte del Rete de Stratas del Stato, distincte del retes routier dependente del Communitates Autonome, deputationes provincial e municipalitates. Le administration statal se concentra super le vias que ha un function de interesse general e que es de competentia del Stato conforme al quadro constitutional e al Lege 37/2015. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10439 |titulo=Ley 37/2015, de 29 de septiembre, de stratas |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le rete include autovias, autopistas, stratas conventional e altere traciatos routier del Stato. Le Directorio General assume le responsabilitate super lor planification, construction, conservation e exploitation secundo le competentias previde per le lege e le structura organic del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Securitate e coordination interadministrative == Le Directorio General participa in le coordination con le autoritates competente in materia de regulation, ordination, gestion, vigilance e disciplina del traffico. Su competentia concerne principalmente le infrastructura routier, durante que le securitate del traffico in su dimension de regulation e vigilance pertine etiam a altere organos del Administration del Stato e al administrationes territorial secundo lor competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In casos de emergentia, le Directorio General pote participar in le organos de coordination constitute pro le gestion del incidentes que afecta le infrastructuras routier. Illa collabora con le autoritates competente pro mantener le viabilitate e le securitate del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Directorio General de Stratas ha su sede administrative in Paseo de la Castellana 67, 28071 Madrid. Le adresse figura in le documentation official del BOE concernente le contrationes del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-47113 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General de Carreteras |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le Directorio General de Stratas es le principal organo del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile pro le administration del stratas de competentia statal. Le structura vigente, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024 e su modificationes ulterior, combina le planification e construction traditional con le conservation del activos, securitate infrastructural, descarbonisation, innovation e digitalisation del rete. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/carreteras |titulo=Carreteras |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportes e Movilidad Sostenible |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General continua a esser le organo incaricate de garantir que le Rete de Stratas del Stato es planificate, construite, conservate e exploitate secundo le normas technic e administrative applicabile. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorio General de Stratas| ]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 1785]] lvy4u9960olbwlaz1z2pq3b2e1gshcq 0 61863 702626 702439 2026-10-06T21:02:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] a [[Directorio General del Sector Ferroviari]] 702439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General del Sector Ferroviari''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] e, per medio de illo, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su principal responsabilitate es le exercitio del functiones del Administration General del Stato relative al [[Red Ferroviari de Interesse General]] (RFIG) del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le relationes inter le administratores del infrastructura ferroviari e le operadores del mercato, participa in le elaboration del normas ferroviari e assume competentias concernente le planification, evaluation, regulation e disveloppamento del RFIG. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine del actual organo se trova in le Real Decreto 615/1978, de 30 de martio, que creava le Direction General de Infraestructura del Transporto in le nove [[Ministerio de Transportos e Communicationes]]. Le organo habeva inicialmente un character transversal e se occupava de infrastructuras relative a plure modos de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-8565 |titulo=Real Decreto 615/1978, de 30 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, le organisation del competentias ferroviari esseva modificate plure vices. In 1990 le organo esseva reorganisate como Direction General de Infraestructuras e Planification del Transporto e, in 1991, como Direction General de Infraestructuras del Transporto Ferroviari, con un specialization plus marcate in le infrastructura ferroviari. In 1996 le organo esseva supprimite e su competentias esseva integrate in altere organos del Ministerio. In 2000 le Direction General de Ferrovias esseva restabilite. In 2009 illo esseva renominate Direction General de Infraestructuras Ferroviari, e in 2011 le organisation esseva de novo modificate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2009-20771 |titulo=Real Decreto 1971/2009, de 27 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2014 esseva create le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari, que assumeva importante competentias in materia de securitate ferroviari. Le parte restante del competentias super le infrastructura esseva ulteriormente organise in le Secretaria General de Infraestructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-13360 |titulo=Real Decreto 1072/2014, de 19 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In januario 2020 esseva restabilite un organo directiv sub le denomination Direction General de Planification e Evaluation del Red Ferroviari. Su creation respondeva inter altere al necessitate de reforçar le instrumentos de planification, regulation e gestion del sector ferroviari in le quadro del [[Espatio Ferroviari Unic Europee]] e del processo de liberalisation del transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1168 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le organo esseva renominate Direction General del Sector Ferroviari in le quadro del nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le structura actual esseva ulteriormente definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro juridic == Le competentias del Direction General deriva del legislation estatal in materia de ferrovias e del organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 attribue al organo le functiones del Ministerio relative al Red Ferroviari de Interesse General del Stato e enumera su competentias specific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General opera in coordination con le [[Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari]], le administratores del infrastructura, le operadores ferroviari e altere organos del Administration General del Stato. Le distribution del competentias distingue inter le planification e regulation del infrastructura, que remane in grande parte al Ministerio, e le securitate operative e interoperabilitate, in le campos attribuite al Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari. == Competentias == Inter le principal competentias del Direction General se trova le coordination inter le administratore de infrastructura ferroviari e le operadores del mercato ferroviari, specialmente in relation con le corredores transeuropee e le retes de cercanias. Iste coordination se exerce sub le supervision del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General propone e elabora proyectos de dispositiones general concernente le RFIG e le altere materias ferroviari del competentia del Secretariato General. Illo participa tamben in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international e propone le transposition de normas europee relative al infrastructuras, installationes de servicio, activitate e financiamento del administratores del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo se occupa etiam del planification del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General, del elaboration e controlo de planos ferroviari e del Strategia indicative del disveloppamento, mantenimento e renovation del infrastructuras ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Inter su altere competentias se trova le elaboration e tramitamento de studios de viabilitate e studios informative, le preparation de proyectos concernente le delimitation e utilisation de spatios ferroviari, e le planification de terminales ferroviari e installationes de servicio pertinente al administratores del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta tamben le competentias relative al Catalogo del infrastructuras ferroviari del RFIG, includente su actualisation e le inclusion o exclusion de lineas, assi como le clausura de lineas in le casos previde per le legislation del sector ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Sub iste organo directiv se trova tres unitates principal: le Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari, le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari e le Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari === Le Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari assume le planification del RFIG e le preparation, sequimento, supervision e controlo del planos ferroviari. Illa exerce etiam functiones concernente le Strategia indicative del disveloppamento, mantenimento e renovation del infrastructuras ferroviari. Illo prepara e tracta studios de viabilitate e studios informative, participa in le planification de terminales ferroviari e installationes de servicio e promove le introduction de nove technologias in le RFIG. Illa participa etiam in le actividades international relative al reticules e corredores ferroviari europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari === Le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari es responsabile del elaboration de normas general concernente le RFIG e del transposition del legislation europee in le campos attribuite al Direction General. Illa participa in le elaboration del normativa technic ferroviari, con exception del materias de securitate operative, interoperabilitate e mercantias periculose que pertine al Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari. Illa tracta tamben le convenios con le administratores del infrastructura, le evaluation de lor programas de activitate e le principios basic del systema de canon ferroviari, sin pregiudicio del competentias del [[Commission National del Mercatos e del Competition]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari === Le Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari tracta le procedures de expropriation ligate al infrastructuras ferroviari. Illa prepara e tramita etiam le declarationes de utilitate public del installationes de servicio, assi como le subsequent procedures de expropriation e le autorisationes de occupation del dominio public in le casos previde per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con altere organos ferroviari == Le Direction General collabora con le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari, que ha competentias specific in materia de securitate ferroviari e interoperabilitate. Le distinction inter le competentias de iste Agentia e celle del Direction General permitte separar le functiones de securitate operative del planification, regulation e gestion administrative del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-13360 |titulo=Real Decreto 1072/2014, de 19 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General collabora tamben con le ADIF, Adif-Alta Velocitate e Renfe-Operadora, entitates attachate al Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile per medio del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le representation del Ministerio in le organisationes international e del Union Europee concernente le reticules ferroviari, e in le organos de coordination e gestion del corredores ferroviari europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate == Le Direction General participa in le planification e execution de nove infrastructuras ferroviari, le modernisation del reticules existente e le integration del reticules espaniol con le reticules europee. Su activitate comprende le preparation de studios informative, le evaluation de projectos, le procedures de expropriation e le elaboration del quadro normative necessari al disveloppamento del sector ferroviari. Le organo participa tamben in projectos ligate al corredores europee, al corredores de mercantias e al nove infrastructuras de transporto ferroviari, secundo le prioridades del politica estatal de transportos e le exigentias del legislation europee. == Sede == Le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari ha su sede in Madrid, in le complexo ministerial del [[Paseo de la Castellana]], 67. Le organo es integrate in le organisation central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importante institutional == Le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari ha un position central in le organisation del systema ferroviari estatal. Illa combina le planification del infrastructura, le preparation del normativa, le coordination inter actores del sector, le evaluation de projectos e le procedures administrative ligate al disveloppamento del rete ferroviari. Su activitate es complementate per le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari in le materias de securitate e interoperabilitate e per le administratores e operadores del infrastructura e del transporto ferroviari in le execution material del services e investimentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ferrovia in Espania]] jupk28zv4me4yc2a2xatpf223exbg7p 702628 702626 2026-10-06T21:03:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 702628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General del Sector Ferroviari''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] e, per medio de illo, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su principal responsabilitate es le exercitio del functiones del Administration General del Stato relative al [[Red Ferroviari de Interesse General]] (RFIG) del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le relationes inter le administratores del infrastructura ferroviari e le operadores del mercato, participa in le elaboration del normas ferroviari e assume competentias concernente le planification, evaluation, regulation e disveloppamento del RFIG. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine del actual organo se trova in le Real Decreto 615/1978, de 30 de martio, que creava le Direction General de Infraestructura del Transporto in le nove [[Ministerio de Transportos e Communicationes]]. Le organo habeva inicialmente un character transversal e se occupava de infrastructuras relative a plure modos de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-8565 |titulo=Real Decreto 615/1978, de 30 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, le organisation del competentias ferroviari esseva modificate plure vices. In 1990 le organo esseva reorganisate como Direction General de Infraestructuras e Planification del Transporto e, in 1991, como Direction General de Infraestructuras del Transporto Ferroviari, con un specialization plus marcate in le infrastructura ferroviari. In 1996 le organo esseva supprimite e su competentias esseva integrate in altere organos del Ministerio. In 2000 le Direction General de Ferrovias esseva restabilite. In 2009 illo esseva renominate Direction General de Infraestructuras Ferroviari, e in 2011 le organisation esseva de novo modificate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2009-20771 |titulo=Real Decreto 1971/2009, de 27 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2014 esseva create le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari, que assumeva importante competentias in materia de securitate ferroviari. Le parte restante del competentias super le infrastructura esseva ulteriormente organise in le Secretaria General de Infraestructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-13360 |titulo=Real Decreto 1072/2014, de 19 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In januario 2020 esseva restabilite un organo directiv sub le denomination Direction General de Planification e Evaluation del Red Ferroviari. Su creation respondeva inter altere al necessitate de reforçar le instrumentos de planification, regulation e gestion del sector ferroviari in le quadro del [[Espatio Ferroviari Unic Europee]] e del processo de liberalisation del transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1168 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le organo esseva renominate Direction General del Sector Ferroviari in le quadro del nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le structura actual esseva ulteriormente definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro juridic == Le competentias del Direction General deriva del legislation estatal in materia de ferrovias e del organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 attribue al organo le functiones del Ministerio relative al Red Ferroviari de Interesse General del Stato e enumera su competentias specific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General opera in coordination con le [[Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari]], le administratores del infrastructura, le operadores ferroviari e altere organos del Administration General del Stato. Le distribution del competentias distingue inter le planification e regulation del infrastructura, que remane in grande parte al Ministerio, e le securitate operative e interoperabilitate, in le campos attribuite al Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari. == Competentias == Inter le principal competentias del Direction General se trova le coordination inter le administratore de infrastructura ferroviari e le operadores del mercato ferroviari, specialmente in relation con le corredores transeuropee e le retes de cercanias. Iste coordination se exerce sub le supervision del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General propone e elabora proyectos de dispositiones general concernente le RFIG e le altere materias ferroviari del competentia del Secretariato General. Illo participa tamben in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international e propone le transposition de normas europee relative al infrastructuras, installationes de servicio, activitate e financiamento del administratores del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo se occupa etiam del planification del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General, del elaboration e controlo de planos ferroviari e del Strategia indicative del disveloppamento, mantenimento e renovation del infrastructuras ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Inter su altere competentias se trova le elaboration e tramitamento de studios de viabilitate e studios informative, le preparation de proyectos concernente le delimitation e utilisation de spatios ferroviari, e le planification de terminales ferroviari e installationes de servicio pertinente al administratores del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta tamben le competentias relative al Catalogo del infrastructuras ferroviari del RFIG, includente su actualisation e le inclusion o exclusion de lineas, assi como le clausura de lineas in le casos previde per le legislation del sector ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Sub iste organo directiv se trova tres unitates principal: le Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari, le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari e le Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari === Le Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari assume le planification del RFIG e le preparation, sequimento, supervision e controlo del planos ferroviari. Illa exerce etiam functiones concernente le Strategia indicative del disveloppamento, mantenimento e renovation del infrastructuras ferroviari. Illo prepara e tracta studios de viabilitate e studios informative, participa in le planification de terminales ferroviari e installationes de servicio e promove le introduction de nove technologias in le RFIG. Illa participa etiam in le actividades international relative al reticules e corredores ferroviari europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari === Le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari es responsabile del elaboration de normas general concernente le RFIG e del transposition del legislation europee in le campos attribuite al Direction General. Illa participa in le elaboration del normativa technic ferroviari, con exception del materias de securitate operative, interoperabilitate e mercantias periculose que pertine al Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari. Illa tracta tamben le convenios con le administratores del infrastructura, le evaluation de lor programas de activitate e le principios basic del systema de canon ferroviari, sin pregiudicio del competentias del [[Commission National del Mercatos e del Competition]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari === Le Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari tracta le procedures de expropriation ligate al infrastructuras ferroviari. Illa prepara e tramita etiam le declarationes de utilitate public del installationes de servicio, assi como le subsequent procedures de expropriation e le autorisationes de occupation del dominio public in le casos previde per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con altere organos ferroviari == Le Direction General collabora con le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari, que ha competentias specific in materia de securitate ferroviari e interoperabilitate. Le distinction inter le competentias de iste Agentia e celle del Direction General permitte separar le functiones de securitate operative del planification, regulation e gestion administrative del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-13360 |titulo=Real Decreto 1072/2014, de 19 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General collabora tamben con le ADIF, Adif-Alta Velocitate e Renfe-Operadora, entitates attachate al Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile per medio del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le representation del Ministerio in le organisationes international e del Union Europee concernente le reticules ferroviari, e in le organos de coordination e gestion del corredores ferroviari europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate == Le Direction General participa in le planification e execution de nove infrastructuras ferroviari, le modernisation del reticules existente e le integration del reticules espaniol con le reticules europee. Su activitate comprende le preparation de studios informative, le evaluation de projectos, le procedures de expropriation e le elaboration del quadro normative necessari al disveloppamento del sector ferroviari. Le organo participa tamben in projectos ligate al corredores europee, al corredores de mercantias e al nove infrastructuras de transporto ferroviari, secundo le prioridades del politica estatal de transportos e le exigentias del legislation europee. == Sede == Le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari ha su sede in Madrid, in le complexo ministerial del [[Paseo de la Castellana]], 67. Le organo es integrate in le organisation central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importante institutional == Le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari ha un position central in le organisation del systema ferroviari estatal. Illa combina le planification del infrastructura, le preparation del normativa, le coordination inter actores del sector, le evaluation de projectos e le procedures administrative ligate al disveloppamento del rete ferroviari. Su activitate es complementate per le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari in le materias de securitate e interoperabilitate e per le administratores e operadores del infrastructura e del transporto ferroviari in le execution material del services e investimentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ferrovia in Espania]] 3ehlu1ubo1ei98tcn72xo8hzyxk4e6e 702636 702628 2026-10-06T21:04:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 702636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General del Sector Ferroviari''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] e, per medio de illo, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su principal responsabilitate es le exercitio del functiones del Administration General del Stato relative al [[Red Ferroviari de Interesse General]] (RFIG) del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le relationes inter le administratores del infrastructura ferroviari e le operadores del mercato, participa in le elaboration del normas ferroviari e assume competentias concernente le planification, evaluation, regulation e disveloppamento del RFIG. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine del actual organo se trova in le Real Decreto 615/1978, de 30 de martio, que creava le Direction General de Infraestructura del Transporto in le nove [[Ministerio de Transportos e Communicationes]]. Le organo habeva inicialmente un character transversal e se occupava de infrastructuras relative a plure modos de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-8565 |titulo=Real Decreto 615/1978, de 30 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, le organisation del competentias ferroviari esseva modificate plure vices. In 1990 le organo esseva reorganisate como Direction General de Infraestructuras e Planification del Transporto e, in 1991, como Direction General de Infraestructuras del Transporto Ferroviari, con un specialization plus marcate in le infrastructura ferroviari. In 1996 le organo esseva supprimite e su competentias esseva integrate in altere organos del Ministerio. In 2000 le Direction General de Ferrovias esseva restabilite. In 2009 illo esseva renominate Direction General de Infraestructuras Ferroviari, e in 2011 le organisation esseva de novo modificate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2009-20771 |titulo=Real Decreto 1971/2009, de 27 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2014 esseva create le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari, que assumeva importante competentias in materia de securitate ferroviari. Le parte restante del competentias super le infrastructura esseva ulteriormente organise in le Secretaria General de Infraestructuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-13360 |titulo=Real Decreto 1072/2014, de 19 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In januario 2020 esseva restabilite un organo directiv sub le denomination Direction General de Planification e Evaluation del Red Ferroviari. Su creation respondeva inter altere al necessitate de reforçar le instrumentos de planification, regulation e gestion del sector ferroviari in le quadro del [[Espatio Ferroviari Unic Europee]] e del processo de liberalisation del transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1168 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le organo esseva renominate Direction General del Sector Ferroviari in le quadro del nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le structura actual esseva ulteriormente definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro juridic == Le competentias del Direction General deriva del legislation estatal in materia de ferrovias e del organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 attribue al organo le functiones del Ministerio relative al Red Ferroviari de Interesse General del Stato e enumera su competentias specific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General opera in coordination con le [[Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari]], le administratores del infrastructura, le operadores ferroviari e altere organos del Administration General del Stato. Le distribution del competentias distingue inter le planification e regulation del infrastructura, que remane in grande parte al Ministerio, e le securitate operative e interoperabilitate, in le campos attribuite al Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari. == Competentias == Inter le principal competentias del Direction General se trova le coordination inter le administratore de infrastructura ferroviari e le operadores del mercato ferroviari, specialmente in relation con le corredores transeuropee e le retes de cercanias. Iste coordination se exerce sub le supervision del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General propone e elabora proyectos de dispositiones general concernente le RFIG e le altere materias ferroviari del competentia del Secretariato General. Illo participa tamben in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international e propone le transposition de normas europee relative al infrastructuras, installationes de servicio, activitate e financiamento del administratores del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo se occupa etiam del planification del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General, del elaboration e controlo de planos ferroviari e del Strategia indicative del disveloppamento, mantenimento e renovation del infrastructuras ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Inter su altere competentias se trova le elaboration e tramitamento de studios de viabilitate e studios informative, le preparation de proyectos concernente le delimitation e utilisation de spatios ferroviari, e le planification de terminales ferroviari e installationes de servicio pertinente al administratores del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta tamben le competentias relative al Catalogo del infrastructuras ferroviari del RFIG, includente su actualisation e le inclusion o exclusion de lineas, assi como le clausura de lineas in le casos previde per le legislation del sector ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Sub iste organo directiv se trova tres unitates principal: le Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari, le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari e le Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari === Le Subdirection General de Planification Ferroviari assume le planification del RFIG e le preparation, sequimento, supervision e controlo del planos ferroviari. Illa exerce etiam functiones concernente le Strategia indicative del disveloppamento, mantenimento e renovation del infrastructuras ferroviari. Illo prepara e tracta studios de viabilitate e studios informative, participa in le planification de terminales ferroviari e installationes de servicio e promove le introduction de nove technologias in le RFIG. Illa participa etiam in le actividades international relative al reticules e corredores ferroviari europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari === Le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Normativa Ferroviari es responsabile del elaboration de normas general concernente le RFIG e del transposition del legislation europee in le campos attribuite al Direction General. Illa participa in le elaboration del normativa technic ferroviari, con exception del materias de securitate operative, interoperabilitate e mercantias periculose que pertine al Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari. Illa tracta tamben le convenios con le administratores del infrastructura, le evaluation de lor programas de activitate e le principios basic del systema de canon ferroviari, sin pregiudicio del competentias del [[Commission National del Mercatos e del Competition]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari === Le Division de Expropriationes Ferroviari tracta le procedures de expropriation ligate al infrastructuras ferroviari. Illa prepara e tramita etiam le declarationes de utilitate public del installationes de servicio, assi como le subsequent procedures de expropriation e le autorisationes de occupation del dominio public in le casos previde per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con altere organos ferroviari == Le Direction General collabora con le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari, que ha competentias specific in materia de securitate ferroviari e interoperabilitate. Le distinction inter le competentias de iste Agentia e celle del Direction General permitte separar le functiones de securitate operative del planification, regulation e gestion administrative del infrastructura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-13360 |titulo=Real Decreto 1072/2014, de 19 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General collabora tamben con le ADIF, Adif-Alta Velocitate e Renfe-Operadora, entitates attachate al Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile per medio del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le representation del Ministerio in le organisationes international e del Union Europee concernente le reticules ferroviari, e in le organos de coordination e gestion del corredores ferroviari europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate == Le Direction General participa in le planification e execution de nove infrastructuras ferroviari, le modernisation del reticules existente e le integration del reticules espaniol con le reticules europee. Su activitate comprende le preparation de studios informative, le evaluation de projectos, le procedures de expropriation e le elaboration del quadro normative necessari al disveloppamento del sector ferroviari. Le organo participa tamben in projectos ligate al corredores europee, al corredores de mercantias e al nove infrastructuras de transporto ferroviari, secundo le prioridades del politica estatal de transportos e le exigentias del legislation europee. == Sede == Le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari ha su sede in Madrid, in le complexo ministerial del [[Paseo de la Castellana]], 67. Le organo es integrate in le organisation central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importante institutional == Le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari ha un position central in le organisation del systema ferroviari estatal. Illa combina le planification del infrastructura, le preparation del normativa, le coordination inter actores del sector, le evaluation de projectos e le procedures administrative ligate al disveloppamento del rete ferroviari. Su activitate es complementate per le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Ferroviari in le materias de securitate e interoperabilitate e per le administratores e operadores del infrastructura e del transporto ferroviari in le execution material del services e investimentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ferrovia in Espania]] 07ffikof91e4mua7w88v807l81elejg 0 61864 702609 702441 2026-10-06T21:01:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] a [[Directorio General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] 702441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril''' (in espaniol, ''Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril'') es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, que a su vice depende del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su competentias concerne principalmente le regulation e gestion del servicios de transporto per carretera, del transporto ferroviari e del transporto per cable in le ambito del competentias del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es distincte del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e del Direction General de Carreteras. Mentre iste ultime organos se concentra sur le infrastructuras routal e ferroviari, le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril se ocupa principalmente del services de transporto, del mercato del transporto, del regulation del operadores, del inspection e del obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias estatal super le transporto terrestre esseva historicamente exercite per differente organos del Ministerio de Fomento e, ulteriormente, del Ministerio de Transportos. Un precedente directe del actual organo esseva le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre, que exerceva le competentias general del Stato in materia de transporto per carretera, transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre habeva inter su competentias le regulation del mercato del transporto terrestre, le coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le autorisationes de transporto, le inspection, le sanctions e le gestion del obligationes de servicio public in le transportos ferroviari e routal. Su organisation includeva le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa, le Subdirection General de Gestion, Analyse e Innovation e le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto Terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 2020–2023, le organo manteneva le denomination de Direction General de Transporto Terrestre. Le Real Decreto 645/2020 confirmava su competentias in materia de transporto per carretera, servicios de transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable, assi como su structura in tres subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate in decembre 2023 manteneva le competentias del transporto terrestre ma introduceva un nove structura del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril esseva establite como un del tres organos directiv dependente del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, insimul con le Direction General de Carreteras e le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024, entrate in vigor le 13 de martio 2024, developpava le nove organisation e fixava le denomination actual e le competentias del Direction General. Le texto consolidato del decreto ha essite actualisate ancora in 2025 e 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] e es subordina al Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Iste Secretariato General coordina le activitates del organos concernente le infrastructuras e le servicios de transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 2 e 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual distingue tres campos principal: le infrastructuras routal, attribuite al Direction General de Carreteras; le infrastructuras ferroviari, attribuite al Direction General del Sector Ferroviari; e le servicios de transporto terrestre, attribuite al Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce le ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto per carretera e ferroviari in le ambito del competentias del Stato. Isto include le preparation de proyectos normative que fixa le reglas basic del mercato ferroviari e del transporto per carretera, assi como altere normas necessari pro le functionamento del mercados. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international, e propone le transposition in le derecto espaniol del directivas europee concernente le materias de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General exerce le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre e coordina le Juntas Arbitrales del Transporto, includente le resolution de conflictos de competentia inter iste organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General elabora etiam le regulas de coordination relative al competentias que le Stato ha delegate al [[Communitates Autonome]] in materia de servicios de transporto per carretera e ferroviari. Illo mantene relationes ordinari con le organos colegial del Ministerio e con le entidades que representa le sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Autorisationes e gestion del servicios == Un del competentias principal es le concession de autorisationes e titulos habilitante pro le prestation de servicios de transporto per carretera quando illes es exigite per le legislation espaniol, per le derecto del Union Europee o per le conventiones international ratificate per Espania. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.g |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General organisa le registros general e le bases de datos del servicios de transporto per carretera e ferroviari. Iste instrumentos servi tamben de supporto al processos de gestion e inspection exercite per le Communitates Autonome in le materias que le Stato ha delegate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.i |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo promove tamben le introduction de nove technologias in le servicios ferroviari e routal, specialmente in relation con le sistemas intelligente de transporto. Iste activitate es coordinate con le Direction General de Carreteras, altere organos del Ministerio e, quando appropriate, le Ministerio de Affaires Interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.j |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le Direction General propone le establimento de obligationes de servicio public pro le servicios de transporto de viageros per ferrovias e per carretera. Illo gere le obligationes ja establite, le contractos correspondente e le execution del partidas budgetari destinate a lor compensation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.l e o |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo tracta tamben le subvenciones al transporto ferroviari pro familias numerose e le altere ayudas al transporto que entra in su competentias. Illo pote initiar e resolver proceduras de reintegro e designate instructores in proceduras sanctionatori relative a iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In casos de conflictos laboral que affecta servicios essential, le Direction General propone le servicios minime obligatori necessari pro garantir le prestation del servicios essential de transporto per carretera e per ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.x |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Inspection e regime sanctionatori == Le Direction General es responsabile del inspection e controlo del observantia del normas que regula le servicios de transporto ferroviari e routal e lor activitates auxiliar e complementari. Illo elabora le planos annual de activitate general del servicios de inspection, in cooperation con le Communitates Autonome e le citates de Ceuta e Melilla quando appropriate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.q-r |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo initia, instrue e resolve le expedientes sanctionatori pro infractions del normas del transporto ferroviari e routal e coordina le activitate de inspection e sanction in le materias que le Stato ha delegate al Communitates Autonome e al citates autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.s-t |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection es coordinate con le organos e entidades que vigila le transporto ferroviari e routal e, in particular, con le Fortias e Corpore de Securitate del Stato incaricate de le vigilance del transporto per carretera. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.u |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Derectos del viageros == Le Direction General participa in le defensa del derectos del viageros del servicios de transporto per carretera e ferroviari. Illo se ocupa del sequimento del reclamationes ligate al obligationes que corresponde al operadores de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.v |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa assi in le quadro administrative que regula le relationes inter le operadores del transporto e le usatores, specialmente in le materia de obligationes legal e reclamationes concernente le prestation del servicios. == Transporto ferroviari == In materia ferroviari, le Direction General exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Ministerio in relation con le servicios de transporto ferroviari prestated per le empresas ferroviari. Isto es distincte del competentias del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari, que concerne principalmente le infrastructuras ferroviari e le quadro administrative del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere le obligationes de servicio public del transporto ferroviari e le instrumentos contractual que corresponde al Stato, e participa in le elaboration de politicas concernente le services de transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Transporto per carretera == Le Direction General exerce un rol central in le regulation del transporto public per carretera, includente le autorisationes, le titulos habilitante, le obligationes de servicio public, le subvenciones, le inspection e le sanctiones. In le servicios regular de viageros de titularitate del Administration General del Stato, le Direction General prepara e tracta le proceduras concernente le prestation del servicios public. In 2026, per exemplo, illo submitteva a information public le anteprojectos pro plure servicios regular de viageros per carretera de titularitate estatal, includente corredores como Madrid–Valencia e altere itinerarios inter regiones espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-882 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril sobre el anteproyecto Madrid-Valencia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20436 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución sobre 31 servicios públicos de transporte regular de viajeros |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General se divide in tres principal subdirectiones general, cata con competentias distincte. Iste organisation esseva establite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril tracta le functiones relative al ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto, le normativa national e europee, le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre, le coordination del Juntas Arbitrales e le coordination con le Communitates Autonome e le entidades del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril assume le gestion del autorisationes e titulos habilitante, del registros e bases de datos, del nove technologias, del obligationes de servicio public, del studios del services, del ayudas e subvenciones, e del services minime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril assume le inspection del servicios ferroviari e routal, le planos annual de inspection, le proceduras sanctionatori, le coordination del inspection delegate al Communitates Autonome e le coordination con le organos incaricate de le vigilance del transporto. Illa participa tamben in le protection del derectos del viageros e in le sequimento del reclamationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.c |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competential del transporto terrestre in Espania es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le Direction General coordina le exercitio de competentias delegate per le Stato e establi regulas pro assicurar un application coherent del quadro juridic del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le coordination concerne specialmente le inspection e le sanctiones, le registros, le autorisationes e le application del normas in le campos in que le Communitates Autonome exerce competentias delegate. Le organo collabora etiam con Ceuta e Melilla in le planification del inspection del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a exercer su competentias per medio de resolutiones, inspectiones, concession de autorisationes e gestion de servicios public. In 2026, le organo emitteva resolutiones concernente le documentos electronic de controlo administrative exigite in le transporto per carretera, includente le adaptation al quadro europee del information electronic relative al transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/res/2026/06/05/%282%29 |titulo=Resolución de 5 de junio de 2026, de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam intervenite in 2026 in le application exceptional del normas concernente le tempore de conduction e reposo del conductores, secundo le conditiones previde per le legislation europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa tamben in le preparation del nove concession de servicios public regular de viageros per carretera. In 2026 esseva initiate, inter altere, le procedura pro le servicio inter Bilbao e Castro-Urdiales e altere servicios de titularitate del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Directores == Le cargo de Directore General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril es un organo directiv del Ministerio. In 2026, le cargo es occupate per Elena María Atance Herreros, que figura como Directora General in plure resolutiones official del BOE publicate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-3979 |titulo=Resolución de 12 de febrero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse figura in le avisos de licitation e de contractos publicate per le BOE in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril occupa un position central in le regulation del services de transporto terrestre in Espania. Illa combina le functiones normative e de coordination con le gestion administrative del servicios, le autorisationes, le obligationes de servicio public, le inspection e le protection del derectos del viageros. Le organisation actual, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024, distingue claramente le competentias del servicios de transporto de illes relative al infrastructuras. Assi, le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari tracta le infrastructura ferroviari, le Direction General de Carreteras tracta le infrastructura routal, e le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril tracta principalmente le servicios e le mercato del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretaria General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania|Aviation civil]] nr0u7mjdqyarvn59jiznxtnac7qwr7y 702630 702609 2026-10-06T21:03:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 702630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril''' (in espaniol, ''Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril'') es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, que a su vice depende del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su competentias concerne principalmente le regulation e gestion del servicios de transporto per carretera, del transporto ferroviari e del transporto per cable in le ambito del competentias del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es distincte del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e del Direction General de Carreteras. Mentre iste ultime organos se concentra sur le infrastructuras routal e ferroviari, le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril se ocupa principalmente del services de transporto, del mercato del transporto, del regulation del operadores, del inspection e del obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias estatal super le transporto terrestre esseva historicamente exercite per differente organos del Ministerio de Fomento e, ulteriormente, del Ministerio de Transportos. Un precedente directe del actual organo esseva le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre, que exerceva le competentias general del Stato in materia de transporto per carretera, transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre habeva inter su competentias le regulation del mercato del transporto terrestre, le coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le autorisationes de transporto, le inspection, le sanctions e le gestion del obligationes de servicio public in le transportos ferroviari e routal. Su organisation includeva le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa, le Subdirection General de Gestion, Analyse e Innovation e le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto Terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 2020–2023, le organo manteneva le denomination de Direction General de Transporto Terrestre. Le Real Decreto 645/2020 confirmava su competentias in materia de transporto per carretera, servicios de transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable, assi como su structura in tres subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate in decembre 2023 manteneva le competentias del transporto terrestre ma introduceva un nove structura del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril esseva establite como un del tres organos directiv dependente del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, insimul con le Direction General de Carreteras e le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024, entrate in vigor le 13 de martio 2024, developpava le nove organisation e fixava le denomination actual e le competentias del Direction General. Le texto consolidato del decreto ha essite actualisate ancora in 2025 e 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] e es subordina al Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Iste Secretariato General coordina le activitates del organos concernente le infrastructuras e le servicios de transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 2 e 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual distingue tres campos principal: le infrastructuras routal, attribuite al Direction General de Carreteras; le infrastructuras ferroviari, attribuite al Direction General del Sector Ferroviari; e le servicios de transporto terrestre, attribuite al Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce le ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto per carretera e ferroviari in le ambito del competentias del Stato. Isto include le preparation de proyectos normative que fixa le reglas basic del mercato ferroviari e del transporto per carretera, assi como altere normas necessari pro le functionamento del mercados. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international, e propone le transposition in le derecto espaniol del directivas europee concernente le materias de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General exerce le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre e coordina le Juntas Arbitrales del Transporto, includente le resolution de conflictos de competentia inter iste organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General elabora etiam le regulas de coordination relative al competentias que le Stato ha delegate al [[Communitates Autonome]] in materia de servicios de transporto per carretera e ferroviari. Illo mantene relationes ordinari con le organos colegial del Ministerio e con le entidades que representa le sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Autorisationes e gestion del servicios == Un del competentias principal es le concession de autorisationes e titulos habilitante pro le prestation de servicios de transporto per carretera quando illes es exigite per le legislation espaniol, per le derecto del Union Europee o per le conventiones international ratificate per Espania. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.g |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General organisa le registros general e le bases de datos del servicios de transporto per carretera e ferroviari. Iste instrumentos servi tamben de supporto al processos de gestion e inspection exercite per le Communitates Autonome in le materias que le Stato ha delegate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.i |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo promove tamben le introduction de nove technologias in le servicios ferroviari e routal, specialmente in relation con le sistemas intelligente de transporto. Iste activitate es coordinate con le Direction General de Carreteras, altere organos del Ministerio e, quando appropriate, le Ministerio de Affaires Interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.j |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le Direction General propone le establimento de obligationes de servicio public pro le servicios de transporto de viageros per ferrovias e per carretera. Illo gere le obligationes ja establite, le contractos correspondente e le execution del partidas budgetari destinate a lor compensation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.l e o |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo tracta tamben le subvenciones al transporto ferroviari pro familias numerose e le altere ayudas al transporto que entra in su competentias. Illo pote initiar e resolver proceduras de reintegro e designate instructores in proceduras sanctionatori relative a iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In casos de conflictos laboral que affecta servicios essential, le Direction General propone le servicios minime obligatori necessari pro garantir le prestation del servicios essential de transporto per carretera e per ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.x |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Inspection e regime sanctionatori == Le Direction General es responsabile del inspection e controlo del observantia del normas que regula le servicios de transporto ferroviari e routal e lor activitates auxiliar e complementari. Illo elabora le planos annual de activitate general del servicios de inspection, in cooperation con le Communitates Autonome e le citates de Ceuta e Melilla quando appropriate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.q-r |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo initia, instrue e resolve le expedientes sanctionatori pro infractions del normas del transporto ferroviari e routal e coordina le activitate de inspection e sanction in le materias que le Stato ha delegate al Communitates Autonome e al citates autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.s-t |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection es coordinate con le organos e entidades que vigila le transporto ferroviari e routal e, in particular, con le Fortias e Corpore de Securitate del Stato incaricate de le vigilance del transporto per carretera. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.u |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Derectos del viageros == Le Direction General participa in le defensa del derectos del viageros del servicios de transporto per carretera e ferroviari. Illo se ocupa del sequimento del reclamationes ligate al obligationes que corresponde al operadores de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.v |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa assi in le quadro administrative que regula le relationes inter le operadores del transporto e le usatores, specialmente in le materia de obligationes legal e reclamationes concernente le prestation del servicios. == Transporto ferroviari == In materia ferroviari, le Direction General exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Ministerio in relation con le servicios de transporto ferroviari prestated per le empresas ferroviari. Isto es distincte del competentias del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari, que concerne principalmente le infrastructuras ferroviari e le quadro administrative del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere le obligationes de servicio public del transporto ferroviari e le instrumentos contractual que corresponde al Stato, e participa in le elaboration de politicas concernente le services de transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Transporto per carretera == Le Direction General exerce un rol central in le regulation del transporto public per carretera, includente le autorisationes, le titulos habilitante, le obligationes de servicio public, le subvenciones, le inspection e le sanctiones. In le servicios regular de viageros de titularitate del Administration General del Stato, le Direction General prepara e tracta le proceduras concernente le prestation del servicios public. In 2026, per exemplo, illo submitteva a information public le anteprojectos pro plure servicios regular de viageros per carretera de titularitate estatal, includente corredores como Madrid–Valencia e altere itinerarios inter regiones espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-882 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril sobre el anteproyecto Madrid-Valencia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20436 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución sobre 31 servicios públicos de transporte regular de viajeros |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General se divide in tres principal subdirectiones general, cata con competentias distincte. Iste organisation esseva establite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril tracta le functiones relative al ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto, le normativa national e europee, le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre, le coordination del Juntas Arbitrales e le coordination con le Communitates Autonome e le entidades del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril assume le gestion del autorisationes e titulos habilitante, del registros e bases de datos, del nove technologias, del obligationes de servicio public, del studios del services, del ayudas e subvenciones, e del services minime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril assume le inspection del servicios ferroviari e routal, le planos annual de inspection, le proceduras sanctionatori, le coordination del inspection delegate al Communitates Autonome e le coordination con le organos incaricate de le vigilance del transporto. Illa participa tamben in le protection del derectos del viageros e in le sequimento del reclamationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.c |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competential del transporto terrestre in Espania es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le Direction General coordina le exercitio de competentias delegate per le Stato e establi regulas pro assicurar un application coherent del quadro juridic del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le coordination concerne specialmente le inspection e le sanctiones, le registros, le autorisationes e le application del normas in le campos in que le Communitates Autonome exerce competentias delegate. Le organo collabora etiam con Ceuta e Melilla in le planification del inspection del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a exercer su competentias per medio de resolutiones, inspectiones, concession de autorisationes e gestion de servicios public. In 2026, le organo emitteva resolutiones concernente le documentos electronic de controlo administrative exigite in le transporto per carretera, includente le adaptation al quadro europee del information electronic relative al transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/res/2026/06/05/%282%29 |titulo=Resolución de 5 de junio de 2026, de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam intervenite in 2026 in le application exceptional del normas concernente le tempore de conduction e reposo del conductores, secundo le conditiones previde per le legislation europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa tamben in le preparation del nove concession de servicios public regular de viageros per carretera. In 2026 esseva initiate, inter altere, le procedura pro le servicio inter Bilbao e Castro-Urdiales e altere servicios de titularitate del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Directores == Le cargo de Directore General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril es un organo directiv del Ministerio. In 2026, le cargo es occupate per Elena María Atance Herreros, que figura como Directora General in plure resolutiones official del BOE publicate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-3979 |titulo=Resolución de 12 de febrero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse figura in le avisos de licitation e de contractos publicate per le BOE in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril occupa un position central in le regulation del services de transporto terrestre in Espania. Illa combina le functiones normative e de coordination con le gestion administrative del servicios, le autorisationes, le obligationes de servicio public, le inspection e le protection del derectos del viageros. Le organisation actual, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024, distingue claramente le competentias del servicios de transporto de illes relative al infrastructuras. Assi, le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari tracta le infrastructura ferroviari, le Direction General de Carreteras tracta le infrastructura routal, e le Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril tracta principalmente le servicios e le mercato del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretaria General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania|Aviation civil]] d6p5fqywr96e3qltv6nh68zxwypvx5n 702659 702630 2026-10-06T21:46:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 702659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril''' (in espaniol, ''Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril'') es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, que a su vice depende del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su competentias concerne principalmente le regulation e gestion del servicios de transporto per strata, del transporto ferroviari e del transporto per cable in le ambito del competentias del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es distincte del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e del Direction General de Stratas. Mentre iste ultime organos se concentra sur le infrastructuras routal e ferroviari, le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril se ocupa principalmente del services de transporto, del mercato del transporto, del regulation del operadores, del inspection e del obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias estatal super le transporto terrestre esseva historicamente exercite per differente organos del Ministerio de Fomento e, ulteriormente, del Ministerio de Transportos. Un precedente directe del actual organo esseva le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre, que exerceva le competentias general del Stato in materia de transporto per strata, transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre habeva inter su competentias le regulation del mercato del transporto terrestre, le coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le autorisationes de transporto, le inspection, le sanctions e le gestion del obligationes de servicio public in le transportos ferroviari e routal. Su organisation includeva le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa, le Subdirection General de Gestion, Analyse e Innovation e le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto Terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 2020–2023, le organo manteneva le denomination de Direction General de Transporto Terrestre. Le Real Decreto 645/2020 confirmava su competentias in materia de transporto per strata, servicios de transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable, assi como su structura in tres subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate in decembre 2023 manteneva le competentias del transporto terrestre ma introduceva un nove structura del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril esseva establite como un del tres organos directiv dependente del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, insimul con le Direction General de Carreteras e le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024, entrate in vigor le 13 de martio 2024, developpava le nove organisation e fixava le denomination actual e le competentias del Direction General. Le texto consolidato del decreto ha essite actualisate ancora in 2025 e 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] e es subordina al Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Iste Secretariato General coordina le activitates del organos concernente le infrastructuras e le servicios de transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 2 e 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual distingue tres campos principal: le infrastructuras routal, attribuite al Direction General de Carreteras; le infrastructuras ferroviari, attribuite al Direction General del Sector Ferroviari; e le servicios de transporto terrestre, attribuite al Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce le ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto per strata e ferroviari in le ambito del competentias del Stato. Isto include le preparation de proyectos normative que fixa le reglas basic del mercato ferroviari e del transporto per strata, assi como altere normas necessari pro le functionamento del mercados. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international, e propone le transposition in le derecto espaniol del directivas europee concernente le materias de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General exerce le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre e coordina le Juntas Arbitrales del Transporto, includente le resolution de conflictos de competentia inter iste organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General elabora etiam le regulas de coordination relative al competentias que le Stato ha delegate al [[Communitates Autonome]] in materia de servicios de transporto per strata e ferroviari. Illo mantene relationes ordinari con le organos colegial del Ministerio e con le entidades que representa le sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Autorisationes e gestion del servicios == Un del competentias principal es le concession de autorisationes e titulos habilitante pro le prestation de servicios de transporto per strata quando illes es exigite per le legislation espaniol, per le derecto del Union Europee o per le conventiones international ratificate per Espania. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.g |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General organisa le registros general e le bases de datos del servicios de transporto per strata e ferroviari. Iste instrumentos servi tamben de supporto al processos de gestion e inspection exercite per le Communitates Autonome in le materias que le Stato ha delegate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.i |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo promove tamben le introduction de nove technologias in le servicios ferroviari e routal, specialmente in relation con le sistemas intelligente de transporto. Iste activitate es coordinate con le Direction General de Carreteras, altere organos del Ministerio e, quando appropriate, le Ministerio de Affaires Interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.j |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le Direction General propone le establimento de obligationes de servicio public pro le servicios de transporto de viageros per ferrovias e per strata. Illo gere le obligationes ja establite, le contractos correspondente e le execution del partidas budgetari destinate a lor compensation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.l e o |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo tracta tamben le subvenciones al transporto ferroviari pro familias numerose e le altere ayudas al transporto que entra in su competentias. Illo pote initiar e resolver proceduras de reintegro e designate instructores in proceduras sanctionatori relative a iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In casos de conflictos laboral que affecta servicios essential, le Direction General propone le servicios minime obligatori necessari pro garantir le prestation del servicios essential de transporto per strata e per ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.x |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Inspection e regime sanctionatori == Le Direction General es responsabile del inspection e controlo del observantia del normas que regula le servicios de transporto ferroviari e routal e lor activitates auxiliar e complementari. Illo elabora le planos annual de activitate general del servicios de inspection, in cooperation con le Communitates Autonome e le citates de Ceuta e Melilla quando appropriate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.q-r |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo initia, instrue e resolve le expedientes sanctionatori pro infractions del normas del transporto ferroviari e routal e coordina le activitate de inspection e sanction in le materias que le Stato ha delegate al Communitates Autonome e al citates autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.s-t |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection es coordinate con le organos e entidades que vigila le transporto ferroviari e routal e, in particular, con le Fortias e Corpore de Securitate del Stato incaricate de le vigilance del transporto per strata. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.u |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Derectos del viageros == Le Direction General participa in le defensa del derectos del viageros del servicios de transporto per strata e ferroviari. Illo se ocupa del sequimento del reclamationes ligate al obligationes que corresponde al operadores de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.v |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa assi in le quadro administrative que regula le relationes inter le operadores del transporto e le usatores, specialmente in le materia de obligationes legal e reclamationes concernente le prestation del servicios. == Transporto ferroviari == In materia ferroviari, le Direction General exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Ministerio in relation con le servicios de transporto ferroviari prestated per le empresas ferroviari. Isto es distincte del competentias del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari, que concerne principalmente le infrastructuras ferroviari e le quadro administrative del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere le obligationes de servicio public del transporto ferroviari e le instrumentos contractual que corresponde al Stato, e participa in le elaboration de politicas concernente le services de transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Transporto per Strata == Le Direction General exerce un rol central in le regulation del transporto public per strata, includente le autorisationes, le titulos habilitante, le obligationes de servicio public, le subvenciones, le inspection e le sanctiones. In le servicios regular de viageros de titularitate del Administration General del Stato, le Direction General prepara e tracta le proceduras concernente le prestation del servicios public. In 2026, per exemplo, illo submitteva a information public le anteprojectos pro plure servicios regular de viageros per strata de titularitate estatal, includente corredores como Madrid–Valencia e altere itinerarios inter regiones espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-882 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril sobre el anteproyecto Madrid-Valencia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20436 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución sobre 31 servicios públicos de transporte regular de viajeros |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General se divide in tres principal subdirectiones general, cata con competentias distincte. Iste organisation esseva establite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril tracta le functiones relative al ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto, le normativa national e europee, le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre, le coordination del Juntas Arbitrales e le coordination con le Communitates Autonome e le entidades del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril assume le gestion del autorisationes e titulos habilitante, del registros e bases de datos, del nove technologias, del obligationes de servicio public, del studios del services, del ayudas e subvenciones, e del services minime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril assume le inspection del servicios ferroviari e routal, le planos annual de inspection, le proceduras sanctionatori, le coordination del inspection delegate al Communitates Autonome e le coordination con le organos incaricate de le vigilance del transporto. Illa participa tamben in le protection del derectos del viageros e in le sequimento del reclamationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.c |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competential del transporto terrestre in Espania es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le Direction General coordina le exercitio de competentias delegate per le Stato e establi regulas pro assicurar un application coherent del quadro juridic del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le coordination concerne specialmente le inspection e le sanctiones, le registros, le autorisationes e le application del normas in le campos in que le Communitates Autonome exerce competentias delegate. Le organo collabora etiam con Ceuta e Melilla in le planification del inspection del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a exercer su competentias per medio de resolutiones, inspectiones, concession de autorisationes e gestion de servicios public. In 2026, le organo emitteva resolutiones concernente le documentos electronic de controlo administrative exigite in le transporto per strata, includente le adaptation al quadro europee del information electronic relative al transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/res/2026/06/05/%282%29 |titulo=Resolución de 5 de junio de 2026, de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam intervenite in 2026 in le application exceptional del normas concernente le tempore de conduction e reposo del conductores, secundo le conditiones previde per le legislation europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa tamben in le preparation del nove concession de servicios public regular de viageros per strata. In 2026 esseva initiate, inter altere, le procedura pro le servicio inter Bilbao e Castro-Urdiales e altere servicios de titularitate del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Directores == Le cargo de Directore General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril es un organo directiv del Ministerio. In 2026, le cargo es occupate per Elena María Atance Herreros, que figura como Directora General in plure resolutiones official del BOE publicate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-3979 |titulo=Resolución de 12 de febrero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse figura in le avisos de licitation e de contractos publicate per le BOE in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril occupa un position central in le regulation del services de transporto terrestre in Espania. Illa combina le functiones normative e de coordination con le gestion administrative del servicios, le autorisationes, le obligationes de servicio public, le inspection e le protection del derectos del viageros. Le organisation actual, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024, distingue claramente le competentias del servicios de transporto de illes relative al infrastructuras. Assi, le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari tracta le infrastructura ferroviari, le Direction General de Carreteras tracta le infrastructura routal, e le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril tracta principalmente le servicios e le mercato del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretaria General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania|Aviation civil]] ixmnl78rzciashpihhu5y1unty48g2y 702660 702659 2026-10-06T21:46:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Directorio General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] a [[Directorio General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril]] 702659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril''' (in espaniol, ''Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril'') es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, que a su vice depende del [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su competentias concerne principalmente le regulation e gestion del servicios de transporto per strata, del transporto ferroviari e del transporto per cable in le ambito del competentias del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es distincte del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari e del Direction General de Stratas. Mentre iste ultime organos se concentra sur le infrastructuras routal e ferroviari, le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril se ocupa principalmente del services de transporto, del mercato del transporto, del regulation del operadores, del inspection e del obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias estatal super le transporto terrestre esseva historicamente exercite per differente organos del Ministerio de Fomento e, ulteriormente, del Ministerio de Transportos. Un precedente directe del actual organo esseva le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre, que exerceva le competentias general del Stato in materia de transporto per strata, transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Transporto Terrestre habeva inter su competentias le regulation del mercato del transporto terrestre, le coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le autorisationes de transporto, le inspection, le sanctions e le gestion del obligationes de servicio public in le transportos ferroviari e routal. Su organisation includeva le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa, le Subdirection General de Gestion, Analyse e Innovation e le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto Terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 2020–2023, le organo manteneva le denomination de Direction General de Transporto Terrestre. Le Real Decreto 645/2020 confirmava su competentias in materia de transporto per strata, servicios de transporto ferroviari e transporto per cable, assi como su structura in tres subdirectiones general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate in decembre 2023 manteneva le competentias del transporto terrestre ma introduceva un nove structura del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril esseva establite como un del tres organos directiv dependente del Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre, insimul con le Direction General de Carreteras e le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024, entrate in vigor le 13 de martio 2024, developpava le nove organisation e fixava le denomination actual e le competentias del Direction General. Le texto consolidato del decreto ha essite actualisate ancora in 2025 e 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] e es subordina al Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre. Iste Secretariato General coordina le activitates del organos concernente le infrastructuras e le servicios de transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 2 e 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation actual distingue tres campos principal: le infrastructuras routal, attribuite al Direction General de Carreteras; le infrastructuras ferroviari, attribuite al Direction General del Sector Ferroviari; e le servicios de transporto terrestre, attribuite al Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce le ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto per strata e ferroviari in le ambito del competentias del Stato. Isto include le preparation de proyectos normative que fixa le reglas basic del mercato ferroviari e del transporto per strata, assi como altere normas necessari pro le functionamento del mercados. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa in le elaboration del normas del [[Union Europee]] e de altere organisationes international, e propone le transposition in le derecto espaniol del directivas europee concernente le materias de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General exerce le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre e coordina le Juntas Arbitrales del Transporto, includente le resolution de conflictos de competentia inter iste organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General elabora etiam le regulas de coordination relative al competentias que le Stato ha delegate al [[Communitates Autonome]] in materia de servicios de transporto per strata e ferroviari. Illo mantene relationes ordinari con le organos colegial del Ministerio e con le entidades que representa le sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Autorisationes e gestion del servicios == Un del competentias principal es le concession de autorisationes e titulos habilitante pro le prestation de servicios de transporto per strata quando illes es exigite per le legislation espaniol, per le derecto del Union Europee o per le conventiones international ratificate per Espania. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.g |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General organisa le registros general e le bases de datos del servicios de transporto per strata e ferroviari. Iste instrumentos servi tamben de supporto al processos de gestion e inspection exercite per le Communitates Autonome in le materias que le Stato ha delegate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.i |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo promove tamben le introduction de nove technologias in le servicios ferroviari e routal, specialmente in relation con le sistemas intelligente de transporto. Iste activitate es coordinate con le Direction General de Carreteras, altere organos del Ministerio e, quando appropriate, le Ministerio de Affaires Interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.j |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le Direction General propone le establimento de obligationes de servicio public pro le servicios de transporto de viageros per ferrovias e per strata. Illo gere le obligationes ja establite, le contractos correspondente e le execution del partidas budgetari destinate a lor compensation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.l e o |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo tracta tamben le subvenciones al transporto ferroviari pro familias numerose e le altere ayudas al transporto que entra in su competentias. Illo pote initiar e resolver proceduras de reintegro e designate instructores in proceduras sanctionatori relative a iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In casos de conflictos laboral que affecta servicios essential, le Direction General propone le servicios minime obligatori necessari pro garantir le prestation del servicios essential de transporto per strata e per ferrocarril. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.x |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Inspection e regime sanctionatori == Le Direction General es responsabile del inspection e controlo del observantia del normas que regula le servicios de transporto ferroviari e routal e lor activitates auxiliar e complementari. Illo elabora le planos annual de activitate general del servicios de inspection, in cooperation con le Communitates Autonome e le citates de Ceuta e Melilla quando appropriate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.q-r |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo initia, instrue e resolve le expedientes sanctionatori pro infractions del normas del transporto ferroviari e routal e coordina le activitate de inspection e sanction in le materias que le Stato ha delegate al Communitates Autonome e al citates autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.s-t |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection es coordinate con le organos e entidades que vigila le transporto ferroviari e routal e, in particular, con le Fortias e Corpore de Securitate del Stato incaricate de le vigilance del transporto per strata. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.u |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Derectos del viageros == Le Direction General participa in le defensa del derectos del viageros del servicios de transporto per strata e ferroviari. Illo se ocupa del sequimento del reclamationes ligate al obligationes que corresponde al operadores de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.1.v |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa assi in le quadro administrative que regula le relationes inter le operadores del transporto e le usatores, specialmente in le materia de obligationes legal e reclamationes concernente le prestation del servicios. == Transporto ferroviari == In materia ferroviari, le Direction General exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Ministerio in relation con le servicios de transporto ferroviari prestated per le empresas ferroviari. Isto es distincte del competentias del Direction General del Sector Ferroviari, que concerne principalmente le infrastructuras ferroviari e le quadro administrative del Red Ferroviari de Interesse General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere le obligationes de servicio public del transporto ferroviari e le instrumentos contractual que corresponde al Stato, e participa in le elaboration de politicas concernente le services de transporto ferroviari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Transporto per Strata == Le Direction General exerce un rol central in le regulation del transporto public per strata, includente le autorisationes, le titulos habilitante, le obligationes de servicio public, le subvenciones, le inspection e le sanctiones. In le servicios regular de viageros de titularitate del Administration General del Stato, le Direction General prepara e tracta le proceduras concernente le prestation del servicios public. In 2026, per exemplo, illo submitteva a information public le anteprojectos pro plure servicios regular de viageros per strata de titularitate estatal, includente corredores como Madrid–Valencia e altere itinerarios inter regiones espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-882 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril sobre el anteproyecto Madrid-Valencia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20436 |titulo=Anuncio de Resolución sobre 31 servicios públicos de transporte regular de viajeros |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General se divide in tres principal subdirectiones general, cata con competentias distincte. Iste organisation esseva establite per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Ordination e Normativa de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril tracta le functiones relative al ordination general e regulation del systema de transporto, le normativa national e europee, le secretariato del Consilio National de Transportos Terrestre, le coordination del Juntas Arbitrales e le coordination con le Communitates Autonome e le entidades del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Gestion del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril assume le gestion del autorisationes e titulos habilitante, del registros e bases de datos, del nove technologias, del obligationes de servicio public, del studios del services, del ayudas e subvenciones, e del services minime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril === Le Subdirection General de Inspection del Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril assume le inspection del servicios ferroviari e routal, le planos annual de inspection, le proceduras sanctionatori, le coordination del inspection delegate al Communitates Autonome e le coordination con le organos incaricate de le vigilance del transporto. Illa participa tamben in le protection del derectos del viageros e in le sequimento del reclamationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6.2.c |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competential del transporto terrestre in Espania es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le Direction General coordina le exercitio de competentias delegate per le Stato e establi regulas pro assicurar un application coherent del quadro juridic del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le coordination concerne specialmente le inspection e le sanctiones, le registros, le autorisationes e le application del normas in le campos in que le Communitates Autonome exerce competentias delegate. Le organo collabora etiam con Ceuta e Melilla in le planification del inspection del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a exercer su competentias per medio de resolutiones, inspectiones, concession de autorisationes e gestion de servicios public. In 2026, le organo emitteva resolutiones concernente le documentos electronic de controlo administrative exigite in le transporto per strata, includente le adaptation al quadro europee del information electronic relative al transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/res/2026/06/05/%282%29 |titulo=Resolución de 5 de junio de 2026, de la Dirección General de Transporte por Carretera y Ferrocarril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam intervenite in 2026 in le application exceptional del normas concernente le tempore de conduction e reposo del conductores, secundo le conditiones previde per le legislation europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa tamben in le preparation del nove concession de servicios public regular de viageros per strata. In 2026 esseva initiate, inter altere, le procedura pro le servicio inter Bilbao e Castro-Urdiales e altere servicios de titularitate del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Directores == Le cargo de Directore General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril es un organo directiv del Ministerio. In 2026, le cargo es occupate per Elena María Atance Herreros, que figura como Directora General in plure resolutiones official del BOE publicate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-3979 |titulo=Resolución de 12 de febrero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-17811 |titulo=Resolución de 13 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse figura in le avisos de licitation e de contractos publicate per le BOE in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-3668 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación del servicio público Bilbao-Castro-Urdiales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril occupa un position central in le regulation del services de transporto terrestre in Espania. Illa combina le functiones normative e de coordination con le gestion administrative del servicios, le autorisationes, le obligationes de servicio public, le inspection e le protection del derectos del viageros. Le organisation actual, definite per le Real Decreto 253/2024, distingue claramente le competentias del servicios de transporto de illes relative al infrastructuras. Assi, le Direction General del Sector Ferroviari tracta le infrastructura ferroviari, le Direction General de Carreteras tracta le infrastructura routal, e le Direction General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril tracta principalmente le servicios e le mercato del transporto terrestre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretaria General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania|Aviation civil]] ixmnl78rzciashpihhu5y1unty48g2y 0 61865 702606 702446 2026-10-06T21:01:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 702606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Aviation Civil''' (DGAC) es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. Illo es le organo del Administration General del Stato incaricate de formular le strategia del sector aeronautic civil, diriger le politica aeronautic establite per le Governamento, coordinar le organismos e entidades public con competentias in materia de aviation civil e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del Direction General include le politica e regulation del transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le navigation aeree, le aviation general e sportive, le aeronaves non pilotate, e, desde 2024, certe materias relative al transporto spatial e al coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General debe esser distinguite del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA). Le DGAC define e dirige le politica aeronautic e exerce competentias regulatory del Stato, durante que AESA es le autoritate de supervision del securitate del aviation civil e opera con autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil ha su origine in le organisation del Administration aeronautic del Stato espaniol, que esseva progressivemente integrate in le Ministerio de Obras Publicas e, ulteriormente, in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 30/2011 confirma le Direction General de Aviation Civil como le organo mediante le qual le Ministerio de Fomento designava e dirigeva le politica aeronautic in materia de aviation civil. Le organo habeva ja competentias relative al regulation del aviation, le representation international, le aeroportos e le navigation aeree, le derectos de traffico e le obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del sector esseva modificate con le creation del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree in 2008. Le nove agentia recipeva competentias de supervision e inspection in materia de securitate, durante que le Direction General conservava le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination del sector. Le separation inter le autoritate de politica e le autoritate de supervision deveniva assi un elemento central del organisation del aviation civil espaniol. In 2020, le Real Decreto 645/2020 manteneva le Direction General como organo del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban. Le decreto definiva su rol como organo incaricate de designar le strategia, diriger le politica aeronautic, coordinar le entidades del departamento e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le creation del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] cambia le quadro institutional del organo. Le Direction General esseva integrate in le nove Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, al latere del Direction General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e actualisava le competentias del DGAC. Inter le nove materias esseva le participation in le definition del politicas relative al transporto spatial, le coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil, e le representation international in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, que es un organo superior del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le mesme Secretariato General ha sub su dependentia le Direction General de Aviation Civil e le Direction General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Como supervisor del sector aeree, le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA) es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, ma con autonomia functional pro le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC collabora tamben con AENA, ENAIRE, AESA, le Commission de Investigation de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviation Civil e altere entidades public e private del sector. == Politica e strategia aeronautic == Un del functiones principal del Direction General es le elaboration de studios e propositiones super le politica e strategia del sector aeree. Isto include le innovation, le sostenibilitate, le efficacitate energetic e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic, assi como le planification e ordination del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le planification concerne inter altere le navigation aeree, le transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le aviation general e sportive e le aeronaves non pilotate. Le Direction General elabora tamben propositiones de normas regulatori in le campo del aviation civil e tracta le propositiones normative initiate per AESA in le materias que pertine al agentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Regulation del transporto aeree == Le Direction General exerce important competentias in materia de transporto aeree commercial. Illo participa in le definition del conditiones del mercato, le elaboration del regulation e le application del accordos international de transporto aeree. Le DGAC nego­tia le accordos international de transporto aeree e attribue le derectos de traffico resultante de illes, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Estranier e del cooperation international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le implementation del legislation del [[Union Europee]] relative al transporto aeree e in le relationes con le organisationes international del sector, inter le quales le [[Organisation de Aviation Civil International]] (OACI/ICAO). == Aeroportos e navigation aeree == Le DGAC ha competentias super le aeroportos de interesse general e le systema de navigation aeree in le quadro del competentias del Stato. Illo participa in le planification e ordination del infrastructuras aeroportuari e del services de navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta tamben le expropriationes relative al infrastructuras aeroportuari e de navigation aeree que es de gestion reserve al Stato. Illo participa in le delimitation del zonas de servicio aeroportuari e in le elaboration del instrumentos de planification aeroportuari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC participa in le Comites de Coordination Aeroportuari, instrumentos de cooperation inter le autoritates aeroportuari, le administrationes territorial e le altere actores concernite per le operation del aeroportos de interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Aviation general, sportive e non pilotate == Le competentias del DGAC include le planification e ordination del aviation general e sportive, assi como le materias relative al aeronaves non pilotate in le campos que remane al Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta inter altere le ordination del activitates aeronautic non commercial e le coordination del application del regulation concernente le UAS, in cooperation con le competentias de AESA e de altere organos del Stato. == Securitate e supervision == Le DGAC non es le principal autoritate de supervision operative del securitate del aviation civil. Iste function es attribuite a AESA, que ha autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. Le DGAC conserva tamen le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination que le legislation attribue al Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le separation inter le politica aeronautic e le supervision del securitate permette que le DGAC se concentra sur le direction strategic e regulatory del sector, durante que AESA exerce le functiones de certification, inspection, supervision e sanction in le materias que le lege attribue a illo. == Transporto spatial == Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha integrate in le competentias del DGAC un nove dimension relative al transporto spatial. Le organo participa in le definition del politicas e strategias del Governamento in iste campo con le objectivo de facilitar su disveloppamento in maniera sostenibile, secur, ordinate e compatible con le activitate aeronautic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le actiones necessari in le campo del aviation civil pro compatibilisar le operationes spatial con le traffico aeree civil, specialmente in materia de lancementos e reentratas de operationes spatial e de operationes aeree de grande altitude. Iste competentias debe esser exercite in coordination con le [[Agentia Spatial Espaniol]] e altere departamentos ministerial competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil se structura in duo organos con rango de subdirection general: le Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree e le Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree === Le Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree tracta le materias relative al transporto aeree in general, le aviation general e sportive, e parte del competentias concernente le strategia, regulation, derectos de traffico e obligationes de servicio public. Illa gere tamben le competentias relative al subvenciones al transporto aeree e altere materias attribuite per le direction general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree === Le Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree tracta le materias relative al aeroportos e al navigation aeree, includente le planification, le infrastructuras, le expropriationes, le coordination aeroportuari, le spatio aeree e le regulation del servicios de navigation. Illa assume tamben le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial que concerne le compatibilitate inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato, articulo 8.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le DGAC participa in le establimento e gestion del obligationes de servicio public (OSP) in le transporto aeree. Iste instrumentos permitte al Stato establir conditiones specific pro certe rutas aeree considerate de interesse general secundo le legislation europee e espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere tamben le subvenciones e compensationes ligate al transporto aeree, includente le bonificationes applicabile al residentes de territorios non peninsular e al familias numerose. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Un exemplo de iste function es le collaboration con le Communitates Autonome pro routes aeree sub obligation de servicio public. In 2024 le DGAC publicava un convenio con le Junta de Andalucía relative al route Almería–Sevilla, in le quadro del competentia del Stato super le transporto aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-14603 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de junio de 2024, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Direction General representa e coordina le position del Stato espaniol in materia de aviation civil ante le organisationes national e international pertinente, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere organos del Governamento in le materia de relationes international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Iste activitate include le participation in le organismos del aviation civil international e europee e le coordination del position espaniol in le materias concernente le regulation, le derectos de traffico, le securitate e le disveloppamento del transporto aeree. In 2025 le Direction General esseva implicate in le preparation del reception institutional de Espania in occasione del 42a Assemblea General del Organisation de Aviation Civil International. Le convention esseva signate con Iberia, Indra e AENA e esseva publicate in le BOE in septembre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Aviation Civil es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28046 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse es indicite in documentos official del DGAC publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil occupa un position central in le organisation del aviation civil espaniol. Illa combina le elaboration del politica aeronautic, le regulation del sector, le planification del aeroportos e del navigation aeree, le gestion del derectos de traffico e del obligationes de servicio public, e le representation international. Le actual organisation distingue le functiones strategic e regulatory del DGAC de le supervision operative del securitate exercite per AESA. Le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial amplia le campo de action del organo e establi un nove area de coordination inter le aviation civil e le activitates spatial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania|Aviation civil]] [[Categoria:Aviation de Espania]] [[Categoria:Autoritates national de aviation civil]] imlz0i2nla23vaex53e8t5cz4argdip 702607 702606 2026-10-06T21:01:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] a [[Directorio General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] 702606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Aviation Civil''' (DGAC) es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. Illo es le organo del Administration General del Stato incaricate de formular le strategia del sector aeronautic civil, diriger le politica aeronautic establite per le Governamento, coordinar le organismos e entidades public con competentias in materia de aviation civil e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del Direction General include le politica e regulation del transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le navigation aeree, le aviation general e sportive, le aeronaves non pilotate, e, desde 2024, certe materias relative al transporto spatial e al coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General debe esser distinguite del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA). Le DGAC define e dirige le politica aeronautic e exerce competentias regulatory del Stato, durante que AESA es le autoritate de supervision del securitate del aviation civil e opera con autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil ha su origine in le organisation del Administration aeronautic del Stato espaniol, que esseva progressivemente integrate in le Ministerio de Obras Publicas e, ulteriormente, in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 30/2011 confirma le Direction General de Aviation Civil como le organo mediante le qual le Ministerio de Fomento designava e dirigeva le politica aeronautic in materia de aviation civil. Le organo habeva ja competentias relative al regulation del aviation, le representation international, le aeroportos e le navigation aeree, le derectos de traffico e le obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del sector esseva modificate con le creation del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree in 2008. Le nove agentia recipeva competentias de supervision e inspection in materia de securitate, durante que le Direction General conservava le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination del sector. Le separation inter le autoritate de politica e le autoritate de supervision deveniva assi un elemento central del organisation del aviation civil espaniol. In 2020, le Real Decreto 645/2020 manteneva le Direction General como organo del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban. Le decreto definiva su rol como organo incaricate de designar le strategia, diriger le politica aeronautic, coordinar le entidades del departamento e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le creation del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] cambia le quadro institutional del organo. Le Direction General esseva integrate in le nove Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, al latere del Direction General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e actualisava le competentias del DGAC. Inter le nove materias esseva le participation in le definition del politicas relative al transporto spatial, le coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil, e le representation international in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, que es un organo superior del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le mesme Secretariato General ha sub su dependentia le Direction General de Aviation Civil e le Direction General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Como supervisor del sector aeree, le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA) es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, ma con autonomia functional pro le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC collabora tamben con AENA, ENAIRE, AESA, le Commission de Investigation de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviation Civil e altere entidades public e private del sector. == Politica e strategia aeronautic == Un del functiones principal del Direction General es le elaboration de studios e propositiones super le politica e strategia del sector aeree. Isto include le innovation, le sostenibilitate, le efficacitate energetic e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic, assi como le planification e ordination del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le planification concerne inter altere le navigation aeree, le transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le aviation general e sportive e le aeronaves non pilotate. Le Direction General elabora tamben propositiones de normas regulatori in le campo del aviation civil e tracta le propositiones normative initiate per AESA in le materias que pertine al agentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Regulation del transporto aeree == Le Direction General exerce important competentias in materia de transporto aeree commercial. Illo participa in le definition del conditiones del mercato, le elaboration del regulation e le application del accordos international de transporto aeree. Le DGAC nego­tia le accordos international de transporto aeree e attribue le derectos de traffico resultante de illes, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Estranier e del cooperation international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le implementation del legislation del [[Union Europee]] relative al transporto aeree e in le relationes con le organisationes international del sector, inter le quales le [[Organisation de Aviation Civil International]] (OACI/ICAO). == Aeroportos e navigation aeree == Le DGAC ha competentias super le aeroportos de interesse general e le systema de navigation aeree in le quadro del competentias del Stato. Illo participa in le planification e ordination del infrastructuras aeroportuari e del services de navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta tamben le expropriationes relative al infrastructuras aeroportuari e de navigation aeree que es de gestion reserve al Stato. Illo participa in le delimitation del zonas de servicio aeroportuari e in le elaboration del instrumentos de planification aeroportuari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC participa in le Comites de Coordination Aeroportuari, instrumentos de cooperation inter le autoritates aeroportuari, le administrationes territorial e le altere actores concernite per le operation del aeroportos de interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Aviation general, sportive e non pilotate == Le competentias del DGAC include le planification e ordination del aviation general e sportive, assi como le materias relative al aeronaves non pilotate in le campos que remane al Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta inter altere le ordination del activitates aeronautic non commercial e le coordination del application del regulation concernente le UAS, in cooperation con le competentias de AESA e de altere organos del Stato. == Securitate e supervision == Le DGAC non es le principal autoritate de supervision operative del securitate del aviation civil. Iste function es attribuite a AESA, que ha autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. Le DGAC conserva tamen le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination que le legislation attribue al Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le separation inter le politica aeronautic e le supervision del securitate permette que le DGAC se concentra sur le direction strategic e regulatory del sector, durante que AESA exerce le functiones de certification, inspection, supervision e sanction in le materias que le lege attribue a illo. == Transporto spatial == Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha integrate in le competentias del DGAC un nove dimension relative al transporto spatial. Le organo participa in le definition del politicas e strategias del Governamento in iste campo con le objectivo de facilitar su disveloppamento in maniera sostenibile, secur, ordinate e compatible con le activitate aeronautic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le actiones necessari in le campo del aviation civil pro compatibilisar le operationes spatial con le traffico aeree civil, specialmente in materia de lancementos e reentratas de operationes spatial e de operationes aeree de grande altitude. Iste competentias debe esser exercite in coordination con le [[Agentia Spatial Espaniol]] e altere departamentos ministerial competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil se structura in duo organos con rango de subdirection general: le Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree e le Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree === Le Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree tracta le materias relative al transporto aeree in general, le aviation general e sportive, e parte del competentias concernente le strategia, regulation, derectos de traffico e obligationes de servicio public. Illa gere tamben le competentias relative al subvenciones al transporto aeree e altere materias attribuite per le direction general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree === Le Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree tracta le materias relative al aeroportos e al navigation aeree, includente le planification, le infrastructuras, le expropriationes, le coordination aeroportuari, le spatio aeree e le regulation del servicios de navigation. Illa assume tamben le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial que concerne le compatibilitate inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato, articulo 8.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le DGAC participa in le establimento e gestion del obligationes de servicio public (OSP) in le transporto aeree. Iste instrumentos permitte al Stato establir conditiones specific pro certe rutas aeree considerate de interesse general secundo le legislation europee e espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere tamben le subvenciones e compensationes ligate al transporto aeree, includente le bonificationes applicabile al residentes de territorios non peninsular e al familias numerose. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Un exemplo de iste function es le collaboration con le Communitates Autonome pro routes aeree sub obligation de servicio public. In 2024 le DGAC publicava un convenio con le Junta de Andalucía relative al route Almería–Sevilla, in le quadro del competentia del Stato super le transporto aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-14603 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de junio de 2024, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Direction General representa e coordina le position del Stato espaniol in materia de aviation civil ante le organisationes national e international pertinente, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere organos del Governamento in le materia de relationes international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Iste activitate include le participation in le organismos del aviation civil international e europee e le coordination del position espaniol in le materias concernente le regulation, le derectos de traffico, le securitate e le disveloppamento del transporto aeree. In 2025 le Direction General esseva implicate in le preparation del reception institutional de Espania in occasione del 42a Assemblea General del Organisation de Aviation Civil International. Le convention esseva signate con Iberia, Indra e AENA e esseva publicate in le BOE in septembre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Aviation Civil es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28046 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse es indicite in documentos official del DGAC publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil occupa un position central in le organisation del aviation civil espaniol. Illa combina le elaboration del politica aeronautic, le regulation del sector, le planification del aeroportos e del navigation aeree, le gestion del derectos de traffico e del obligationes de servicio public, e le representation international. Le actual organisation distingue le functiones strategic e regulatory del DGAC de le supervision operative del securitate exercite per AESA. Le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial amplia le campo de action del organo e establi un nove area de coordination inter le aviation civil e le activitates spatial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania|Aviation civil]] [[Categoria:Aviation de Espania]] [[Categoria:Autoritates national de aviation civil]] imlz0i2nla23vaex53e8t5cz4argdip 702629 702607 2026-10-06T21:03:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 702629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Aviation Civil''' (DGAC) es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. Illo es le organo del Administration General del Stato incaricate de formular le strategia del sector aeronautic civil, diriger le politica aeronautic establite per le Governamento, coordinar le organismos e entidades public con competentias in materia de aviation civil e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del Direction General include le politica e regulation del transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le navigation aeree, le aviation general e sportive, le aeronaves non pilotate, e, desde 2024, certe materias relative al transporto spatial e al coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General debe esser distinguite del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA). Le DGAC define e dirige le politica aeronautic e exerce competentias regulatory del Stato, durante que AESA es le autoritate de supervision del securitate del aviation civil e opera con autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil ha su origine in le organisation del Administration aeronautic del Stato espaniol, que esseva progressivemente integrate in le Ministerio de Obras Publicas e, ulteriormente, in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 30/2011 confirma le Direction General de Aviation Civil como le organo mediante le qual le Ministerio de Fomento designava e dirigeva le politica aeronautic in materia de aviation civil. Le organo habeva ja competentias relative al regulation del aviation, le representation international, le aeroportos e le navigation aeree, le derectos de traffico e le obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del sector esseva modificate con le creation del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree in 2008. Le nove agentia recipeva competentias de supervision e inspection in materia de securitate, durante que le Direction General conservava le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination del sector. Le separation inter le autoritate de politica e le autoritate de supervision deveniva assi un elemento central del organisation del aviation civil espaniol. In 2020, le Real Decreto 645/2020 manteneva le Direction General como organo del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban. Le decreto definiva su rol como organo incaricate de designar le strategia, diriger le politica aeronautic, coordinar le entidades del departamento e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le creation del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] cambia le quadro institutional del organo. Le Direction General esseva integrate in le nove Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, al latere del Direction General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e actualisava le competentias del DGAC. Inter le nove materias esseva le participation in le definition del politicas relative al transporto spatial, le coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil, e le representation international in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Direction General depende del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, que es un organo superior del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le mesme Secretariato General ha sub su dependentia le Direction General de Aviation Civil e le Direction General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Como supervisor del sector aeree, le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA) es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, ma con autonomia functional pro le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC collabora tamben con AENA, ENAIRE, AESA, le Commission de Investigation de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviation Civil e altere entidades public e private del sector. == Politica e strategia aeronautic == Un del functiones principal del Direction General es le elaboration de studios e propositiones super le politica e strategia del sector aeree. Isto include le innovation, le sostenibilitate, le efficacitate energetic e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic, assi como le planification e ordination del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le planification concerne inter altere le navigation aeree, le transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le aviation general e sportive e le aeronaves non pilotate. Le Direction General elabora tamben propositiones de normas regulatori in le campo del aviation civil e tracta le propositiones normative initiate per AESA in le materias que pertine al agentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Regulation del transporto aeree == Le Direction General exerce important competentias in materia de transporto aeree commercial. Illo participa in le definition del conditiones del mercato, le elaboration del regulation e le application del accordos international de transporto aeree. Le DGAC nego­tia le accordos international de transporto aeree e attribue le derectos de traffico resultante de illes, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Estranier e del cooperation international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le implementation del legislation del [[Union Europee]] relative al transporto aeree e in le relationes con le organisationes international del sector, inter le quales le [[Organisation de Aviation Civil International]] (OACI/ICAO). == Aeroportos e navigation aeree == Le DGAC ha competentias super le aeroportos de interesse general e le systema de navigation aeree in le quadro del competentias del Stato. Illo participa in le planification e ordination del infrastructuras aeroportuari e del services de navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta tamben le expropriationes relative al infrastructuras aeroportuari e de navigation aeree que es de gestion reserve al Stato. Illo participa in le delimitation del zonas de servicio aeroportuari e in le elaboration del instrumentos de planification aeroportuari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC participa in le Comites de Coordination Aeroportuari, instrumentos de cooperation inter le autoritates aeroportuari, le administrationes territorial e le altere actores concernite per le operation del aeroportos de interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Aviation general, sportive e non pilotate == Le competentias del DGAC include le planification e ordination del aviation general e sportive, assi como le materias relative al aeronaves non pilotate in le campos que remane al Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General tracta inter altere le ordination del activitates aeronautic non commercial e le coordination del application del regulation concernente le UAS, in cooperation con le competentias de AESA e de altere organos del Stato. == Securitate e supervision == Le DGAC non es le principal autoritate de supervision operative del securitate del aviation civil. Iste function es attribuite a AESA, que ha autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. Le DGAC conserva tamen le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination que le legislation attribue al Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le separation inter le politica aeronautic e le supervision del securitate permette que le DGAC se concentra sur le direction strategic e regulatory del sector, durante que AESA exerce le functiones de certification, inspection, supervision e sanction in le materias que le lege attribue a illo. == Transporto spatial == Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha integrate in le competentias del DGAC un nove dimension relative al transporto spatial. Le organo participa in le definition del politicas e strategias del Governamento in iste campo con le objectivo de facilitar su disveloppamento in maniera sostenibile, secur, ordinate e compatible con le activitate aeronautic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le actiones necessari in le campo del aviation civil pro compatibilisar le operationes spatial con le traffico aeree civil, specialmente in materia de lancementos e reentratas de operationes spatial e de operationes aeree de grande altitude. Iste competentias debe esser exercite in coordination con le [[Agentia Spatial Espaniol]] e altere departamentos ministerial competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil se structura in duo organos con rango de subdirection general: le Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree e le Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree === Le Subdirection General de Transporto Aeree tracta le materias relative al transporto aeree in general, le aviation general e sportive, e parte del competentias concernente le strategia, regulation, derectos de traffico e obligationes de servicio public. Illa gere tamben le competentias relative al subvenciones al transporto aeree e altere materias attribuite per le direction general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree === Le Subdirection General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree tracta le materias relative al aeroportos e al navigation aeree, includente le planification, le infrastructuras, le expropriationes, le coordination aeroportuari, le spatio aeree e le regulation del servicios de navigation. Illa assume tamben le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial que concerne le compatibilitate inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato, articulo 8.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le DGAC participa in le establimento e gestion del obligationes de servicio public (OSP) in le transporto aeree. Iste instrumentos permitte al Stato establir conditiones specific pro certe rutas aeree considerate de interesse general secundo le legislation europee e espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General gere tamben le subvenciones e compensationes ligate al transporto aeree, includente le bonificationes applicabile al residentes de territorios non peninsular e al familias numerose. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Un exemplo de iste function es le collaboration con le Communitates Autonome pro routes aeree sub obligation de servicio public. In 2024 le DGAC publicava un convenio con le Junta de Andalucía relative al route Almería–Sevilla, in le quadro del competentia del Stato super le transporto aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-14603 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de junio de 2024, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Direction General representa e coordina le position del Stato espaniol in materia de aviation civil ante le organisationes national e international pertinente, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere organos del Governamento in le materia de relationes international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Iste activitate include le participation in le organismos del aviation civil international e europee e le coordination del position espaniol in le materias concernente le regulation, le derectos de traffico, le securitate e le disveloppamento del transporto aeree. In 2025 le Direction General esseva implicate in le preparation del reception institutional de Espania in occasione del 42a Assemblea General del Organisation de Aviation Civil International. Le convention esseva signate con Iberia, Indra e AENA e esseva publicate in le BOE in septembre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Aviation Civil es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28046 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse es indicite in documentos official del DGAC publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Direction General de Aviation Civil occupa un position central in le organisation del aviation civil espaniol. Illa combina le elaboration del politica aeronautic, le regulation del sector, le planification del aeroportos e del navigation aeree, le gestion del derectos de traffico e del obligationes de servicio public, e le representation international. Le actual organisation distingue le functiones strategic e regulatory del DGAC de le supervision operative del securitate exercite per AESA. Le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial amplia le campo de action del organo e establi un nove area de coordination inter le aviation civil e le activitates spatial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania|Aviation civil]] [[Categoria:Aviation de Espania]] [[Categoria:Autoritates national de aviation civil]] 2b0kmy1m2il7wia7dj6x41ppqr2h242 702662 702629 2026-10-06T21:49:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 702662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Aviation Civil''' (DGAC) es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. Illo es le organo del Administration General del Stato incaricate de formular le strategia del sector aeronautic civil, diriger le politica aeronautic establite per le Governamento, coordinar le organismos e entidades public con competentias in materia de aviation civil e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias del Directorio General include le politica e regulation del transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le navigation aeree, le aviation general e sportive, le aeronaves non pilotate, e, desde 2024, certe materias relative al transporto spatial e al coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General debe esser distinguite del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA). Le DGAC define e dirige le politica aeronautic e exerce competentias regulatory del Stato, durante que AESA es le autoritate de supervision del securitate del aviation civil e opera con autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Directorio General de Aviation Civil ha su origine in le organisation del Administration aeronautic del Stato espaniol, que esseva progressivemente integrate in le Ministerio de Obras Publicas e, ulteriormente, in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 30/2011 confirma le Directorio General de Aviation Civil como le organo mediante le qual le Ministerio de Fomento designava e dirigeva le politica aeronautic in materia de aviation civil. Le organo habeva ja competentias relative al regulation del aviation, le representation international, le aeroportos e le navigation aeree, le derectos de traffico e le obligationes de servicio public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del sector esseva modificate con le creation del Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree in 2008. Le nove agentia recipeva competentias de supervision e inspection in materia de securitate, durante que le Directorio General conservava le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination del sector. Le separation inter le autoritate de politica e le autoritate de supervision deveniva assi un elemento central del organisation del aviation civil espaniol. In 2020, le Real Decreto 645/2020 manteneva le Directorio General como organo del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban. Le decreto definiva su rol como organo incaricate de designar le strategia, diriger le politica aeronautic, coordinar le entidades del departamento e exercitar le function de regulator del sector aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2023 le creation del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] cambia le quadro institutional del organo. Le Directorio General esseva integrate in le nove Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, al latere del Directorio General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 253/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e actualisava le competentias del DGAC. Inter le nove materias esseva le participation in le definition del politicas relative al transporto spatial, le coordination inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil, e le representation international in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro institutional == Le Directorio General depende del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, que es un organo superior del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le mesme Secretariato General ha sub su dependentia le Directorio General de Aviation Civil e le Directorio General del Marina Mercante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Como supervisor del sector aeree, le Agentia Estatal de Securitate Aeree (AESA) es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime, ma con autonomia functional pro le exercitio de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC collabora tamben con AENA, ENAIRE, AESA, le Commission de Investigation de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviation Civil e altere entidades public e private del sector. == Politica e strategia aeronautic == Un del functiones principal del Directorio General es le elaboration de studios e propositiones super le politica e strategia del sector aeree. Isto include le innovation, le sostenibilitate, le efficacitate energetic e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic, assi como le planification e ordination del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le planification concerne inter altere le navigation aeree, le transporto aeree, le aeroportos de interesse general, le aviation general e sportive e le aeronaves non pilotate. Le Directorio General elabora tamben propositiones de normas regulatori in le campo del aviation civil e tracta le propositiones normative initiate per AESA in le materias que pertine al agentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Regulation del transporto aeree == Le Directorio General exerce important competentias in materia de transporto aeree commercial. Illo participa in le definition del conditiones del mercato, le elaboration del regulation e le application del accordos international de transporto aeree. Le DGAC nego­tia le accordos international de transporto aeree e attribue le derectos de traffico resultante de illes, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Estranier e del cooperation international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa etiam in le implementation del legislation del [[Union Europee]] relative al transporto aeree e in le relationes con le organisationes international del sector, inter le quales le [[Organisation de Aviation Civil International]] (OACI/ICAO). == Aeroportos e navigation aeree == Le DGAC ha competentias super le aeroportos de interesse general e le systema de navigation aeree in le quadro del competentias del Stato. Illo participa in le planification e ordination del infrastructuras aeroportuari e del services de navigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General tracta tamben le expropriationes relative al infrastructuras aeroportuari e de navigation aeree que es de gestion reserve al Stato. Illo participa in le delimitation del zonas de servicio aeroportuari e in le elaboration del instrumentos de planification aeroportuari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le DGAC participa in le Comites de Coordination Aeroportuari, instrumentos de cooperation inter le autoritates aeroportuari, le administrationes territorial e le altere actores concernite per le operation del aeroportos de interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Aviation general, sportive e non pilotate == Le competentias del DGAC include le planification e ordination del aviation general e sportive, assi como le materias relative al aeronaves non pilotate in le campos que remane al Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General tracta inter altere le ordination del activitates aeronautic non commercial e le coordination del application del regulation concernente le UAS, in cooperation con le competentias de AESA e de altere organos del Stato. == Securitate e supervision == Le DGAC non es le principal autoritate de supervision operative del securitate del aviation civil. Iste function es attribuite a AESA, que ha autonomia functional in le exercitio de su competentias. Le DGAC conserva tamen le functiones de politica, regulation e coordination que le legislation attribue al Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le separation inter le politica aeronautic e le supervision del securitate permette que le DGAC se concentra sur le direction strategic e regulatory del sector, durante que AESA exerce le functiones de certification, inspection, supervision e sanction in le materias que le lege attribue a illo. == Transporto spatial == Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha integrate in le competentias del DGAC un nove dimension relative al transporto spatial. Le organo participa in le definition del politicas e strategias del Governamento in iste campo con le objectivo de facilitar su disveloppamento in maniera sostenibile, secur, ordinate e compatible con le activitate aeronautic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General coordina le actiones necessari in le campo del aviation civil pro compatibilisar le operationes spatial con le traffico aeree civil, specialmente in materia de lancementos e reentratas de operationes spatial e de operationes aeree de grande altitude. Iste competentias debe esser exercite in coordination con le [[Agentia Spatial Espaniol]] e altere departamentos ministerial competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.1.y |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General de Aviation Civil se structura in duo organos con rango de subdirectorio general: le Subdirectorio General de Transporto Aeree e le Subdirectorio General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirectorio General de Transporto Aeree === Le Subdirectorio General de Transporto Aeree tracta le materias relative al transporto aeree in general, le aviation general e sportive, e parte del competentias concernente le strategia, regulation, derectos de traffico e obligationes de servicio public. Illa gere tamben le competentias relative al subvenciones al transporto aeree e altere materias attribuite per le direction general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 8.2.a |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> === Subdirectorio General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree === Le Subdirectorio General de Aeroportos e Navigation Aeree tracta le materias relative al aeroportos e al navigation aeree, includente le planification, le infrastructuras, le expropriationes, le coordination aeroportuari, le spatio aeree e le regulation del servicios de navigation. Illa assume tamben le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial que concerne le compatibilitate inter le operationes spatial e le traffico aeree civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato, articulo 8.2.b |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Obligationes de servicio public == Le DGAC participa in le establimento e gestion del obligationes de servicio public (OSP) in le transporto aeree. Iste instrumentos permitte al Stato establir conditiones specific pro certe rutas aeree considerate de interesse general secundo le legislation europee e espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General gere tamben le subvenciones e compensationes ligate al transporto aeree, includente le bonificationes applicabile al residentes de territorios non peninsular e al familias numerose. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Un exemplo de iste function es le collaboration con le Communitates Autonome pro routes aeree sub obligation de servicio public. In 2024 le DGAC publicava un convenio con le Junta de Andalucía relative al route Almería–Sevilla, in le quadro del competentia del Stato super le transporto aeree. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-14603 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de junio de 2024, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Directorio General representa e coordina le position del Stato espaniol in materia de aviation civil ante le organisationes national e international pertinente, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere organos del Governamento in le materia de relationes international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/01/14/30/con |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Iste activitate include le participation in le organismos del aviation civil international e europee e le coordination del position espaniol in le materias concernente le regulation, le derectos de traffico, le securitate e le disveloppamento del transporto aeree. In 2025 le Directorio General esseva implicate in le preparation del reception institutional de Espania in occasione del 42a Assemblea General del Organisation de Aviation Civil International. Le convention esseva signate con Iberia, Indra e AENA e esseva publicate in le BOE in septembre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Directorio General de Aviation Civil es in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28046 Madrid, in le complexo central del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Iste adresse es indicite in documentos official del DGAC publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20337 |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2025, de la Dirección General de Aviación Civil |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia institutional == Le Directorio General de Aviation Civil occupa un position central in le organisation del aviation civil espaniol. Illa combina le elaboration del politica aeronautic, le regulation del sector, le planification del aeroportos e del navigation aeree, le gestion del derectos de traffico e del obligationes de servicio public, e le representation international. Le actual organisation distingue le functiones strategic e regulatory del DGAC de le supervision operative del securitate exercite per AESA. Le nove competentias relative al transporto spatial amplia le campo de action del organo e establi un nove area de coordination inter le aviation civil e le activitates spatial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariato General de Transporto (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania|Aviation civil]] [[Categoria:Aviation de Espania]] [[Categoria:Autoritates national de aviation civil]] 7j0m69zoxd36usa7dwyfl8xrlcl0awo 0 61869 702623 702456 2026-10-06T21:02:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] a [[Directorio General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] 702456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]] dependente del [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate de developpar e executar le strategias e politicas transversal del Ministerio in materia de [[mobilitate]], con particular attention al planification, le intermodalitate, le logistica, le innovation, le transporto sostenibile e le supporto al transition verso un systema de mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General esseva create per le Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de martio, como nove organo directivo del Ministerio. Le decreto transformava le anterior Commissariato Special pro le Transporto e le Mobilitate Sostenibile in le Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile e establite sub su dependentia le nove Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate depende del Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile, que es un organo directemente dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Su function es transversal e non se limita a un sol modo de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Direction General responde al necessitate de coordinar politicas que concerne simultaneemente le differente modos de transporto e de integrar aspectos economic, social, financiari, technologic e environmental in le processos de planification e decision public. Le preambulo del Real Decreto 253/2024 indica que le nove organo debe contribuir al transition verso un mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur e al promotion del solutiones innovative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es definite principalmente per le articulo 11 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * participar in le planification e sequentia del Redes Transeuropee de Transporto e del connexiones transfrontalier; * developpar, coordinar e uniformisar methodologies e applicationes pro le planification strategic e le adoption de decisiones; * integrar variables economic, social, financiari e environmental in le processos de planification; * elaborar strategias e politicas relative al intermodalitate e multimodalitate; * promover le integration inter le differente modos de transporto; * promover le modos de transporto considerate salubre e sostenibile; * coordinar le politicas concernente le logistica e le cadenas de transporto; * participar in le elaboration e execution del strategias de mobilitate del Ministerio; * promover le nove technologias e le innovation applicate al transporto; * participar al coordination del politicas europee e international relative al transporto e le mobilitate; * designar, gerer e coordinar politicas destinate al usatores e empresas vulnerabile in le campo del transporto e del mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General prepara etiam le proposition de su avantprojecto de budget e gere le creditos e gastos assignate al organo, in coordination con le altere organos competente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Planification strategic e Redes Transeuropee == del principales areas de activitate del Direction General es le participation al planification e al sequentia del Redes Transeuropee de Transporto e del connexiones transfrontalier de Espania con le altere paises europee. Le organo participa assi al adaptation del infrastructuras e servicios de transporto al politicas commun del Union Europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General developpa methodologies pro supportar le processos de planification strategic e le adoption de decisiones. Iste metodologias debe considerar simultaneemente le dimensiones economic, social, financiari e environmental del transporto e del mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Intermodalitate e logistica == Le Direction General ha competentias super le intermodalitate e multimodalitate, con le objective de meliorar le coordination inter le differente modos de transporto. Isto concerne tanto le mobilitate del personas como le transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa al planification del logistica e al coordination del politicas que favorisa le integration del cadenas de transporto. Isto include le analyse del fluxos de mercantias, le promotion de solutiones intermodal e le supporto al transformation del systema logistic verso modelos plus efficient e sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General depende etiam de le Subdirection General de Planification, Red Transeuropee e Logistica, que exerce le functiones relative al planification strategic, al Redes Transeuropee, al connexiones transfrontalier e al logistica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Studios, technologias e innovation == Le Direction General exerce functiones concernente le studios e le technologia del transporto, includente le analyse del systema de mobilitate e le utilisation de nove fontes de datos e technologia pro meliorar le planification public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia directe trova se le Division de Studios e Technologia del Transporto, que exerce le functiones relative al investigation, le innovation e le analyse technic del mobilitate. Le Division participa al developpamento de instrumentos e methodologies pro le evaluation del politicas e del servicios de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Direction General contractava le actualisation e melioration del Modelo National de Transporto de Mercantias, un instrumento de analyse del transporto de mercantias. Le contracto esseva formalmente adjudicate le 6 de maio 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In le mesme anno, le Direction General lanceva un studio national super le mobilitate de viagiatores usando technologia Big Data. Le contracto, formalizate in septembre 2026, concerne un studio del mobilitate national de viagiatores mediante datos a grande scala. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-28952 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politicas europee e navigation per satellite == Le Direction General participa al sequentia e controlo del politicas del Union Europee concernente le programas de navigation per satellite applicabile al transporto e al mobilitate. Illo representa le Ministerio in le organismos europee e international relevante e coordina le activitates del differente departamentos in iste materia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4934 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de enero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le delegation de competentias approbate in 2026 confirma le rol del Direction General in iste materia e delegava certe competentias al Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4934 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de enero de 2026, de la Secretaría de Estado de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Usatores e empresas vulnerabile == Un del functiones nove incorporate al organo es le conception, gestion e coordination de politicas destinate al usatores e empresas vulnerabile in le campo del transporto e del mobilitate. Iste area es ligate al objective de facer le transition verso un systema de mobilitate plus inclusive e accessibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le politicas in iste campo concerne tanto le personas qui usa le servicios de transporto como le empresas que opera in le sector e que pote esser plus exposte al efectos economic o structural del transformation del systema de mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Subordinate organos == Le organisation interne del Direction General es definite per le articulo 11 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Illa include: * le Subdirection General de Planification, Red Transeuropee e Logistica, con rango de subdirection general; * le Division de Studios e Technologia del Transporto, con le nivello organic determinate per le relation de postos de labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General concentra le functiones relative al planification, al Redes Transeuropee, al connexiones transfrontalier e al logistica. Le Division tracta le studios, le technologia, le innovation e altere functiones de analyse del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in materia de transporto public == Le Direction General gere diverse instrumentos de supporto al transporto public. Le Ministero attribue a illo, inter altere, le gestion de subvenciones a entitates local pro le prestation de servicios de transporto collective urban. Le objective es procurar recursos financial sufficiente pro iste servicios, con criterios que include aspectos environmental e de efficacitate administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/subvenciones/otras-subvenciones-ayudas/ayudas-subvenciones-sector-movilidad-sostenible/subvenciones-entidades-locales-servicios-transporte-colectivo-urbano |titulo=Subvenciones a las entidades locales por servicios de transporte colectivo urbano |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa etiam in le gestion de programas de ayudas al transporto terrestre de viagiatores e de altere instrumentos economic associate al politicas de mobilitate sostenibile. In 2025, per exemplo, le organo publicava le listas del solicitudes admitte al procedure de evaluation pro certe ayudas directe al transporto terrestre de viagiatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cdn.transportes.gob.es/portal-web-transportes/sede_electronica/otras_subvenciones_ayudas/movilidad-sostenible/2025-10-13_anuncio_relacion_definitiva_solicitudes_admitidas_adat2025.pdf |titulo=Anuncio de la Unidad de Apoyo de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate esseva establite in 2024 como parte del nove structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 explica que su creation habeva como objectivo dinamizar e impulsar le politicas e mesuras transversal necessari pro completar le transition verso un mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Direction General esseva accompaniate per un exception al principio general de reserva functionarial pro le nomination de su titular, in recognition del necessitate de un profilo con cognoscentia transversal del differente modos de transporto e del sectores productiv ubi se developpa solutiones innovative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid. Le adresse figura in le avisos official de contractos e licitationes del Direction General publicate in le BOE durante 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402](https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 16 de junio de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Mobilitate sostenibile in Espania]] s1ycoit119upnuovojer3g8tyde61o1 702625 702623 2026-10-06T21:02:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 702625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Strategias de Mobilitate''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]] dependente del [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate de developpar e executar le strategias e politicas transversal del Ministerio in materia de [[mobilitate]], con particular attention al planification, le intermodalitate, le logistica, le innovation, le transporto sostenibile e le supporto al transition verso un systema de mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General esseva create per le Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de martio, como nove organo directivo del Ministerio. Le decreto transformava le anterior Commissariato Special pro le Transporto e le Mobilitate Sostenibile in le Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile e establite sub su dependentia le nove Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate depende del Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile, que es un organo directemente dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Su function es transversal e non se limita a un sol modo de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Direction General responde al necessitate de coordinar politicas que concerne simultaneemente le differente modos de transporto e de integrar aspectos economic, social, financiari, technologic e environmental in le processos de planification e decision public. Le preambulo del Real Decreto 253/2024 indica que le nove organo debe contribuir al transition verso un mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur e al promotion del solutiones innovative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es definite principalmente per le articulo 11 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * participar in le planification e sequentia del Redes Transeuropee de Transporto e del connexiones transfrontalier; * developpar, coordinar e uniformisar methodologies e applicationes pro le planification strategic e le adoption de decisiones; * integrar variables economic, social, financiari e environmental in le processos de planification; * elaborar strategias e politicas relative al intermodalitate e multimodalitate; * promover le integration inter le differente modos de transporto; * promover le modos de transporto considerate salubre e sostenibile; * coordinar le politicas concernente le logistica e le cadenas de transporto; * participar in le elaboration e execution del strategias de mobilitate del Ministerio; * promover le nove technologias e le innovation applicate al transporto; * participar al coordination del politicas europee e international relative al transporto e le mobilitate; * designar, gerer e coordinar politicas destinate al usatores e empresas vulnerabile in le campo del transporto e del mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General prepara etiam le proposition de su avantprojecto de budget e gere le creditos e gastos assignate al organo, in coordination con le altere organos competente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Planification strategic e Redes Transeuropee == del principales areas de activitate del Direction General es le participation al planification e al sequentia del Redes Transeuropee de Transporto e del connexiones transfrontalier de Espania con le altere paises europee. Le organo participa assi al adaptation del infrastructuras e servicios de transporto al politicas commun del Union Europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General developpa methodologies pro supportar le processos de planification strategic e le adoption de decisiones. Iste metodologias debe considerar simultaneemente le dimensiones economic, social, financiari e environmental del transporto e del mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Intermodalitate e logistica == Le Direction General ha competentias super le intermodalitate e multimodalitate, con le objective de meliorar le coordination inter le differente modos de transporto. Isto concerne tanto le mobilitate del personas como le transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa al planification del logistica e al coordination del politicas que favorisa le integration del cadenas de transporto. Isto include le analyse del fluxos de mercantias, le promotion de solutiones intermodal e le supporto al transformation del systema logistic verso modelos plus efficient e sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General depende etiam de le Subdirection General de Planification, Red Transeuropee e Logistica, que exerce le functiones relative al planification strategic, al Redes Transeuropee, al connexiones transfrontalier e al logistica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Studios, technologias e innovation == Le Direction General exerce functiones concernente le studios e le technologia del transporto, includente le analyse del systema de mobilitate e le utilisation de nove fontes de datos e technologia pro meliorar le planification public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia directe trova se le Division de Studios e Technologia del Transporto, que exerce le functiones relative al investigation, le innovation e le analyse technic del mobilitate. Le Division participa al developpamento de instrumentos e methodologies pro le evaluation del politicas e del servicios de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Direction General contractava le actualisation e melioration del Modelo National de Transporto de Mercantias, un instrumento de analyse del transporto de mercantias. Le contracto esseva formalmente adjudicate le 6 de maio 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In le mesme anno, le Direction General lanceva un studio national super le mobilitate de viagiatores usando technologia Big Data. Le contracto, formalizate in septembre 2026, concerne un studio del mobilitate national de viagiatores mediante datos a grande scala. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-28952 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politicas europee e navigation per satellite == Le Direction General participa al sequentia e controlo del politicas del Union Europee concernente le programas de navigation per satellite applicabile al transporto e al mobilitate. Illo representa le Ministerio in le organismos europee e international relevante e coordina le activitates del differente departamentos in iste materia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4934 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de enero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le delegation de competentias approbate in 2026 confirma le rol del Direction General in iste materia e delegava certe competentias al Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4934 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de enero de 2026, de la Secretaría de Estado de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Usatores e empresas vulnerabile == Un del functiones nove incorporate al organo es le conception, gestion e coordination de politicas destinate al usatores e empresas vulnerabile in le campo del transporto e del mobilitate. Iste area es ligate al objective de facer le transition verso un systema de mobilitate plus inclusive e accessibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le politicas in iste campo concerne tanto le personas qui usa le servicios de transporto como le empresas que opera in le sector e que pote esser plus exposte al efectos economic o structural del transformation del systema de mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Subordinate organos == Le organisation interne del Direction General es definite per le articulo 11 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Illa include: * le Subdirection General de Planification, Red Transeuropee e Logistica, con rango de subdirection general; * le Division de Studios e Technologia del Transporto, con le nivello organic determinate per le relation de postos de labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General concentra le functiones relative al planification, al Redes Transeuropee, al connexiones transfrontalier e al logistica. Le Division tracta le studios, le technologia, le innovation e altere functiones de analyse del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in materia de transporto public == Le Direction General gere diverse instrumentos de supporto al transporto public. Le Ministero attribue a illo, inter altere, le gestion de subvenciones a entitates local pro le prestation de servicios de transporto collective urban. Le objective es procurar recursos financial sufficiente pro iste servicios, con criterios que include aspectos environmental e de efficacitate administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/subvenciones/otras-subvenciones-ayudas/ayudas-subvenciones-sector-movilidad-sostenible/subvenciones-entidades-locales-servicios-transporte-colectivo-urbano |titulo=Subvenciones a las entidades locales por servicios de transporte colectivo urbano |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa etiam in le gestion de programas de ayudas al transporto terrestre de viagiatores e de altere instrumentos economic associate al politicas de mobilitate sostenibile. In 2025, per exemplo, le organo publicava le listas del solicitudes admitte al procedure de evaluation pro certe ayudas directe al transporto terrestre de viagiatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cdn.transportes.gob.es/portal-web-transportes/sede_electronica/otras_subvenciones_ayudas/movilidad-sostenible/2025-10-13_anuncio_relacion_definitiva_solicitudes_admitidas_adat2025.pdf |titulo=Anuncio de la Unidad de Apoyo de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate esseva establite in 2024 como parte del nove structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 explica que su creation habeva como objectivo dinamizar e impulsar le politicas e mesuras transversal necessari pro completar le transition verso un mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Direction General esseva accompaniate per un exception al principio general de reserva functionarial pro le nomination de su titular, in recognition del necessitate de un profilo con cognoscentia transversal del differente modos de transporto e del sectores productiv ubi se developpa solutiones innovative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid. Le adresse figura in le avisos official de contractos e licitationes del Direction General publicate in le BOE durante 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402](https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 16 de junio de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Mobilitate sostenibile in Espania]] 9njek57c9kfokx8gleoe9k03wu9uf9q 702635 702625 2026-10-06T21:04:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 702635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Strategias de Mobilitate''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]] dependente del [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate de developpar e executar le strategias e politicas transversal del Ministerio in materia de [[mobilitate]], con particular attention al planification, le intermodalitate, le logistica, le innovation, le transporto sostenibile e le supporto al transition verso un systema de mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General esseva create per le Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de martio, como nove organo directivo del Ministerio. Le decreto transformava le anterior Commissariato Special pro le Transporto e le Mobilitate Sostenibile in le Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile e establite sub su dependentia le nove Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate depende del Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile, que es un organo directemente dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Su function es transversal e non se limita a un sol modo de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Direction General responde al necessitate de coordinar politicas que concerne simultaneemente le differente modos de transporto e de integrar aspectos economic, social, financiari, technologic e environmental in le processos de planification e decision public. Le preambulo del Real Decreto 253/2024 indica que le nove organo debe contribuir al transition verso un mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur e al promotion del solutiones innovative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es definite principalmente per le articulo 11 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * participar in le planification e sequentia del Redes Transeuropee de Transporto e del connexiones transfrontalier; * developpar, coordinar e uniformisar methodologies e applicationes pro le planification strategic e le adoption de decisiones; * integrar variables economic, social, financiari e environmental in le processos de planification; * elaborar strategias e politicas relative al intermodalitate e multimodalitate; * promover le integration inter le differente modos de transporto; * promover le modos de transporto considerate salubre e sostenibile; * coordinar le politicas concernente le logistica e le cadenas de transporto; * participar in le elaboration e execution del strategias de mobilitate del Ministerio; * promover le nove technologias e le innovation applicate al transporto; * participar al coordination del politicas europee e international relative al transporto e le mobilitate; * designar, gerer e coordinar politicas destinate al usatores e empresas vulnerabile in le campo del transporto e del mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General prepara etiam le proposition de su avantprojecto de budget e gere le creditos e gastos assignate al organo, in coordination con le altere organos competente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Planification strategic e Redes Transeuropee == del principales areas de activitate del Direction General es le participation al planification e al sequentia del Redes Transeuropee de Transporto e del connexiones transfrontalier de Espania con le altere paises europee. Le organo participa assi al adaptation del infrastructuras e servicios de transporto al politicas commun del Union Europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 11 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General developpa methodologies pro supportar le processos de planification strategic e le adoption de decisiones. Iste metodologias debe considerar simultaneemente le dimensiones economic, social, financiari e environmental del transporto e del mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Intermodalitate e logistica == Le Direction General ha competentias super le intermodalitate e multimodalitate, con le objective de meliorar le coordination inter le differente modos de transporto. Isto concerne tanto le mobilitate del personas como le transporto de mercantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa al planification del logistica e al coordination del politicas que favorisa le integration del cadenas de transporto. Isto include le analyse del fluxos de mercantias, le promotion de solutiones intermodal e le supporto al transformation del systema logistic verso modelos plus efficient e sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General depende etiam de le Subdirection General de Planification, Red Transeuropee e Logistica, que exerce le functiones relative al planification strategic, al Redes Transeuropee, al connexiones transfrontalier e al logistica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Studios, technologias e innovation == Le Direction General exerce functiones concernente le studios e le technologia del transporto, includente le analyse del systema de mobilitate e le utilisation de nove fontes de datos e technologia pro meliorar le planification public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia directe trova se le Division de Studios e Technologia del Transporto, que exerce le functiones relative al investigation, le innovation e le analyse technic del mobilitate. Le Division participa al developpamento de instrumentos e methodologies pro le evaluation del politicas e del servicios de transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Direction General contractava le actualisation e melioration del Modelo National de Transporto de Mercantias, un instrumento de analyse del transporto de mercantias. Le contracto esseva formalmente adjudicate le 6 de maio 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In le mesme anno, le Direction General lanceva un studio national super le mobilitate de viagiatores usando technologia Big Data. Le contracto, formalizate in septembre 2026, concerne un studio del mobilitate national de viagiatores mediante datos a grande scala. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-28952 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politicas europee e navigation per satellite == Le Direction General participa al sequentia e controlo del politicas del Union Europee concernente le programas de navigation per satellite applicabile al transporto e al mobilitate. Illo representa le Ministerio in le organismos europee e international relevante e coordina le activitates del differente departamentos in iste materia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4934 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de enero de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le delegation de competentias approbate in 2026 confirma le rol del Direction General in iste materia e delegava certe competentias al Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4934 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de enero de 2026, de la Secretaría de Estado de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Usatores e empresas vulnerabile == Un del functiones nove incorporate al organo es le conception, gestion e coordination de politicas destinate al usatores e empresas vulnerabile in le campo del transporto e del mobilitate. Iste area es ligate al objective de facer le transition verso un systema de mobilitate plus inclusive e accessibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le politicas in iste campo concerne tanto le personas qui usa le servicios de transporto como le empresas que opera in le sector e que pote esser plus exposte al efectos economic o structural del transformation del systema de mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Subordinate organos == Le organisation interne del Direction General es definite per le articulo 11 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Illa include: * le Subdirection General de Planification, Red Transeuropee e Logistica, con rango de subdirection general; * le Division de Studios e Technologia del Transporto, con le nivello organic determinate per le relation de postos de labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General concentra le functiones relative al planification, al Redes Transeuropee, al connexiones transfrontalier e al logistica. Le Division tracta le studios, le technologia, le innovation e altere functiones de analyse del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate in materia de transporto public == Le Direction General gere diverse instrumentos de supporto al transporto public. Le Ministero attribue a illo, inter altere, le gestion de subvenciones a entitates local pro le prestation de servicios de transporto collective urban. Le objective es procurar recursos financial sufficiente pro iste servicios, con criterios que include aspectos environmental e de efficacitate administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.transportes.gob.es/areas-actividad/subvenciones/otras-subvenciones-ayudas/ayudas-subvenciones-sector-movilidad-sostenible/subvenciones-entidades-locales-servicios-transporte-colectivo-urbano |titulo=Subvenciones a las entidades locales por servicios de transporte colectivo urbano |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa etiam in le gestion de programas de ayudas al transporto terrestre de viagiatores e de altere instrumentos economic associate al politicas de mobilitate sostenibile. In 2025, per exemplo, le organo publicava le listas del solicitudes admitte al procedure de evaluation pro certe ayudas directe al transporto terrestre de viagiatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cdn.transportes.gob.es/portal-web-transportes/sede_electronica/otras_subvenciones_ayudas/movilidad-sostenible/2025-10-13_anuncio_relacion_definitiva_solicitudes_admitidas_adat2025.pdf |titulo=Anuncio de la Unidad de Apoyo de la Dirección General de Estrategias de Movilidad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate esseva establite in 2024 como parte del nove structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 explica que su creation habeva como objectivo dinamizar e impulsar le politicas e mesuras transversal necessari pro completar le transition verso un mobilitate sane, sostenibile e secur. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Direction General esseva accompaniate per un exception al principio general de reserva functionarial pro le nomination de su titular, in recognition del necessitate de un profilo con cognoscentia transversal del differente modos de transporto e del sectores productiv ubi se developpa solutiones innovative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid. Le adresse figura in le avisos official de contractos e licitationes del Direction General publicate in le BOE durante 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402](https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-20402 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 16 de junio de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=30 de septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Mobilitate sostenibile in Espania]] 331hramkdwzws9xf1g5u3zdnnttma35 0 61872 702463 702462 2026-10-06T11:59:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 702463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate principalmente de le preparation e execution del budget del departamento, le programmation e sequentia economic del investimentos, le analyse economic, le statisticas del Ministerio e le coordination de varie aspectos financiari e economic del entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es un del organos directivos que depende directemente del Subsecretariato. Illa exerce su competentias super le insimul del Ministerio e, in le materias previde per le legislation, coordina le preparation budgetari e le analyse economic del su organismos e entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa es organisate al mesme nivello que le Secretariato General Technic, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection e le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, tote directemente dependente del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction inter iste Direction General e le organos sectorial del Ministerio es importante: illa non regula un sol modo de transporto, ma tracta principalmente le recursos economic e budgetari que supporta le activitate del departamento. Le sue functiones include tanto le budget general como le analyse economic, le investimentos e le production statistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es establite principalmente per le articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * elaborar le avantprojecto de budget del Ministerio e coordinar le elaboration del budgetos de su entidades dependente; * transmitter le budgetos del departamento e de su entidades al Ministerio de Hacienda conforme al legislation vigente; * informar e tractar le expedientes de modification budgetari del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente; * prestar assistentia technic in materia budgetari; * exercitar le functiones attribuite al Office Budgetari per le Real Decreto 2855/1979; * coordinar le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones; * sequer le apportos del entidades dependente del Ministerio pro le financiation de obras de conservation o enrichimento del Patrimonio Historic Espaniol; * sequer le execution economic e financiari del investimentos del departamento; * elaborar informes super le execution del budget e le evolution del principales agregatos economic; * elaborar studios e informes de natura economic e financiari concernente le materias de competentia del Ministerio; * programmer e elaborar le statisticas general que describe le activitate del departamento; * coordinar e, quando corresponde, elaborar le operationes statistic assignate al Ministerio in le [[Plan Statistic National]]; * gerer e tractar le creditos e gastos assignate al Direction General, includente le asuntos relative al contrattos e acquisitiones, in coordination con le altere organos competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa assi al coordination economic del Ministerio e al evaluation del recursos necessari pro executar le politicas de transporto, infrastructuras e mobilitate. == Budget e programmation economic == Le Office Budgetari es le organo incaricate del principal functiones relative al preparation e execution del budget. Illo participa al elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, coordina le budgetos del entidades dependente e tracta le modificationes budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Office Budgetari exerce etiam le functiones que le legislation general attribue al oficinas budgetari del departamentos ministerial. Le Real Decreto 2855/1979 establi le quadro general pro iste oficinas, que serve como instrumento de coordination inter le programmation del activitate del departamento e le preparation del budget del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones del Ministerio, instrumento que programma le principale politicas de subvention del departamento secundo le legislation general super le subventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sequentia economic e investimentos == Le Direction General exerce functiones de sequentia economic e financiari del activitate del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente. Iste activitate permitte analizar le execution del programas de investimento e le evolution del gastos in relation con le planification del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic es incaricate de iste campo. Illa exerce le functiones relative al sequentia del execution economic e del investimentos del departamento e del entidades que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha assi un rol transversal in le evaluation del execution financiari del politicas de infrastructura, transporto e mobilitate. Le informationes economic obtenite pote esser utilisate pro le coordination del programmation e pro le preparation de decisiones del departamento. == Coordination economic == Le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic tracta le materias relative al coordination economic del departamento. Su competentias deriva del articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024 e concerne le materias economic que non es attribuite al Office Budgetari o al Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina iste activitate con le altere organos del Ministero e con le entidades dependente, specialmente quando le decisiones del departamento ha implicationes economic o budgetari. == Studios economic e statisticas == Le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas es responsabile del elaboration de studios e informes de natura economic e financiari, assi como del programmation e elaboration del statisticas general que describe le activitate del Ministerio. Illa coordina etiam le operationes statistic que corresponde al departamento in le quadro del [[Plan Statistic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General publica o coordina diverse series statistic concernente le transporto, le infrastructuras e le activitate economic del departamento. Un exemplo es le Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera, que provide information periodic super le transporto de mercantias per carretera in Espania. Le edition 2025 esseva publicate per le Centro de Publicationes in 2026 e indica le Direction General como autor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es etiam implicate in operationes statistic previde per le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Le plan identifica, inter le operationes del Ministerio, diverse statisticas sub le responsabilitate del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: * le Office Budgetari; * le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic; * le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic; * le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation permitte separar le quatro principal campos del activitate del Direction General: preparation budgetari, sequentia economic, coordination economic e studios/statisticas. == Historia == Le origine immediate del Direction General se trova in le reorganisation del [[Ministerio de Fomento]] in 1996. Le Real Decreto 839/1996 establite le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetari como un del centros directivos dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/05/10/839 |titulo=Real Decreto 839/1996, de 10 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1886/1996 developpava iste structura e attribueva al Direction General le elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, le coordination del budgetos del organismos autonome, le sequentia del fundos europee, le monitorage del investimentos, le evaluation de planos e programas budgetari, le sequentia economic-financiari e le programmation del statisticas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1886 |titulo=Real Decreto 1886/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2000, le organo cambiava su denomination a Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le Real Decreto 690/2000 conservava le principal functiones de planification economic, sequentia del investimentos, fundos europee, evaluation budgetari, analyse economic e statisticas, ma le Office Budgetari passava a depender del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-8866 |titulo=Real Decreto 690/2000, de 2 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le competentias budgetari esseva reintegrate in le Direction General, que manteneva alora le denomination de Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le reorganisation del 2004 restitueva al organo le functiones del Office Budgetari e amplia su competentias in materia de programmation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/06/18/1476 |titulo=Real Decreto 1476/2004, de 18 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le organo adoptava le denomination actual de Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. Le nove structura reinforceva le functiones concernente le budget, le analyse economic, le statisticas e le sequentia del activitate del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2009/06/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2009-10757.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 30/2011 consolidava le competentias del Direction General, includente le programmation del recursos economic e financiari pro le planos de infrastructura, le elaboration del budget, le sequentia del fundos europee, le sequentia del investimentos e le evaluation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-972 |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le reorganisation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban manteneva le Direction General e actualisava su competentias e organisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-7508 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023–2024, con le nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, le Direction General remaneva dependente del Subsecretariato e esseva integrate in le actual structura del Ministerio per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del organo == Le actual Director General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es Pedro Enrique Blanco Chinarro. Ille esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-13450 |titulo=Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Blanco Chinarro es ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos e pertine al Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos del Stato. Ante su nomination como Director General, ille habeva occupate inter altere le posto de Subdirector General del Office Budgetari del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2025/20250701-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros, 1 de julio de 2025 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le BOE continua a identificar Blanco Chinarro como Director General in septembre 2026, inter altere in un rectification concernente un contracto del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-30809 |titulo=Anuncio de rectificación de 24 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a producir e coordinar information statistic super le activitate del Ministerio. In 2026, le Centro de Publicationes publicava le Encuesta permanente de transporto de mercantias per carretera, 2025, cuje autor es indicate como le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam le responsabilitate de operationes statistic inscritte in le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Iste plan include operationes del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas relative al activitate del transporto e al sectores associate al competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Direction General etiam gereva proceduras de contrattation concernente le production de statisticas del Ministerio. Un contracto del 2024, per exemplo, concerne le recerca e tabulation del datos del Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera pro le periodo de januario 2025 a decembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid, in le complexe del Nove Ministerios. Iste adresse figura in le avisos official del BOE concernente le contrattation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] n0seqg8o5x1l65z6fqqlqofokdv02ar 702617 702463 2026-10-06T21:01:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] a [[Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] 702463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate principalmente de le preparation e execution del budget del departamento, le programmation e sequentia economic del investimentos, le analyse economic, le statisticas del Ministerio e le coordination de varie aspectos financiari e economic del entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es un del organos directivos que depende directemente del Subsecretariato. Illa exerce su competentias super le insimul del Ministerio e, in le materias previde per le legislation, coordina le preparation budgetari e le analyse economic del su organismos e entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa es organisate al mesme nivello que le Secretariato General Technic, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection e le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, tote directemente dependente del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction inter iste Direction General e le organos sectorial del Ministerio es importante: illa non regula un sol modo de transporto, ma tracta principalmente le recursos economic e budgetari que supporta le activitate del departamento. Le sue functiones include tanto le budget general como le analyse economic, le investimentos e le production statistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es establite principalmente per le articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * elaborar le avantprojecto de budget del Ministerio e coordinar le elaboration del budgetos de su entidades dependente; * transmitter le budgetos del departamento e de su entidades al Ministerio de Hacienda conforme al legislation vigente; * informar e tractar le expedientes de modification budgetari del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente; * prestar assistentia technic in materia budgetari; * exercitar le functiones attribuite al Office Budgetari per le Real Decreto 2855/1979; * coordinar le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones; * sequer le apportos del entidades dependente del Ministerio pro le financiation de obras de conservation o enrichimento del Patrimonio Historic Espaniol; * sequer le execution economic e financiari del investimentos del departamento; * elaborar informes super le execution del budget e le evolution del principales agregatos economic; * elaborar studios e informes de natura economic e financiari concernente le materias de competentia del Ministerio; * programmer e elaborar le statisticas general que describe le activitate del departamento; * coordinar e, quando corresponde, elaborar le operationes statistic assignate al Ministerio in le [[Plan Statistic National]]; * gerer e tractar le creditos e gastos assignate al Direction General, includente le asuntos relative al contrattos e acquisitiones, in coordination con le altere organos competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa assi al coordination economic del Ministerio e al evaluation del recursos necessari pro executar le politicas de transporto, infrastructuras e mobilitate. == Budget e programmation economic == Le Office Budgetari es le organo incaricate del principal functiones relative al preparation e execution del budget. Illo participa al elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, coordina le budgetos del entidades dependente e tracta le modificationes budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Office Budgetari exerce etiam le functiones que le legislation general attribue al oficinas budgetari del departamentos ministerial. Le Real Decreto 2855/1979 establi le quadro general pro iste oficinas, que serve como instrumento de coordination inter le programmation del activitate del departamento e le preparation del budget del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones del Ministerio, instrumento que programma le principale politicas de subvention del departamento secundo le legislation general super le subventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sequentia economic e investimentos == Le Direction General exerce functiones de sequentia economic e financiari del activitate del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente. Iste activitate permitte analizar le execution del programas de investimento e le evolution del gastos in relation con le planification del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic es incaricate de iste campo. Illa exerce le functiones relative al sequentia del execution economic e del investimentos del departamento e del entidades que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha assi un rol transversal in le evaluation del execution financiari del politicas de infrastructura, transporto e mobilitate. Le informationes economic obtenite pote esser utilisate pro le coordination del programmation e pro le preparation de decisiones del departamento. == Coordination economic == Le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic tracta le materias relative al coordination economic del departamento. Su competentias deriva del articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024 e concerne le materias economic que non es attribuite al Office Budgetari o al Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina iste activitate con le altere organos del Ministero e con le entidades dependente, specialmente quando le decisiones del departamento ha implicationes economic o budgetari. == Studios economic e statisticas == Le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas es responsabile del elaboration de studios e informes de natura economic e financiari, assi como del programmation e elaboration del statisticas general que describe le activitate del Ministerio. Illa coordina etiam le operationes statistic que corresponde al departamento in le quadro del [[Plan Statistic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General publica o coordina diverse series statistic concernente le transporto, le infrastructuras e le activitate economic del departamento. Un exemplo es le Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera, que provide information periodic super le transporto de mercantias per carretera in Espania. Le edition 2025 esseva publicate per le Centro de Publicationes in 2026 e indica le Direction General como autor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es etiam implicate in operationes statistic previde per le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Le plan identifica, inter le operationes del Ministerio, diverse statisticas sub le responsabilitate del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: * le Office Budgetari; * le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic; * le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic; * le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation permitte separar le quatro principal campos del activitate del Direction General: preparation budgetari, sequentia economic, coordination economic e studios/statisticas. == Historia == Le origine immediate del Direction General se trova in le reorganisation del [[Ministerio de Fomento]] in 1996. Le Real Decreto 839/1996 establite le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetari como un del centros directivos dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/05/10/839 |titulo=Real Decreto 839/1996, de 10 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1886/1996 developpava iste structura e attribueva al Direction General le elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, le coordination del budgetos del organismos autonome, le sequentia del fundos europee, le monitorage del investimentos, le evaluation de planos e programas budgetari, le sequentia economic-financiari e le programmation del statisticas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1886 |titulo=Real Decreto 1886/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2000, le organo cambiava su denomination a Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le Real Decreto 690/2000 conservava le principal functiones de planification economic, sequentia del investimentos, fundos europee, evaluation budgetari, analyse economic e statisticas, ma le Office Budgetari passava a depender del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-8866 |titulo=Real Decreto 690/2000, de 2 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le competentias budgetari esseva reintegrate in le Direction General, que manteneva alora le denomination de Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le reorganisation del 2004 restitueva al organo le functiones del Office Budgetari e amplia su competentias in materia de programmation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/06/18/1476 |titulo=Real Decreto 1476/2004, de 18 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le organo adoptava le denomination actual de Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. Le nove structura reinforceva le functiones concernente le budget, le analyse economic, le statisticas e le sequentia del activitate del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2009/06/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2009-10757.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 30/2011 consolidava le competentias del Direction General, includente le programmation del recursos economic e financiari pro le planos de infrastructura, le elaboration del budget, le sequentia del fundos europee, le sequentia del investimentos e le evaluation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-972 |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le reorganisation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban manteneva le Direction General e actualisava su competentias e organisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-7508 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023–2024, con le nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, le Direction General remaneva dependente del Subsecretariato e esseva integrate in le actual structura del Ministerio per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del organo == Le actual Director General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es Pedro Enrique Blanco Chinarro. Ille esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-13450 |titulo=Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Blanco Chinarro es ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos e pertine al Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos del Stato. Ante su nomination como Director General, ille habeva occupate inter altere le posto de Subdirector General del Office Budgetari del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2025/20250701-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros, 1 de julio de 2025 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le BOE continua a identificar Blanco Chinarro como Director General in septembre 2026, inter altere in un rectification concernente un contracto del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-30809 |titulo=Anuncio de rectificación de 24 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a producir e coordinar information statistic super le activitate del Ministerio. In 2026, le Centro de Publicationes publicava le Encuesta permanente de transporto de mercantias per carretera, 2025, cuje autor es indicate como le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam le responsabilitate de operationes statistic inscritte in le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Iste plan include operationes del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas relative al activitate del transporto e al sectores associate al competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Direction General etiam gereva proceduras de contrattation concernente le production de statisticas del Ministerio. Un contracto del 2024, per exemplo, concerne le recerca e tabulation del datos del Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera pro le periodo de januario 2025 a decembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid, in le complexe del Nove Ministerios. Iste adresse figura in le avisos official del BOE concernente le contrattation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] n0seqg8o5x1l65z6fqqlqofokdv02ar 702619 702617 2026-10-06T21:02:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 702619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate principalmente de le preparation e execution del budget del departamento, le programmation e sequentia economic del investimentos, le analyse economic, le statisticas del Ministerio e le coordination de varie aspectos financiari e economic del entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es un del organos directivos que depende directemente del Subsecretariato. Illa exerce su competentias super le insimul del Ministerio e, in le materias previde per le legislation, coordina le preparation budgetari e le analyse economic del su organismos e entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa es organisate al mesme nivello que le Secretariato General Technic, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection e le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, tote directemente dependente del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction inter iste Direction General e le organos sectorial del Ministerio es importante: illa non regula un sol modo de transporto, ma tracta principalmente le recursos economic e budgetari que supporta le activitate del departamento. Le sue functiones include tanto le budget general como le analyse economic, le investimentos e le production statistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es establite principalmente per le articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * elaborar le avantprojecto de budget del Ministerio e coordinar le elaboration del budgetos de su entidades dependente; * transmitter le budgetos del departamento e de su entidades al Ministerio de Hacienda conforme al legislation vigente; * informar e tractar le expedientes de modification budgetari del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente; * prestar assistentia technic in materia budgetari; * exercitar le functiones attribuite al Office Budgetari per le Real Decreto 2855/1979; * coordinar le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones; * sequer le apportos del entidades dependente del Ministerio pro le financiation de obras de conservation o enrichimento del Patrimonio Historic Espaniol; * sequer le execution economic e financiari del investimentos del departamento; * elaborar informes super le execution del budget e le evolution del principales agregatos economic; * elaborar studios e informes de natura economic e financiari concernente le materias de competentia del Ministerio; * programmer e elaborar le statisticas general que describe le activitate del departamento; * coordinar e, quando corresponde, elaborar le operationes statistic assignate al Ministerio in le [[Plan Statistic National]]; * gerer e tractar le creditos e gastos assignate al Direction General, includente le asuntos relative al contrattos e acquisitiones, in coordination con le altere organos competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa assi al coordination economic del Ministerio e al evaluation del recursos necessari pro executar le politicas de transporto, infrastructuras e mobilitate. == Budget e programmation economic == Le Office Budgetari es le organo incaricate del principal functiones relative al preparation e execution del budget. Illo participa al elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, coordina le budgetos del entidades dependente e tracta le modificationes budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Office Budgetari exerce etiam le functiones que le legislation general attribue al oficinas budgetari del departamentos ministerial. Le Real Decreto 2855/1979 establi le quadro general pro iste oficinas, que serve como instrumento de coordination inter le programmation del activitate del departamento e le preparation del budget del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones del Ministerio, instrumento que programma le principale politicas de subvention del departamento secundo le legislation general super le subventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sequentia economic e investimentos == Le Direction General exerce functiones de sequentia economic e financiari del activitate del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente. Iste activitate permitte analizar le execution del programas de investimento e le evolution del gastos in relation con le planification del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic es incaricate de iste campo. Illa exerce le functiones relative al sequentia del execution economic e del investimentos del departamento e del entidades que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha assi un rol transversal in le evaluation del execution financiari del politicas de infrastructura, transporto e mobilitate. Le informationes economic obtenite pote esser utilisate pro le coordination del programmation e pro le preparation de decisiones del departamento. == Coordination economic == Le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic tracta le materias relative al coordination economic del departamento. Su competentias deriva del articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024 e concerne le materias economic que non es attribuite al Office Budgetari o al Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina iste activitate con le altere organos del Ministero e con le entidades dependente, specialmente quando le decisiones del departamento ha implicationes economic o budgetari. == Studios economic e statisticas == Le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas es responsabile del elaboration de studios e informes de natura economic e financiari, assi como del programmation e elaboration del statisticas general que describe le activitate del Ministerio. Illa coordina etiam le operationes statistic que corresponde al departamento in le quadro del [[Plan Statistic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General publica o coordina diverse series statistic concernente le transporto, le infrastructuras e le activitate economic del departamento. Un exemplo es le Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera, que provide information periodic super le transporto de mercantias per carretera in Espania. Le edition 2025 esseva publicate per le Centro de Publicationes in 2026 e indica le Direction General como autor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es etiam implicate in operationes statistic previde per le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Le plan identifica, inter le operationes del Ministerio, diverse statisticas sub le responsabilitate del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: * le Office Budgetari; * le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic; * le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic; * le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation permitte separar le quatro principal campos del activitate del Direction General: preparation budgetari, sequentia economic, coordination economic e studios/statisticas. == Historia == Le origine immediate del Direction General se trova in le reorganisation del [[Ministerio de Fomento]] in 1996. Le Real Decreto 839/1996 establite le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetari como un del centros directivos dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/05/10/839 |titulo=Real Decreto 839/1996, de 10 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1886/1996 developpava iste structura e attribueva al Direction General le elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, le coordination del budgetos del organismos autonome, le sequentia del fundos europee, le monitorage del investimentos, le evaluation de planos e programas budgetari, le sequentia economic-financiari e le programmation del statisticas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1886 |titulo=Real Decreto 1886/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2000, le organo cambiava su denomination a Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le Real Decreto 690/2000 conservava le principal functiones de planification economic, sequentia del investimentos, fundos europee, evaluation budgetari, analyse economic e statisticas, ma le Office Budgetari passava a depender del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-8866 |titulo=Real Decreto 690/2000, de 2 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le competentias budgetari esseva reintegrate in le Direction General, que manteneva alora le denomination de Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le reorganisation del 2004 restitueva al organo le functiones del Office Budgetari e amplia su competentias in materia de programmation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/06/18/1476 |titulo=Real Decreto 1476/2004, de 18 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le organo adoptava le denomination actual de Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. Le nove structura reinforceva le functiones concernente le budget, le analyse economic, le statisticas e le sequentia del activitate del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2009/06/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2009-10757.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 30/2011 consolidava le competentias del Direction General, includente le programmation del recursos economic e financiari pro le planos de infrastructura, le elaboration del budget, le sequentia del fundos europee, le sequentia del investimentos e le evaluation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-972 |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le reorganisation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban manteneva le Direction General e actualisava su competentias e organisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-7508 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023–2024, con le nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, le Direction General remaneva dependente del Subsecretariato e esseva integrate in le actual structura del Ministerio per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del organo == Le actual Director General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es Pedro Enrique Blanco Chinarro. Ille esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-13450 |titulo=Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Blanco Chinarro es ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos e pertine al Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos del Stato. Ante su nomination como Director General, ille habeva occupate inter altere le posto de Subdirector General del Office Budgetari del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2025/20250701-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros, 1 de julio de 2025 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le BOE continua a identificar Blanco Chinarro como Director General in septembre 2026, inter altere in un rectification concernente un contracto del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-30809 |titulo=Anuncio de rectificación de 24 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a producir e coordinar information statistic super le activitate del Ministerio. In 2026, le Centro de Publicationes publicava le Encuesta permanente de transporto de mercantias per carretera, 2025, cuje autor es indicate como le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam le responsabilitate de operationes statistic inscritte in le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Iste plan include operationes del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas relative al activitate del transporto e al sectores associate al competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Direction General etiam gereva proceduras de contrattation concernente le production de statisticas del Ministerio. Un contracto del 2024, per exemplo, concerne le recerca e tabulation del datos del Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera pro le periodo de januario 2025 a decembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid, in le complexe del Nove Ministerios. Iste adresse figura in le avisos official del BOE concernente le contrattation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] jvnzp5hm5cfencq6pj2rtoenst3h8b8 702633 702619 2026-10-06T21:04:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 702633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate principalmente de le preparation e execution del budget del departamento, le programmation e sequentia economic del investimentos, le analyse economic, le statisticas del Ministerio e le coordination de varie aspectos financiari e economic del entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es un del organos directivos que depende directemente del Subsecretariato. Illa exerce su competentias super le insimul del Ministerio e, in le materias previde per le legislation, coordina le preparation budgetari e le analyse economic del su organismos e entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa es organisate al mesme nivello que le Secretariato General Technic, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection e le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, tote directemente dependente del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction inter iste Direction General e le organos sectorial del Ministerio es importante: illa non regula un sol modo de transporto, ma tracta principalmente le recursos economic e budgetari que supporta le activitate del departamento. Le sue functiones include tanto le budget general como le analyse economic, le investimentos e le production statistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Direction General es establite principalmente per le articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * elaborar le avantprojecto de budget del Ministerio e coordinar le elaboration del budgetos de su entidades dependente; * transmitter le budgetos del departamento e de su entidades al Ministerio de Hacienda conforme al legislation vigente; * informar e tractar le expedientes de modification budgetari del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente; * prestar assistentia technic in materia budgetari; * exercitar le functiones attribuite al Office Budgetari per le Real Decreto 2855/1979; * coordinar le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones; * sequer le apportos del entidades dependente del Ministerio pro le financiation de obras de conservation o enrichimento del Patrimonio Historic Espaniol; * sequer le execution economic e financiari del investimentos del departamento; * elaborar informes super le execution del budget e le evolution del principales agregatos economic; * elaborar studios e informes de natura economic e financiari concernente le materias de competentia del Ministerio; * programmer e elaborar le statisticas general que describe le activitate del departamento; * coordinar e, quando corresponde, elaborar le operationes statistic assignate al Ministerio in le [[Plan Statistic National]]; * gerer e tractar le creditos e gastos assignate al Direction General, includente le asuntos relative al contrattos e acquisitiones, in coordination con le altere organos competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa assi al coordination economic del Ministerio e al evaluation del recursos necessari pro executar le politicas de transporto, infrastructuras e mobilitate. == Budget e programmation economic == Le Office Budgetari es le organo incaricate del principal functiones relative al preparation e execution del budget. Illo participa al elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, coordina le budgetos del entidades dependente e tracta le modificationes budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Office Budgetari exerce etiam le functiones que le legislation general attribue al oficinas budgetari del departamentos ministerial. Le Real Decreto 2855/1979 establi le quadro general pro iste oficinas, que serve como instrumento de coordination inter le programmation del activitate del departamento e le preparation del budget del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones del Ministerio, instrumento que programma le principale politicas de subvention del departamento secundo le legislation general super le subventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sequentia economic e investimentos == Le Direction General exerce functiones de sequentia economic e financiari del activitate del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente. Iste activitate permitte analizar le execution del programas de investimento e le evolution del gastos in relation con le planification del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic es incaricate de iste campo. Illa exerce le functiones relative al sequentia del execution economic e del investimentos del departamento e del entidades que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha assi un rol transversal in le evaluation del execution financiari del politicas de infrastructura, transporto e mobilitate. Le informationes economic obtenite pote esser utilisate pro le coordination del programmation e pro le preparation de decisiones del departamento. == Coordination economic == Le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic tracta le materias relative al coordination economic del departamento. Su competentias deriva del articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024 e concerne le materias economic que non es attribuite al Office Budgetari o al Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina iste activitate con le altere organos del Ministero e con le entidades dependente, specialmente quando le decisiones del departamento ha implicationes economic o budgetari. == Studios economic e statisticas == Le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas es responsabile del elaboration de studios e informes de natura economic e financiari, assi como del programmation e elaboration del statisticas general que describe le activitate del Ministerio. Illa coordina etiam le operationes statistic que corresponde al departamento in le quadro del [[Plan Statistic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General publica o coordina diverse series statistic concernente le transporto, le infrastructuras e le activitate economic del departamento. Un exemplo es le Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera, que provide information periodic super le transporto de mercantias per carretera in Espania. Le edition 2025 esseva publicate per le Centro de Publicationes in 2026 e indica le Direction General como autor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es etiam implicate in operationes statistic previde per le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Le plan identifica, inter le operationes del Ministerio, diverse statisticas sub le responsabilitate del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Direction General es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: * le Office Budgetari; * le Subdirection General de Sequentia Economic; * le Subdirection General de Coordination Economic; * le Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation permitte separar le quatro principal campos del activitate del Direction General: preparation budgetari, sequentia economic, coordination economic e studios/statisticas. == Historia == Le origine immediate del Direction General se trova in le reorganisation del [[Ministerio de Fomento]] in 1996. Le Real Decreto 839/1996 establite le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetari como un del centros directivos dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/05/10/839 |titulo=Real Decreto 839/1996, de 10 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1886/1996 developpava iste structura e attribueva al Direction General le elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, le coordination del budgetos del organismos autonome, le sequentia del fundos europee, le monitorage del investimentos, le evaluation de planos e programas budgetari, le sequentia economic-financiari e le programmation del statisticas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1886 |titulo=Real Decreto 1886/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2000, le organo cambiava su denomination a Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le Real Decreto 690/2000 conservava le principal functiones de planification economic, sequentia del investimentos, fundos europee, evaluation budgetari, analyse economic e statisticas, ma le Office Budgetari passava a depender del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-8866 |titulo=Real Decreto 690/2000, de 2 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le competentias budgetari esseva reintegrate in le Direction General, que manteneva alora le denomination de Direction General de Programmation Economic. Le reorganisation del 2004 restitueva al organo le functiones del Office Budgetari e amplia su competentias in materia de programmation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/06/18/1476 |titulo=Real Decreto 1476/2004, de 18 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le organo adoptava le denomination actual de Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. Le nove structura reinforceva le functiones concernente le budget, le analyse economic, le statisticas e le sequentia del activitate del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2009/06/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2009-10757.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 30/2011 consolidava le competentias del Direction General, includente le programmation del recursos economic e financiari pro le planos de infrastructura, le elaboration del budget, le sequentia del fundos europee, le sequentia del investimentos e le evaluation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-972 |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le reorganisation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban manteneva le Direction General e actualisava su competentias e organisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-7508 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023–2024, con le nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, le Direction General remaneva dependente del Subsecretariato e esseva integrate in le actual structura del Ministerio per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del organo == Le actual Director General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es Pedro Enrique Blanco Chinarro. Ille esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-13450 |titulo=Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Blanco Chinarro es ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos e pertine al Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos del Stato. Ante su nomination como Director General, ille habeva occupate inter altere le posto de Subdirector General del Office Budgetari del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2025/20250701-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros, 1 de julio de 2025 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le BOE continua a identificar Blanco Chinarro como Director General in septembre 2026, inter altere in un rectification concernente un contracto del Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-30809 |titulo=Anuncio de rectificación de 24 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Direction General continua a producir e coordinar information statistic super le activitate del Ministerio. In 2026, le Centro de Publicationes publicava le Encuesta permanente de transporto de mercantias per carretera, 2025, cuje autor es indicate como le Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha etiam le responsabilitate de operationes statistic inscritte in le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Iste plan include operationes del Subdirection General de Studios Economic e Statisticas relative al activitate del transporto e al sectores associate al competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Direction General etiam gereva proceduras de contrattation concernente le production de statisticas del Ministerio. Un contracto del 2024, per exemplo, concerne le recerca e tabulation del datos del Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera pro le periodo de januario 2025 a decembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid, in le complexe del Nove Ministerios. Iste adresse figura in le avisos official del BOE concernente le contrattation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] k3db0i8qr31yugj3n484q23qkengo5m 702649 702633 2026-10-06T21:13:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 702649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos''' es un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Illa es incaricate principalmente de le preparation e execution del budget del departamento, le programmation e sequentia economic del investimentos, le analyse economic, le statisticas del Ministerio e le coordination de varie aspectos financiari e economic del entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General es un del organos directivos que depende directemente del Subsecretariato. Illa exerce su competentias super le insimul del Ministerio e, in le materias previde per le legislation, coordina le preparation budgetari e le analyse economic del su organismos e entidades dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa es organisate al mesme nivello que le Secretariato General Technic, le Directorio General de Organisation e Inspection e le Directorio General del Instituto Geographic National, tote directemente dependente del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le distinction inter iste Directorio General e le organos sectorial del Ministerio es importante: illa non regula un sol modo de transporto, ma tracta principalmente le recursos economic e budgetari que supporta le activitate del departamento. Le sue functiones include tanto le budget general como le analyse economic, le investimentos e le production statistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones del Directorio General es establite principalmente per le articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024. Inter le principal competentias se trova: * elaborar le avantprojecto de budget del Ministerio e coordinar le elaboration del budgetos de su entidades dependente; * transmitter le budgetos del departamento e de su entidades al Ministerio de Hacienda conforme al legislation vigente; * informar e tractar le expedientes de modification budgetari del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente; * prestar assistentia technic in materia budgetari; * exercitar le functiones attribuite al Office Budgetari per le Real Decreto 2855/1979; * coordinar le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones; * sequer le apportos del entidades dependente del Ministerio pro le financiation de obras de conservation o enrichimento del Patrimonio Historic Espaniol; * sequer le execution economic e financiari del investimentos del departamento; * elaborar informes super le execution del budget e le evolution del principales agregatos economic; * elaborar studios e informes de natura economic e financiari concernente le materias de competentia del Ministerio; * programmer e elaborar le statisticas general que describe le activitate del departamento; * coordinar e, quando corresponde, elaborar le operationes statistic assignate al Ministerio in le [[Plan Statistic National]]; * gerer e tractar le creditos e gastos assignate al Directorio General, includente le asuntos relative al contrattos e acquisitiones, in coordination con le altere organos competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General participa assi al coordination economic del Ministerio e al evaluation del recursos necessari pro executar le politicas de transporto, infrastructuras e mobilitate. == Budget e programmation economic == Le Office Budgetari es le organo incaricate del principal functiones relative al preparation e execution del budget. Illo participa al elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, coordina le budgetos del entidades dependente e tracta le modificationes budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Office Budgetari exerce etiam le functiones que le legislation general attribue al oficinas budgetari del departamentos ministerial. Le Real Decreto 2855/1979 establi le quadro general pro iste oficinas, que serve como instrumento de coordination inter le programmation del activitate del departamento e le preparation del budget del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General coordina etiam le elaboration e actualisation del Plan Strategic de Subventiones del Ministerio, instrumento que programma le principale politicas de subvention del departamento secundo le legislation general super le subventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sequentia economic e investimentos == Le Directorio General exerce functiones de sequentia economic e financiari del activitate del Ministerio e de su entidades dependente. Iste activitate permitte analizar le execution del programas de investimento e le evolution del gastos in relation con le planification del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirectorio General de Sequentia Economic es incaricate de iste campo. Illa exerce le functiones relative al sequentia del execution economic e del investimentos del departamento e del entidades que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha assi un rol transversal in le evaluation del execution financiari del politicas de infrastructura, transporto e mobilitate. Le informationes economic obtenite pote esser utilisate pro le coordination del programmation e pro le preparation de decisiones del departamento. == Coordination economic == Le Subdirectorio General de Coordination Economic tracta le materias relative al coordination economic del departamento. Su competentias deriva del articulo 14 del Real Decreto 253/2024 e concerne le materias economic que non es attribuite al Office Budgetari o al Subdirectorio General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General coordina iste activitate con le altere organos del Ministero e con le entidades dependente, specialmente quando le decisiones del departamento ha implicationes economic o budgetari. == Studios economic e statisticas == Le Subdirectorio General de Studios Economic e Statisticas es responsabile del elaboration de studios e informes de natura economic e financiari, assi como del programmation e elaboration del statisticas general que describe le activitate del Ministerio. Illa coordina etiam le operationes statistic que corresponde al departamento in le quadro del [[Plan Statistic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General publica o coordina diverse series statistic concernente le transporto, le infrastructuras e le activitate economic del departamento. Un exemplo es le Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera, que provide information periodic super le transporto de mercantias per carretera in Espania. Le edition 2025 esseva publicate per le Centro de Publicationes in 2026 e indica le Directorio General como autor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General es etiam implicate in operationes statistic previde per le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Le plan identifica, inter le operationes del Ministerio, diverse statisticas sub le responsabilitate del Subdirectorio General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirectorio general: * le Office Budgetari; * le Subdirectorio General de Sequentia Economic; * le Subdirectorio General de Coordination Economic; * le Subdirectorio General de Studios Economic e Statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation permitte separar le quatro principal campos del activitate del Directorio General: preparation budgetari, sequentia economic, coordination economic e studios/statisticas. == Historia == Le origine immediate del Directorio General se trova in le reorganisation del [[Ministerio de Fomento]] in 1996. Le Real Decreto 839/1996 establite le Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetari como un del centros directivos dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/05/10/839 |titulo=Real Decreto 839/1996, de 10 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1886/1996 developpava iste structura e attribueva al Directorio General le elaboration del avantprojecto de budget del departamento, le coordination del budgetos del organismos autonome, le sequentia del fundos europee, le monitorage del investimentos, le evaluation de planos e programas budgetari, le sequentia economic-financiari e le programmation del statisticas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1886 |titulo=Real Decreto 1886/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2000, le organo cambiava su denomination a Directorio General de Programmation Economic. Le Real Decreto 690/2000 conservava le principal functiones de planification economic, sequentia del investimentos, fundos europee, evaluation budgetari, analyse economic e statisticas, ma le Office Budgetari passava a depender del Subsecretariato de Fomento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-8866 |titulo=Real Decreto 690/2000, de 2 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le competentias budgetari esseva reintegrate in le Directorio General, que manteneva alora le denomination de Directorio General de Programmation Economic. Le reorganisation del 2004 restitueva al organo le functiones del Office Budgetari e amplia su competentias in materia de programmation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/06/18/1476 |titulo=Real Decreto 1476/2004, de 18 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le organo adoptava le denomination actual de Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. Le nove structura reinforceva le functiones concernente le budget, le analyse economic, le statisticas e le sequentia del activitate del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2009/06/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2009-10757.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 30/2011 consolidava le competentias del Directorio General, includente le programmation del recursos economic e financiari pro le planos de infrastructura, le elaboration del budget, le sequentia del fundos europee, le sequentia del investimentos e le evaluation economic e budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-972 |titulo=Real Decreto 30/2011, de 14 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le reorganisation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban manteneva le Directorio General e actualisava su competentias e organisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-7508 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023–2024, con le nove organisation del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, le Directorio General remaneva dependente del Subsecretariato e esseva integrate in le actual structura del Ministerio per le Real Decreto 253/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del organo == Le actual Director General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es Pedro Enrique Blanco Chinarro. Ille esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-13450 |titulo=Real Decreto 594/2025, de 1 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Blanco Chinarro es ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos e pertine al Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos del Stato. Ante su nomination como Director General, ille habeva occupate inter altere le posto de Subdirector General del Office Budgetari del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2025/20250701-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros, 1 de julio de 2025 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le BOE continua a identificar Blanco Chinarro como Director General in septembre 2026, inter altere in un rectification concernente un contracto del Directorio General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-30809 |titulo=Anuncio de rectificación de 24 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Le Directorio General continua a producir e coordinar information statistic super le activitate del Ministerio. In 2026, le Centro de Publicationes publicava le Encuesta permanente de transporto de mercantias per carretera, 2025, cuje autor es indicate como le Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.transportes.gob.es/encuesta-permanente-de-transporte-de-mercancias-por-carretera-2025 |titulo=Encuesta permanente de transporte de mercancías por carretera, 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha etiam le responsabilitate de operationes statistic inscritte in le Plan Statistic National 2025–2028. Iste plan include operationes del Subdirectorio General de Studios Economic e Statisticas relative al activitate del transporto e al sectores associate al competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-27148-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 1225/2024, de 3 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Directorio General etiam gereva proceduras de contrattation concernente le production de statisticas del Ministerio. Un contracto del 2024, per exemplo, concerne le recerca e tabulation del datos del Encuesta Permanente del Transporto de Mercantias per Carretera pro le periodo de januario 2025 a decembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Directorio General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos es in Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid, in le complexe del Nove Ministerios. Iste adresse figura in le avisos official del BOE concernente le contrattation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2024-42196 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos, 19 de noviembre de 2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] afpfdrakybo53fz7z1vj9tbedvbelkq 0 61873 702464 2026-10-06T12:00:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] 702464 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] orm4yczwxuw3f3ysemsdz6mp5tjzbgc 0 61874 702466 2026-10-06T12:12:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Organisation e Inspection''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], directemente dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su functiones concernent le administration interne del Ministerio, le gestion de su servicios commun, le ressources human e financial, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos e le i...” 702466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Organisation e Inspection''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], directemente dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su functiones concernent le administration interne del Ministerio, le gestion de su servicios commun, le ressources human e financial, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos e le inspection e controlo del funcionamento del servicios del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha rango de Direction General e forma parte del organisation del Subsecretariato. Le actual quadro juridic es establite principalmente per le Real Decreto 253/2024, que developpa le structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection depende directemente del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, al mesme nivello que le [[Secretariato General Technic]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Direction General del Instituto Geographic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 12 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina e supervisa le organos que depende directemente de illo. In iste quadro, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce principalmente functiones horizontal que concerne le conjunto del Ministerio e, in certe materias, le entitates e organismos public attachate al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine institutional del actual Direction General se trova in le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1917/1977 creava le Direction General de Servicios del nove Ministerio de Obras Public e Urbanismo, integrante in illo diverse organos proveniente del anterior Ministerio de Obras Public e del Ministerio de Vivienda, inter illes le subdirecciones general de personal e le Subdirection General de Coordination Administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-17607 |titulo=Real Decreto 1917/1977, de 29 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios sequente, le organo e su competentias cambiava de denomination conforme al organisation del Ministerio. In 2000, le Real Decreto 1475/2000 establiva le Direction General de Organisation, Procedimento e Controlo, dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento, con competentias super le servicios commun del departamento, le evaluation del operativitate del structura administrative e le simplification e rationalisation del proceduras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/08/04/1475/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1475/2000, de 4 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le denomination deveniva Direction General de Servicios. Iste organo assumeva le gestion del servicios commun, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection del servicios e le technologies del information e administration electronic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2009/06/29/1037 |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2010, le Real Decreto 638/2010 supprimiva le Direction General de Services e creava, con rango de Direction General e dependentia del Subsecretariato, le Inspection General de Fomento. Le nove organo conservava le principal functiones concernente le administration interne, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection e le technologies del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/05/14/638 |titulo=Real Decreto 638/2010, de 14 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017, le Real Decreto 362/2017 cambiava le denomination del Inspection General de Fomento a Direction General de Organisation e Inspection. Le preambulo del norma explicava que le cambio de denomination debeva reflecter le natura del organo, incaricate del gestion e coordination del servicios commun, del regime interne e del ressources e medios del Ministerio, assi como del inspection del servicios e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2017/04/08/362 |titulo=Real Decreto 362/2017, de 8 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva mantenite in le subsequent reorganisationes del Ministerio, includente le transformation del Ministerio de Fomento in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in 2020 e le creation del actual Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile in 2023–2024. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha establite le actual structura e ha introducite nove functiones, inter illas le retour del competentias relative al securitate del regime interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce un grande varietate de functiones horizontal del Ministerio. === Regime interne e patrimonio === Le organo gere le regime interne, includente le securitate, e le servicios general del organos central e peripheral del departamento que non ha essite attribuite a altere organos. Illo dirige e organise le registro general, le servicios de documentation e archivo, le biblioteca general del Ministerio e le servicios de documentation concernente al transportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General programma e gere le politica de acquisitiones del ressources material del departamento e le politica patrimonial, includente le construction e conservation del edificios e installations que non es attribuite a altere organos directiv. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ressources human === Le organo es responsabile del gestion e administration del ressources human del Ministerio. Illo prepara e tramita le offerta de empleo public, le processos de selection del personal e le plan de formation. Illo exerce etiam functiones relative al inclusion del personal con discapacitate, al relationes con le organisationes sindical, al prevention del riscos professional e al coordination del activitate preventive del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le politica de ressources human del entitates public, societates e fundationes statal attachate al Ministerio, specialmente in lor relationes con le Ministerio de Hacienda e le Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Administration financial e procurement === Le Direction General gere le financial e le tesoreria del departamento, le nominas del personal e le procurement del servicios commun. Illo gere etiam le Portal de Contractation e le ayudas chargeate al servicio budgetari 01, in le quadro del competentias que non es attribuite a altere organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Inspection, controlo e evaluation === Un del principal campos del Direction General es le inspection e supervision del servicios. Illo examina le organisation, le activitate e le funcionamento del servicios pro verificar le observantia del normas, rationalisar e simplificar le proceduras, reducir le cargas administrative e promover le efficacitate, efficientia e qualitate del servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection se extende al servicios del organisation administrative central e peripheral del Ministerio e al organismos public ligate o dependente de illo, sin pregiudicio del competentias de inspection que le Ministerio de Politica Territorial exerce super le servicios integrate in le Delegationes e Subdelegationes del Governo. Le Direction General realisa etiam controlo de efficacitate e verifica le requisitos pro le utilisation de medios proprie del sector public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al controlo interne del medidas antifraude del Plan de Recuperation, Transformation e Resilientia e coordina le activitates relative al evaluation del politicas public del departamento in cooperation con le Instituto pro le Evaluation del Politicas Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Attention al citatanos e transparentia === Le Direction General gere le information administrative e attention al citatanos, includente le Registro de Queixas e Suggestiones del Ministerio. Illo tramita etiam le scripto presentate secundo le Lege Organic 4/2001 super le derecto de petition e coordina le initiatives de Governamento Aperte del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo coordina e supervisa tamben le politica de protection del datos del Ministerio e gere le communicationes del systema interne de information previde per le Lege 2/2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Technologies e administration digital === Le Direction General coordina e impulsa le strategia del technologias del information e del transformation digital del Ministerio. Illo planifica le infrastructure technologic, le retes e servicios de communication, le mantenimento del equipamento informatic e le acquisition technic de licentias e equipamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo developpa e mantene le systemas de information del Ministerio e coordina le implementation del Administration Digital, includente le servicios Internet, le portal web, le sede electronic e le intranet del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Qualitate del contratos e inspection technic === Le Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic se ocupa del sequentia e evaluation del gestion de contratos e de altere instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. Su activitate include le controlo del qualitate del aspectos legal, technic, functional e administrative del contratos durante lor differente phases. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection es organisate in sex organos con rango de subdirection general: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Officialia Major, responsabile del regime interne, servicios general, registro, documentation, archivo, biblioteca, acquisitiones e patrimonio. * Subdirection General de Ressources Human, incaricate del gestion del personal, selection, formation, inclusion, relationes sindical e prevention del riscos professional. * Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial, que gere le financial, tesoreria, nominas, procurement e ayudas del servicio budgetari 01. * Subdirection General de Inspection del Servicios e Attention al Citatanos, que exerce le inspection del servicios, le rationalisation administrative, le controlo interne, le evaluation del politicas public e le attention al citatanos. * Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Administration Digital, incaricate del strategia technologic, infrastructure digital, systemas de information e administration electronic. * Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic, responsabile del evaluation e controlo del qualitate de contratos e instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial preside le Junta de Contractation del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le altere organos del Ministerio == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce functiones horizontal que complementa le activitate del organos sectorial del Ministerio. Le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] se concentra super le programmation economic e budgetari, durante que le [[Secretariato General Technic]] tracta le materias juridic, normative, administrative e postal. Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection se concentra super le services interne, le ressources, le inspection e le supporto technic e administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General es localisate in Madrid. Le ficha del Punto de Acceso General identifica le unitate con le codice E04999502 e indica le adresses institutional de le Administration General del Stato; documentos del Ministerio e de su organos usa le sede del departamento in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/ficha-unidad-organica?selectorServicio=organigramasEstructurasDirectorios&selectorget=E04999502 |titulo=Ficha Unidad Orgánica: Dirección General de Organización e Inspección |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] 4h92z9l4nz24jj77irnul2bh355fgq7 702611 702466 2026-10-06T21:01:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] a [[Directorio General de Organisation e Inspection]] 702466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General de Organisation e Inspection''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], directemente dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su functiones concernent le administration interne del Ministerio, le gestion de su servicios commun, le ressources human e financial, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos e le inspection e controlo del funcionamento del servicios del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha rango de Direction General e forma parte del organisation del Subsecretariato. Le actual quadro juridic es establite principalmente per le Real Decreto 253/2024, que developpa le structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection depende directemente del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, al mesme nivello que le [[Secretariato General Technic]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Direction General del Instituto Geographic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 12 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina e supervisa le organos que depende directemente de illo. In iste quadro, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce principalmente functiones horizontal que concerne le conjunto del Ministerio e, in certe materias, le entitates e organismos public attachate al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine institutional del actual Direction General se trova in le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1917/1977 creava le Direction General de Servicios del nove Ministerio de Obras Public e Urbanismo, integrante in illo diverse organos proveniente del anterior Ministerio de Obras Public e del Ministerio de Vivienda, inter illes le subdirecciones general de personal e le Subdirection General de Coordination Administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-17607 |titulo=Real Decreto 1917/1977, de 29 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios sequente, le organo e su competentias cambiava de denomination conforme al organisation del Ministerio. In 2000, le Real Decreto 1475/2000 establiva le Direction General de Organisation, Procedimento e Controlo, dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento, con competentias super le servicios commun del departamento, le evaluation del operativitate del structura administrative e le simplification e rationalisation del proceduras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/08/04/1475/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1475/2000, de 4 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le denomination deveniva Direction General de Servicios. Iste organo assumeva le gestion del servicios commun, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection del servicios e le technologies del information e administration electronic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2009/06/29/1037 |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2010, le Real Decreto 638/2010 supprimiva le Direction General de Services e creava, con rango de Direction General e dependentia del Subsecretariato, le Inspection General de Fomento. Le nove organo conservava le principal functiones concernente le administration interne, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection e le technologies del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/05/14/638 |titulo=Real Decreto 638/2010, de 14 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017, le Real Decreto 362/2017 cambiava le denomination del Inspection General de Fomento a Direction General de Organisation e Inspection. Le preambulo del norma explicava que le cambio de denomination debeva reflecter le natura del organo, incaricate del gestion e coordination del servicios commun, del regime interne e del ressources e medios del Ministerio, assi como del inspection del servicios e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2017/04/08/362 |titulo=Real Decreto 362/2017, de 8 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva mantenite in le subsequent reorganisationes del Ministerio, includente le transformation del Ministerio de Fomento in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in 2020 e le creation del actual Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile in 2023–2024. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha establite le actual structura e ha introducite nove functiones, inter illas le retour del competentias relative al securitate del regime interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce un grande varietate de functiones horizontal del Ministerio. === Regime interne e patrimonio === Le organo gere le regime interne, includente le securitate, e le servicios general del organos central e peripheral del departamento que non ha essite attribuite a altere organos. Illo dirige e organise le registro general, le servicios de documentation e archivo, le biblioteca general del Ministerio e le servicios de documentation concernente al transportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General programma e gere le politica de acquisitiones del ressources material del departamento e le politica patrimonial, includente le construction e conservation del edificios e installations que non es attribuite a altere organos directiv. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ressources human === Le organo es responsabile del gestion e administration del ressources human del Ministerio. Illo prepara e tramita le offerta de empleo public, le processos de selection del personal e le plan de formation. Illo exerce etiam functiones relative al inclusion del personal con discapacitate, al relationes con le organisationes sindical, al prevention del riscos professional e al coordination del activitate preventive del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le politica de ressources human del entitates public, societates e fundationes statal attachate al Ministerio, specialmente in lor relationes con le Ministerio de Hacienda e le Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Administration financial e procurement === Le Direction General gere le financial e le tesoreria del departamento, le nominas del personal e le procurement del servicios commun. Illo gere etiam le Portal de Contractation e le ayudas chargeate al servicio budgetari 01, in le quadro del competentias que non es attribuite a altere organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Inspection, controlo e evaluation === Un del principal campos del Direction General es le inspection e supervision del servicios. Illo examina le organisation, le activitate e le funcionamento del servicios pro verificar le observantia del normas, rationalisar e simplificar le proceduras, reducir le cargas administrative e promover le efficacitate, efficientia e qualitate del servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection se extende al servicios del organisation administrative central e peripheral del Ministerio e al organismos public ligate o dependente de illo, sin pregiudicio del competentias de inspection que le Ministerio de Politica Territorial exerce super le servicios integrate in le Delegationes e Subdelegationes del Governo. Le Direction General realisa etiam controlo de efficacitate e verifica le requisitos pro le utilisation de medios proprie del sector public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al controlo interne del medidas antifraude del Plan de Recuperation, Transformation e Resilientia e coordina le activitates relative al evaluation del politicas public del departamento in cooperation con le Instituto pro le Evaluation del Politicas Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Attention al citatanos e transparentia === Le Direction General gere le information administrative e attention al citatanos, includente le Registro de Queixas e Suggestiones del Ministerio. Illo tramita etiam le scripto presentate secundo le Lege Organic 4/2001 super le derecto de petition e coordina le initiatives de Governamento Aperte del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo coordina e supervisa tamben le politica de protection del datos del Ministerio e gere le communicationes del systema interne de information previde per le Lege 2/2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Technologies e administration digital === Le Direction General coordina e impulsa le strategia del technologias del information e del transformation digital del Ministerio. Illo planifica le infrastructure technologic, le retes e servicios de communication, le mantenimento del equipamento informatic e le acquisition technic de licentias e equipamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo developpa e mantene le systemas de information del Ministerio e coordina le implementation del Administration Digital, includente le servicios Internet, le portal web, le sede electronic e le intranet del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Qualitate del contratos e inspection technic === Le Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic se ocupa del sequentia e evaluation del gestion de contratos e de altere instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. Su activitate include le controlo del qualitate del aspectos legal, technic, functional e administrative del contratos durante lor differente phases. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection es organisate in sex organos con rango de subdirection general: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Officialia Major, responsabile del regime interne, servicios general, registro, documentation, archivo, biblioteca, acquisitiones e patrimonio. * Subdirection General de Ressources Human, incaricate del gestion del personal, selection, formation, inclusion, relationes sindical e prevention del riscos professional. * Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial, que gere le financial, tesoreria, nominas, procurement e ayudas del servicio budgetari 01. * Subdirection General de Inspection del Servicios e Attention al Citatanos, que exerce le inspection del servicios, le rationalisation administrative, le controlo interne, le evaluation del politicas public e le attention al citatanos. * Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Administration Digital, incaricate del strategia technologic, infrastructure digital, systemas de information e administration electronic. * Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic, responsabile del evaluation e controlo del qualitate de contratos e instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial preside le Junta de Contractation del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le altere organos del Ministerio == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce functiones horizontal que complementa le activitate del organos sectorial del Ministerio. Le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] se concentra super le programmation economic e budgetari, durante que le [[Secretariato General Technic]] tracta le materias juridic, normative, administrative e postal. Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection se concentra super le services interne, le ressources, le inspection e le supporto technic e administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General es localisate in Madrid. Le ficha del Punto de Acceso General identifica le unitate con le codice E04999502 e indica le adresses institutional de le Administration General del Stato; documentos del Ministerio e de su organos usa le sede del departamento in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/ficha-unidad-organica?selectorServicio=organigramasEstructurasDirectorios&selectorget=E04999502 |titulo=Ficha Unidad Orgánica: Dirección General de Organización e Inspección |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] 4h92z9l4nz24jj77irnul2bh355fgq7 702613 702611 2026-10-06T21:01:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 702613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Organisation e Inspection''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], directemente dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su functiones concernent le administration interne del Ministerio, le gestion de su servicios commun, le ressources human e financial, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos e le inspection e controlo del funcionamento del servicios del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha rango de Direction General e forma parte del organisation del Subsecretariato. Le actual quadro juridic es establite principalmente per le Real Decreto 253/2024, que developpa le structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection depende directemente del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, al mesme nivello que le [[Secretariato General Technic]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Direction General del Instituto Geographic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 12 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina e supervisa le organos que depende directemente de illo. In iste quadro, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce principalmente functiones horizontal que concerne le conjunto del Ministerio e, in certe materias, le entitates e organismos public attachate al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine institutional del actual Direction General se trova in le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1917/1977 creava le Direction General de Servicios del nove Ministerio de Obras Public e Urbanismo, integrante in illo diverse organos proveniente del anterior Ministerio de Obras Public e del Ministerio de Vivienda, inter illes le subdirecciones general de personal e le Subdirection General de Coordination Administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-17607 |titulo=Real Decreto 1917/1977, de 29 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios sequente, le organo e su competentias cambiava de denomination conforme al organisation del Ministerio. In 2000, le Real Decreto 1475/2000 establiva le Direction General de Organisation, Procedimento e Controlo, dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento, con competentias super le servicios commun del departamento, le evaluation del operativitate del structura administrative e le simplification e rationalisation del proceduras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/08/04/1475/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1475/2000, de 4 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le denomination deveniva Direction General de Servicios. Iste organo assumeva le gestion del servicios commun, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection del servicios e le technologies del information e administration electronic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2009/06/29/1037 |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2010, le Real Decreto 638/2010 supprimiva le Direction General de Services e creava, con rango de Direction General e dependentia del Subsecretariato, le Inspection General de Fomento. Le nove organo conservava le principal functiones concernente le administration interne, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection e le technologies del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/05/14/638 |titulo=Real Decreto 638/2010, de 14 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017, le Real Decreto 362/2017 cambiava le denomination del Inspection General de Fomento a Direction General de Organisation e Inspection. Le preambulo del norma explicava que le cambio de denomination debeva reflecter le natura del organo, incaricate del gestion e coordination del servicios commun, del regime interne e del ressources e medios del Ministerio, assi como del inspection del servicios e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2017/04/08/362 |titulo=Real Decreto 362/2017, de 8 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva mantenite in le subsequent reorganisationes del Ministerio, includente le transformation del Ministerio de Fomento in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in 2020 e le creation del actual Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile in 2023–2024. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha establite le actual structura e ha introducite nove functiones, inter illas le retour del competentias relative al securitate del regime interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce un grande varietate de functiones horizontal del Ministerio. === Regime interne e patrimonio === Le organo gere le regime interne, includente le securitate, e le servicios general del organos central e peripheral del departamento que non ha essite attribuite a altere organos. Illo dirige e organise le registro general, le servicios de documentation e archivo, le biblioteca general del Ministerio e le servicios de documentation concernente al transportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General programma e gere le politica de acquisitiones del ressources material del departamento e le politica patrimonial, includente le construction e conservation del edificios e installations que non es attribuite a altere organos directiv. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ressources human === Le organo es responsabile del gestion e administration del ressources human del Ministerio. Illo prepara e tramita le offerta de empleo public, le processos de selection del personal e le plan de formation. Illo exerce etiam functiones relative al inclusion del personal con discapacitate, al relationes con le organisationes sindical, al prevention del riscos professional e al coordination del activitate preventive del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le politica de ressources human del entitates public, societates e fundationes statal attachate al Ministerio, specialmente in lor relationes con le Ministerio de Hacienda e le Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Administration financial e procurement === Le Direction General gere le financial e le tesoreria del departamento, le nominas del personal e le procurement del servicios commun. Illo gere etiam le Portal de Contractation e le ayudas chargeate al servicio budgetari 01, in le quadro del competentias que non es attribuite a altere organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Inspection, controlo e evaluation === Un del principal campos del Direction General es le inspection e supervision del servicios. Illo examina le organisation, le activitate e le funcionamento del servicios pro verificar le observantia del normas, rationalisar e simplificar le proceduras, reducir le cargas administrative e promover le efficacitate, efficientia e qualitate del servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection se extende al servicios del organisation administrative central e peripheral del Ministerio e al organismos public ligate o dependente de illo, sin pregiudicio del competentias de inspection que le Ministerio de Politica Territorial exerce super le servicios integrate in le Delegationes e Subdelegationes del Governo. Le Direction General realisa etiam controlo de efficacitate e verifica le requisitos pro le utilisation de medios proprie del sector public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al controlo interne del medidas antifraude del Plan de Recuperation, Transformation e Resilientia e coordina le activitates relative al evaluation del politicas public del departamento in cooperation con le Instituto pro le Evaluation del Politicas Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Attention al citatanos e transparentia === Le Direction General gere le information administrative e attention al citatanos, includente le Registro de Queixas e Suggestiones del Ministerio. Illo tramita etiam le scripto presentate secundo le Lege Organic 4/2001 super le derecto de petition e coordina le initiatives de Governamento Aperte del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo coordina e supervisa tamben le politica de protection del datos del Ministerio e gere le communicationes del systema interne de information previde per le Lege 2/2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Technologies e administration digital === Le Direction General coordina e impulsa le strategia del technologias del information e del transformation digital del Ministerio. Illo planifica le infrastructure technologic, le retes e servicios de communication, le mantenimento del equipamento informatic e le acquisition technic de licentias e equipamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo developpa e mantene le systemas de information del Ministerio e coordina le implementation del Administration Digital, includente le servicios Internet, le portal web, le sede electronic e le intranet del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Qualitate del contratos e inspection technic === Le Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic se ocupa del sequentia e evaluation del gestion de contratos e de altere instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. Su activitate include le controlo del qualitate del aspectos legal, technic, functional e administrative del contratos durante lor differente phases. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection es organisate in sex organos con rango de subdirection general: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Officialia Major, responsabile del regime interne, servicios general, registro, documentation, archivo, biblioteca, acquisitiones e patrimonio. * Subdirection General de Ressources Human, incaricate del gestion del personal, selection, formation, inclusion, relationes sindical e prevention del riscos professional. * Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial, que gere le financial, tesoreria, nominas, procurement e ayudas del servicio budgetari 01. * Subdirection General de Inspection del Servicios e Attention al Citatanos, que exerce le inspection del servicios, le rationalisation administrative, le controlo interne, le evaluation del politicas public e le attention al citatanos. * Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Administration Digital, incaricate del strategia technologic, infrastructure digital, systemas de information e administration electronic. * Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic, responsabile del evaluation e controlo del qualitate de contratos e instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial preside le Junta de Contractation del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le altere organos del Ministerio == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce functiones horizontal que complementa le activitate del organos sectorial del Ministerio. Le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] se concentra super le programmation economic e budgetari, durante que le [[Secretariato General Technic]] tracta le materias juridic, normative, administrative e postal. Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection se concentra super le services interne, le ressources, le inspection e le supporto technic e administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General es localisate in Madrid. Le ficha del Punto de Acceso General identifica le unitate con le codice E04999502 e indica le adresses institutional de le Administration General del Stato; documentos del Ministerio e de su organos usa le sede del departamento in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/ficha-unidad-organica?selectorServicio=organigramasEstructurasDirectorios&selectorget=E04999502 |titulo=Ficha Unidad Orgánica: Dirección General de Organización e Inspección |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] kuenjfvtfysvmv138uqplw2z000hnjr 702631 702613 2026-10-06T21:03:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 702631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Organisation e Inspection''' es un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] de [[Espania]], directemente dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Su functiones concernent le administration interne del Ministerio, le gestion de su servicios commun, le ressources human e financial, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos e le inspection e controlo del funcionamento del servicios del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha rango de Direction General e forma parte del organisation del Subsecretariato. Le actual quadro juridic es establite principalmente per le Real Decreto 253/2024, que developpa le structura organic del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection depende directemente del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile, al mesme nivello que le [[Secretariato General Technic]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Direction General del Instituto Geographic National]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo, articulo 12 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina e supervisa le organos que depende directemente de illo. In iste quadro, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce principalmente functiones horizontal que concerne le conjunto del Ministerio e, in certe materias, le entitates e organismos public attachate al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine institutional del actual Direction General se trova in le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1917/1977 creava le Direction General de Servicios del nove Ministerio de Obras Public e Urbanismo, integrante in illo diverse organos proveniente del anterior Ministerio de Obras Public e del Ministerio de Vivienda, inter illes le subdirecciones general de personal e le Subdirection General de Coordination Administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-17607 |titulo=Real Decreto 1917/1977, de 29 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios sequente, le organo e su competentias cambiava de denomination conforme al organisation del Ministerio. In 2000, le Real Decreto 1475/2000 establiva le Direction General de Organisation, Procedimento e Controlo, dependente del Subsecretariato de Fomento, con competentias super le servicios commun del departamento, le evaluation del operativitate del structura administrative e le simplification e rationalisation del proceduras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/08/04/1475/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1475/2000, de 4 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le denomination deveniva Direction General de Servicios. Iste organo assumeva le gestion del servicios commun, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection del servicios e le technologies del information e administration electronic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2009/06/29/1037 |titulo=Real Decreto 1037/2009, de 29 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2010, le Real Decreto 638/2010 supprimiva le Direction General de Services e creava, con rango de Direction General e dependentia del Subsecretariato, le Inspection General de Fomento. Le nove organo conservava le principal functiones concernente le administration interne, le ressources human, le administration financial, le inspection e le technologies del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/05/14/638 |titulo=Real Decreto 638/2010, de 14 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017, le Real Decreto 362/2017 cambiava le denomination del Inspection General de Fomento a Direction General de Organisation e Inspection. Le preambulo del norma explicava que le cambio de denomination debeva reflecter le natura del organo, incaricate del gestion e coordination del servicios commun, del regime interne e del ressources e medios del Ministerio, assi como del inspection del servicios e obras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2017/04/08/362 |titulo=Real Decreto 362/2017, de 8 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva mantenite in le subsequent reorganisationes del Ministerio, includente le transformation del Ministerio de Fomento in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in 2020 e le creation del actual Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile in 2023–2024. Le Real Decreto 253/2024 ha establite le actual structura e ha introducite nove functiones, inter illas le retour del competentias relative al securitate del regime interne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Direction General exerce un grande varietate de functiones horizontal del Ministerio. === Regime interne e patrimonio === Le organo gere le regime interne, includente le securitate, e le servicios general del organos central e peripheral del departamento que non ha essite attribuite a altere organos. Illo dirige e organise le registro general, le servicios de documentation e archivo, le biblioteca general del Ministerio e le servicios de documentation concernente al transportos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General programma e gere le politica de acquisitiones del ressources material del departamento e le politica patrimonial, includente le construction e conservation del edificios e installations que non es attribuite a altere organos directiv. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ressources human === Le organo es responsabile del gestion e administration del ressources human del Ministerio. Illo prepara e tramita le offerta de empleo public, le processos de selection del personal e le plan de formation. Illo exerce etiam functiones relative al inclusion del personal con discapacitate, al relationes con le organisationes sindical, al prevention del riscos professional e al coordination del activitate preventive del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina etiam le politica de ressources human del entitates public, societates e fundationes statal attachate al Ministerio, specialmente in lor relationes con le Ministerio de Hacienda e le Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Administration financial e procurement === Le Direction General gere le financial e le tesoreria del departamento, le nominas del personal e le procurement del servicios commun. Illo gere etiam le Portal de Contractation e le ayudas chargeate al servicio budgetari 01, in le quadro del competentias que non es attribuite a altere organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Inspection, controlo e evaluation === Un del principal campos del Direction General es le inspection e supervision del servicios. Illo examina le organisation, le activitate e le funcionamento del servicios pro verificar le observantia del normas, rationalisar e simplificar le proceduras, reducir le cargas administrative e promover le efficacitate, efficientia e qualitate del servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le inspection se extende al servicios del organisation administrative central e peripheral del Ministerio e al organismos public ligate o dependente de illo, sin pregiudicio del competentias de inspection que le Ministerio de Politica Territorial exerce super le servicios integrate in le Delegationes e Subdelegationes del Governo. Le Direction General realisa etiam controlo de efficacitate e verifica le requisitos pro le utilisation de medios proprie del sector public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General participa tamben al controlo interne del medidas antifraude del Plan de Recuperation, Transformation e Resilientia e coordina le activitates relative al evaluation del politicas public del departamento in cooperation con le Instituto pro le Evaluation del Politicas Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Attention al citatanos e transparentia === Le Direction General gere le information administrative e attention al citatanos, includente le Registro de Queixas e Suggestiones del Ministerio. Illo tramita etiam le scripto presentate secundo le Lege Organic 4/2001 super le derecto de petition e coordina le initiatives de Governamento Aperte del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo coordina e supervisa tamben le politica de protection del datos del Ministerio e gere le communicationes del systema interne de information previde per le Lege 2/2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Technologies e administration digital === Le Direction General coordina e impulsa le strategia del technologias del information e del transformation digital del Ministerio. Illo planifica le infrastructure technologic, le retes e servicios de communication, le mantenimento del equipamento informatic e le acquisition technic de licentias e equipamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo developpa e mantene le systemas de information del Ministerio e coordina le implementation del Administration Digital, includente le servicios Internet, le portal web, le sede electronic e le intranet del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Qualitate del contratos e inspection technic === Le Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic se ocupa del sequentia e evaluation del gestion de contratos e de altere instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. Su activitate include le controlo del qualitate del aspectos legal, technic, functional e administrative del contratos durante lor differente phases. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection es organisate in sex organos con rango de subdirection general: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Officialia Major, responsabile del regime interne, servicios general, registro, documentation, archivo, biblioteca, acquisitiones e patrimonio. * Subdirection General de Ressources Human, incaricate del gestion del personal, selection, formation, inclusion, relationes sindical e prevention del riscos professional. * Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial, que gere le financial, tesoreria, nominas, procurement e ayudas del servicio budgetari 01. * Subdirection General de Inspection del Servicios e Attention al Citatanos, que exerce le inspection del servicios, le rationalisation administrative, le controlo interne, le evaluation del politicas public e le attention al citatanos. * Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Administration Digital, incaricate del strategia technologic, infrastructure digital, systemas de information e administration electronic. * Subdirection General de Controlo de Qualitate e Inspection Technic, responsabile del evaluation e controlo del qualitate de contratos e instrumentos juridic ligate al sector del transporto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Subdirection General de Administration e Gestion Financial preside le Junta de Contractation del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le altere organos del Ministerio == Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection exerce functiones horizontal que complementa le activitate del organos sectorial del Ministerio. Le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] se concentra super le programmation economic e budgetari, durante que le [[Secretariato General Technic]] tracta le materias juridic, normative, administrative e postal. Le Direction General de Organisation e Inspection se concentra super le services interne, le ressources, le inspection e le supporto technic e administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Direction General es localisate in Madrid. Le ficha del Punto de Acceso General identifica le unitate con le codice E04999502 e indica le adresses institutional de le Administration General del Stato; documentos del Ministerio e de su organos usa le sede del departamento in Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/ficha-unidad-organica?selectorServicio=organigramasEstructurasDirectorios&selectorget=E04999502 |titulo=Ficha Unidad Orgánica: Dirección General de Organización e Inspección |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] a5cosx685gj2dqmw2titb3hzlgkma46 0 61875 702468 2026-10-06T12:28:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Instituto Geographico National''' (IGN) es le principal institution scientific e technic del [[Stato espaniol]] in le campos del [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[astronomia]], [[cartographia]], [[topographia]], [[observation del territorio]] e [[information geographic]]. Administrative, le IGN es organisate como le Direction General del Instituto Geographico National, un organo directiv del Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate So...” 702468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Instituto Geographico National''' (IGN) es le principal institution scientific e technic del [[Stato espaniol]] in le campos del [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[astronomia]], [[cartographia]], [[topographia]], [[observation del territorio]] e [[information geographic]]. Administrative, le IGN es organisate como le Direction General del Instituto Geographico National, un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Le IGN es responsabile del production e maintenance de importante datos geographic official e del observation scientific del territorio e del ambiente geophysic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Instituto Geographico National es usate desde 1977. Le institution esseva fundate le 12 de septembre 1870 como Instituto Geographico, dependente administrative del Direction de Statistica del Ministerio de Fomento, con libertate technic pro exequer su competentias scientific. Le prime missiones includeva le determination del forma e dimensiones del Terra, le triangulationes geodesic e topographic, le nivelationes de precision, le cartographia e le conservation del tipos international de pesos e mesuras. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Instituto Geographico esseva create in 1870 como un institution technic destinate al mesuration scientific del territorio espaniol. Inter su missiones original se trovava le geodesia, le topographia, le cartographia, le catastro e le systema official de pesos e mesuras. Le institution habeva un importantia crescente in le construction del systema cartographic national e in le introduction de technicas scientific moderne in le description del territorio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1873, le Instituto esseva transformate in le Instituto Geographico e Statistico, deveniente un centro directiv independente. Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, le denomination del institution cambiava plure vices, includente Instituto Geographico e Catastral e Instituto Geographico, Catastral e Statistico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1922 esseva ponite le prime petra del sede central actual del institution in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero de Madrid. Le construction comenciava in 1924 e esseva completate in 1930. Le edificio es de stilo neomudejar simplificate e ha essite declarate Bien de Interesse Cultural con categoria de monumento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1965, le IGN publicava le prime Atlas National de Espania, un opera que esseva continuate e perfectionate durante le decennios sequente. Le Atlas presenta informationes super le territorio, le geographia physic e human e altere aspectos del pais e representa un del principal productos cartographic del institution. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Desde 1977, le institution porta le actual denomination de Instituto Geographico National. Su areas de activitate se expandava progressivemente con le disveloppamento del geophysica, astronomia, observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection e technologia digital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1989 esseva create le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) como organismo autonome. Su mission original esseva producer, disveloppate e distribuer le productos e publicationes geographic demandate per le societate, includente le commercialisation de productos producite per le Direction General del IGN. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo, Estatuto del Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2009, le CNIG assumeva tamben le planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania e le harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le IGN celebrava su 150e anniversario. Le institution describeva su evolution desde le mesuration del forma del Terra, le cartographia e le catastro usque al moderne technicas de astronomia, geodesia, geophysica, cartographia, geomatica e observation del territorio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/resources/150-aniversario/index.html |titulo=150 aniversario del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2021 esseva approbate le actual Statuto del CNIG per le Real Decreto 310/2021. Le organismo es un organismo autonome con personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion, attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Position institutional == Le Direction General del Instituto Geographico National depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa forma parte del nivello superior del administration interne del Ministerio, con le [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Secretariato General Technic]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN ha un character multiscientific. Su activitate combina le observation scientific del Terra e del spatio con le production de information geographic official utilisate per le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere usatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Astronomia e geodesia == Le Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia es responsabile del areas scientific ligate al astronomia, al geodesia e al observation del Terra. Illa gere le instrumentes e infrastructuras astronomic del IGN e le infrastructuras proprie pro radioastronomia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN opera le Observatorio de Yebes, un installation scientific technic singular importante pro le radioastronomia, le geodesia spatial e le geodynamica. Le institution participa etiam al observation del parametros geodynamic del Terra per le Red Atlantic de Stationes Geodynamic e Spatial (RAEGE), integrate al Systema de Observation Geodesic Global. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN gere le redes geodesic e gravimetric national, le rede de nivelation de alte precision e le rede de mareografos que contribue al quadro de referentia geodesic espaniol. Le datos es utilisate in navigation, posicionamento, cartographia e mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geophysica e sistemas de alerta == Le IGN coordina le Plan National de Vigilantia Sismica, Vulcanologic e de altere Phenomenos Geophysic. Illo gere le sistemas de detection, communication e alerta concernente le terremotos, maremotos e activitate volcanic in le territorio espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN participa al redes international de seismologia e de alerta de tsunami. Illo actualisa le Mapa National de Periculositate Sismica e prepara informes technic relative al regulation del construction sismoresistente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le institution exerce tamben functiones in le campo del vulcanologia, includente le surveillance del activitate volcanic e le determination del periculos associate, sia in Espania continental e insular que in le entorno del bases espaniol in Antarctica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN es tamben responsabile del observation del campo magnetic terrestre e del sequentia del perturbationes geomagnetic provocate per le activitate solar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cartographia e observation del territorio == Le Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio es incaricate del planification e execution de programas national de observation e digitalisation del territorio con applicationes cartographic. Illa utiliza sistemas aeroespacial de fotogrammetria e teledetection e produce imagines digital, nubes de punctos altimetric e modelos digital del elevation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN produce e actualisa le bases de datos del Information Geographic de Referentia concernente al topographia, le redes e infrastructuras de transporto, le elementos hydrographic, le entidades de population e le occupation del solo. Le institution integra tamben modelos BIM in le bases national de geoinformation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN programma le Plan Cartographic National e produce e actualisa le bases topographic e cartographic national utilisate pro le Mapa Topographic National e altere productos cartographic. Illo produce tamben e actualisa le Atlas National de Espania e presta assistentia technic al organismos public in materia de cartographia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Systema Cartographic National == Le IGN forni supporto technic e operative al Systema Cartographic National, specialmente per medio del Equipamento Geographic de Referentia National. Le institution gere le Registro Central de Cartographia e participa al elaboration e actualisation del Nomenclator Geographic National, basate super le toponymia official. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN es etiam incaricate de elaborar informes pericial super le limites jurisdictional municipal quando iste function es requirite in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. Le Secretaria General del IGN exerce parte de iste competentias per le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Information geographic e CNIG == Le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) es un organismo autonome attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General del IGN defini le quadro strategic commun pro se mesme e pro le CNIG e coordina functionalmente lor servicios central e peripheral e lor projectos national e international. Le Director General del IGN es tamben Presidente del CNIG. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CNIG contribue al planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania, al harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official e al disveloppamento de servicios de valor addite e nove applicationes in materia de information geographic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Patrimonio scientific e documental == Le IGN gere su fondos historic, cartographic e documental, su fondos bibliographic, su collection de instrumentes e le altere patrimonio historic del institution. Illo promove tamben le cognoscentia public de iste patrimonio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le sede historic del IGN in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero, 3, Madrid conserva le relation inter le institution e su historia scientific. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1924 e 1930 e es protegite como monumento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General del Instituto Geographico National es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Seceretariato General, responsabile del patrimonio historic, le coordination strategic con le CNIG, le budget, le administration, le servicios commun e le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic. * Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia, incaricate del astronomia, radioastronomia, geodesia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica. * Subdirection General de Vigilantia, Alerta e Studios Geophysic, responsabile del surveillance sismologic, vulcanologic e geomagnetic, del sistemas de alerta e del studios geophysic. * Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio, incaricate del observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection, cartographia e bases national de datos geographic. Le CNIG es un organismo autonome attachate al IGN e exerce su functiones secundo su Statuto, in le quadro strategic definite per le Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN dispone tamben de Servicios Regionales, que supporta le activitates del CNIG e del IGN in le territorio. Illos depende organicamente del Ministerio competente in materia de Administration Territorial, ma functionalmente de le Direction General del IGN per le materias que illos exerce in su nomine. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Direction actual == Le actual Directora General del Instituto Geographico National es Laura Barbas Calvo. Le sito official del IGN la identifica etiam como Presidente del CNIG, Vicepresidente del Consilio Superior Geographic e Presidente del Commission National de Astronomia e del Commission Espaniol de Geodesia e Geophysica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le activitate administrative recente del IGN confirma iste titularitate: un anuncio del BOE de 11 de martio 2026 esseva firmate per Laura Barbas Calvo como Directora General del Instituto Geographico National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-8438 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le administrationes public == Le information geographic producite per le IGN servi como referentia official pro le Administration General del Stato e pro le altere administrationes public. Le institution collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e le organismos international in le production, harmonisation e utilisation del information geographic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le IGN participa tamben in le organos international e del Union Europee relative al politicas de information geospatial, in representation de Espania, sin pregiudicio del participation de altere organos del Ministerio o de altere departamentos del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Organismos public de investigation de Espania]] [[Categoria:Cartografia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Directiones General de Spania|Instituto Geographic]] [[Categoria:Organisationes cartographic]] 1cs7wz24d9xugpck5k81493lpmby9pu 0 61876 702470 2026-10-06T12:47:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''colonialismo italian''' esseva le insimul de politicas de expansion territorial, domination politic, occupation militar e colonisation exercite per le [[Regno de Italia]] in differente territorios extra le peninsula inter le fin del seculo XIX e le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Su principal territorios esseva le [[Eritrea]], le [[Somalia italian]], le [[Libia]] e, durante le periodo fascista, le [[Etiopia]]. Italia possedeva etia...” 702470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''colonialismo italian''' esseva le insimul de politicas de expansion territorial, domination politic, occupation militar e colonisation exercite per le [[Regno de Italia]] in differente territorios extra le peninsula inter le fin del seculo XIX e le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Su principal territorios esseva le [[Eritrea]], le [[Somalia italian]], le [[Libia]] e, durante le periodo fascista, le [[Etiopia]]. Italia possedeva etiam le [[Dodecaneso italian]] in le Mar Egeo e un concession territorial in [[Tientsin]] in China.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion colonial italian comenciava in le area del [[Mar Rubro]] durante le decennio 1880 e se extendava al [[Africa del Nord]] con le guerra italo-turc de 1911–1912. Le periodo de maxime expansion occurreva sub le [[fascismo]], quando Italia invadeva Etiopia in 1935–1936 e reuniva Etiopia, Eritrea e Somalia in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] in 1936. Le possessiones africane esseva in grande parte perdite durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], e le systema colonial italian esseva ulteriormente liquidate per le arrangementos international del periodo postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origines del expansionismo == Le nove Stato italian, unificate in 1861, habeva inicialmente un position colonial plus limitate que le grande potentias europee. Le expansionismo italian cresceva durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX, quando le governamentos italian cercava bases commercial e naval, prestigio international e nove spacios pro le commercio e le migration. Le historiographia super le imperialismo italian ha etiam sublineate le ambition de affirmar le nove Stato como potentia international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del prime punctos de expansion esseva le [[Baia de Assab]] in le Mar Rubro. Le compania Rubattino acquireva le area in 1869 e le Stato italian assumeva le possession in 1882. In 1885 Italia occupava [[Massaua]], e le expansion verso le interior conduceva al confrontation con le [[Imperio Ethiopian]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica colonial italian esseva influentiate tamben per le interesse strategic del Mar Rubro e del [[Canal de Suez]]. Le position del Eritrea offereva un puncto de appoio inter le Mediterraneo e le Oceano Indian, e le expansion in le Corno de Africa esseva considerate un medio pro augmentar le peso international del nove Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Eritrea e le prime expansion in le Corno de Africa == In 1890 esseva formalmente constituite le [[Colonia Eritrea]]. Le expansion italian habeva essite precedite per le occupation de Assab e Massaua e per le progressivo establishimento de un dominio super le Mar Rubro.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion italian collideva con le Imperio Ethiopian. Le [[Tractato de Uccialli]] de 1889 esseva interpretate differentemente per Italia e Etiopia, e le controversia contribueva al initio del [[Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]]. Le conflicto terminava con le [[Battalia de Adua]] del 1 martio 1896, in le qual le fortias italian esseva decisivemente vincite per le exercito Ethiopian. Le pace de Addis Abeba de 1896 annulava le pretension italian al protectorato super Etiopia, durante que le Colonia Eritrea remaneva sub dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le derrota de Adua esseva un importante puncto de inflexion. Italia abandonava temporarimente le ambition de conquistar Etiopia e se concentrava super le consolidation de Eritrea e del possessiones in Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia == In le Corno de Africa, Italia acquireva differente territorios e protettoratos in le costa del [[Oceano Indian]]. Le areas del Benadir passava progressivemente sub administration del Stato, e le lege de 1908 dava un quadro juridic al possessiones italian in le Somalia meridional e al protettoratos del nord.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios, le controlo italian super le interior esseva limitate. Le administration colonial se concentrava inicialmente in le zonas costier e in le centros urban. Durante le annos 1920, sub le regime fascista, le occupation del territorio esseva extendite e le resistentia local esseva repressate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Somalia deveniva un del principal bases del expansion italian in le Corno de Africa. Le construction de infrastructuras e le colonisation agrari esseva parte del effortes de consolidation del dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Libia == Le expansion italian in le Africa del Nord comenciava con le [[Guerra italo-turc]] de 1911–1912. Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] cedeva a Italia le Tripolitania e le Cirenaica, e le occupation italian se extendava ulteriormente verso le Fezzan. Le territories libyan esseva reunite in 1934 in un governatorato general.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le controlo italian super Libia non esseva immediatemente complete. Le resistentia libyan continuava durante le annos sequente e deveniva particularmente intense in le Cirenaica, ubi le movimento senussi associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter 1930 e 1931, le autoritates italian establiva vinti campos de concentration in le region del Sirte e concentrava le population nomadic e semi-nomadic de Cirenaica. Un studio publicate per Cambridge estima que circa 100 000–120 000 libyan esseva internate e que le mortes durante le internamento poteva attinger 40 000–48 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression esseva accompaniate per le confiscation e redistribution de terras e per programas de colonisation agricole italian. Durante le annos 1930, le regime fascista intensificava le colonisation de population in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression del resistentia libyan e le concentration de population esseva parte del processo per le qual le Stato italian stabiliva un controlo plus directe super le totalitate del territorio. Le caso libyan ha devenite un importante subjecto del historiographia super le violentia colonial e le memoria del colonialismo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dodecaneso e altere possessiones == Le [[Dodecaneso]] esseva occupate per Italia durante le Guerra italo-turc de 1912. Le possession italian esseva confirmate per le arrangementos international del periodo post le Prime Guerra Mundial, e le [[Tractato de Lausanne]] de 1923 confirmava le position international del possession italian in le Egeo. Le insulas esseva finalmente assignate a [[Grecia]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal insula esseva [[Rodi]], que deveniva le centro administrative del possession italian in le Egeo. Le administration italian promoveva transformationes urban e infrastructural, durante que le insulas esseva etiam subjecte al controlo politic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Italia possedeva tamben un concession in [[Tientsin]], China, obtenite in 1902. Iste concession esseva un parve territorio sub administration italian e habeva un character differente del grande colonias africane.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Fascismo e imperialismo == Le advento del [[Benito Mussolini|fascismo]] in 1922 transformava le politica colonial in un elemento central del propaganda del regime. Le expansion ultramarine esseva presentate como demonstration del grandeza national e como continuation del tradition imperial roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Libia, le regime intensificava le occupation territorial e le repression del resistentias. In Etiopia, le objective deveniva le conqueste del independentia del ultime grande Stato african independente que non habeva essite incorporate al dominio colonial europee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le confrontation inter Italia e Etiopia se aggravava post le [[Incident de Ual Ual]] de 1934. Le governamento italian utilisava le incidente como un del elementos de su justification politic pro le preparation del invasion. Le Etiopia appellava al [[Societate del Nationes]], ma le reaction international non impediva le aggression italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Invasion de Etiopia == Le [[Secunde Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]] comenciava in octobre 1935. Le fortias italian invadeva Etiopia desde Eritrea al nord e desde Somalia italian al sud.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra esseva caracterisate per un grande disparitate de recursos militar. Italia utilisava aeroplanos, artilleria, vehiculos e armas chimic. Documentos diplomatic american contemporanee mentiona le uso de gas toxico, includente gas mustard, per le fortias italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fortias italian entrava in [[Addis Abeba]] le 5 maio 1936. Le 9 maio, le governamento fascista proclamava le annexion de Etiopia e le creation del [[Imperio Italian]]. Le documentation diplomatic del periodo registra le proclamation del nove status imperial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conquesta non significava le fin del resistentia. Le resistentia Ethiopian continuava durante le occupation e esseva respondite per operationes militar e represalias. Le attentato contra [[Rodolfo Graziani]] in Addis Abeba le 19 februario 1937 esseva sequite per un grande operation represive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Africa Oriental Italian == Post le conquesta de Etiopia, Italia reuniva Eritrea, Somalia e le territorio Ethiopian in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] (AOI). Le nove entitate esseva formalmente establite in 1936 e administrate per un Governator General con le titulo de Viceré.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AOI esseva dividite in plure governatoratos, includente Eritrea, Somalia, Amhara, Galla e Sidama, Harar e Scioa. Addis Abeba deveniva le sede del Viceré e le principal centro politic del nove dominio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime fascista investiva in stratas, portos, edificios public, sistemas telegraphic e altere infrastructuras. Le programma economic del AOI prevedeva etiam irrigation, colonisation agrari e construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste modernisation infrastructural esseva inseparabile del objectives colonial del regime. Le obras serviva tamben al controlo militar del territorio, al movemento del tropas e al integration economic del colonias in le systema imperial. Le historiographia distingue dunque inter le infrastructura construite e le relationes de domination colonial in le qual illa esseva realizate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica racial e segregation == Le colonialismo fascista introduceva un systema plus explicitemente racial in le possessiones african. Le administration distingueva inter le population italian e le population colonisate e imposeva differentes regime de accesso al spatio urban, al education, al empleo e al relationes social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le regime fascista adoptava durante le annos 1930 normas que restringeva le relationes inter italianos e africanos e establiva un systema de segregation racial. Le objective esseva crear un societate colonial hierarchic con le population italian al vertice.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime incoragiava tamben le migration de colonos italian e le creation de zonas residential e agricole destinate al population europee. In Asmara e altere citates, le development urban esseva accompaniate per separationes spatial inter le populationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le architecture modernista de Asmara, parte del qual esseva construite durante le periodo colonial, remane un importante parte del patrimonio urban del citate, que esseva inscripte in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 2017.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economie e colonisation de population == Le colonialismo italian combinava le administration directe, le exploitation del ressources, le colonisation agricole e le construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le fascismo promovava un grande programma de colonisation agricola italian. Le acquisition de terras e le displacement de populationes local esseva ligate al transformation de areas agricole in exploitationes destinate in parte a colonos italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le governamento investiva in infrastructuras e in programas de colonisation. Le plan economic esseva ligate al construction de stratas, portos, edificios, obras hydrauli e exploitationes agricole e industrial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Tamen, le colonias non deveniva le grande fontes de ricchessa que le propaganda imperial habeva promittite. Le construction e le administration del imperio exigeva investimentos substantial e le strategia colonial habeva costi importante pro le Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate colonial == Le societate colonial esseva characterisate per un forte disegualitate juridic e social inter colonisatores e colonisate. Le administration italian controlava le institutiones politic, le proprietate territorial, le education e le circulation de personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le presence de colons italian cresceva specialmente in Libia durante le annos 1930. Le projectos de colonisation agrari esseva concepite pro transferer famiglias italian al colonia e crear un population europee stabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Eritrea, le colonisation produceva un important population italian e transformava Asmara in un centro urban con forte influence architectonic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Resistentia anticolonial == Le resistentia contra le expansion italian assumeva formas differente secundo le territorio. In Etiopia, le victoria de Adua de 1896 impediva le incorporation del pais in le imperio italian durante le prime phase del expansion. Post le invasion de 1935, le resistentia contra le occupation continuava durante le totalitate del periodo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le resistentia esseva particularmente forte in Cirenaica, ubi le movemento senussi e le fortias associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian. Le repression fascista culminava in le deportation de populationes e le establishment de campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Eritrea existeva tamben diverse formas de opposition al administration colonial, ben que le intensitate e le character del resistentia variava secundo le periodo e le region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Colonialismo e Secunde Guerra Mundial == Le expansion imperial italian collideva directemente con le evolution del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. In 1940 Italia entrava in guerra al latere del [[Germania Nazi]] e le colonias african deveniva frontes de guerra. Le forces britannic e del [[Commonwealth]] lanceava operationes contra le possessiones italian in Africa Oriental. Durante 1941, le forces italian esseva progressivemente expulse de Eritrea, Somalia e Ethiopia, e le administration unificate del Africa Oriental Italian cessava de facto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Libia remaneva un importante teatro de guerra in le Africa del Nord inter le forces del Axis e le Allies. Le controlo italian super le colonia esseva definitive perdite in 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fin del imperio african esseva dunque intimemente ligate al derrota militar del Italia fascista e al transformation del ordine international post 1945. == Fin del imperio colonial == Le Tractato de Pace de [[Paris]] del 1947 formalmente terminava le principal possessiones colonial italian. Le Italia renunciava al sue ex-colonias, durante que le dispositiones final pro Eritrea, Libia e Somalia esseva determinate per accordos international e per le ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Eritrea passava sub administration britannic post le derrota italian e le sue futuro esseva ulteriormente determinate per le [[Organisate del Nationes Unite]]. Le 1950, le ONU decideva de federar Eritrea con Ethiopia; le federation esseva formalmente establite in 1952. Eritrea esseva finalmente incorporate al Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Libia deveniva independente in 1951 como [[Regno Unite de Libia]], post un periodo de administration britannic e francese. Le independence terminava le dominio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Somalia habeva un trajectoria distincte. Le ONU decideva in 1949–1950 que le Territorio de Somaliland esseva ponite sub Administration Fiduciari Italian. Italia assumeva le administration le 1 april 1950 in le quadro del systema de trusteeship del ONU. Le accordo prevideva que le territorio devenirea un Stato independente al fin del periodo de dece annos; Somalia deveniva independente le 1 julio 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Dodecaneso esseva assignate a [[Grecia]] post le guerra, e le concession italian de Tientsin esseva terminate in le quadro del transformation del ordine international postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia sub Administration Fiduciari Italian == Le period 1950–1960 merita esser distinguite del precedente colonialismo. Italia non administrava Somalia in virtute de sovranitate colonial, ma como potestate administrante designate per le ONU in le quadro del Systema International de Trusteeship. Le administration habeva un quadro juridic international distincte e esseva orientate formalmente verso le preparation del territorio al independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante iste periodo esseva developpate institutiones administrative, educational e politic destinate a preparar le nove Stato. Le final del trusteeship coincideva con le independentia de Somalia in 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/t11_0.pdf |titulo=Index to Proceedings of the Trusteeship Council, 11th session |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Postcolonialismo e memoria == Le fin del dominio territorial non significava le fin del relationes inter Italia e le ex-colonias. Le memoria del colonialismo continua a influentiar le relationes cultural e le interpretation del patrimonio historic in Italia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia e Libia. In Eritrea, le period colonial ha lassate un importante patrimonio architectonic. Asmara es recognoscite per UNESCO como un citate modernista de valor universal exceptional, con un importante patrimonio de edificios e spacios urban developpate durante le occupation colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes contemporanee inter Italia e Ethiopia include etiam gestos de restitution de patrimonio. Le restitution del [[Stele de Axum]] in 2005 esseva un del exemplos plus note de iste processo. Le historiographia italian ha debattite durante decennios le memoria del colonialismo, includente le tendentia a representar le colonialismo como un projecto principalmente infrastructural o «civilisatori». Le investigationes plus recente ha insistite super le violentia, le segregation, le expropriationes, le deportationes e le repressiones que esseva parte del systema colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historiographia == Le studio del colonialismo italian ha evolvite considerabilemente desde le historiographia colonial del prime parte del seculo XX. Le interpretationes contemporanee considera le colonialismo italian in le quadro plus ample del imperialismo europee, ma presta etiam attention al specificitates del expansion italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un tema central es le distinction inter le periodo liberal e le periodo fascista. Le prime expansion in Eritrea, Somalia e Libia esseva initiate ante le fascismo, durante que le regime de Mussolini intensificava le militarisation, le colonisation de population e le racialisation del societate colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere tema es le relation inter memoria national e memoria colonial. Le examination de documentos administrative, testimonios local e fontes international ha permittite studiar le violentia colonial plus detailedemente, includente le deportationes in Libia e le uso de armas chimic in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Chronologia == * 1869 – Rubattino acquire le Baia de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1882 – Le Stato italian assume le controlo de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1885 – Italia occupa Massaua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1890 – Creation formal del Colonia Eritrea.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1895–1896 – Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1 martio 1896 – Victoria Ethiopian a Adua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1902 – Concession italian de Tientsin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1908 – Organisation colonial del Somalia italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1911–1912 – Guerra italo-turc e initio del dominio italian in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1912 – Italia occupa le Dodecaneso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1922 – Mussolini arriva al poter e le politica colonial deveni un elemento central del fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1920–1930 – Consolidation e expansion del controlo italian in Somalia e Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1930–1931 – Deportation e internamento massive de populationes de Cirenaica in campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1935 – Italia invade Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 5 maio 1936 – Tropas italian entra in Addis Abeba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 9 maio 1936 – Proclamation del Imperio Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1936 – Creation del Africa Oriental Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1937 – Repression massive post le attentato contra Graziani.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1940–1941 – Disintegration del dominio italian in Africa Oriental durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1943 – Perdita definitive del Libia per Italia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1947 – Tractato de Pace de Paris e liquidation international del imperio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1950–1960 – Administration Fiduciari Italian in Somalia sub mandato del ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1951 – Independentia de Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1952 – Federalisation de Eritrea con Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1960 – Independentia de Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1962 – Abolition del autonomia de Eritrea e incorporation al Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Colonialismo italian]] tmmq27ans4on484pm417ysbiuq25ivk 702471 702470 2026-10-06T12:48:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 702471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''colonialismo italian''' esseva le insimul de politicas de expansion territorial, domination politic, occupation militar e colonisation exercite per le [[Regno de Italia]] in differente territorios extra le peninsula inter le fin del 19e seculo e le secunde medietate del 20e seculo. Su principal territorios esseva le [[Eritrea]], le [[Somalia italian]], le [[Libya]] e, durante le periodo fascista, le [[Etiopia]]. Italia possedeva etiam le [[Dodecaneso italian]] in le Mar Egeo e un concession territorial in [[Tientsin]] in China.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion colonial italian comenciava in le area del [[Mar Rubro]] durante le decennio 1880 e se extendava al [[Africa del Nord]] con le guerra italo-turc de 1911–1912. Le periodo de maxime expansion occurreva sub le [[fascismo]], quando Italia invadeva Etiopia in 1935–1936 e reuniva Etiopia, Eritrea e Somalia in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] in 1936. Le possessiones africane esseva in grande parte perdite durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], e le systema colonial italian esseva ulteriormente liquidate per le arrangementos international del periodo postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origines del expansionismo == Le nove Stato italian, unificate in 1861, habeva inicialmente un position colonial plus limitate que le grande potentias europee. Le expansionismo italian cresceva durante le ultime decennios del 19e seculo, quando le governamentos italian cercava bases commercial e naval, prestigio international e nove spacios pro le commercio e le migration. Le historiographia super le imperialismo italian ha etiam sublineate le ambition de affirmar le nove Stato como potentia international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del prime punctos de expansion esseva le [[Baia de Assab]] in le Mar Rubro. Le compania Rubattino acquireva le area in 1869 e le Stato italian assumeva le possession in 1882. In 1885 Italia occupava [[Massaua]], e le expansion verso le interior conduceva al confrontation con le [[Imperio Ethiopian]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica colonial italian esseva influentiate tamben per le interesse strategic del Mar Rubro e del [[Canal de Suez]]. Le position del Eritrea offereva un puncto de appoio inter le Mediterraneo e le Oceano Indian, e le expansion in le Corno de Africa esseva considerate un medio pro augmentar le peso international del nove Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Eritrea e le prime expansion in le Corno de Africa == In 1890 esseva formalmente constituite le [[Colonia Eritrea]]. Le expansion italian habeva essite precedite per le occupation de Assab e Massaua e per le progressivo establishimento de un dominio super le Mar Rubro.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion italian collideva con le Imperio Ethiopian. Le [[Tractato de Uccialli]] de 1889 esseva interpretate differentemente per Italia e Etiopia, e le controversia contribueva al initio del [[Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]]. Le conflicto terminava con le [[Battalia de Adua]] del 1 martio 1896, in le qual le fortias italian esseva decisivemente vincite per le exercito Ethiopian. Le pace de Addis Abeba de 1896 annulava le pretension italian al protectorato super Etiopia, durante que le Colonia Eritrea remaneva sub dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le derrota de Adua esseva un importante puncto de inflexion. Italia abandonava temporarimente le ambition de conquistar Etiopia e se concentrava super le consolidation de Eritrea e del possessiones in Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia == In le Corno de Africa, Italia acquireva differente territorios e protettoratos in le costa del [[Oceano Indian]]. Le areas del Benadir passava progressivemente sub administration del Stato, e le lege de 1908 dava un quadro juridic al possessiones italian in le Somalia meridional e al protettoratos del nord.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios, le controlo italian super le interior esseva limitate. Le administration colonial se concentrava inicialmente in le zonas costier e in le centros urban. Durante le annos 1920, sub le regime fascista, le occupation del territorio esseva extendite e le resistentia local esseva repressate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Somalia deveniva un del principal bases del expansion italian in le Corno de Africa. Le construction de infrastructuras e le colonisation agrari esseva parte del effortes de consolidation del dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Libya == Le expansion italian in le Africa del Nord comenciava con le [[Guerra italo-turc]] de 1911–1912. Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] cedeva a Italia le Tripolitania e le Cirenaica, e le occupation italian se extendava ulteriormente verso le Fezzan. Le territories libyan esseva reunite in 1934 in un governatorato general.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le controlo italian super Libya non esseva immediatemente complete. Le resistentia libyan continuava durante le annos sequente e deveniva particularmente intense in le Cirenaica, ubi le movimento senussi associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter 1930 e 1931, le autoritates italian establiva vinti campos de concentration in le region del Sirte e concentrava le population nomadic e semi-nomadic de Cirenaica. Un studio publicate per Cambridge estima que circa 100 000–120 000 libyan esseva internate e que le mortes durante le internamento poteva attinger 40 000–48 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression esseva accompaniate per le confiscation e redistribution de terras e per programas de colonisation agricole italian. Durante le annos 1930, le regime fascista intensificava le colonisation de population in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression del resistentia libyan e le concentration de population esseva parte del processo per le qual le Stato italian stabiliva un controlo plus directe super le totalitate del territorio. Le caso libyan ha devenite un importante subjecto del historiographia super le violentia colonial e le memoria del colonialismo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dodecaneso e altere possessiones == Le [[Dodecaneso]] esseva occupate per Italia durante le Guerra italo-turc de 1912. Le possession italian esseva confirmate per le arrangementos international del periodo post le Prime Guerra Mundial, e le [[Tractato de Lausanne]] de 1923 confirmava le position international del possession italian in le Egeo. Le insulas esseva finalmente assignate a [[Grecia]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal insula esseva [[Rodi]], que deveniva le centro administrative del possession italian in le Egeo. Le administration italian promoveva transformationes urban e infrastructural, durante que le insulas esseva etiam subjecte al controlo politic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Italia possedeva tamben un concession in [[Tientsin]], China, obtenite in 1902. Iste concession esseva un parve territorio sub administration italian e habeva un character differente del grande colonias africane.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Fascismo e imperialismo == Le advento del [[Benito Mussolini|fascismo]] in 1922 transformava le politica colonial in un elemento central del propaganda del regime. Le expansion ultramarine esseva presentate como demonstration del grandeza national e como continuation del tradition imperial roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Libia, le regime intensificava le occupation territorial e le repression del resistentias. In Etiopia, le objective deveniva le conqueste del independentia del ultime grande Stato african independente que non habeva essite incorporate al dominio colonial europee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le confrontation inter Italia e Etiopia se aggravava post le [[Incident de Ual Ual]] de 1934. Le governamento italian utilisava le incidente como un del elementos de su justification politic pro le preparation del invasion. Le Etiopia appellava al [[Societate del Nationes]], ma le reaction international non impediva le aggression italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Invasion de Etiopia == Le [[Secunde Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]] comenciava in octobre 1935. Le fortias italian invadeva Etiopia desde Eritrea al nord e desde Somalia italian al sud.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra esseva caracterisate per un grande disparitate de recursos militar. Italia utilisava aeroplanos, artilleria, vehiculos e armas chimic. Documentos diplomatic american contemporanee mentiona le uso de gas toxico, includente gas mustard, per le fortias italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fortias italian entrava in [[Addis Abeba]] le 5 maio 1936. Le 9 maio, le governamento fascista proclamava le annexion de Etiopia e le creation del [[Imperio Italian]]. Le documentation diplomatic del periodo registra le proclamation del nove status imperial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conquesta non significava le fin del resistentia. Le resistentia Ethiopian continuava durante le occupation e esseva respondite per operationes militar e represalias. Le attentato contra [[Rodolfo Graziani]] in Addis Abeba le 19 februario 1937 esseva sequite per un grande operation represive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Africa Oriental Italian == Post le conquesta de Etiopia, Italia reuniva Eritrea, Somalia e le territorio Ethiopian in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] (AOI). Le nove entitate esseva formalmente establite in 1936 e administrate per un Governator General con le titulo de Viceré.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AOI esseva dividite in plure governatoratos, includente Eritrea, Somalia, Amhara, Galla e Sidama, Harar e Scioa. Addis Abeba deveniva le sede del Viceré e le principal centro politic del nove dominio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime fascista investiva in stratas, portos, edificios public, sistemas telegraphic e altere infrastructuras. Le programma economic del AOI prevedeva etiam irrigation, colonisation agrari e construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste modernisation infrastructural esseva inseparabile del objectives colonial del regime. Le obras serviva tamben al controlo militar del territorio, al movemento del tropas e al integration economic del colonias in le systema imperial. Le historiographia distingue dunque inter le infrastructura construite e le relationes de domination colonial in le qual illa esseva realizate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica racial e segregation == Le colonialismo fascista introduceva un systema plus explicitemente racial in le possessiones african. Le administration distingueva inter le population italian e le population colonisate e imposeva differentes regime de accesso al spatio urban, al education, al empleo e al relationes social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le regime fascista adoptava durante le annos 1930 normas que restringeva le relationes inter italianos e africanos e establiva un systema de segregation racial. Le objective esseva crear un societate colonial hierarchic con le population italian al vertice.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime incoragiava tamben le migration de colonos italian e le creation de zonas residential e agricole destinate al population europee. In Asmara e altere citates, le development urban esseva accompaniate per separationes spatial inter le populationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le architecture modernista de Asmara, parte del qual esseva construite durante le periodo colonial, remane un importante parte del patrimonio urban del citate, que esseva inscripte in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 2017.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economie e colonisation de population == Le colonialismo italian combinava le administration directe, le exploitation del ressources, le colonisation agricole e le construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le fascismo promovava un grande programma de colonisation agricola italian. Le acquisition de terras e le displacement de populationes local esseva ligate al transformation de areas agricole in exploitationes destinate in parte a colonos italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le governamento investiva in infrastructuras e in programas de colonisation. Le plan economic esseva ligate al construction de stratas, portos, edificios, obras hydrauli e exploitationes agricole e industrial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Tamen, le colonias non deveniva le grande fontes de ricchessa que le propaganda imperial habeva promittite. Le construction e le administration del imperio exigeva investimentos substantial e le strategia colonial habeva costi importante pro le Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate colonial == Le societate colonial esseva characterisate per un forte disegualitate juridic e social inter colonisatores e colonisate. Le administration italian controlava le institutiones politic, le proprietate territorial, le education e le circulation de personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le presence de colons italian cresceva specialmente in Libya durante le annos 1930. Le projectos de colonisation agrari esseva concepite pro transferer famiglias italian al colonia e crear un population europee stabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Eritrea, le colonisation produceva un important population italian e transformava Asmara in un centro urban con forte influence architectonic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Resistentia anticolonial == Le resistentia contra le expansion italian assumeva formas differente secundo le territorio. In Etiopia, le victoria de Adua de 1896 impediva le incorporation del pais in le imperio italian durante le prime phase del expansion. Post le invasion de 1935, le resistentia contra le occupation continuava durante le totalitate del periodo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le resistentia esseva particularmente forte in Cirenaica, ubi le movemento senussi e le fortias associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian. Le repression fascista culminava in le deportation de populationes e le establishment de campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Eritrea existeva tamben diverse formas de opposition al administration colonial, ben que le intensitate e le character del resistentia variava secundo le periodo e le region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Colonialismo e Secunde Guerra Mundial == Le expansion imperial italian collideva directemente con le evolution del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. In 1940 Italia entrava in guerra al latere del [[Germania Nazi]] e le colonias african deveniva frontes de guerra. Le forces britannic e del [[Commonwealth]] lanceava operationes contra le possessiones italian in Africa Oriental. Durante 1941, le forces italian esseva progressivemente expulse de Eritrea, Somalia e Ethiopia, e le administration unificate del Africa Oriental Italian cessava de facto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Libya remaneva un importante teatro de guerra in le Africa del Nord inter le forces del Axis e le Allies. Le controlo italian super le colonia esseva definitive perdite in 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fin del imperio african esseva dunque intimemente ligate al derrota militar del Italia fascista e al transformation del ordine international post 1945. == Fin del imperio colonial == Le Tractato de Pace de [[Paris]] del 1947 formalmente terminava le principal possessiones colonial italian. Le Italia renunciava al sue ex-colonias, durante que le dispositiones final pro Eritrea, Libya e Somalia esseva determinate per accordos international e per le ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Eritrea passava sub administration britannic post le derrota italian e le sue futuro esseva ulteriormente determinate per le [[Organisate del Nationes Unite]]. Le 1950, le ONU decideva de federar Eritrea con Ethiopia; le federation esseva formalmente establite in 1952. Eritrea esseva finalmente incorporate al Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Libia deveniva independente in 1951 como [[Regno Unite de Libia]], post un periodo de administration britannic e francese. Le independence terminava le dominio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Somalia habeva un trajectoria distincte. Le ONU decideva in 1949–1950 que le Territorio de Somaliland esseva ponite sub Administration Fiduciari Italian. Italia assumeva le administration le 1 april 1950 in le quadro del systema de trusteeship del ONU. Le accordo prevideva que le territorio devenirea un Stato independente al fin del periodo de dece annos; Somalia deveniva independente le 1 julio 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Dodecaneso esseva assignate a [[Grecia]] post le guerra, e le concession italian de Tientsin esseva terminate in le quadro del transformation del ordine international postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia sub Administration Fiduciari Italian == Le period 1950–1960 merita esser distinguite del precedente colonialismo. Italia non administrava Somalia in virtute de sovranitate colonial, ma como potestate administrante designate per le ONU in le quadro del Systema International de Trusteeship. Le administration habeva un quadro juridic international distincte e esseva orientate formalmente verso le preparation del territorio al independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante iste periodo esseva developpate institutiones administrative, educational e politic destinate a preparar le nove Stato. Le final del trusteeship coincideva con le independentia de Somalia in 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/t11_0.pdf |titulo=Index to Proceedings of the Trusteeship Council, 11th session |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Postcolonialismo e memoria == Le fin del dominio territorial non significava le fin del relationes inter Italia e le ex-colonias. Le memoria del colonialismo continua a influentiar le relationes cultural e le interpretation del patrimonio historic in Italia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia e Libia. In Eritrea, le period colonial ha lassate un importante patrimonio architectonic. Asmara es recognoscite per UNESCO como un citate modernista de valor universal exceptional, con un importante patrimonio de edificios e spacios urban developpate durante le occupation colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes contemporanee inter Italia e Ethiopia include etiam gestos de restitution de patrimonio. Le restitution del [[Stele de Axum]] in 2005 esseva un del exemplos plus note de iste processo. Le historiographia italian ha debattite durante decennios le memoria del colonialismo, includente le tendentia a representar le colonialismo como un projecto principalmente infrastructural o «civilisatori». Le investigationes plus recente ha insistite super le violentia, le segregation, le expropriationes, le deportationes e le repressiones que esseva parte del systema colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historiographia == Le studio del colonialismo italian ha evolvite considerabilemente desde le historiographia colonial del prime parte del 20e seculo. Le interpretationes contemporanee considera le colonialismo italian in le quadro plus ample del imperialismo europee, ma presta etiam attention al specificitates del expansion italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un tema central es le distinction inter le periodo liberal e le periodo fascista. Le prime expansion in Eritrea, Somalia e Libya esseva initiate ante le fascismo, durante que le regime de Mussolini intensificava le militarisation, le colonisation de population e le racialisation del societate colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere tema es le relation inter memoria national e memoria colonial. Le examination de documentos administrative, testimonios local e fontes international ha permittite studiar le violentia colonial plus detailedemente, includente le deportationes in Libya e le uso de armas chimic in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Chronologia == * 1869 – Rubattino acquire le Baia de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1882 – Le Stato italian assume le controlo de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1885 – Italia occupa Massaua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1890 – Creation formal del Colonia Eritrea.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1895–1896 – Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1 martio 1896 – Victoria Ethiopian a Adua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1902 – Concession italian de Tientsin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1908 – Organisation colonial del Somalia italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1911–1912 – Guerra italo-turc e initio del dominio italian in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1912 – Italia occupa le Dodecaneso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1922 – Mussolini arriva al poter e le politica colonial deveni un elemento central del fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1920–1930 – Consolidation e expansion del controlo italian in Somalia e Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1930–1931 – Deportation e internamento massive de populationes de Cirenaica in campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1935 – Italia invade Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 5 maio 1936 – Tropas italian entra in Addis Abeba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 9 maio 1936 – Proclamation del Imperio Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1936 – Creation del Africa Oriental Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1937 – Repression massive post le attentato contra Graziani.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1940–1941 – Disintegration del dominio italian in Africa Oriental durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1943 – Perdita definitive del Libya per Italia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1947 – Tractato de Pace de Paris e liquidation international del imperio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1950–1960 – Administration Fiduciari Italian in Somalia sub mandato del ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1951 – Independentia de Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1952 – Federalisation de Eritrea con Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1960 – Independentia de Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1962 – Abolition del autonomia de Eritrea e incorporation al Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Colonialismo italian]] tk969r1vb3pfh935p41voaa1qhz8031 702472 702471 2026-10-06T12:48:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 702472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''colonialismo italian''' esseva le insimul de politicas de expansion territorial, domination politic, occupation militar e colonisation exercite per le [[Regno de Italia]] in differente territorios extra le peninsula inter le fin del 19e seculo e le secunde medietate del 20e seculo. Su principal territorios esseva le [[Eritrea]], le [[Somalia italian]], le [[Libya]] e, durante le periodo fascista, le [[Etiopia]]. Italia possedeva etiam le [[Dodecaneso italian]] in le Mar Egeo e un concession territorial in [[Tientsin]] in China.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion colonial italian comenciava in le area del [[Mar Rubro]] durante le decennio 1880 e se extendava al [[Africa del Nord]] con le guerra italo-turc de 1911–1912. Le periodo de maxime expansion occurreva sub le [[fascismo]], quando Italia invadeva Etiopia in 1935–1936 e reuniva Etiopia, Eritrea e Somalia in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] in 1936. Le possessiones africane esseva in grande parte perdite durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], e le systema colonial italian esseva ulteriormente liquidate per le arrangementos international del periodo postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origines del expansionismo == Le nove Stato italian, unificate in 1861, habeva inicialmente un position colonial plus limitate que le grande potentias europee. Le expansionismo italian cresceva durante le ultime decennios del 19e seculo, quando le governamentos italian cercava bases commercial e naval, prestigio international e nove spacios pro le commercio e le migration. Le historiographia super le imperialismo italian ha etiam sublineate le ambition de affirmar le nove Stato como potentia international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del prime punctos de expansion esseva le [[Baia de Assab]] in le Mar Rubro. Le compania Rubattino acquireva le area in 1869 e le Stato italian assumeva le possession in 1882. In 1885 Italia occupava [[Massaua]], e le expansion verso le interior conduceva al confrontation con le [[Imperio Ethiopian]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica colonial italian esseva influentiate tamben per le interesse strategic del Mar Rubro e del [[Canal de Suez]]. Le position del Eritrea offereva un puncto de appoio inter le Mediterraneo e le Oceano Indian, e le expansion in le Corno de Africa esseva considerate un medio pro augmentar le peso international del nove Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Eritrea e le prime expansion in le Corno de Africa == In 1890 esseva formalmente constituite le [[Colonia Eritrea]]. Le expansion italian habeva essite precedite per le occupation de Assab e Massaua e per le progressivo establishimento de un dominio super le Mar Rubro.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion italian collideva con le Imperio Ethiopian. Le [[Tractato de Uccialli]] de 1889 esseva interpretate differentemente per Italia e Etiopia, e le controversia contribueva al initio del [[Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]]. Le conflicto terminava con le [[Battalia de Adua]] del 1 martio 1896, in le qual le fortias italian esseva decisivemente vincite per le exercito Ethiopian. Le pace de Addis Abeba de 1896 annulava le pretension italian al protectorato super Etiopia, durante que le Colonia Eritrea remaneva sub dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le derrota de Adua esseva un importante puncto de inflexion. Italia abandonava temporarimente le ambition de conquistar Etiopia e se concentrava super le consolidation de Eritrea e del possessiones in Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia == In le Corno de Africa, Italia acquireva differente territorios e protettoratos in le costa del [[Oceano Indian]]. Le areas del Benadir passava progressivemente sub administration del Stato, e le lege de 1908 dava un quadro juridic al possessiones italian in le Somalia meridional e al protettoratos del nord.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios, le controlo italian super le interior esseva limitate. Le administration colonial se concentrava inicialmente in le zonas costier e in le centros urban. Durante le annos 1920, sub le regime fascista, le occupation del territorio esseva extendite e le resistentia local esseva repressate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Somalia deveniva un del principal bases del expansion italian in le Corno de Africa. Le construction de infrastructuras e le colonisation agrari esseva parte del effortes de consolidation del dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Libya == Le expansion italian in le Africa del Nord comenciava con le [[Guerra italo-turc]] de 1911–1912. Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] cedeva a Italia le Tripolitania e le Cirenaica, e le occupation italian se extendava ulteriormente verso le Fezzan. Le territories libyan esseva reunite in 1934 in un governatorato general.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le controlo italian super Libya non esseva immediatemente complete. Le resistentia libyan continuava durante le annos sequente e deveniva particularmente intense in le Cirenaica, ubi le movimento senussi associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter 1930 e 1931, le autoritates italian establiva vinti campos de concentration in le region del Sirte e concentrava le population nomadic e semi-nomadic de Cirenaica. Un studio publicate per Cambridge estima que circa 100 000–120 000 libyan esseva internate e que le mortes durante le internamento poteva attinger 40 000–48 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression esseva accompaniate per le confiscation e redistribution de terras e per programas de colonisation agricole italian. Durante le annos 1930, le regime fascista intensificava le colonisation de population in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression del resistentia libyan e le concentration de population esseva parte del processo per le qual le Stato italian stabiliva un controlo plus directe super le totalitate del territorio. Le caso libyan ha devenite un importante subjecto del historiographia super le violentia colonial e le memoria del colonialismo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dodecaneso e altere possessiones == Le [[Dodecaneso]] esseva occupate per Italia durante le Guerra italo-turc de 1912. Le possession italian esseva confirmate per le arrangementos international del periodo post le Prime Guerra Mundial, e le [[Tractato de Lausanne]] de 1923 confirmava le position international del possession italian in le Egeo. Le insulas esseva finalmente assignate a [[Grecia]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal insula esseva [[Rodi]], que deveniva le centro administrative del possession italian in le Egeo. Le administration italian promoveva transformationes urban e infrastructural, durante que le insulas esseva etiam subjecte al controlo politic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Italia possedeva tamben un concession in [[Tientsin]], China, obtenite in 1902. Iste concession esseva un parve territorio sub administration italian e habeva un character differente del grande colonias africane.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Fascismo e imperialismo == Le advento del [[Benito Mussolini|fascismo]] in 1922 transformava le politica colonial in un elemento central del propaganda del regime. Le expansion ultramarine esseva presentate como demonstration del grandeza national e como continuation del tradition imperial roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Libia, le regime intensificava le occupation territorial e le repression del resistentias. In Etiopia, le objective deveniva le conqueste del independentia del ultime grande Stato african independente que non habeva essite incorporate al dominio colonial europee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le confrontation inter Italia e Etiopia se aggravava post le [[Incident de Ual Ual]] de 1934. Le governamento italian utilisava le incidente como un del elementos de su justification politic pro le preparation del invasion. Le Etiopia appellava al [[Societate del Nationes]], ma le reaction international non impediva le aggression italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Invasion de Etiopia == Le [[Secunde Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]] comenciava in octobre 1935. Le fortias italian invadeva Etiopia desde Eritrea al nord e desde Somalia italian al sud.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra esseva caracterisate per un grande disparitate de recursos militar. Italia utilisava aeroplanos, artilleria, vehiculos e armas chimic. Documentos diplomatic american contemporanee mentiona le uso de gas toxico, includente gas mustard, per le fortias italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fortias italian entrava in [[Addis Abeba]] le 5 maio 1936. Le 9 maio, le governamento fascista proclamava le annexion de Etiopia e le creation del [[Imperio Italian]]. Le documentation diplomatic del periodo registra le proclamation del nove status imperial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conquesta non significava le fin del resistentia. Le resistentia Ethiopian continuava durante le occupation e esseva respondite per operationes militar e represalias. Le attentato contra [[Rodolfo Graziani]] in Addis Abeba le 19 februario 1937 esseva sequite per un grande operation represive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Africa Oriental Italian == Post le conquesta de Etiopia, Italia reuniva Eritrea, Somalia e le territorio Ethiopian in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] (AOI). Le nove entitate esseva formalmente establite in 1936 e administrate per un Governator General con le titulo de Viceré.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AOI esseva dividite in plure governatoratos, includente Eritrea, Somalia, Amhara, Galla e Sidama, Harar e Scioa. Addis Abeba deveniva le sede del Viceré e le principal centro politic del nove dominio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime fascista investiva in stratas, portos, edificios public, sistemas telegraphic e altere infrastructuras. Le programma economic del AOI prevedeva etiam irrigation, colonisation agrari e construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste modernisation infrastructural esseva inseparabile del objectives colonial del regime. Le obras serviva tamben al controlo militar del territorio, al movemento del tropas e al integration economic del colonias in le systema imperial. Le historiographia distingue dunque inter le infrastructura construite e le relationes de domination colonial in le qual illa esseva realizate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica racial e segregation == Le colonialismo fascista introduceva un systema plus explicitemente racial in le possessiones african. Le administration distingueva inter le population italian e le population colonisate e imposeva differentes regime de accesso al spatio urban, al education, al empleo e al relationes social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le regime fascista adoptava durante le annos 1930 normas que restringeva le relationes inter italianos e africanos e establiva un systema de segregation racial. Le objective esseva crear un societate colonial hierarchic con le population italian al vertice.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime incoragiava tamben le migration de colonos italian e le creation de zonas residential e agricole destinate al population europee. In Asmara e altere citates, le development urban esseva accompaniate per separationes spatial inter le populationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le architecture modernista de Asmara, parte del qual esseva construite durante le periodo colonial, remane un importante parte del patrimonio urban del citate, que esseva inscripte in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 2017.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economie e colonisation de population == Le colonialismo italian combinava le administration directe, le exploitation del ressources, le colonisation agricole e le construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le fascismo promovava un grande programma de colonisation agricola italian. Le acquisition de terras e le displacement de populationes local esseva ligate al transformation de areas agricole in exploitationes destinate in parte a colonos italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le governamento investiva in infrastructuras e in programas de colonisation. Le plan economic esseva ligate al construction de stratas, portos, edificios, obras hydrauli e exploitationes agricole e industrial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Tamen, le colonias non deveniva le grande fontes de ricchessa que le propaganda imperial habeva promittite. Le construction e le administration del imperio exigeva investimentos substantial e le strategia colonial habeva costi importante pro le Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate colonial == Le societate colonial esseva characterisate per un forte disegualitate juridic e social inter colonisatores e colonisate. Le administration italian controlava le institutiones politic, le proprietate territorial, le education e le circulation de personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |titulo=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le presence de colons italian cresceva specialmente in Libya durante le annos 1930. Le projectos de colonisation agrari esseva concepite pro transferer famiglias italian al colonia e crear un population europee stabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |titulo=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Eritrea, le colonisation produceva un important population italian e transformava Asmara in un centro urban con forte influence architectonic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Resistentia anticolonial == Le resistentia contra le expansion italian assumeva formas differente secundo le territorio. In Etiopia, le victoria de Adua de 1896 impediva le incorporation del pais in le imperio italian durante le prime phase del expansion. Post le invasion de 1935, le resistentia contra le occupation continuava durante le totalitate del periodo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le resistentia esseva particularmente forte in Cirenaica, ubi le movemento senussi e le fortias associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian. Le repression fascista culminava in le deportation de populationes e le establishment de campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Eritrea existeva tamben diverse formas de opposition al administration colonial, ben que le intensitate e le character del resistentia variava secundo le periodo e le region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Colonialismo e Secunde Guerra Mundial == Le expansion imperial italian collideva directemente con le evolution del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. In 1940 Italia entrava in guerra al latere del [[Germania Nazi]] e le colonias african deveniva frontes de guerra. Le forces britannic e del [[Commonwealth]] lanceava operationes contra le possessiones italian in Africa Oriental. Durante 1941, le forces italian esseva progressivemente expulse de Eritrea, Somalia e Ethiopia, e le administration unificate del Africa Oriental Italian cessava de facto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Libya remaneva un importante teatro de guerra in le Africa del Nord inter le forces del Axis e le Allies. Le controlo italian super le colonia esseva definitive perdite in 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fin del imperio african esseva dunque intimemente ligate al derrota militar del Italia fascista e al transformation del ordine international post 1945. == Fin del imperio colonial == Le Tractato de Pace de [[Paris]] del 1947 formalmente terminava le principal possessiones colonial italian. Le Italia renunciava al sue ex-colonias, durante que le dispositiones final pro Eritrea, Libya e Somalia esseva determinate per accordos international e per le ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Eritrea passava sub administration britannic post le derrota italian e le sue futuro esseva ulteriormente determinate per le [[Organisate del Nationes Unite]]. Le 1950, le ONU decideva de federar Eritrea con Ethiopia; le federation esseva formalmente establite in 1952. Eritrea esseva finalmente incorporate al Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Libia deveniva independente in 1951 como [[Regno Unite de Libia]], post un periodo de administration britannic e francese. Le independence terminava le dominio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Somalia habeva un trajectoria distincte. Le ONU decideva in 1949–1950 que le Territorio de Somaliland esseva ponite sub Administration Fiduciari Italian. Italia assumeva le administration le 1 april 1950 in le quadro del systema de trusteeship del ONU. Le accordo prevideva que le territorio devenirea un Stato independente al fin del periodo de dece annos; Somalia deveniva independente le 1 julio 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Dodecaneso esseva assignate a [[Grecia]] post le guerra, e le concession italian de Tientsin esseva terminate in le quadro del transformation del ordine international postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia sub Administration Fiduciari Italian == Le period 1950–1960 merita esser distinguite del precedente colonialismo. Italia non administrava Somalia in virtute de sovranitate colonial, ma como potestate administrante designate per le ONU in le quadro del Systema International de Trusteeship. Le administration habeva un quadro juridic international distincte e esseva orientate formalmente verso le preparation del territorio al independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante iste periodo esseva developpate institutiones administrative, educational e politic destinate a preparar le nove Stato. Le final del trusteeship coincideva con le independentia de Somalia in 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/t11_0.pdf |titulo=Index to Proceedings of the Trusteeship Council, 11th session |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Postcolonialismo e memoria == Le fin del dominio territorial non significava le fin del relationes inter Italia e le ex-colonias. Le memoria del colonialismo continua a influentiar le relationes cultural e le interpretation del patrimonio historic in Italia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia e Libia. In Eritrea, le period colonial ha lassate un importante patrimonio architectonic. Asmara es recognoscite per UNESCO como un citate modernista de valor universal exceptional, con un importante patrimonio de edificios e spacios urban developpate durante le occupation colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |titulo=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes contemporanee inter Italia e Ethiopia include etiam gestos de restitution de patrimonio. Le restitution del [[Stele de Axum]] in 2005 esseva un del exemplos plus note de iste processo. Le historiographia italian ha debattite durante decennios le memoria del colonialismo, includente le tendentia a representar le colonialismo como un projecto principalmente infrastructural o «civilisatori». Le investigationes plus recente ha insistite super le violentia, le segregation, le expropriationes, le deportationes e le repressiones que esseva parte del systema colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historiographia == Le studio del colonialismo italian ha evolvite considerabilemente desde le historiographia colonial del prime parte del 20e seculo. Le interpretationes contemporanee considera le colonialismo italian in le quadro plus ample del imperialismo europee, ma presta etiam attention al specificitates del expansion italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un tema central es le distinction inter le periodo liberal e le periodo fascista. Le prime expansion in Eritrea, Somalia e Libya esseva initiate ante le fascismo, durante que le regime de Mussolini intensificava le militarisation, le colonisation de population e le racialisation del societate colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere tema es le relation inter memoria national e memoria colonial. Le examination de documentos administrative, testimonios local e fontes international ha permittite studiar le violentia colonial plus detailedemente, includente le deportationes in Libya e le uso de armas chimic in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Chronologia == * 1869 – Rubattino acquire le Baia de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1882 – Le Stato italian assume le controlo de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1885 – Italia occupa Massaua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1890 – Creation formal del Colonia Eritrea.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1895–1896 – Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1 martio 1896 – Victoria Ethiopian a Adua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1902 – Concession italian de Tientsin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1908 – Organisation colonial del Somalia italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1911–1912 – Guerra italo-turc e initio del dominio italian in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1912 – Italia occupa le Dodecaneso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |titulo=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1922 – Mussolini arriva al poter e le politica colonial deveni un elemento central del fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |titulo=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1920–1930 – Consolidation e expansion del controlo italian in Somalia e Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |titulo=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1930–1931 – Deportation e internamento massive de populationes de Cirenaica in campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |titulo=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1935 – Italia invade Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 5 maio 1936 – Tropas italian entra in Addis Abeba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 9 maio 1936 – Proclamation del Imperio Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |titulo=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1936 – Creation del Africa Oriental Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1937 – Repression massive post le attentato contra Graziani.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1940–1941 – Disintegration del dominio italian in Africa Oriental durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1943 – Perdita definitive del Libya per Italia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1947 – Tractato de Pace de Paris e liquidation international del imperio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1950–1960 – Administration Fiduciari Italian in Somalia sub mandato del ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1951 – Independentia de Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |titulo=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1952 – Federalisation de Eritrea con Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1960 – Independentia de Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |titulo=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1962 – Abolition del autonomia de Eritrea e incorporation al Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |titulo=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Colonialismo italian]] q1anz74fcf1m1gywpdl1g99k5akw5jf 0 61877 702478 2026-10-06T13:03:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta le participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] inter 1914 e 1918. Italia esseva membro del [[Triple Alliantia]] con [[Germania]] e [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma quando le guerra comenciava in julio 1914, le governamento italian declarava le neutralitate, argumentante que le obligationes del Triple Alliantia non esseva applicabile a un guerra que Austria-Hungaria habeva...” 702478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta le participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] inter 1914 e 1918. Italia esseva membro del [[Triple Alliantia]] con [[Germania]] e [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma quando le guerra comenciava in julio 1914, le governamento italian declarava le neutralitate, argumentante que le obligationes del Triple Alliantia non esseva applicabile a un guerra que Austria-Hungaria habeva initiate. Le difficultates con Austria-Hungaria, le questiones territorial del [[irredentismo italian]] e le relationes crescente con le potentias del [[Entente]] conduceva Italia a cambiar de campo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/triplice-alleanza/ |titulo=Triplice Alleanza |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 26 april 1915 Italia signava le [[Pacto de London]] con le Regno Unite, Francia e Russia e se compromitteva a entrar in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. Le 23 maio le Parlamento concedeva al Governamento le plen poteres necessari pro le direction del guerra, e le 24 maio 1915 Italia declarava le guerra al Austria-Hungaria. Le 28 augusto 1916 illa declarava etiam le guerra al Germania.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal teatro de operationes italian esseva le [[Fronte Italian]], specialmente le zona del [[Isonzo]], le [[Carso]], le [[Alpes]] e le valle del [[Piave]]. Durante le guerra le ''Regio Esercito'' ("Armea Regal") mobilisava plus de cinque milliones de homines. Secundo le publicationes del [[Armea Italian]], circa 700 000 militares italian perdeva le vita e circa un milliones esseva ferite, mutilate o invalide.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/assets/allegati/fascicolo-abstract-1-2018-low.2026.03.18.15.17.12.791.pdf |titulo=La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Neutralitate italian in 1914 == Quando le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in julio 1914, Italia esseva formalmente alliata con Germania e Austria-Hungaria per le [[Triple Alliantia]]. Le tractato habeva character defensive, e le governamento italian considerava que le aggression contra Serbia initiate per Austria-Hungaria non correspondeva al situation que activate le obligationes de assistentia mutual.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/triplice-alleanza/ |titulo=Triplice Alleanza |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 2 augusto 1914 le governamento de [[Antonio Salandra]] annunciava le neutralitate del Italia. Le decision esseva influentiate per le facto que Austria-Hungaria non habeva consultate Italia ante le action contra Serbia, per le character offensive del guerra e per le interesses italian in le [[Balcans]] e in le [[Adriatico]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le neutralitate non significava que le governamento habeva abandonate le question del expansion territorial. Durante le ultime menses de 1914 e le prime menses de 1915, Italia negotiava simultaneemente con Austria-Hungaria e con le potentias del Entente pro determinar le condiciones territorial e politic de un eventual intervention.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Interventismo e neutralismo == Le societate italian esseva profundemente dividite super le question del intervention. Le neutralistas includeva le principal gruppos liberal associate con [[Giovanni Giolitti]], assi como le socialistas official e altere sectores que timeva le costi economic e human del guerra. Le interventistas includeva nationalistas, irredentistas, sectores democratic e republicanos, e parte del movimento sindical revolutionari.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Giovanni Giolitti |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Giolitti esseva personalmente contrario al intervention e sperava obtener de Austria-Hungaria certe concessiones territorial in cambio del neutralitate. Quando le Pacto de London esseva negotiate, le Parlamento remaneva in grande parte neutralista, ma le crise politic de maio 1915 e le pression del movimento interventista modificava le situation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/trattati-internazionali_%28Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali%29/ |titulo=Trattati internazionali |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le crise culminava durante le giornate de maio 1915, quando manifestationes interventistas cresceva in Roma e altere citates. Salandra presentava su dimissiones, ma le Rege [[Vittorio Emanuele III]] le refusava e le governamento obteneva le appoio necessari pro continuar le processo verso le guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Pacto de London == Le Pacto de London, signate le 26 april 1915, esseva le accordo que determinate le intervention del Italia al latere del Entente. Le pacto esseva secret e esseva negotiate per le governamento de Salandra e le ministro del affaires externe [[Sidney Sonnino]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/londra_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |titulo=Londra |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In caso de victoria del Entente, le pacto prometteva al Italia le [[Trentino]], le [[Alto Adige]] usque al passo del Brennero, [[Trieste]], le major parte de [[Istria]], partes del costa dalmate e altere compensationes territorial e colonial. Le accordo prevedeva etiam le possession de [[Valona]] e le recognition del possession italian del [[Dodecaneso]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le secreto del pacto deveniva un factor importante del crise politic postbellic. Giovanni Giolitti criticava post le guerra le facto que le accordo habeva essite negotiate sin le information del Parlamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/trattati-internazionali_%28Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali%29/ |titulo=Trattati internazionali |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Declaration de guerra == Le 3 maio 1915 Italia denunciava le Triple Alliantia. Le 23 maio le Rege declarava le guerra al Austria-Hungaria, con le initio del hostilitates le die sequente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 24 maio 1915 le fortias italian passava le frontiera e attacava le positiones austro-hungaric. Le prime operationes se concentrava in le [[Isonzo]] e super le front alpine.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 28 augusto 1916 Italia declarava le guerra al Germania, completante su participation al latere del principal potentias del Entente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le fronte italian == Le front italian se extendava principalmente del [[Stelvio]] al [[Mar Adriatico]], con le principal concentration del fortias in le sector del [[Isonzo]] e del [[Carso]]. Le geographia montuose rendeva le guerra particularmente difficile e favoriva le guerra de position, con tranchéas, fortificationes e combattimentos pro le controlo de altures strategic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal difficultate strategic del ''Regio Esercito'' esseva le ruptura del forte systema defensiv austro-hungaric in le Alpes Oriental e in le Carso. Le offensive italian produceva in general grande perdite con guadagnos territorial limitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == 1915: le prime offensive del Isonzo == Le prime battalia del Isonzo comenciava le 23 junio 1915. Le commandamento italian, sub le Capite del Stato Major [[Luigi Cadorna]], cercava obter un ruptura del front austro-hungaric e avanzar verso [[Trieste]] e le valle del [[Sava]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1915 esseva combattite quatro principal offensive del Isonzo. Illas non produceva le ruptura strategic cercate, ma obligava Austria-Hungaria a mantener importante fortias super le front italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime anno de guerra esseva particularmente sanguinose. Secundo le historico documentation de Treccani, le perdite italian in le prime phase del guerra includeva plus de 66 000 mortos, 180 000 ferites e 12 500 disparitos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/guerra-mondiale_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |titulo=Guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == 1916: Strafexpedition e le guerre de logoramento == In 1916 Austria-Hungaria lanceava le [[Strafexpedition]], un grande offensive contra le fortias italian in le Trentino. Le objective esseva poner le Italia foras del guerra per un offensive concentrate contra le front italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le offensive comenciava le 15 maio 1916 e produceva initialmente un importante avance austro-hungaric. Le fortias italian esseva tamen capace de stabilisar le front e impedir le ruptura. Le offensive esseva etiam influentiate per le offensive russe Brusilov, que obligava Austria-Hungaria a transferer parte de su fortias al front oriental.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le anno 1916 esseva tamben characterisate per nove offensive del Isonzo. Le guerra continuava como un conflicto de attrition, con grande consommation de homines e material.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == 1917: le undecime battalia del Isonzo e Caporetto == In 1917 le ''Regio Esercito'' continuava le offensive super le Isonzo. Le [[Undecime Battalia del Isonzo]] produceva le principal successo territorial italian del guerra, con le occupation de importantes positiones super le [[Bainsizza]], ma non obteneva le ruptura definitive del front austro-hungaric.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 24 octobre 1917 le fortias austro-hungaric e german lanceava un grande offensive in le sector de [[Caporetto]]. Le combination de infiltration, artilleria e surprise rompeva le prime lineas italian e obligava le exercito a un grande retirada.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le retirada transformava se in un disorganisation massive. Le front esseva retrahite al [[Piave]] e al [[Monte Grappa]]. Le crise conduceva al resignation del governamento de [[Paolo Boselli]], qui esseva substituite per un governamento presedite per [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Capite del Stato Major Luigi Cadorna esseva removite e substituite per [[Armando Diaz]]. Le nove commandamento adoptava un politica plus attente al moral del truppas e al coordination con le altere potentias del Entente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d’Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos del Caporetto non esseva limitate al fronte. Plure centenas de milles de personas esseva displaciate ex le territorios occupate per le fortias austro-german e le governamento debeva organisar un grande effort de evacuation e assistentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == 1918: Piave e Vittorio Veneto == In 1918 le front italian esseva stabilisate super le Piave e le Monte Grappa. In junio, Austria-Hungaria lanceava un nove offensive, ma le fortias italian resistiva e le offensive esseva arrestate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation militar del Imperio Austro-Hungaric deteriorava se durante le secunde medietate de 1918. Le disintegration politic e national del imperio esseva accompaniate per le deterioration de su capacitate militar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 24 octobre 1918 le fortias italian lanceava le offensive que deveniva le [[Battalia de Vittorio Veneto]]. Le operationes esseva combattite usque al 3 novembre e terminava con le disfacimento del fortias austro-hungaric in le front italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-veneto/ |titulo=Vittorio Veneto |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fortias italian attingeva [[Trento]] le 3 novembre e [[Trieste]] esseva occupate in le mesme die. Le armistition esseva signate a [[Villa Giusti]] apud Padua le 3 novembre e entrava in vigor le 4 novembre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/villa-giusti_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |titulo=Villa Giusti |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le arme e le guerra industrial == Le guerra italian esseva un conflicto industrial e de massa. Le ''Regio Esercito'' utilisava artilleria pesante, mitragliatrices, aeroplanos, unitates de ingenieros, telecommunicationes e un grande sistema logistic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra demandava tamben nove formas de transporto e communication. Le rete ferroviari esseva intensemente utilisate pro transportar tropas, ferites, material e alimentos. Durante le periodo 1915–1918, le Ferrovie dello Stato effectuava circa 50 000 trains de transporto militar, transferente circa 15 milliones de homines e 22 milliones de toneladas de materiales e approvisionamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/editoria/Rassegna-Esercito/Documents/2016/3/3RA-2016-on-line.pdf |titulo=Rassegna dell’Esercito, 3/2016 |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le aviation italian esseva progressivemente expandite durante le guerra. Le aeroplanos esseva utilisate pro reconnaissance, observation del artilleria, bombardamento e combatimento aerian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le fronte alpine == Un characteristica distinctive del guerra italian esseva le combattimento in altitudes montuose. Le truppas operava in le [[Alpes]] e [[Dolomites]], frequentemente a plus de 2 000 o 3 000 metros de altitude.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conditiones climatic esseva un altere factor importante. Neve, avalanche, glacie, frigiditate e difficultates logistic causava perdite independentemente del actiones del inimico. Le construction de stratas, telefericos e positiones fortificate deveniva parte integral del operationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Alpini]] assumeva un rol importante in le operationes del front montuose. Diverse unitates esseva specialisate in le movemento e le combattimento in terreno alpine.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/comfoter/comando-truppe-alpine/brigata-alpina-julia/7-reggimento-alpini/la-storia/123038.html |titulo=La Storia del 7° Reggimento Alpini |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Marina e guerra maritime == Le [[Regia Marina]] participa al guerra con un rol importante in le [[Mar Adriatico]]. Le principal objectivos esseva impedir le sortie del flotta austro-hungaric, proteger le vias maritime e supportar le operationes terrestre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra maritime includeva tamben le uso de unitates leger e de [[MAS]] italian. Le flotta italian participava al evacuation de fortias serbe desde le costa balcanic e al operationes contra le fortias naval austro-hungaric.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le Stato e le front interne == Le guerra transformava le organisation del Stato italian. Le governamento assumeva nove poter super le economia, le production industrial, le commercio e le information.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 26 junio 1915 esseva establite le [[mobilisation industrial]], con le objective de assegurar le production e le rifornimento del exercito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Stato interveniva in le production de armamentos, in le transportos, in le alimentation e in le mercato del travalio. Le mobilization de massa reduceva le disponibilitate de mano de obra in le agricultura e in le sectores civil, durante que le industria del guerra cresceva per le grande demandation public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=La prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le inflation esseva un importante problema. Le guerra aumentava le circulation monetari e le demanda de productos, durante que le rarefaction de benes de consumo contribuiva al augmento del precios.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=La prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le societate italian durante le guerra == Le guerra habeva effectos profunde super le population civil. Le familie del soldados dependeva de subsidios e de systemas de assistentia, durante que le feminas assumeva un rol plus importante in le agricultura, le industria e le services.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=La prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le propaganda e le censura esseva utilisate pro influentiar le opinion public e mantener le moral. Le State exerceva tamben un controlo plus forte super le information e le expression del opposition al guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Croce Rubie Italian]] developpava un grande rete de assistentia medical. Mille de infermieras voluntari laborava in hospitales, trains sanitar e services medical al fronte e in le retroguardia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/medicina-e-sanita-pubblica_%28Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero%3A-Scienze%29/ |titulo=Medicina e sanita pubblica |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prisioneros de guerra e occupation == Le guerra produceva un grande numero de prisioneros de guerra italian retenite per Austria-Hungaria e Germania. Le question del prisioneros deveniva etiam un problema politic e human durante le conflicto e post le armistition.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le routa de Caporetto in 1917 conduceva al occupation de partes del Veneto oriental e del Friuli. Le populationes civil esseva obligate a abandonar lor casas, e le evacuationes constitueva un del principal crises human del guerra super le territorio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915–1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le influenza del guerra super le politica == Le guerra accentuava le crise del systema liberal italian. Le mobilisation de massa, le censura, le centralisation del poder executive e le conflict inter neutralistas e interventistas produceva un forte polarisation politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-italia-dall-eta-giolittiana-alla-repubblica_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=L’Italia: dall’età giolittiana alla repubblica |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le experience del guerra contributeva al crise del liberalismo post 1918 e al expansion de movimentos politic de massa, includente le fascismo, durante le annos subsequente. Le relation causal inter le guerra e le subsequente crise politic esseva complexe e involveva factor social, economic e institutional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-italia-dall-eta-giolittiana-alla-repubblica_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=L’Italia: dall’età giolittiana alla repubblica |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le resultatos territorial == Le victoria del 1918 permetteva al Italia incorporar le Trentino, le Alto Adige, Trieste e le Istria in le nove quadro territorial postimperial. Le transformation del frontiers esseva determinate non solmente per le Pacto de London, ma etiam per le disintegration del Imperio Austro-Hungaric e le tractatos de pace post le guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expectationes territorial italian esseva tamen plus ample que le resultatos finalmente obtenite. Le question de [[Fiume]] e del partition del territorios adriatic deveniva un del principal controversias del diplomatia italian post le guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris == Italia participa al [[Conferentia de Pace de Paris]] in 1919 como un del principales statos victoriose. Le delegation italian esseva presedite per le Presidente del Governo [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] e includeva Sidney Sonnino.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-orlando/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele Orlando |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le delegation cercava obtenir le implementation del Pacto de London e altere compensationes territorial. Le controversia con le altere alliatos super Fiume e le litoral dalmate contribueva al sentimento de dissatisfaction in parte del opinion public italian post le guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Memoria del guerra == Le Prime Guerra Mundial occupa un position central in le memoria national italian. Monumentos, cimiterios militar, sacrarios, museos e parcos historic esseva create pro commemorar le mortos e le principal campos de battalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/grande-guerra |titulo=La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra es etiam studiate como un momento decisive in le transformation del societate italian, del Stato liberal e del relationes inter le politica, le exercito e le societate civil. Le historiographia ha accordate particular attention al intervention del 1915, al guerra de position, al Caporetto, al victoria de 1918 e al effectos social e politic del conflicto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-italia-dall-eta-giolittiana-alla-repubblica_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=L’Italia: dall’età giolittiana alla repubblica |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Chronologia == * 2 augusto 1914 – Italia declara le neutralitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 26 april 1915 – Italia signa le Pacto de London.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 3 maio 1915 – Italia denuncia le Triple Alliantia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 24 maio 1915 – Italia entra in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 23 junio 1915 – Initio del prime battalia del Isonzo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 15 maio 1916 – Initio del Strafexpedition austro-hungaric.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 28 augusto 1916 – Italia declara le guerra al Germania.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 24 octobre 1917 – Initio del battalia de Caporetto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * Octobre 1917 – Cadorna es substituite per Armando Diaz e Orlando deveni Presidente del Governo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 24 junio 1918 – Le offensive austro-hungaric del Piave es arrestate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 24 octobre 1918 – Initio del Battalia de Vittorio Veneto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-veneto/ |titulo=Vittorio Veneto |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 3 novembre 1918 – Signatura del Armistition de Villa Giusti.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/villa-giusti_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |titulo=Villa Giusti |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 4 novembre 1918 – Entrata in vigor del armistition e fin del operationes super le front italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-veneto/ |titulo=Vittorio Veneto |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1919 – Italia participa al Conferentia de Pace de Paris.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-orlando/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele Orlando |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] 6hralu5ryunniiekibm6oovmx14lup9 702479 702478 2026-10-06T13:07:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 702479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta del participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], inter 1915 e 1918. Al initio del conflicto, Italia era membro del [[Triplice Alliantia]], con le [[Imperio german]] e le [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma se declarava neutral in augusto 1914. Post un intense debatto politic e diplomatic, le govern italiano signava le [[Pacto de London]] le 26 april 1915 e decideva de entrar in guerra al latere del [[Triplice Entente]]. Le guerra contra Austria-Hungaria comenciava le 24 maio 1915 e se concludeva con le armistitio del 4 novembre 1918. Durante plus de tres annos, le principal front italian se extendiva del [[Trentino]] al [[Adriatico]], con le major parte del operationes concentrate super le [[Isonzo]] e le [[Alpes oriental]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == === Italia e le Triplice Alliantia === Le Regno de Italia habeva entrate in le [[Triplice Alliantia]] in 1882 con Austria-Hungaria e Germania. Le alliantia habeva un character defensive, e le govern italian considerava que su obligationes non se applicava automaticamente al conflicto initiate in 1914. Austria-Hungaria habeva declarate guerra al [[Serbia]] sin un consultation previo con Italia, e le situation international se modificava rapidemente post le [[attentato de Sarajevo]] del 28 junio 1914. Le neutralitate italian non significava un indifferentia complete al conflicto. In Italia existeva un importante interesse strategic pro le futuro del frontiera nord-oriental e pro le question del territorios que restava sub domination austro-hungare, specialmente le [[Trentino]], le [[Alto Adige]], [[Trieste]] e le [[Istria]]. Le movimento irredentista considerava iste territorios parte del processo incompletate de unification national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le neutralitate de 1914 === Le 3 augusto 1914, Italia annunciava su neutralitate. Le decision esseva defendite tanto per rationes juridic como per rationes politic. Le govern considerava que le Triplice Alliantia non obligava Italia a intervenir, pois le guerra austro-serbe non habeva le character defensive previde per le pacto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le neutralitate produceva tamen un forte division in le societate. Le [[giolittianos]], le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e un grande parte del population esseva favorable al non-intervention. Le cattolicos habeva in general positiones pacific e timores ante un guerra contra un potentia catholic como Austria-Hungaria. Al altere latere se formava un coalition heterogenee de interventionistas, comprendente nationalistas, parte del liberales, interventionistas democratic e un parte del syndicalistas revolutionari. Le crise politic se intensificava durante le prime menses de 1915, quando le govern italian comenciava negotiationes tanto con Austria-Hungaria como con le potentias del Entente. === Le crise del 1915 === Le prime ministro [[Antonio Salandra]] e le ministro del affaires externe [[Sidney Sonnino]] cercava de obtener le maximo de concessiones territorial possibile. In le negotiationes con Austria-Hungaria, Italia reclamava compensationes pro mantener se neutral. In parallel, le govern negociava secretemente con Francia, Regno Unite e Russia. Le resultato esseva le [[Pacto de London]], signate le 26 april 1915. Le pacto prometteva a Italia, in caso de victoria del Entente, inter altere cosas le Trentino e le Alto Adige usque al passo del Brennero, Trieste, Istria, partes del costa dalmate, Valona e altere compensationes territorial e colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le Pacto de London === Le Pacto de London cambiava le orientation diplomatic del Regno de Italia. Le govern se obligava a declarar guerra a Austria-Hungaria intra un mense. Le pacto remaneva secret e le Parlamento non esseva informate de su contenido al momento del signatura. Le decision provocava le [[radiuse jornadas de maio]] ("radiose giornate di maggio"), un serie de manifestationes interventionistas in le major citates italian. Le neutralistas tamen conservava un forte influentia in le Parlamento. [[Giovanni Giolitti]], qui habeva un importante influentia super le deputatos, se opponeva al intervention, ma non requeva le confrontation directe con le monarchia e le govern. Le 3 maio 1915 Italia denunciava formalmente le Triplice Alliantia. Le Parlamento concedeva al govern le plen poteres necessari pro le guerra, e le 24 maio Italia entrava in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le entrata in guerra == === Le interventionistas e le neutralistas === Le intervention esseva defendite per gruppos politic multo differente. Le nationalistas lo considerava un guerra pro completar le unification national e pro affirmar Italia como grande potentia. Le interventionistas democratic lo presentava como un guerra contra le autoritarismo austro-hungare e in favor del liberation del populos. Parte del sinistra revolutionari considerava le guerra un possibile medio de transformation social. Le neutralistas, al contrario, insistava super le costi economic e human del conflicto e super le insufficiente preparation militar del pais. Le socialistas italian manteneva officialmente un position de opposition al guerra, resumite in le formula de "ni aderir, ni sabotar". Le decision final esseva tamen prendite in un contexto in le qual le monarchia, le govern e le interventionistas habeva le initiative politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le declaration de guerra === Le 23 maio 1915 le govern italian publicava le declaration de guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. Le hostilitate comenciava le die sequente, 24 maio. Le exercito italian, commandate per le general [[Luigi Cadorna]], occupava immediate alcun positiones al frontiera, ma Austria-Hungaria habeva le avantage de poter defender un front montan difficil. Le principal effort italian esseva dirigite verso le valle del Isonzo e le [[Carso]], ubi le comando sperava obtener un via verso [[Gorizia]] e eventualemente [[Trieste]]. Le difficultate del terreno, le fortificationes e le artilleria limitava le effecto del offensive. == Le guerra al fronte italian == === 1915: le prime offensive del Isonzo === Le prime battalia del Isonzo se combatteva inter le 23 junio e le 7 julio 1915. Le secunde habeva loco inter le 18 julio e le 4 augusto, le tertie inter le 18 octobre e le 4 novembre, e le quarte inter le 10 novembre e le 2 decembre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le objectivo del offensive esseva romper le defense austro-hungare in le sector del Isonzo e aperir le via verso Gorizia e le costa. Le exercito italian obteneva alcun progressos local, ma non poteva producer un rupture decisive. Le battalias se transformava rapidemente in un guerra de attrition. Le defensores disponeva de positiones fortificate in le montes e poteva utilisar le terreno pro compensar su inferioritate numeric. Le resultato esseva grande perdite pro ambes le lateres pro ganios territorial limitate. === 1916: le Strafexpedition e le logoramento === In 1916 Austria-Hungaria tentava de obligar Italia a retirar se del front de l'Isonzo per un offensive in le [[Altopiano di Asiago]] e le sector de [[Trentino]]. Le offensive, initiate le 15 maio, esseva denominate per le italianos [[Strafexpedition]] ("expedition punitive"). Le progression austro-hungare esseva importante in le prime dies, ma le offensive perdeva su impulso e esseva finalmente arresta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> In augusto, le italianos lanceava le Seste Battalia del Isonzo. Inter le 6 e le 17 augusto, le exercito italian obteneva un successo major con le captura de [[Gorizia]]. Le victoria habeva un grande valor symbolic, ma non rompeva le front austro-hungare. Le Italia declarava guerra al [[Imperio german]] le 28 augusto 1916. Le guerra deveniva assi formalmente un conflicto contra ambes le principal potentias del [[Imperios Central]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1917: le Undecime Battalia e Caporetto === In 1917 le exercito italian continuava le offensive super le Isonzo. Le Decime Battalia se combatteva inter maio e junio, e le [[Battalia de Ortigara]] in junio. In augusto, le Undecime Battalia del Isonzo produceva le major avance italian del guerra usque alora. Le tropas italian attingeva le [[Bainsizza]], ma le front non se disintegrava. Le situation cambiava radicalmente le 24 octobre 1917. Le forcas austro-hungare, con important support german, initiava le [[Battalia de Caporetto]]. Le rupture del front obligava le exercito italian a un grande retirada. Le tropas se retirava del Isonzo e del [[Friuli]] verso le linea del [[Piave]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le disastro provocava un crise del alto commandamento. Le general Luigi Cadorna esseva removite le 8 novembre e substituite per [[Armando Diaz]]. Le nove commandamento modificava le relation inter le comando e le tropas, e poneva plus attention al defense del Piave e al recuperation del exercito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1918: le Piave e Vittorio Veneto === Le anno 1918 comenciava con le reorganisamento del exercito italian. Le nove linea defensive se appoiava principalmente super le Piave e le montes del Veneto. Le offensive austro-hungare del junio, cognoscite como [[Battalia del Solsticio]], initiava le 15 junio. Le tropas austro-hungare attingeva le Piave in plure punctos, ma non poteva establir un ruptura durabile. Le 23 junio le offensive habeva fallite e le forcas austro-hungare se retirava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le Italia initiava su offensive final le 24 octobre 1918. Le operationes super le Grappa e le Piave conduceva al ruptura del front austro-hungare. Le tropas italian occupava [[Vittorio Veneto]] e le exercito austro-hungare se disintegrava durante le ultime dies de octobre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le armistitio inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria entrava in vigor le 4 novembre 1918. Le guerra super le fronte italian esseva assi terminate. Le [[Armistitio de Villa Giusti]] habeva essite signate le 3 novembre e deveniva effectivo le die sequente. == Le guerra in le Alpes e le Adriatico == === Le guerra alpine === Le geographia del front italian distingueva iste guerra de altere fronts europee. Un grande parte del combattimentos habeva loco in zonas montan, frequentemente a altitudes de plus de 2 000 metros. Le [[Alpinos]] esseva specialisate in le operationes in montania, ma unidades de altere arme e specialitate participa etiam. Le condiciones climatic esseva extrem. Le soldados debeva combater contra neve, frigore, avalanchas e difficultates de alimentation e transporto. Le construction de stradas, telefericas e refugios deveniva un parte essential del guerra. In alcun sectores, le guerra se developpava intra tunnels e galerias excavate in le roche. Le [[guerra de minas]] esseva usate pro destruer positiones fortificate e crear rupture in le defense inimic. === Le Regia Marina e le guerra in le Adriatico === Le [[Regia Marina]] habeva le mission de controlar le mar Adriatic e impedir le operationes del [[Marina austro-hungare]]. Le grande naves de guerra esseva relativemente prudente, pois le minas, submarinos e batteries costal rendeva periculose le operationes directe. Le guerra maritime includeva le uso de submarinos, torpedinieres, minas e unitates legier. Le [[MAS]] italian, parve unitates rapide armate con torpedos, esseva utilisate pro operationes offensive contra le naves austro-hungare. Le marina contribueva etiam al protection del communicationes e del transporte de tropas e material inter le portos italian e le front. === Le aviation e le nove armas === Le Prime Guerra Mundial videva le rapide developpamento del aviation militar. Italia usava aeroplanos pro reconnaissance, direction del artilleria e bombardamento. Le aeroplanos habeva etiam un rol crescente in le observation del positiones inimic. Le guerra videva le diffusion de nove technicas e armas, inter le mitragliatrices, le artilleria pesante, le gas toxics e le vehiculos blindate. Le guerra de tranchera rendeva le superioritate del artilleria e del supporto logistic plus importante que le sol valor individual del soldato. == Le societate e le front interne == === Mobilisation e economia de guerra === Le guerra mobilisava un parte importante del population active. Miliones de italianos esseva incorporate in le forcas armate durante le conflicto. Le Stato augmentava le controlo super le production, le transporto e le distribution de materias prime e alimentos. Le industria metallurgic, mecanic e chimic cresceva rapidamente, specialmente in le nord del pais. Le demanda militar stimula le production de armas, munition, vehiculos, uniformes e equipamento. Le Parlamento e le govern adoptava numerose mesuras extraordinari pro administrar le economia de guerra. Le governo obteneva poteres plus ample e le Parlamento perdeva parte de su function ordinari durante le periodo del conflicto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le population civil e le feminas === Le guerra habeva effectos directe super le population civil. Le mobilisation retirava milliones de homines del agricultura e del industria, e le families debeva confrontar se con le absentia de maritos, filios e fratres. Le feminas assumeva nove responsabilitates in le agricultura, le industria e le servicios. Le travalio feminine deveniva essential pro mantener le production durante le absentia del homines mobilisate. Le guerra modificava assi le distribution del travalio, ma iste cambios non significava immediate equalitate social o politic inter le sexos. === Propaganda, censura e morale === Le Stato developpava un vaste systema de propaganda pro mantener le moral del population e del exercito. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le information super le operationes militar esseva limitate. Le propaganda presentava le guerra como un luta pro le nation e pro le completion del unification territorial. Le derrota de Caporetto provocava tamen un crise profunde in le opinion public e obligeva le govern e le commandamento militar a reorganisar le communication con le population. === Prisioneros, refugiatos e occupation === Le exercito italian faceva dezenas de milles de prisioneros austro-hungare durante le guerra, mentre que centenas de milles de soldados italian cadeva in captivitate. Le prisioneros italian esseva transportate a campos in varie partes del Imperio austro-hungare e in Germania. Le population civil esseva etiam afectate per le operationes militar. Durante le retirada de Caporetto, grande gruppos de refugiatos abandonavano Friuli e partes del Veneto. Le population del zonas occupate esseva subjecte al requisitiones e al difficultates de alimentation. == Le consequencias politic e territorial == === Le perdite human === Le guerra produceva enorme perdite human. Le exercito italian habeva centenas de milles de mortos e feritos, e un numero importante de soldados deveniva invalid permanentemente. Le morte de tantos homines habeva effectos durabile super le societate italian. Le familles perdeva le principal fonte de ingresos, e numerose veteranos retornava con feritas, invaliditate o problemas psychologic. Le memoria del mortos deveniva un elemento central del cultura public post le guerra, con monumentos, ossarios e ceremonias dedicate al soldados cadite. === Le resultatos territorial === Le victoria de 1918 permitteva a Italia de obtener le territorios promittite in le Pacto de London in le sector alpino: Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Le nove frontiera con Austria esseva transferite al passo del Brennero. Le resultatos in le Adriatico esseva plus controversate. Le demandas italian de expansion in Dalmacia incontrava le opposition del nove Regno del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e de altere potentias del Entente. Le question del frontiera oriental deveniva assi un del principal problemas del politica exterior italian del postguerra. === Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris === Italia participa al [[Conferentia de Pace de Paris]] in 1919 como un del principal potentias victoriose. Le delegation italian, guidate per le prime ministro [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] e le ministro del affaires externe Sidney Sonnino, insisteva super le implementation del Pacto de London. Le presidente del [[Statos Unite]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], opponeva se a parte del demandas territorial italian, specialmente a celles que concerneva le Dalmacia. Le divergentias inter Italia e le altere membros del Entente alimentava le sentimento de un victoria diplomatic incomplete.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le question de Fiume === [[Fiume]] deveniva un del problemas le plus controversate del postguerra. Le Pacto de London non habeva garantite Fiume a Italia, ma le nationalistas italian considerava le citate importante pro le position strategic e pro le composition del population. In 1919 [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] occupava Fiume con un gruppo de voluntarios italian. Le episodio aggravava le tensiones inter Italia e le nove Stato del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e deveniva un symbolo del nationalismo italian del postguerra. Le question esseva resolvite solmente post plure annos per le [[Tractato de Rapallo]] de 1920, que establi le [[Stato libero de Fiume]]. === Le crise del Stato liberal === Le guerra lassava Italia con un debito public multo plus grande, un economia disorganisate e fortes tensions social. Le retorno de milliones de veteranos, le inflation e le difficultates del empleo alimentava le dissatisfaction. Le annos post le guerra esseva marcate per greve, occupationes de fabricas e agitationes politic. Le systema liberal habeva difficultate a controlar le nove situation. Le crise contribueva al ascension del [[fascismo]], que transformava progressivemente le politica italian inter 1919 e 1922. == Memoria e historiographia == === Le memoria del guerra in Italia === Le Prime Guerra Mundial deveniva un elemento important del memoria national italian. Monumentos, ossarios e cimiterios militar esseva create in numerose regiones. Le [[Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Roma e altere monumentos commemorative esseva integrate in le rituales public del postguerra. Le figura del soldato cadite esseva usate pro construir un memoria national del sacrificio e del victoria. Al mesme tempore, le memoria del enorme perdite e del difficultates del postguerra alimentava interpretationes multo differente del conflicto. Le memoria de Caporetto habeva un important rol in le cultura italian. Durante multe annos, le derrota esseva associate al idea de un collapso national, ben que le historiographia posterior ha insistentemente studiate le complexitate del causas militar, politic e social del desastre. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia italian ha interpretate le intervention in manieras diverse. Un interpretation considera le guerra como le ultime phase del [[Risorgimento]], pois le victoria permitteva le incorporation de Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Un altere interpretation accentua le costi human e economic del conflicto e le ruptura que le guerra produceva in le societate liberal. Le relation inter le guerra, le crise del postguerra e le ascension del fascismo ha devenite un del principal subjectos del historiographia italian del seculo XX. Le studio del front italian ha etiam abandonate progressivemente le vision que reduceva le guerra a un serie de battalias. Le historia del soldados, le vita in le trancheras, le prisioneros, le population civil, le industria e le propaganda occupa hodie un spatio importante in le investigation historic. == Chronologia == * '''3 augusto 1914''' – Italia declara su neutralitate in le conflicto europee. * '''26 april 1915''' – Signatura del Pacto de London. * '''3 maio 1915''' – Italia denuncia le Triplice Alliantia. * '''24 maio 1915''' – Italia entra in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. * '''23 junio – 7 julio 1915''' – Prime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 julio – 4 augusto 1915''' – Secunde Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 octobre – 4 novembre 1915''' – Tertie Battalia del Isonzo. * '''10 novembre – 2 decembre 1915''' – Quarte Battalia del Isonzo. * '''15 – 31 maio 1916''' – Strafexpedition. * '''6 – 17 augusto 1916''' – Seste Battalia del Isonzo; captura de Gorizia. * '''28 augusto 1916''' – Italia declara guerra al Imperio german. * '''17 augusto 1917''' – Initio del Undecime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''24 octobre 1917''' – Initio del Battalia de Caporetto. * '''8 novembre 1917''' – Armando Diaz substitue Luigi Cadorna como chef del Stato Maggiore. * '''15 – 23 junio 1918''' – Battalia del Solsticio. * '''24 octobre – 3 novembre 1918''' – Offensive de Vittorio Veneto. * '''3 novembre 1918''' – Signatura del Armistitio de Villa Giusti. * '''4 novembre 1918''' – Entrata in vigor del armistitio e fin del hostilitate inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Referentias == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} <references /> [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Prime Guerra Mundial]] 8j687m3sq59fi7juebha3q9qo7h6i63 702480 702479 2026-10-06T13:07:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 702480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta del participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], inter 1915 e 1918. Al initio del conflicto, Italia era membro del [[Triplice Alliantia]], con le [[Imperio german]] e le [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma se declarava neutral in augusto 1914. Post un intense debatto politic e diplomatic, le govern italiano signava le [[Pacto de London]] le 26 april 1915 e decideva de entrar in guerra al latere del [[Triplice Entente]]. Le guerra contra Austria-Hungaria comenciava le 24 maio 1915 e se concludeva con le armistitio del 4 novembre 1918. Durante plus de tres annos, le principal front italian se extendiva del [[Trentino]] al [[Adriatico]], con le major parte del operationes concentrate super le [[Isonzo]] e le [[Alpes oriental]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == === Italia e le Triplice Alliantia === Le Regno de Italia habeva entrate in le [[Triplice Alliantia]] in 1882 con Austria-Hungaria e Germania. Le alliantia habeva un character defensive, e le govern italian considerava que su obligationes non se applicava automaticamente al conflicto initiate in 1914. Austria-Hungaria habeva declarate guerra al [[Serbia]] sin un consultation previo con Italia, e le situation international se modificava rapidemente post le [[attentato de Sarajevo]] del 28 junio 1914. Le neutralitate italian non significava un indifferentia complete al conflicto. In Italia existeva un importante interesse strategic pro le futuro del frontiera nord-oriental e pro le question del territorios que restava sub domination austro-hungare, specialmente le [[Trentino]], le [[Alto Adige]], [[Trieste]] e le [[Istria]]. Le movimento irredentista considerava iste territorios parte del processo incompletate de unification national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le neutralitate de 1914 === Le 3 augusto 1914, Italia annunciava su neutralitate. Le decision esseva defendite tanto per rationes juridic como per rationes politic. Le govern considerava que le Triplice Alliantia non obligava Italia a intervenir, pois le guerra austro-serbe non habeva le character defensive previde per le pacto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le neutralitate produceva tamen un forte division in le societate. Le [[giolittianos]], le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e un grande parte del population esseva favorable al non-intervention. Le cattolicos habeva in general positiones pacific e timores ante un guerra contra un potentia catholic como Austria-Hungaria. Al altere latere se formava un coalition heterogenee de interventionistas, comprendente nationalistas, parte del liberales, interventionistas democratic e un parte del syndicalistas revolutionari. Le crise politic se intensificava durante le prime menses de 1915, quando le govern italian comenciava negotiationes tanto con Austria-Hungaria como con le potentias del Entente. === Le crise del 1915 === Le prime ministro [[Antonio Salandra]] e le ministro del affaires externe [[Sidney Sonnino]] cercava de obtener le maximo de concessiones territorial possibile. In le negotiationes con Austria-Hungaria, Italia reclamava compensationes pro mantener se neutral. In parallel, le govern negociava secretemente con Francia, Regno Unite e Russia. Le resultato esseva le [[Pacto de London]], signate le 26 april 1915. Le pacto prometteva a Italia, in caso de victoria del Entente, inter altere cosas le Trentino e le Alto Adige usque al passo del Brennero, Trieste, Istria, partes del costa dalmate, Valona e altere compensationes territorial e colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le Pacto de London === Le Pacto de London cambiava le orientation diplomatic del Regno de Italia. Le govern se obligava a declarar guerra a Austria-Hungaria intra un mense. Le pacto remaneva secret e le Parlamento non esseva informate de su contenido al momento del signatura. Le decision provocava le [[radiuse jornadas de maio]] ("radiose giornate di maggio"), un serie de manifestationes interventionistas in le major citates italian. Le neutralistas tamen conservava un forte influentia in le Parlamento. [[Giovanni Giolitti]], qui habeva un importante influentia super le deputatos, se opponeva al intervention, ma non requeva le confrontation directe con le monarchia e le govern. Le 3 maio 1915 Italia denunciava formalmente le Triplice Alliantia. Le Parlamento concedeva al govern le plen poteres necessari pro le guerra, e le 24 maio Italia entrava in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le entrata in guerra == === Le interventionistas e le neutralistas === Le intervention esseva defendite per gruppos politic multo differente. Le nationalistas lo considerava un guerra pro completar le unification national e pro affirmar Italia como grande potentia. Le interventionistas democratic lo presentava como un guerra contra le autoritarismo austro-hungare e in favor del liberation del populos. Parte del sinistra revolutionari considerava le guerra un possibile medio de transformation social. Le neutralistas, al contrario, insistava super le costi economic e human del conflicto e super le insufficiente preparation militar del pais. Le socialistas italian manteneva officialmente un position de opposition al guerra, resumite in le formula de "ni aderir, ni sabotar". Le decision final esseva tamen prendite in un contexto in le qual le monarchia, le govern e le interventionistas habeva le initiative politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le declaration de guerra === Le 23 maio 1915 le govern italian publicava le declaration de guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. Le hostilitate comenciava le die sequente, 24 maio. Le exercito italian, commandate per le general [[Luigi Cadorna]], occupava immediate alcun positiones al frontiera, ma Austria-Hungaria habeva le avantage de poter defender un front montan difficil. Le principal effort italian esseva dirigite verso le valle del Isonzo e le [[Carso]], ubi le comando sperava obtener un via verso [[Gorizia]] e eventualemente [[Trieste]]. Le difficultate del terreno, le fortificationes e le artilleria limitava le effecto del offensive. == Le guerra al fronte italian == === 1915: le prime offensive del Isonzo === Le prime battalia del Isonzo se combatteva inter le 23 junio e le 7 julio 1915. Le secunde habeva loco inter le 18 julio e le 4 augusto, le tertie inter le 18 octobre e le 4 novembre, e le quarte inter le 10 novembre e le 2 decembre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le objectivo del offensive esseva romper le defense austro-hungare in le sector del Isonzo e aperir le via verso Gorizia e le costa. Le exercito italian obteneva alcun progressos local, ma non poteva producer un rupture decisive. Le battalias se transformava rapidemente in un guerra de attrition. Le defensores disponeva de positiones fortificate in le montes e poteva utilisar le terreno pro compensar su inferioritate numeric. Le resultato esseva grande perdite pro ambes le lateres pro ganios territorial limitate. === 1916: le Strafexpedition e le logoramento === In 1916 Austria-Hungaria tentava de obligar Italia a retirar se del front de l'Isonzo per un offensive in le [[Altopiano di Asiago]] e le sector de [[Trentino]]. Le offensive, initiate le 15 maio, esseva denominate per le italianos [[Strafexpedition]] ("expedition punitive"). Le progression austro-hungare esseva importante in le prime dies, ma le offensive perdeva su impulso e esseva finalmente arresta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> In augusto, le italianos lanceava le Seste Battalia del Isonzo. Inter le 6 e le 17 augusto, le exercito italian obteneva un successo major con le captura de [[Gorizia]]. Le victoria habeva un grande valor symbolic, ma non rompeva le front austro-hungare. Le Italia declarava guerra al [[Imperio german]] le 28 augusto 1916. Le guerra deveniva assi formalmente un conflicto contra ambes le principal potentias del [[Imperios Central]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1917: le Undecime Battalia e Caporetto === In 1917 le exercito italian continuava le offensive super le Isonzo. Le Decime Battalia se combatteva inter maio e junio, e le [[Battalia de Ortigara]] in junio. In augusto, le Undecime Battalia del Isonzo produceva le major avance italian del guerra usque alora. Le tropas italian attingeva le [[Bainsizza]], ma le front non se disintegrava. Le situation cambiava radicalmente le 24 octobre 1917. Le forcas austro-hungare, con important support german, initiava le [[Battalia de Caporetto]]. Le rupture del front obligava le exercito italian a un grande retirada. Le tropas se retirava del Isonzo e del [[Friuli]] verso le linea del [[Piave]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le disastro provocava un crise del alto commandamento. Le general Luigi Cadorna esseva removite le 8 novembre e substituite per [[Armando Diaz]]. Le nove commandamento modificava le relation inter le comando e le tropas, e poneva plus attention al defense del Piave e al recuperation del exercito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1918: le Piave e Vittorio Veneto === Le anno 1918 comenciava con le reorganisamento del exercito italian. Le nove linea defensive se appoiava principalmente super le Piave e le montes del Veneto. Le offensive austro-hungare del junio, cognoscite como [[Battalia del Solsticio]], initiava le 15 junio. Le tropas austro-hungare attingeva le Piave in plure punctos, ma non poteva establir un ruptura durabile. Le 23 junio le offensive habeva fallite e le forcas austro-hungare se retirava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le Italia initiava su offensive final le 24 octobre 1918. Le operationes super le Grappa e le Piave conduceva al ruptura del front austro-hungare. Le tropas italian occupava [[Vittorio Veneto]] e le exercito austro-hungare se disintegrava durante le ultime dies de octobre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le armistitio inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria entrava in vigor le 4 novembre 1918. Le guerra super le fronte italian esseva assi terminate. Le [[Armistitio de Villa Giusti]] habeva essite signate le 3 novembre e deveniva effectivo le die sequente. == Le guerra in le Alpes e le Adriatico == === Le guerra alpine === Le geographia del front italian distingueva iste guerra de altere fronts europee. Un grande parte del combattimentos habeva loco in zonas montan, frequentemente a altitudes de plus de 2 000 metros. Le [[Alpinos]] esseva specialisate in le operationes in montania, ma unidades de altere arme e specialitate participa etiam. Le condiciones climatic esseva extrem. Le soldados debeva combater contra neve, frigore, avalanchas e difficultates de alimentation e transporto. Le construction de stradas, telefericas e refugios deveniva un parte essential del guerra. In alcun sectores, le guerra se developpava intra tunnels e galerias excavate in le roche. Le [[guerra de minas]] esseva usate pro destruer positiones fortificate e crear rupture in le defense inimic. === Le Regia Marina e le guerra in le Adriatico === Le [[Regia Marina]] habeva le mission de controlar le mar Adriatic e impedir le operationes del [[Marina austro-hungare]]. Le grande naves de guerra esseva relativemente prudente, pois le minas, submarinos e batteries costal rendeva periculose le operationes directe. Le guerra maritime includeva le uso de submarinos, torpedinieres, minas e unitates legier. Le [[MAS]] italian, parve unitates rapide armate con torpedos, esseva utilisate pro operationes offensive contra le naves austro-hungare. Le marina contribueva etiam al protection del communicationes e del transporte de tropas e material inter le portos italian e le front. === Le aviation e le nove armas === Le Prime Guerra Mundial videva le rapide developpamento del aviation militar. Italia usava aeroplanos pro reconnaissance, direction del artilleria e bombardamento. Le aeroplanos habeva etiam un rol crescente in le observation del positiones inimic. Le guerra videva le diffusion de nove technicas e armas, inter le mitragliatrices, le artilleria pesante, le gas toxics e le vehiculos blindate. Le guerra de tranchera rendeva le superioritate del artilleria e del supporto logistic plus importante que le sol valor individual del soldato. == Le societate e le front interne == === Mobilisation e economia de guerra === Le guerra mobilisava un parte importante del population active. Miliones de italianos esseva incorporate in le forcas armate durante le conflicto. Le Stato augmentava le controlo super le production, le transporto e le distribution de materias prime e alimentos. Le industria metallurgic, mecanic e chimic cresceva rapidamente, specialmente in le nord del pais. Le demanda militar stimula le production de armas, munition, vehiculos, uniformes e equipamento. Le Parlamento e le govern adoptava numerose mesuras extraordinari pro administrar le economia de guerra. Le governo obteneva poteres plus ample e le Parlamento perdeva parte de su function ordinari durante le periodo del conflicto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le population civil e le feminas === Le guerra habeva effectos directe super le population civil. Le mobilisation retirava milliones de homines del agricultura e del industria, e le families debeva confrontar se con le absentia de maritos, filios e fratres. Le feminas assumeva nove responsabilitates in le agricultura, le industria e le servicios. Le travalio feminine deveniva essential pro mantener le production durante le absentia del homines mobilisate. Le guerra modificava assi le distribution del travalio, ma iste cambios non significava immediate equalitate social o politic inter le sexos. === Propaganda, censura e morale === Le Stato developpava un vaste systema de propaganda pro mantener le moral del population e del exercito. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le information super le operationes militar esseva limitate. Le propaganda presentava le guerra como un luta pro le nation e pro le completion del unification territorial. Le derrota de Caporetto provocava tamen un crise profunde in le opinion public e obligeva le govern e le commandamento militar a reorganisar le communication con le population. === Prisioneros, refugiatos e occupation === Le exercito italian faceva dezenas de milles de prisioneros austro-hungare durante le guerra, mentre que centenas de milles de soldados italian cadeva in captivitate. Le prisioneros italian esseva transportate a campos in varie partes del Imperio austro-hungare e in Germania. Le population civil esseva etiam afectate per le operationes militar. Durante le retirada de Caporetto, grande gruppos de refugiatos abandonavano Friuli e partes del Veneto. Le population del zonas occupate esseva subjecte al requisitiones e al difficultates de alimentation. == Le consequencias politic e territorial == === Le perdite human === Le guerra produceva enorme perdite human. Le exercito italian habeva centenas de milles de mortos e feritos, e un numero importante de soldados deveniva invalid permanentemente. Le morte de tantos homines habeva effectos durabile super le societate italian. Le familles perdeva le principal fonte de ingresos, e numerose veteranos retornava con feritas, invaliditate o problemas psychologic. Le memoria del mortos deveniva un elemento central del cultura public post le guerra, con monumentos, ossarios e ceremonias dedicate al soldados cadite. === Le resultatos territorial === Le victoria de 1918 permitteva a Italia de obtener le territorios promittite in le Pacto de London in le sector alpino: Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Le nove frontiera con Austria esseva transferite al passo del Brennero. Le resultatos in le Adriatico esseva plus controversate. Le demandas italian de expansion in Dalmacia incontrava le opposition del nove Regno del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e de altere potentias del Entente. Le question del frontiera oriental deveniva assi un del principal problemas del politica exterior italian del postguerra. === Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris === Italia participa al [[Conferentia de Pace de Paris]] in 1919 como un del principal potentias victoriose. Le delegation italian, guidate per le prime ministro [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] e le ministro del affaires externe Sidney Sonnino, insisteva super le implementation del Pacto de London. Le presidente del [[Statos Unite]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], opponeva se a parte del demandas territorial italian, specialmente a celles que concerneva le Dalmacia. Le divergentias inter Italia e le altere membros del Entente alimentava le sentimento de un victoria diplomatic incomplete.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le question de Fiume === [[Fiume]] deveniva un del problemas le plus controversate del postguerra. Le Pacto de London non habeva garantite Fiume a Italia, ma le nationalistas italian considerava le citate importante pro le position strategic e pro le composition del population. In 1919 [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] occupava Fiume con un gruppo de voluntarios italian. Le episodio aggravava le tensiones inter Italia e le nove Stato del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e deveniva un symbolo del nationalismo italian del postguerra. Le question esseva resolvite solmente post plure annos per le [[Tractato de Rapallo]] de 1920, que establi le [[Stato libero de Fiume]]. === Le crise del Stato liberal === Le guerra lassava Italia con un debito public multo plus grande, un economia disorganisate e fortes tensions social. Le retorno de milliones de veteranos, le inflation e le difficultates del empleo alimentava le dissatisfaction. Le annos post le guerra esseva marcate per greve, occupationes de fabricas e agitationes politic. Le systema liberal habeva difficultate a controlar le nove situation. Le crise contribueva al ascension del [[fascismo]], que transformava progressivemente le politica italian inter 1919 e 1922. == Memoria e historiographia == === Le memoria del guerra in Italia === Le Prime Guerra Mundial deveniva un elemento important del memoria national italian. Monumentos, ossarios e cimiterios militar esseva create in numerose regiones. Le [[Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Roma e altere monumentos commemorative esseva integrate in le rituales public del postguerra. Le figura del soldato cadite esseva usate pro construir un memoria national del sacrificio e del victoria. Al mesme tempore, le memoria del enorme perdite e del difficultates del postguerra alimentava interpretationes multo differente del conflicto. Le memoria de Caporetto habeva un important rol in le cultura italian. Durante multe annos, le derrota esseva associate al idea de un collapso national, ben que le historiographia posterior ha insistentemente studiate le complexitate del causas militar, politic e social del desastre. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia italian ha interpretate le intervention in manieras diverse. Un interpretation considera le guerra como le ultime phase del [[Risorgimento]], pois le victoria permitteva le incorporation de Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Un altere interpretation accentua le costi human e economic del conflicto e le ruptura que le guerra produceva in le societate liberal. Le relation inter le guerra, le crise del postguerra e le ascension del fascismo ha devenite un del principal subjectos del historiographia italian del seculo XX. Le studio del front italian ha etiam abandonate progressivemente le vision que reduceva le guerra a un serie de battalias. Le historia del soldados, le vita in le trancheras, le prisioneros, le population civil, le industria e le propaganda occupa hodie un spatio importante in le investigation historic. == Chronologia == * '''3 augusto 1914''' – Italia declara su neutralitate in le conflicto europee. * '''26 april 1915''' – Signatura del Pacto de London. * '''3 maio 1915''' – Italia denuncia le Triplice Alliantia. * '''24 maio 1915''' – Italia entra in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. * '''23 junio – 7 julio 1915''' – Prime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 julio – 4 augusto 1915''' – Secunde Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 octobre – 4 novembre 1915''' – Tertie Battalia del Isonzo. * '''10 novembre – 2 decembre 1915''' – Quarte Battalia del Isonzo. * '''15 – 31 maio 1916''' – Strafexpedition. * '''6 – 17 augusto 1916''' – Seste Battalia del Isonzo; captura de Gorizia. * '''28 augusto 1916''' – Italia declara guerra al Imperio german. * '''17 augusto 1917''' – Initio del Undecime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''24 octobre 1917''' – Initio del Battalia de Caporetto. * '''8 novembre 1917''' – Armando Diaz substitue Luigi Cadorna como chef del Stato Maggiore. * '''15 – 23 junio 1918''' – Battalia del Solsticio. * '''24 octobre – 3 novembre 1918''' – Offensive de Vittorio Veneto. * '''3 novembre 1918''' – Signatura del Armistitio de Villa Giusti. * '''4 novembre 1918''' – Entrata in vigor del armistitio e fin del hostilitate inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Referentias == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Prime Guerra Mundial]] d2m5mwcq04428l7im5qrd4jem3rpg39 702481 702480 2026-10-06T13:08:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 702481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta del participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], inter 1915 e 1918. Al initio del conflicto, Italia era membro del [[Triplice Alliantia]], con le [[Imperio german]] e le [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma se declarava neutral in augusto 1914. Post un intense debatto politic e diplomatic, le govern italiano signava le [[Pacto de London]] le 26 april 1915 e decideva de entrar in guerra al latere del [[Triplice Entente]]. Le guerra contra Austria-Hungaria comenciava le 24 maio 1915 e se concludeva con le armistitio del 4 novembre 1918. Durante plus de tres annos, le principal front italian se extendiva del [[Trentino]] al [[Adriatico]], con le major parte del operationes concentrate super le [[Isonzo]] e le [[Alpes oriental]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == === Italia e le Triplice Alliantia === Le Regno de Italia habeva entrate in le [[Triplice Alliantia]] in 1882 con Austria-Hungaria e Germania. Le alliantia habeva un character defensive, e le govern italian considerava que su obligationes non se applicava automaticamente al conflicto initiate in 1914. Austria-Hungaria habeva declarate guerra al [[Serbia]] sin un consultation previo con Italia, e le situation international se modificava rapidemente post le [[attentato de Sarajevo]] del 28 junio 1914. Le neutralitate italian non significava un indifferentia complete al conflicto. In Italia existeva un importante interesse strategic pro le futuro del frontiera nord-oriental e pro le question del territorios que restava sub domination austro-hungare, specialmente le [[Trentino]], le [[Alto Adige]], [[Trieste]] e le [[Istria]]. Le movimento irredentista considerava iste territorios parte del processo incompletate de unification national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le neutralitate de 1914 === Le 3 augusto 1914, Italia annunciava su neutralitate. Le decision esseva defendite tanto per rationes juridic como per rationes politic. Le govern considerava que le Triplice Alliantia non obligava Italia a intervenir, pois le guerra austro-serbe non habeva le character defensive previde per le pacto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le neutralitate produceva tamen un forte division in le societate. Le [[giolittianos]], le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e un grande parte del population esseva favorable al non-intervention. Le cattolicos habeva in general positiones pacific e timores ante un guerra contra un potentia catholic como Austria-Hungaria. Al altere latere se formava un coalition heterogenee de interventionistas, comprendente nationalistas, parte del liberales, interventionistas democratic e un parte del syndicalistas revolutionari. Le crise politic se intensificava durante le prime menses de 1915, quando le govern italian comenciava negotiationes tanto con Austria-Hungaria como con le potentias del Entente. === Le crise del 1915 === Le prime ministro [[Antonio Salandra]] e le ministro del affaires externe [[Sidney Sonnino]] cercava de obtener le maximo de concessiones territorial possibile. In le negotiationes con Austria-Hungaria, Italia reclamava compensationes pro mantener se neutral. In parallel, le govern negociava secretemente con Francia, Regno Unite e Russia. Le resultato esseva le [[Pacto de London]], signate le 26 april 1915. Le pacto prometteva a Italia, in caso de victoria del Entente, inter altere cosas le Trentino e le Alto Adige usque al passo del Brennero, Trieste, Istria, partes del costa dalmate, Valona e altere compensationes territorial e colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le Pacto de London === Le Pacto de London cambiava le orientation diplomatic del Regno de Italia. Le govern se obligava a declarar guerra a Austria-Hungaria intra un mense. Le pacto remaneva secret e le Parlamento non esseva informate de su contenido al momento del signatura. Le decision provocava le [[radiuse jornadas de maio]] ("radiose giornate di maggio"), un serie de manifestationes interventionistas in le major citates italian. Le neutralistas tamen conservava un forte influentia in le Parlamento. [[Giovanni Giolitti]], qui habeva un importante influentia super le deputatos, se opponeva al intervention, ma non requeva le confrontation directe con le monarchia e le govern. Le 3 maio 1915 Italia denunciava formalmente le Triplice Alliantia. Le Parlamento concedeva al govern le plen poteres necessari pro le guerra, e le 24 maio Italia entrava in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le entrata in guerra == === Le interventionistas e le neutralistas === Le intervention esseva defendite per gruppos politic multo differente. Le nationalistas lo considerava un guerra pro completar le unification national e pro affirmar Italia como grande potentia. Le interventionistas democratic lo presentava como un guerra contra le autoritarismo austro-hungare e in favor del liberation del populos. Parte del sinistra revolutionari considerava le guerra un possibile medio de transformation social. Le neutralistas, al contrario, insistava super le costi economic e human del conflicto e super le insufficiente preparation militar del pais. Le socialistas italian manteneva officialmente un position de opposition al guerra, resumite in le formula de "ni aderir, ni sabotar". Le decision final esseva tamen prendite in un contexto in le qual le monarchia, le govern e le interventionistas habeva le initiative politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le declaration de guerra === Le 23 maio 1915 le govern italian publicava le declaration de guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. Le hostilitate comenciava le die sequente, 24 maio. Le exercito italian, commandate per le general [[Luigi Cadorna]], occupava immediate alcun positiones al frontiera, ma Austria-Hungaria habeva le avantage de poter defender un front montan difficil. Le principal effort italian esseva dirigite verso le valle del Isonzo e le [[Carso]], ubi le comando sperava obtener un via verso [[Gorizia]] e eventualemente [[Trieste]]. Le difficultate del terreno, le fortificationes e le artilleria limitava le effecto del offensive. == Le guerra al fronte italian == === 1915: le prime offensive del Isonzo === Le prime battalia del Isonzo se combatteva inter le 23 junio e le 7 julio 1915. Le secunde habeva loco inter le 18 julio e le 4 augusto, le tertie inter le 18 octobre e le 4 novembre, e le quarte inter le 10 novembre e le 2 decembre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le objectivo del offensive esseva romper le defense austro-hungare in le sector del Isonzo e aperir le via verso Gorizia e le costa. Le exercito italian obteneva alcun progressos local, ma non poteva producer un rupture decisive. Le battalias se transformava rapidemente in un guerra de attrition. Le defensores disponeva de positiones fortificate in le montes e poteva utilisar le terreno pro compensar su inferioritate numeric. Le resultato esseva grande perdite pro ambes le lateres pro ganios territorial limitate. === 1916: le Strafexpedition e le logoramento === In 1916 Austria-Hungaria tentava de obligar Italia a retirar se del front de l'Isonzo per un offensive in le [[Altopiano di Asiago]] e le sector de [[Trentino]]. Le offensive, initiate le 15 maio, esseva denominate per le italianos [[Strafexpedition]] ("expedition punitive"). Le progression austro-hungare esseva importante in le prime dies, ma le offensive perdeva su impulso e esseva finalmente arresta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> In augusto, le italianos lanceava le Seste Battalia del Isonzo. Inter le 6 e le 17 augusto, le exercito italian obteneva un successo major con le captura de [[Gorizia]]. Le victoria habeva un grande valor symbolic, ma non rompeva le front austro-hungare. Le Italia declarava guerra al [[Imperio german]] le 28 augusto 1916. Le guerra deveniva assi formalmente un conflicto contra ambes le principal potentias del [[Imperios Central]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1917: le Undecime Battalia e Caporetto === In 1917 le exercito italian continuava le offensive super le Isonzo. Le Decime Battalia se combatteva inter maio e junio, e le [[Battalia de Ortigara]] in junio. In augusto, le Undecime Battalia del Isonzo produceva le major avance italian del guerra usque alora. Le tropas italian attingeva le [[Bainsizza]], ma le front non se disintegrava. Le situation cambiava radicalmente le 24 octobre 1917. Le forcas austro-hungare, con important support german, initiava le [[Battalia de Caporetto]]. Le rupture del front obligava le exercito italian a un grande retirada. Le tropas se retirava del Isonzo e del [[Friuli]] verso le linea del [[Piave]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le disastro provocava un crise del alto commandamento. Le general Luigi Cadorna esseva removite le 8 novembre e substituite per [[Armando Diaz]]. Le nove commandamento modificava le relation inter le comando e le tropas, e poneva plus attention al defense del Piave e al recuperation del exercito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1918: le Piave e Vittorio Veneto === Le anno 1918 comenciava con le reorganisamento del exercito italian. Le nove linea defensive se appoiava principalmente super le Piave e le montes del Veneto. Le offensive austro-hungare del junio, cognoscite como [[Battalia del Solsticio]], initiava le 15 junio. Le tropas austro-hungare attingeva le Piave in plure punctos, ma non poteva establir un ruptura durabile. Le 23 junio le offensive habeva fallite e le forcas austro-hungare se retirava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le Italia initiava su offensive final le 24 octobre 1918. Le operationes super le Grappa e le Piave conduceva al ruptura del front austro-hungare. Le tropas italian occupava [[Vittorio Veneto]] e le exercito austro-hungare se disintegrava durante le ultime dies de octobre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le armistitio inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria entrava in vigor le 4 novembre 1918. Le guerra super le fronte italian esseva assi terminate. Le [[Armistitio de Villa Giusti]] habeva essite signate le 3 novembre e deveniva effectivo le die sequente. == Le guerra in le Alpes e le Adriatico == === Le guerra alpine === Le geographia del front italian distingueva iste guerra de altere fronts europee. Un grande parte del combattimentos habeva loco in zonas montan, frequentemente a altitudes de plus de 2 000 metros. Le [[Alpinos]] esseva specialisate in le operationes in montania, ma unidades de altere arme e specialitate participa etiam. Le condiciones climatic esseva extrem. Le soldados debeva combater contra neve, frigore, avalanchas e difficultates de alimentation e transporto. Le construction de stradas, telefericas e refugios deveniva un parte essential del guerra. In alcun sectores, le guerra se developpava intra tunnels e galerias excavate in le roche. Le [[guerra de minas]] esseva usate pro destruer positiones fortificate e crear rupture in le defense inimic. === Le Regia Marina e le guerra in le Adriatico === Le [[Regia Marina]] habeva le mission de controlar le mar Adriatic e impedir le operationes del [[Marina austro-hungare]]. Le grande naves de guerra esseva relativemente prudente, pois le minas, submarinos e batteries costal rendeva periculose le operationes directe. Le guerra maritime includeva le uso de submarinos, torpedinieres, minas e unitates legier. Le [[MAS]] italian, parve unitates rapide armate con torpedos, esseva utilisate pro operationes offensive contra le naves austro-hungare. Le marina contribueva etiam al protection del communicationes e del transporte de tropas e material inter le portos italian e le front. === Le aviation e le nove armas === Le Prime Guerra Mundial videva le rapide developpamento del aviation militar. Italia usava aeroplanos pro reconnaissance, direction del artilleria e bombardamento. Le aeroplanos habeva etiam un rol crescente in le observation del positiones inimic. Le guerra videva le diffusion de nove technicas e armas, inter le mitragliatrices, le artilleria pesante, le gas toxics e le vehiculos blindate. Le guerra de tranchera rendeva le superioritate del artilleria e del supporto logistic plus importante que le sol valor individual del soldato. == Le societate e le front interne == === Mobilisation e economia de guerra === Le guerra mobilisava un parte importante del population active. Miliones de italianos esseva incorporate in le forcas armate durante le conflicto. Le Stato augmentava le controlo super le production, le transporto e le distribution de materias prime e alimentos. Le industria metallurgic, mecanic e chimic cresceva rapidamente, specialmente in le nord del pais. Le demanda militar stimula le production de armas, munition, vehiculos, uniformes e equipamento. Le Parlamento e le govern adoptava numerose mesuras extraordinari pro administrar le economia de guerra. Le governo obteneva poteres plus ample e le Parlamento perdeva parte de su function ordinari durante le periodo del conflicto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le population civil e le feminas === Le guerra habeva effectos directe super le population civil. Le mobilisation retirava milliones de homines del agricultura e del industria, e le families debeva confrontar se con le absentia de maritos, filios e fratres. Le feminas assumeva nove responsabilitates in le agricultura, le industria e le servicios. Le travalio feminine deveniva essential pro mantener le production durante le absentia del homines mobilisate. Le guerra modificava assi le distribution del travalio, ma iste cambios non significava immediate equalitate social o politic inter le sexos. === Propaganda, censura e morale === Le Stato developpava un vaste systema de propaganda pro mantener le moral del population e del exercito. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le information super le operationes militar esseva limitate. Le propaganda presentava le guerra como un luta pro le nation e pro le completion del unification territorial. Le derrota de Caporetto provocava tamen un crise profunde in le opinion public e obligeva le govern e le commandamento militar a reorganisar le communication con le population. === Prisioneros, refugiatos e occupation === Le exercito italian faceva dezenas de milles de prisioneros austro-hungare durante le guerra, mentre que centenas de milles de soldados italian cadeva in captivitate. Le prisioneros italian esseva transportate a campos in varie partes del Imperio austro-hungare e in Germania. Le population civil esseva etiam afectate per le operationes militar. Durante le retirada de Caporetto, grande gruppos de refugiatos abandonavano Friuli e partes del Veneto. Le population del zonas occupate esseva subjecte al requisitiones e al difficultates de alimentation. == Le consequencias politic e territorial == === Le perdite human === Le guerra produceva enorme perdite human. Le exercito italian habeva centenas de milles de mortos e feritos, e un numero importante de soldados deveniva invalid permanentemente. Le morte de tantos homines habeva effectos durabile super le societate italian. Le familles perdeva le principal fonte de ingresos, e numerose veteranos retornava con feritas, invaliditate o problemas psychologic. Le memoria del mortos deveniva un elemento central del cultura public post le guerra, con monumentos, ossarios e ceremonias dedicate al soldados cadite. === Le resultatos territorial === Le victoria de 1918 permitteva a Italia de obtener le territorios promittite in le Pacto de London in le sector alpino: Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Le nove frontiera con Austria esseva transferite al passo del Brennero. Le resultatos in le Adriatico esseva plus controversate. Le demandas italian de expansion in Dalmacia incontrava le opposition del nove Regno del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e de altere potentias del Entente. Le question del frontiera oriental deveniva assi un del principal problemas del politica exterior italian del postguerra. === Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris === Italia participa al [[Conferentia de Pace de Paris]] in 1919 como un del principal potentias victoriose. Le delegation italian, guidate per le prime ministro [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] e le ministro del affaires externe Sidney Sonnino, insisteva super le implementation del Pacto de London. Le presidente del [[Statos Unite]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], opponeva se a parte del demandas territorial italian, specialmente a celles que concerneva le Dalmacia. Le divergentias inter Italia e le altere membros del Entente alimentava le sentimento de un victoria diplomatic incomplete.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le question de Fiume === [[Fiume]] deveniva un del problemas le plus controversate del postguerra. Le Pacto de London non habeva garantite Fiume a Italia, ma le nationalistas italian considerava le citate importante pro le position strategic e pro le composition del population. In 1919 [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] occupava Fiume con un gruppo de voluntarios italian. Le episodio aggravava le tensiones inter Italia e le nove Stato del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e deveniva un symbolo del nationalismo italian del postguerra. Le question esseva resolvite solmente post plure annos per le [[Tractato de Rapallo]] de 1920, que establi le [[Stato libero de Fiume]]. === Le crise del Stato liberal === Le guerra lassava Italia con un debito public multo plus grande, un economia disorganisate e fortes tensions social. Le retorno de milliones de veteranos, le inflation e le difficultates del empleo alimentava le dissatisfaction. Le annos post le guerra esseva marcate per greve, occupationes de fabricas e agitationes politic. Le systema liberal habeva difficultate a controlar le nove situation. Le crise contribueva al ascension del [[fascismo]], que transformava progressivemente le politica italian inter 1919 e 1922. == Memoria e historiographia == === Le memoria del guerra in Italia === Le Prime Guerra Mundial deveniva un elemento important del memoria national italian. Monumentos, ossarios e cimiterios militar esseva create in numerose regiones. Le [[Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Roma e altere monumentos commemorative esseva integrate in le rituales public del postguerra. Le figura del soldato cadite esseva usate pro construir un memoria national del sacrificio e del victoria. Al mesme tempore, le memoria del enorme perdite e del difficultates del postguerra alimentava interpretationes multo differente del conflicto. Le memoria de Caporetto habeva un important rol in le cultura italian. Durante multe annos, le derrota esseva associate al idea de un collapso national, ben que le historiographia posterior ha insistentemente studiate le complexitate del causas militar, politic e social del desastre. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia italian ha interpretate le intervention in manieras diverse. Un interpretation considera le guerra como le ultime phase del [[Risorgimento]], pois le victoria permitteva le incorporation de Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Un altere interpretation accentua le costi human e economic del conflicto e le ruptura que le guerra produceva in le societate liberal. Le relation inter le guerra, le crise del postguerra e le ascension del fascismo ha devenite un del principal subjectos del historiographia italian del seculo XX. Le studio del front italian ha etiam abandonate progressivemente le vision que reduceva le guerra a un serie de battalias. Le historia del soldados, le vita in le trancheras, le prisioneros, le population civil, le industria e le propaganda occupa hodie un spatio importante in le investigation historic. == Chronologia == * '''3 augusto 1914''' – Italia declara su neutralitate in le conflicto europee. * '''26 april 1915''' – Signatura del Pacto de London. * '''3 maio 1915''' – Italia denuncia le Triplice Alliantia. * '''24 maio 1915''' – Italia entra in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. * '''23 junio – 7 julio 1915''' – Prime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 julio – 4 augusto 1915''' – Secunde Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 octobre – 4 novembre 1915''' – Tertie Battalia del Isonzo. * '''10 novembre – 2 decembre 1915''' – Quarte Battalia del Isonzo. * '''15 – 31 maio 1916''' – Strafexpedition. * '''6 – 17 augusto 1916''' – Seste Battalia del Isonzo; captura de Gorizia. * '''28 augusto 1916''' – Italia declara guerra al Imperio german. * '''17 augusto 1917''' – Initio del Undecime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''24 octobre 1917''' – Initio del Battalia de Caporetto. * '''8 novembre 1917''' – Armando Diaz substitue Luigi Cadorna como chef del Stato Maggiore. * '''15 – 23 junio 1918''' – Battalia del Solsticio. * '''24 octobre – 3 novembre 1918''' – Offensive de Vittorio Veneto. * '''3 novembre 1918''' – Signatura del Armistitio de Villa Giusti. * '''4 novembre 1918''' – Entrata in vigor del armistitio e fin del hostilitate inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Prime Guerra Mundial]] ekhdfdck5dih9uk9qqewd5dxsngw23k 702482 702481 2026-10-06T13:08:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 702482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta del participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], inter 1915 e 1918. Al initio del conflicto, Italia era membro del [[Triple Alliantia]], con le [[Imperio german]] e le [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma se declarava neutral in augusto 1914. Post un intense debatto politic e diplomatic, le govern italiano signava le [[Pacto de London]] le 26 april 1915 e decideva de entrar in guerra al latere del [[Triple Entente]]. Le guerra contra Austria-Hungaria comenciava le 24 maio 1915 e se concludeva con le armistitio del 4 novembre 1918. Durante plus de tres annos, le principal front italian se extendiva del [[Trentino]] al [[Adriatico]], con le major parte del operationes concentrate super le [[Isonzo]] e le [[Alpes oriental]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == === Italia e le Triple Alliantia === Le Regno de Italia habeva entrate in le [[Triple Alliantia]] in 1882 con Austria-Hungaria e Germania. Le alliantia habeva un character defensive, e le govern italian considerava que su obligationes non se applicava automaticamente al conflicto initiate in 1914. Austria-Hungaria habeva declarate guerra al [[Serbia]] sin un consultation previo con Italia, e le situation international se modificava rapidemente post le [[attentato de Sarajevo]] del 28 junio 1914. Le neutralitate italian non significava un indifferentia complete al conflicto. In Italia existeva un importante interesse strategic pro le futuro del frontiera nord-oriental e pro le question del territorios que restava sub domination austro-hungare, specialmente le [[Trentino]], le [[Alto Adige]], [[Trieste]] e le [[Istria]]. Le movimento irredentista considerava iste territorios parte del processo incompletate de unification national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le neutralitate de 1914 === Le 3 augusto 1914, Italia annunciava su neutralitate. Le decision esseva defendite tanto per rationes juridic como per rationes politic. Le govern considerava que le Triple Alliantia non obligava Italia a intervenir, pois le guerra austro-serbe non habeva le character defensive previde per le pacto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le neutralitate produceva tamen un forte division in le societate. Le [[giolittianos]], le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e un grande parte del population esseva favorable al non-intervention. Le cattolicos habeva in general positiones pacific e timores ante un guerra contra un potentia catholic como Austria-Hungaria. Al altere latere se formava un coalition heterogenee de interventionistas, comprendente nationalistas, parte del liberales, interventionistas democratic e un parte del syndicalistas revolutionari. Le crise politic se intensificava durante le prime menses de 1915, quando le govern italian comenciava negotiationes tanto con Austria-Hungaria como con le potentias del Entente. === Le crise del 1915 === Le prime ministro [[Antonio Salandra]] e le ministro del affaires externe [[Sidney Sonnino]] cercava de obtener le maximo de concessiones territorial possibile. In le negotiationes con Austria-Hungaria, Italia reclamava compensationes pro mantener se neutral. In parallel, le govern negociava secretemente con Francia, Regno Unite e Russia. Le resultato esseva le [[Pacto de London]], signate le 26 april 1915. Le pacto prometteva a Italia, in caso de victoria del Entente, inter altere cosas le Trentino e le Alto Adige usque al passo del Brennero, Trieste, Istria, partes del costa dalmate, Valona e altere compensationes territorial e colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le Pacto de London === Le Pacto de London cambiava le orientation diplomatic del Regno de Italia. Le govern se obligava a declarar guerra a Austria-Hungaria intra un mense. Le pacto remaneva secret e le Parlamento non esseva informate de su contenido al momento del signatura. Le decision provocava le [[radiuse jornadas de maio]] ("radiose giornate di maggio"), un serie de manifestationes interventionistas in le major citates italian. Le neutralistas tamen conservava un forte influentia in le Parlamento. [[Giovanni Giolitti]], qui habeva un importante influentia super le deputatos, se opponeva al intervention, ma non requeva le confrontation directe con le monarchia e le govern. Le 3 maio 1915 Italia denunciava formalmente le Triple Alliantia. Le Parlamento concedeva al govern le plen poteres necessari pro le guerra, e le 24 maio Italia entrava in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le entrata in guerra == === Le interventionistas e le neutralistas === Le intervention esseva defendite per gruppos politic multo differente. Le nationalistas lo considerava un guerra pro completar le unification national e pro affirmar Italia como grande potentia. Le interventionistas democratic lo presentava como un guerra contra le autoritarismo austro-hungare e in favor del liberation del populos. Parte del sinistra revolutionari considerava le guerra un possibile medio de transformation social. Le neutralistas, al contrario, insistava super le costi economic e human del conflicto e super le insufficiente preparation militar del pais. Le socialistas italian manteneva officialmente un position de opposition al guerra, resumite in le formula de "ni aderir, ni sabotar". Le decision final esseva tamen prendite in un contexto in le qual le monarchia, le govern e le interventionistas habeva le initiative politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le declaration de guerra === Le 23 maio 1915 le govern italian publicava le declaration de guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. Le hostilitate comenciava le die sequente, 24 maio. Le exercito italian, commandate per le general [[Luigi Cadorna]], occupava immediate alcun positiones al frontiera, ma Austria-Hungaria habeva le avantage de poter defender un front montan difficil. Le principal effort italian esseva dirigite verso le valle del Isonzo e le [[Carso]], ubi le comando sperava obtener un via verso [[Gorizia]] e eventualemente [[Trieste]]. Le difficultate del terreno, le fortificationes e le artilleria limitava le effecto del offensive. == Le guerra al fronte italian == === 1915: le prime offensive del Isonzo === Le prime battalia del Isonzo se combatteva inter le 23 junio e le 7 julio 1915. Le secunde habeva loco inter le 18 julio e le 4 augusto, le tertie inter le 18 octobre e le 4 novembre, e le quarte inter le 10 novembre e le 2 decembre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le objectivo del offensive esseva romper le defense austro-hungare in le sector del Isonzo e aperir le via verso Gorizia e le costa. Le exercito italian obteneva alcun progressos local, ma non poteva producer un rupture decisive. Le battalias se transformava rapidemente in un guerra de attrition. Le defensores disponeva de positiones fortificate in le montes e poteva utilisar le terreno pro compensar su inferioritate numeric. Le resultato esseva grande perdite pro ambes le lateres pro ganios territorial limitate. === 1916: le Strafexpedition e le logoramento === In 1916 Austria-Hungaria tentava de obligar Italia a retirar se del front de l'Isonzo per un offensive in le [[Altopiano di Asiago]] e le sector de [[Trentino]]. Le offensive, initiate le 15 maio, esseva denominate per le italianos [[Strafexpedition]] ("expedition punitive"). Le progression austro-hungare esseva importante in le prime dies, ma le offensive perdeva su impulso e esseva finalmente arresta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> In augusto, le italianos lanceava le Seste Battalia del Isonzo. Inter le 6 e le 17 augusto, le exercito italian obteneva un successo major con le captura de [[Gorizia]]. Le victoria habeva un grande valor symbolic, ma non rompeva le front austro-hungare. Le Italia declarava guerra al [[Imperio german]] le 28 augusto 1916. Le guerra deveniva assi formalmente un conflicto contra ambes le principal potentias del [[Imperios Central]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1917: le Undecime Battalia e Caporetto === In 1917 le exercito italian continuava le offensive super le Isonzo. Le Decime Battalia se combatteva inter maio e junio, e le [[Battalia de Ortigara]] in junio. In augusto, le Undecime Battalia del Isonzo produceva le major avance italian del guerra usque alora. Le tropas italian attingeva le [[Bainsizza]], ma le front non se disintegrava. Le situation cambiava radicalmente le 24 octobre 1917. Le forcas austro-hungare, con important support german, initiava le [[Battalia de Caporetto]]. Le rupture del front obligava le exercito italian a un grande retirada. Le tropas se retirava del Isonzo e del [[Friuli]] verso le linea del [[Piave]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le disastro provocava un crise del alto commandamento. Le general Luigi Cadorna esseva removite le 8 novembre e substituite per [[Armando Diaz]]. Le nove commandamento modificava le relation inter le comando e le tropas, e poneva plus attention al defense del Piave e al recuperation del exercito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1918: le Piave e Vittorio Veneto === Le anno 1918 comenciava con le reorganisamento del exercito italian. Le nove linea defensive se appoiava principalmente super le Piave e le montes del Veneto. Le offensive austro-hungare del junio, cognoscite como [[Battalia del Solsticio]], initiava le 15 junio. Le tropas austro-hungare attingeva le Piave in plure punctos, ma non poteva establir un ruptura durabile. Le 23 junio le offensive habeva fallite e le forcas austro-hungare se retirava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le Italia initiava su offensive final le 24 octobre 1918. Le operationes super le Grappa e le Piave conduceva al ruptura del front austro-hungare. Le tropas italian occupava [[Vittorio Veneto]] e le exercito austro-hungare se disintegrava durante le ultime dies de octobre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le armistitio inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria entrava in vigor le 4 novembre 1918. Le guerra super le fronte italian esseva assi terminate. Le [[Armistitio de Villa Giusti]] habeva essite signate le 3 novembre e deveniva effectivo le die sequente. == Le guerra in le Alpes e le Adriatico == === Le guerra alpine === Le geographia del front italian distingueva iste guerra de altere fronts europee. Un grande parte del combattimentos habeva loco in zonas montan, frequentemente a altitudes de plus de 2 000 metros. Le [[Alpinos]] esseva specialisate in le operationes in montania, ma unidades de altere arme e specialitate participa etiam. Le condiciones climatic esseva extrem. Le soldados debeva combater contra neve, frigore, avalanchas e difficultates de alimentation e transporto. Le construction de stradas, telefericas e refugios deveniva un parte essential del guerra. In alcun sectores, le guerra se developpava intra tunnels e galerias excavate in le roche. Le [[guerra de minas]] esseva usate pro destruer positiones fortificate e crear rupture in le defense inimic. === Le Regia Marina e le guerra in le Adriatico === Le [[Regia Marina]] habeva le mission de controlar le mar Adriatic e impedir le operationes del [[Marina austro-hungare]]. Le grande naves de guerra esseva relativemente prudente, pois le minas, submarinos e batteries costal rendeva periculose le operationes directe. Le guerra maritime includeva le uso de submarinos, torpedinieres, minas e unitates legier. Le [[MAS]] italian, parve unitates rapide armate con torpedos, esseva utilisate pro operationes offensive contra le naves austro-hungare. Le marina contribueva etiam al protection del communicationes e del transporte de tropas e material inter le portos italian e le front. === Le aviation e le nove armas === Le Prime Guerra Mundial videva le rapide developpamento del aviation militar. Italia usava aeroplanos pro reconnaissance, direction del artilleria e bombardamento. Le aeroplanos habeva etiam un rol crescente in le observation del positiones inimic. Le guerra videva le diffusion de nove technicas e armas, inter le mitragliatrices, le artilleria pesante, le gas toxics e le vehiculos blindate. Le guerra de tranchera rendeva le superioritate del artilleria e del supporto logistic plus importante que le sol valor individual del soldato. == Le societate e le front interne == === Mobilisation e economia de guerra === Le guerra mobilisava un parte importante del population active. Miliones de italianos esseva incorporate in le forcas armate durante le conflicto. Le Stato augmentava le controlo super le production, le transporto e le distribution de materias prime e alimentos. Le industria metallurgic, mecanic e chimic cresceva rapidamente, specialmente in le nord del pais. Le demanda militar stimula le production de armas, munition, vehiculos, uniformes e equipamento. Le Parlamento e le govern adoptava numerose mesuras extraordinari pro administrar le economia de guerra. Le governo obteneva poteres plus ample e le Parlamento perdeva parte de su function ordinari durante le periodo del conflicto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le population civil e le feminas === Le guerra habeva effectos directe super le population civil. Le mobilisation retirava milliones de homines del agricultura e del industria, e le families debeva confrontar se con le absentia de maritos, filios e fratres. Le feminas assumeva nove responsabilitates in le agricultura, le industria e le servicios. Le travalio feminine deveniva essential pro mantener le production durante le absentia del homines mobilisate. Le guerra modificava assi le distribution del travalio, ma iste cambios non significava immediate equalitate social o politic inter le sexos. === Propaganda, censura e morale === Le Stato developpava un vaste systema de propaganda pro mantener le moral del population e del exercito. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le information super le operationes militar esseva limitate. Le propaganda presentava le guerra como un luta pro le nation e pro le completion del unification territorial. Le derrota de Caporetto provocava tamen un crise profunde in le opinion public e obligeva le govern e le commandamento militar a reorganisar le communication con le population. === Prisioneros, refugiatos e occupation === Le exercito italian faceva dezenas de milles de prisioneros austro-hungare durante le guerra, mentre que centenas de milles de soldados italian cadeva in captivitate. Le prisioneros italian esseva transportate a campos in varie partes del Imperio austro-hungare e in Germania. Le population civil esseva etiam afectate per le operationes militar. Durante le retirada de Caporetto, grande gruppos de refugiatos abandonavano Friuli e partes del Veneto. Le population del zonas occupate esseva subjecte al requisitiones e al difficultates de alimentation. == Le consequencias politic e territorial == === Le perdite human === Le guerra produceva enorme perdite human. Le exercito italian habeva centenas de milles de mortos e feritos, e un numero importante de soldados deveniva invalid permanentemente. Le morte de tantos homines habeva effectos durabile super le societate italian. Le familles perdeva le principal fonte de ingresos, e numerose veteranos retornava con feritas, invaliditate o problemas psychologic. Le memoria del mortos deveniva un elemento central del cultura public post le guerra, con monumentos, ossarios e ceremonias dedicate al soldados cadite. === Le resultatos territorial === Le victoria de 1918 permitteva a Italia de obtener le territorios promittite in le Pacto de London in le sector alpino: Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Le nove frontiera con Austria esseva transferite al passo del Brennero. Le resultatos in le Adriatico esseva plus controversate. Le demandas italian de expansion in Dalmacia incontrava le opposition del nove Regno del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e de altere potentias del Entente. Le question del frontiera oriental deveniva assi un del principal problemas del politica exterior italian del postguerra. === Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris === Italia participa al [[Conferentia de Pace de Paris]] in 1919 como un del principal potentias victoriose. Le delegation italian, guidate per le prime ministro [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] e le ministro del affaires externe Sidney Sonnino, insisteva super le implementation del Pacto de London. Le presidente del [[Statos Unite]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], opponeva se a parte del demandas territorial italian, specialmente a celles que concerneva le Dalmacia. Le divergentias inter Italia e le altere membros del Entente alimentava le sentimento de un victoria diplomatic incomplete.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le question de Fiume === [[Fiume]] deveniva un del problemas le plus controversate del postguerra. Le Pacto de London non habeva garantite Fiume a Italia, ma le nationalistas italian considerava le citate importante pro le position strategic e pro le composition del population. In 1919 [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] occupava Fiume con un gruppo de voluntarios italian. Le episodio aggravava le tensiones inter Italia e le nove Stato del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e deveniva un symbolo del nationalismo italian del postguerra. Le question esseva resolvite solmente post plure annos per le [[Tractato de Rapallo]] de 1920, que establi le [[Stato libero de Fiume]]. === Le crise del Stato liberal === Le guerra lassava Italia con un debito public multo plus grande, un economia disorganisate e fortes tensions social. Le retorno de milliones de veteranos, le inflation e le difficultates del empleo alimentava le dissatisfaction. Le annos post le guerra esseva marcate per greve, occupationes de fabricas e agitationes politic. Le systema liberal habeva difficultate a controlar le nove situation. Le crise contribueva al ascension del [[fascismo]], que transformava progressivemente le politica italian inter 1919 e 1922. == Memoria e historiographia == === Le memoria del guerra in Italia === Le Prime Guerra Mundial deveniva un elemento important del memoria national italian. Monumentos, ossarios e cimiterios militar esseva create in numerose regiones. Le [[Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Roma e altere monumentos commemorative esseva integrate in le rituales public del postguerra. Le figura del soldato cadite esseva usate pro construir un memoria national del sacrificio e del victoria. Al mesme tempore, le memoria del enorme perdite e del difficultates del postguerra alimentava interpretationes multo differente del conflicto. Le memoria de Caporetto habeva un important rol in le cultura italian. Durante multe annos, le derrota esseva associate al idea de un collapso national, ben que le historiographia posterior ha insistentemente studiate le complexitate del causas militar, politic e social del desastre. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia italian ha interpretate le intervention in manieras diverse. Un interpretation considera le guerra como le ultime phase del [[Risorgimento]], pois le victoria permitteva le incorporation de Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Un altere interpretation accentua le costi human e economic del conflicto e le ruptura que le guerra produceva in le societate liberal. Le relation inter le guerra, le crise del postguerra e le ascension del fascismo ha devenite un del principal subjectos del historiographia italian del seculo XX. Le studio del front italian ha etiam abandonate progressivemente le vision que reduceva le guerra a un serie de battalias. Le historia del soldados, le vita in le trancheras, le prisioneros, le population civil, le industria e le propaganda occupa hodie un spatio importante in le investigation historic. == Chronologia == * '''3 augusto 1914''' – Italia declara su neutralitate in le conflicto europee. * '''26 april 1915''' – Signatura del Pacto de London. * '''3 maio 1915''' – Italia denuncia le Triple Alliantia. * '''24 maio 1915''' – Italia entra in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. * '''23 junio – 7 julio 1915''' – Prime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 julio – 4 augusto 1915''' – Secunde Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 octobre – 4 novembre 1915''' – Tertie Battalia del Isonzo. * '''10 novembre – 2 decembre 1915''' – Quarte Battalia del Isonzo. * '''15 – 31 maio 1916''' – Strafexpedition. * '''6 – 17 augusto 1916''' – Seste Battalia del Isonzo; captura de Gorizia. * '''28 augusto 1916''' – Italia declara guerra al Imperio german. * '''17 augusto 1917''' – Initio del Undecime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''24 octobre 1917''' – Initio del Battalia de Caporetto. * '''8 novembre 1917''' – Armando Diaz substitue Luigi Cadorna como chef del Stato Maggiore. * '''15 – 23 junio 1918''' – Battalia del Solsticio. * '''24 octobre – 3 novembre 1918''' – Offensive de Vittorio Veneto. * '''3 novembre 1918''' – Signatura del Armistitio de Villa Giusti. * '''4 novembre 1918''' – Entrata in vigor del armistitio e fin del hostilitate inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Prime Guerra Mundial]] ed326ewfqhytebktjfb6xdlhabrhm4k 702484 702482 2026-10-06T13:09:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Antecedentes */ 702484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial''' tracta del participation del [[Regno de Italia]] in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], inter 1915 e 1918. Al initio del conflicto, Italia era membro del [[Triple Alliantia]], con le [[Imperio german]] e le [[Austria-Hungaria]], ma se declarava neutral in augusto 1914. Post un intense debatto politic e diplomatic, le govern italiano signava le [[Pacto de London]] le 26 april 1915 e decideva de entrar in guerra al latere del [[Triple Entente]]. Le guerra contra Austria-Hungaria comenciava le 24 maio 1915 e se concludeva con le armistitio del 4 novembre 1918. Durante plus de tres annos, le principal front italian se extendiva del [[Trentino]] al [[Adriatico]], con le major parte del operationes concentrate super le [[Isonzo]] e le [[Alpes oriental]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == {{Historia de Italia}} === Italia e le Triple Alliantia === Le Regno de Italia habeva entrate in le [[Triple Alliantia]] in 1882 con Austria-Hungaria e Germania. Le alliantia habeva un character defensive, e le govern italian considerava que su obligationes non se applicava automaticamente al conflicto initiate in 1914. Austria-Hungaria habeva declarate guerra al [[Serbia]] sin un consultation previo con Italia, e le situation international se modificava rapidemente post le [[attentato de Sarajevo]] del 28 junio 1914. Le neutralitate italian non significava un indifferentia complete al conflicto. In Italia existeva un importante interesse strategic pro le futuro del frontiera nord-oriental e pro le question del territorios que restava sub domination austro-hungare, specialmente le [[Trentino]], le [[Alto Adige]], [[Trieste]] e le [[Istria]]. Le movimento irredentista considerava iste territorios parte del processo incompletate de unification national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le neutralitate de 1914 === Le 3 augusto 1914, Italia annunciava su neutralitate. Le decision esseva defendite tanto per rationes juridic como per rationes politic. Le govern considerava que le Triple Alliantia non obligava Italia a intervenir, pois le guerra austro-serbe non habeva le character defensive previde per le pacto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le neutralitate produceva tamen un forte division in le societate. Le [[giolittianos]], le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e un grande parte del population esseva favorable al non-intervention. Le cattolicos habeva in general positiones pacific e timores ante un guerra contra un potentia catholic como Austria-Hungaria. Al altere latere se formava un coalition heterogenee de interventionistas, comprendente nationalistas, parte del liberales, interventionistas democratic e un parte del syndicalistas revolutionari. Le crise politic se intensificava durante le prime menses de 1915, quando le govern italian comenciava negotiationes tanto con Austria-Hungaria como con le potentias del Entente. === Le crise del 1915 === Le prime ministro [[Antonio Salandra]] e le ministro del affaires externe [[Sidney Sonnino]] cercava de obtener le maximo de concessiones territorial possibile. In le negotiationes con Austria-Hungaria, Italia reclamava compensationes pro mantener se neutral. In parallel, le govern negociava secretemente con Francia, Regno Unite e Russia. Le resultato esseva le [[Pacto de London]], signate le 26 april 1915. Le pacto prometteva a Italia, in caso de victoria del Entente, inter altere cosas le Trentino e le Alto Adige usque al passo del Brennero, Trieste, Istria, partes del costa dalmate, Valona e altere compensationes territorial e colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le Pacto de London === Le Pacto de London cambiava le orientation diplomatic del Regno de Italia. Le govern se obligava a declarar guerra a Austria-Hungaria intra un mense. Le pacto remaneva secret e le Parlamento non esseva informate de su contenido al momento del signatura. Le decision provocava le [[radiuse jornadas de maio]] ("radiose giornate di maggio"), un serie de manifestationes interventionistas in le major citates italian. Le neutralistas tamen conservava un forte influentia in le Parlamento. [[Giovanni Giolitti]], qui habeva un importante influentia super le deputatos, se opponeva al intervention, ma non requeva le confrontation directe con le monarchia e le govern. Le 3 maio 1915 Italia denunciava formalmente le Triple Alliantia. Le Parlamento concedeva al govern le plen poteres necessari pro le guerra, e le 24 maio Italia entrava in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le entrata in guerra == === Le interventionistas e le neutralistas === Le intervention esseva defendite per gruppos politic multo differente. Le nationalistas lo considerava un guerra pro completar le unification national e pro affirmar Italia como grande potentia. Le interventionistas democratic lo presentava como un guerra contra le autoritarismo austro-hungare e in favor del liberation del populos. Parte del sinistra revolutionari considerava le guerra un possibile medio de transformation social. Le neutralistas, al contrario, insistava super le costi economic e human del conflicto e super le insufficiente preparation militar del pais. Le socialistas italian manteneva officialmente un position de opposition al guerra, resumite in le formula de "ni aderir, ni sabotar". Le decision final esseva tamen prendite in un contexto in le qual le monarchia, le govern e le interventionistas habeva le initiative politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le declaration de guerra === Le 23 maio 1915 le govern italian publicava le declaration de guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. Le hostilitate comenciava le die sequente, 24 maio. Le exercito italian, commandate per le general [[Luigi Cadorna]], occupava immediate alcun positiones al frontiera, ma Austria-Hungaria habeva le avantage de poter defender un front montan difficil. Le principal effort italian esseva dirigite verso le valle del Isonzo e le [[Carso]], ubi le comando sperava obtener un via verso [[Gorizia]] e eventualemente [[Trieste]]. Le difficultate del terreno, le fortificationes e le artilleria limitava le effecto del offensive. == Le guerra al fronte italian == === 1915: le prime offensive del Isonzo === Le prime battalia del Isonzo se combatteva inter le 23 junio e le 7 julio 1915. Le secunde habeva loco inter le 18 julio e le 4 augusto, le tertie inter le 18 octobre e le 4 novembre, e le quarte inter le 10 novembre e le 2 decembre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le objectivo del offensive esseva romper le defense austro-hungare in le sector del Isonzo e aperir le via verso Gorizia e le costa. Le exercito italian obteneva alcun progressos local, ma non poteva producer un rupture decisive. Le battalias se transformava rapidemente in un guerra de attrition. Le defensores disponeva de positiones fortificate in le montes e poteva utilisar le terreno pro compensar su inferioritate numeric. Le resultato esseva grande perdite pro ambes le lateres pro ganios territorial limitate. === 1916: le Strafexpedition e le logoramento === In 1916 Austria-Hungaria tentava de obligar Italia a retirar se del front de l'Isonzo per un offensive in le [[Altopiano di Asiago]] e le sector de [[Trentino]]. Le offensive, initiate le 15 maio, esseva denominate per le italianos [[Strafexpedition]] ("expedition punitive"). Le progression austro-hungare esseva importante in le prime dies, ma le offensive perdeva su impulso e esseva finalmente arresta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> In augusto, le italianos lanceava le Seste Battalia del Isonzo. Inter le 6 e le 17 augusto, le exercito italian obteneva un successo major con le captura de [[Gorizia]]. Le victoria habeva un grande valor symbolic, ma non rompeva le front austro-hungare. Le Italia declarava guerra al [[Imperio german]] le 28 augusto 1916. Le guerra deveniva assi formalmente un conflicto contra ambes le principal potentias del [[Imperios Central]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1917: le Undecime Battalia e Caporetto === In 1917 le exercito italian continuava le offensive super le Isonzo. Le Decime Battalia se combatteva inter maio e junio, e le [[Battalia de Ortigara]] in junio. In augusto, le Undecime Battalia del Isonzo produceva le major avance italian del guerra usque alora. Le tropas italian attingeva le [[Bainsizza]], ma le front non se disintegrava. Le situation cambiava radicalmente le 24 octobre 1917. Le forcas austro-hungare, con important support german, initiava le [[Battalia de Caporetto]]. Le rupture del front obligava le exercito italian a un grande retirada. Le tropas se retirava del Isonzo e del [[Friuli]] verso le linea del [[Piave]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le disastro provocava un crise del alto commandamento. Le general Luigi Cadorna esseva removite le 8 novembre e substituite per [[Armando Diaz]]. Le nove commandamento modificava le relation inter le comando e le tropas, e poneva plus attention al defense del Piave e al recuperation del exercito.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === 1918: le Piave e Vittorio Veneto === Le anno 1918 comenciava con le reorganisamento del exercito italian. Le nove linea defensive se appoiava principalmente super le Piave e le montes del Veneto. Le offensive austro-hungare del junio, cognoscite como [[Battalia del Solsticio]], initiava le 15 junio. Le tropas austro-hungare attingeva le Piave in plure punctos, ma non poteva establir un ruptura durabile. Le 23 junio le offensive habeva fallite e le forcas austro-hungare se retirava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le Italia initiava su offensive final le 24 octobre 1918. Le operationes super le Grappa e le Piave conduceva al ruptura del front austro-hungare. Le tropas italian occupava [[Vittorio Veneto]] e le exercito austro-hungare se disintegrava durante le ultime dies de octobre.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le armistitio inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria entrava in vigor le 4 novembre 1918. Le guerra super le fronte italian esseva assi terminate. Le [[Armistitio de Villa Giusti]] habeva essite signate le 3 novembre e deveniva effectivo le die sequente. == Le guerra in le Alpes e le Adriatico == === Le guerra alpine === Le geographia del front italian distingueva iste guerra de altere fronts europee. Un grande parte del combattimentos habeva loco in zonas montan, frequentemente a altitudes de plus de 2 000 metros. Le [[Alpinos]] esseva specialisate in le operationes in montania, ma unidades de altere arme e specialitate participa etiam. Le condiciones climatic esseva extrem. Le soldados debeva combater contra neve, frigore, avalanchas e difficultates de alimentation e transporto. Le construction de stradas, telefericas e refugios deveniva un parte essential del guerra. In alcun sectores, le guerra se developpava intra tunnels e galerias excavate in le roche. Le [[guerra de minas]] esseva usate pro destruer positiones fortificate e crear rupture in le defense inimic. === Le Regia Marina e le guerra in le Adriatico === Le [[Regia Marina]] habeva le mission de controlar le mar Adriatic e impedir le operationes del [[Marina austro-hungare]]. Le grande naves de guerra esseva relativemente prudente, pois le minas, submarinos e batteries costal rendeva periculose le operationes directe. Le guerra maritime includeva le uso de submarinos, torpedinieres, minas e unitates legier. Le [[MAS]] italian, parve unitates rapide armate con torpedos, esseva utilisate pro operationes offensive contra le naves austro-hungare. Le marina contribueva etiam al protection del communicationes e del transporte de tropas e material inter le portos italian e le front. === Le aviation e le nove armas === Le Prime Guerra Mundial videva le rapide developpamento del aviation militar. Italia usava aeroplanos pro reconnaissance, direction del artilleria e bombardamento. Le aeroplanos habeva etiam un rol crescente in le observation del positiones inimic. Le guerra videva le diffusion de nove technicas e armas, inter le mitragliatrices, le artilleria pesante, le gas toxics e le vehiculos blindate. Le guerra de tranchera rendeva le superioritate del artilleria e del supporto logistic plus importante que le sol valor individual del soldato. == Le societate e le front interne == === Mobilisation e economia de guerra === Le guerra mobilisava un parte importante del population active. Miliones de italianos esseva incorporate in le forcas armate durante le conflicto. Le Stato augmentava le controlo super le production, le transporto e le distribution de materias prime e alimentos. Le industria metallurgic, mecanic e chimic cresceva rapidamente, specialmente in le nord del pais. Le demanda militar stimula le production de armas, munition, vehiculos, uniformes e equipamento. Le Parlamento e le govern adoptava numerose mesuras extraordinari pro administrar le economia de guerra. Le governo obteneva poteres plus ample e le Parlamento perdeva parte de su function ordinari durante le periodo del conflicto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le population civil e le feminas === Le guerra habeva effectos directe super le population civil. Le mobilisation retirava milliones de homines del agricultura e del industria, e le families debeva confrontar se con le absentia de maritos, filios e fratres. Le feminas assumeva nove responsabilitates in le agricultura, le industria e le servicios. Le travalio feminine deveniva essential pro mantener le production durante le absentia del homines mobilisate. Le guerra modificava assi le distribution del travalio, ma iste cambios non significava immediate equalitate social o politic inter le sexos. === Propaganda, censura e morale === Le Stato developpava un vaste systema de propaganda pro mantener le moral del population e del exercito. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le information super le operationes militar esseva limitate. Le propaganda presentava le guerra como un luta pro le nation e pro le completion del unification territorial. Le derrota de Caporetto provocava tamen un crise profunde in le opinion public e obligeva le govern e le commandamento militar a reorganisar le communication con le population. === Prisioneros, refugiatos e occupation === Le exercito italian faceva dezenas de milles de prisioneros austro-hungare durante le guerra, mentre que centenas de milles de soldados italian cadeva in captivitate. Le prisioneros italian esseva transportate a campos in varie partes del Imperio austro-hungare e in Germania. Le population civil esseva etiam afectate per le operationes militar. Durante le retirada de Caporetto, grande gruppos de refugiatos abandonavano Friuli e partes del Veneto. Le population del zonas occupate esseva subjecte al requisitiones e al difficultates de alimentation. == Le consequencias politic e territorial == === Le perdite human === Le guerra produceva enorme perdite human. Le exercito italian habeva centenas de milles de mortos e feritos, e un numero importante de soldados deveniva invalid permanentemente. Le morte de tantos homines habeva effectos durabile super le societate italian. Le familles perdeva le principal fonte de ingresos, e numerose veteranos retornava con feritas, invaliditate o problemas psychologic. Le memoria del mortos deveniva un elemento central del cultura public post le guerra, con monumentos, ossarios e ceremonias dedicate al soldados cadite. === Le resultatos territorial === Le victoria de 1918 permitteva a Italia de obtener le territorios promittite in le Pacto de London in le sector alpino: Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Le nove frontiera con Austria esseva transferite al passo del Brennero. Le resultatos in le Adriatico esseva plus controversate. Le demandas italian de expansion in Dalmacia incontrava le opposition del nove Regno del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e de altere potentias del Entente. Le question del frontiera oriental deveniva assi un del principal problemas del politica exterior italian del postguerra. === Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris === Italia participa al [[Conferentia de Pace de Paris]] in 1919 como un del principal potentias victoriose. Le delegation italian, guidate per le prime ministro [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] e le ministro del affaires externe Sidney Sonnino, insisteva super le implementation del Pacto de London. Le presidente del [[Statos Unite]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], opponeva se a parte del demandas territorial italian, specialmente a celles que concerneva le Dalmacia. Le divergentias inter Italia e le altere membros del Entente alimentava le sentimento de un victoria diplomatic incomplete.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> === Le question de Fiume === [[Fiume]] deveniva un del problemas le plus controversate del postguerra. Le Pacto de London non habeva garantite Fiume a Italia, ma le nationalistas italian considerava le citate importante pro le position strategic e pro le composition del population. In 1919 [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] occupava Fiume con un gruppo de voluntarios italian. Le episodio aggravava le tensiones inter Italia e le nove Stato del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos e deveniva un symbolo del nationalismo italian del postguerra. Le question esseva resolvite solmente post plure annos per le [[Tractato de Rapallo]] de 1920, que establi le [[Stato libero de Fiume]]. === Le crise del Stato liberal === Le guerra lassava Italia con un debito public multo plus grande, un economia disorganisate e fortes tensions social. Le retorno de milliones de veteranos, le inflation e le difficultates del empleo alimentava le dissatisfaction. Le annos post le guerra esseva marcate per greve, occupationes de fabricas e agitationes politic. Le systema liberal habeva difficultate a controlar le nove situation. Le crise contribueva al ascension del [[fascismo]], que transformava progressivemente le politica italian inter 1919 e 1922. == Memoria e historiographia == === Le memoria del guerra in Italia === Le Prime Guerra Mundial deveniva un elemento important del memoria national italian. Monumentos, ossarios e cimiterios militar esseva create in numerose regiones. Le [[Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Roma e altere monumentos commemorative esseva integrate in le rituales public del postguerra. Le figura del soldato cadite esseva usate pro construir un memoria national del sacrificio e del victoria. Al mesme tempore, le memoria del enorme perdite e del difficultates del postguerra alimentava interpretationes multo differente del conflicto. Le memoria de Caporetto habeva un important rol in le cultura italian. Durante multe annos, le derrota esseva associate al idea de un collapso national, ben que le historiographia posterior ha insistentemente studiate le complexitate del causas militar, politic e social del desastre. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia italian ha interpretate le intervention in manieras diverse. Un interpretation considera le guerra como le ultime phase del [[Risorgimento]], pois le victoria permitteva le incorporation de Trentino, Alto Adige, Trieste e Istria. Un altere interpretation accentua le costi human e economic del conflicto e le ruptura que le guerra produceva in le societate liberal. Le relation inter le guerra, le crise del postguerra e le ascension del fascismo ha devenite un del principal subjectos del historiographia italian del seculo XX. Le studio del front italian ha etiam abandonate progressivemente le vision que reduceva le guerra a un serie de battalias. Le historia del soldados, le vita in le trancheras, le prisioneros, le population civil, le industria e le propaganda occupa hodie un spatio importante in le investigation historic. == Chronologia == * '''3 augusto 1914''' – Italia declara su neutralitate in le conflicto europee. * '''26 april 1915''' – Signatura del Pacto de London. * '''3 maio 1915''' – Italia denuncia le Triple Alliantia. * '''24 maio 1915''' – Italia entra in guerra contra Austria-Hungaria. * '''23 junio – 7 julio 1915''' – Prime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 julio – 4 augusto 1915''' – Secunde Battalia del Isonzo. * '''18 octobre – 4 novembre 1915''' – Tertie Battalia del Isonzo. * '''10 novembre – 2 decembre 1915''' – Quarte Battalia del Isonzo. * '''15 – 31 maio 1916''' – Strafexpedition. * '''6 – 17 augusto 1916''' – Seste Battalia del Isonzo; captura de Gorizia. * '''28 augusto 1916''' – Italia declara guerra al Imperio german. * '''17 augusto 1917''' – Initio del Undecime Battalia del Isonzo. * '''24 octobre 1917''' – Initio del Battalia de Caporetto. * '''8 novembre 1917''' – Armando Diaz substitue Luigi Cadorna como chef del Stato Maggiore. * '''15 – 23 junio 1918''' – Battalia del Solsticio. * '''24 octobre – 3 novembre 1918''' – Offensive de Vittorio Veneto. * '''3 novembre 1918''' – Signatura del Armistitio de Villa Giusti. * '''4 novembre 1918''' – Entrata in vigor del armistitio e fin del hostilitate inter Italia e Austria-Hungaria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano |accesso=6 octobre 2026 }}</ref> {{Ref}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/cronologia-della-guerra-al-fronte-italiano/83209.html |titulo=Cronologia della Guerra al fronte italiano |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.esercito.difesa.it/storia/1915-1918-la-grande-guerra-i-100-anni-della-prima-guerra-mondiale/83182.html |titulo=1915-1918 La Grande Guerra |sitioweb=Esercito Italiano }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prima-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Prima guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia-re-d-italia_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |titulo=Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, re d'Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sonnino-sidney-costantino-barone/ |titulo=Sonnino, Sidney Costantino, barone |sitioweb=Treccani }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/relazioni-con-i-cittadini/biblioteca/pubblicazioni-testi/minervaweb/1915-1918-il-parlamento-e |titulo=1915-1918. Il Parlamento e la guerra |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} * {{Cita web |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/regno/italia/24/resoconti-elenco-cronologico |titulo=Resoconti: elenco cronologico |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Prime Guerra Mundial]] sdtsjrfmf90li4sfs4kldddtzrvhn3j 0 61878 702486 2026-10-06T13:18:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in l...” 702486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto de le crise politic, economic e social del [[Italia]] del prime postguerra. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del movimento fascista. Initialmente heterogenee e influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste e revolutionari, le movimento se transformava rapidemente in un organisation autoritari e violent, appoiate in particular per sectores del classes medie e del proprietarios rural.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva prime ministro. Inter 1922 e 1926, le regime transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista aboliva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition politic e etabliva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le fascismo developpava etiam un politica exterior expansionista, culminante in le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e in le proximitate crescente con le [[Germania nazista]].<ref name="Treccani-etiopia">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> In 1938 le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que institueva le discrimination legal contra le judeos italian e altere categorias definite per le regime como non pertinente al «raza italian».<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre 1943, Mussolini establiva, sub protection german, le [[Republica Social Italian]] in le parte nord del pais. Le regime fascista finiva definitivamente in april 1945 con le insurrection e le liberation del Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Le pais habeva obtenite le victoria militar, ma le guerra habeva causate grande perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation e difficultates de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le retour del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava desirable. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a responder al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, mentre que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza catholic. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de forte conflicte social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos deveniva frequente e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava fabricas. In le campo, le braceros e le agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra. In plure regiones, le organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e administrationes local. Le successo del movimento socialista alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva un revolution inspirate per le [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Iste timor deveniva un del factores que favoriva le expansion del fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le nationalistas e parte del veteranos considerava le resultatos del pace insatisfactori. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction nationalista. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international.<ref name="Treccani-Fiume">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le expression «victoria mutilate» esseva usate pro describer le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Le idea esseva recuperate per Mussolini e le fascistas, qui lo utilisava pro presentar se como defensores del honor national e del veteranos.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. Durante 1914, ille abandonava le neutralitate socialista e comenciava a sustener le intervention italian in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. Mussolini fundava in novembre 1914 le jornal ''[[Il Popolo d'Italia]]'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, le ideas de Mussolini se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava nationalismo, interventionismo e ideas revolutionari.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse: ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva alcun revendicationes social e politic que distingueva le movimento del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformes electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores e mesuras contra le grande fortunas. Totevia, le movimento obteneva un resultato multo debile in le electiones de 1919. Le Fasci obteneva solmente un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le programma de San Sepolcro e le transformation del movimento === Post le insuccesso electoral de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo e le opposition al socialismo deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava a obtener plus de supporto inter proprietarios rural e sectores del classes medie. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento del expansion fascista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le squadrismo e le Biennio Nero === Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperativas, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta fascista comprendeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e in alcun casos sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista. Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente in 1920-1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction del organisationes local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del Stato liberal.<ref name="Treccani-marcia2">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action e autoritarismo. Le movimento obteneva assi un position plus importante in le politica national. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre. Milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Le situation esseva militarmente multo minus spectaculaire que le mythologia fascista posterior suggereva, ma le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le 29 octobre le rege invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento le plen poteres pro realisar reformes administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste prime periodo, Mussolini conservava formalmente le institutions del Stato liberal, ma le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation e violenta. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar. Le opposition denunciava le irregularitates e le violenta que habeva marcate le election. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio Matteotti esseva rapite in Roma. Su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e debilitava le position de Mussolini. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e etiam dissensiones intra le fascismo. Le 3 januario 1925 Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate e le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate. Le regime introduceva etiam le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 le Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic. Le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e repression del adversarios.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos del regime. Le PNF esseva presente in le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Le monarchia tamen non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege, e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda. Mussolini esseva representate como le incarnation del nation e como le guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in le jornales, le cinema, le radio, le poster e le ceremonias public. Le regime promoveva un cultura politic basate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminati o submittite al controlo del Stato.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Post le crise economic mundial de 1929, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva grande institutiones public pro controlar sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo voleva substituir le conflicto inter classes per un systema de cooperation controlate per le Stato. Le [[corporationismo]] esseva presentate como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate. Le travaliatores e le employatores esseva includite in organisations controlate per le regime. In practica, le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva largemente favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le [[bonificationes]] consistiva in grande obras pro drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification de le [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava grande obras public pro reducir le disoccupation e promover le modernisation del pais. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite. Le propaganda presentava iste obras como demonstrationes del efficacia del Stato fascista. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista. Le education esseva progressivemente submittite al controlo del Stato. Le organisationes de juventute esseva reunite in 1937 in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que habeva le function de educar le juventute in senso fascista. Le juventute esseva encourageate a practicar sport, disciplina e preparation militar.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate e le familia. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas poteva travaliar e participar in le societate, ma le regime cercava de limitar lor rolo public e de orientarle principalmente verso le familia e le reproduction.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo e in le Balkanes. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva un grande successo propagandistic pro Mussolini. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime. Le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ma illas non impediva le victoria italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia. Le propaganda fascista presentava le victoria como le culmination del expansion national. Le successo de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espagnol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espagnol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar. Le guerra espagnol deveniva assi un importante campo de experientia militar e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]]. Le relation deveniva plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva integrate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparabile al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva importante functiones in le regime. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate al Germania nazista e per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime publicava le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate le decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public. Alteres mesuras sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation defineva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination sistematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Post le occupation german del Italia in 1943, le persecution deveniva plus violent. Le autoritates german e le forcas fascistas del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation del regime como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar sapeva que le forcas italian non esseva preparate pro un guerra prolongate. Le successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Le 10 junio 1940 Mussolini annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941. In Africa Septentrional, le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e augmentate durante 1942. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e del credito del politica de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveneva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic. Le 24-25 julio 1943 le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, controlate per le Alliatos. Le Italia deveniva un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con sede politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista. Le nove regime tentava de presentarse como un continuation revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919. In practica, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]]. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma illo habeva effecto limitate e non esseva realmente implementate.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord, un guerra civil se developpava inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]]. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberals, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution de judeos. Le collaboration comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime fase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse. Le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le scena deveniva un del imagines le plus importante del fin del fascismo italian.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945 le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener consenso. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal. Le culto de Mussolini, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le consenso non esseva uniforme. Le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava le regime per conformismo, opportunismo o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime usava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia e le modernitate del Stato fascista.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva incorporate al systema fascista. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation. Le manuales escolar incorpora elements del ideologia fascista e le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national. In le practica, le regime combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones que prohibi le reorganisation del partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insisteva super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo. Postea, le studios ha accordate plus importantia al relationes inter fascismo e societate: le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformare le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. == Chronologia == * 1914 – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * 15 novembre 1914 – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * 23 martio 1919 – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * 16 novembre 1919 – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * 1920 – Expansion del squadrismo fascista. * 1921 – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento; Mussolini es eligite deputado. * 9 novembre 1921 – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * 28 octobre 1922 – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * 31 octobre 1922 – Mussolini assume le governamento. * 1923 – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * 6 april 1924 – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * 10 junio 1924 – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * 3 januario 1925 – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * 1925-1926 – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * 1926 – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * 11 februario 1929 – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * 1933 – Creation del IRI. * 1935 – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * 9 maio 1936 – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * 1936 – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espagnol. * 1937 – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * 1938 – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * 7 april 1939 – Invasion de Albania. * 22 maio 1939 – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * 10 junio 1940 – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * 1941 – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * 25 julio 1943 – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * 8 septembre 1943 – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * 23 septembre 1943 – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * 1944 – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * 25 april 1945 – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * 28 april 1945 – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * 29 april 1945 – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 83z8nuf6zbhkxea6dcgxic2bth28pgv 702487 702486 2026-10-06T13:22:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 702487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espagnol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espagnol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espagnol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espagnol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espagnol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] japtigza3lodu8j74q5bq28be4sgb3k 702488 702487 2026-10-06T13:22:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espagnol */ 702488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espagnol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espagnol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espagnol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] n8dpvn8d8qvyppxhbfkzxz9ctgq1vr8 702490 702488 2026-10-06T13:25:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 702490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] qxpthyhwj0w9eojcfxse0cs44v8d18e 702491 702490 2026-10-06T13:27:17Z Interlingvisto 60932 702491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''colonialismo italian''' esseva le insimul de politicas de expansion territorial, domination politic, occupation militar e colonisation exercite per le [[Regno de Italia]] in differente territorios extra le peninsula inter le fin del 19e seculo e le secunde medietate del 20e seculo. Su principal territorios esseva le [[Eritrea]], le [[Somalia italian]], le [[Libya]] e, durante le periodo fascista, le [[Etiopia]]. Italia possedeva etiam le [[Dodecaneso italian]] in le Mar Egeo e un concession territorial in [[Tientsin]] in China.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion colonial italian comenciava in le area del [[Mar Rubro]] durante le decennio 1880 e se extendava al [[Africa del Nord]] con le guerra italo-turc de 1911–1912. Le periodo de maxime expansion occurreva sub le [[fascismo]], quando Italia invadeva Etiopia in 1935–1936 e reuniva Etiopia, Eritrea e Somalia in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] in 1936. Le possessiones africane esseva in grande parte perdite durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], e le systema colonial italian esseva ulteriormente liquidate per le arrangementos international del periodo postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origines del expansionismo == Le nove Stato italian, unificate in 1861, habeva inicialmente un position colonial plus limitate que le grande potentias europee. Le expansionismo italian cresceva durante le ultime decennios del 19e seculo, quando le governamentos italian cercava bases commercial e naval, prestigio international e nove spacios pro le commercio e le migration. Le historiographia super le imperialismo italian ha etiam sublineate le ambition de affirmar le nove Stato como potentia international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del prime punctos de expansion esseva le [[Baia de Assab]] in le Mar Rubro. Le compania Rubattino acquireva le area in 1869 e le Stato italian assumeva le possession in 1882. In 1885 Italia occupava [[Massaua]], e le expansion verso le interior conduceva al confrontation con le [[Imperio Ethiopian]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica colonial italian esseva influentiate tamben per le interesse strategic del Mar Rubro e del [[Canal de Suez]]. Le position del Eritrea offereva un puncto de appoio inter le Mediterraneo e le Oceano Indian, e le expansion in le Corno de Africa esseva considerate un medio pro augmentar le peso international del nove Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Eritrea e le prime expansion in le Corno de Africa == In 1890 esseva formalmente constituite le [[Colonia Eritrea]]. Le expansion italian habeva essite precedite per le occupation de Assab e Massaua e per le progressivo establishimento de un dominio super le Mar Rubro.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion italian collideva con le Imperio Ethiopian. Le [[Tractato de Uccialli]] de 1889 esseva interpretate differentemente per Italia e Etiopia, e le controversia contribueva al initio del [[Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]]. Le conflicto terminava con le [[Battalia de Adua]] del 1 martio 1896, in le qual le fortias italian esseva decisivemente vincite per le exercito Ethiopian. Le pace de Addis Abeba de 1896 annulava le pretension italian al protectorato super Etiopia, durante que le Colonia Eritrea remaneva sub dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le derrota de Adua esseva un importante puncto de inflexion. Italia abandonava temporarimente le ambition de conquistar Etiopia e se concentravatítulosuper le consolidation de Eritrea e del possessiones in Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia == In le Corno de Africa, Italia acquireva differente territorios e protettoratos in le costa del [[Oceano Indian]]. Le areas del Benadir passava progressivemente sub administration del Stato, e le lege de 1908 dava un quadro juridic al possessiones italian in le Somalia meridional e al protettoratos del nord.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios, le controlo italian super le interior esseva limitate. Le administration colonial se concentrava inicialmente in le zonas costier e in le centros urban. Durante le annos 1920, sub le regime fascista, le occupation del territorio esseva extendite e le resistentia local esseva repressate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Somalia deveniva un del principal bases del expansion italian in le Corno de Africa. Le construction de infrastructuras e le colonisation agrari esseva parte del effortes de consolidation del dominio italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Libya == Le expansion italian in le Africa del Nord comenciava con le [[Guerra italo-turc]] de 1911–1912. Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] cedeva a Italia le Tripolitania e le Cirenaica, e le occupation italian se extendava ulteriormente verso le Fezzan. Le territories libyan esseva reunite in 1934 in un governatorato general.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le controlo italian super Libya non esseva immediatemente complete. Le resistentia libyan continuava durante le annos sequente e deveniva particularmente intense in le Cirenaica, ubi le movimento senussi associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter 1930 e 1931, le autoritates italian establiva vinti campos de concentration in le region del Sirte e concentrava le population nomadic e semi-nomadic de Cirenaica. Un studio publicate per Cambridge estima que circa 100 000–120 000 libyan esseva internate e que le mortes durante le internamento poteva attinger 40 000–48 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |título=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression esseva accompaniate per le confiscation e redistribution de terras e per programas de colonisation agricole italian. Durante le annos 1930, le regime fascista intensificava le colonisation de population in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |título=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le repression del resistentia libyan e le concentration de population esseva parte del processo per le qual le Stato italian stabiliva un controlo plus directe super le totalitate del territorio. Le caso libyan ha devenite un importante subjecto del historiographia super le violentia colonial e le memoria del colonialismo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |título=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dodecaneso e altere possessiones == Le [[Dodecaneso]] esseva occupate per Italia durante le Guerra italo-turc de 1912. Le possession italian esseva confirmate per le arrangementos international del periodo post le Prime Guerra Mundial, e le [[Tractato de Lausanne]] de 1923 confirmava le position international del possession italian in le Egeo. Le insulas esseva finalmente assignate a [[Grecia]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |título=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal insula esseva [[Rodi]], que deveniva le centro administrative del possession italian in le Egeo. Le administration italian promoveva transformationes urban e infrastructural, durante que le insulas esseva etiam subjecte al controlo politic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Italia possedeva tamben un concession in [[Tientsin]], China, obtenite in 1902. Iste concession esseva un parve territorio sub administration italian e habeva un character differente del grande colonias africane.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Fascismo e imperialismo == Le advento del [[Benito Mussolini|fascismo]] in 1922 transformava le politica colonial in un elemento central del propaganda del regime. Le expansion ultramarine esseva presentate como demonstration del grandeza national e como continuation del tradition imperial roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Libia, le regime intensificava le occupation territorial e le repression del resistentias. In Etiopia, le objective deveniva le conqueste del independentia del ultime grande Stato african independente que non habeva essite incorporate al dominio colonial europee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le confrontation inter Italia e Etiopia se aggravava post le [[Incident de Ual Ual]] de 1934. Le governamento italian utilisava le incidente como un del elementos de su justification politic pro le preparation del invasion. Le Etiopia appellava al [[Societate del Nationes]], ma le reaction international non impediva le aggression italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Invasion de Etiopia == Le [[Secunde Guerra Italo-Ethiopian]] comenciava in octobre 1935. Le fortias italian invadeva Etiopia desde Eritrea al nord e desde Somalia italian al sud.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra esseva caracterisate per un grande disparitate de recursos militar. Italia utilisava aeroplanos, artilleria, vehiculos e armas chimic. Documentos diplomatic american contemporanee mentiona le uso de gas toxico, includente gas mustard, per le fortias italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |título=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fortias italian entrava in [[Addis Abeba]] le 5 maio 1936. Le 9 maio, le governamento fascista proclamava le annexion de Etiopia e le creation del [[Imperio Italian]]. Le documentation diplomatic del periodo registra le proclamation del nove status imperial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |título=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conquesta non significava le fin del resistentia. Le resistentia Ethiopian continuava durante le occupation e esseva respondite per operationes militar e represalias. Le attentato contra [[Rodolfo Graziani]] in Addis Abeba le 19 februario 1937 esseva sequite per un grande operation represive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Africa Oriental Italian == Post le conquesta de Etiopia, Italia reuniva Eritrea, Somalia e le territorio Ethiopian in le [[Africa Oriental Italian]] (AOI). Le nove entitate esseva formalmente establite in 1936 e administrate per un Governator General con le titulo de Viceré.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AOI esseva dividite in plure governatoratos, includente Eritrea, Somalia, Amhara, Galla e Sidama, Harar e Scioa. Addis Abeba deveniva le sede del Viceré e le principal centro politic del nove dominio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime fascista investiva in stratas, portos, edificios public, sistemas telegraphic e altere infrastructuras. Le programma economic del AOI prevedeva etiam irrigation, colonisation agrari e construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste modernisation infrastructural esseva inseparabile del objectives colonial del regime. Le obras serviva tamben al controlo militar del territorio, al movemento del tropas e al integration economic del colonias in le systema imperial. Le historiographia distingue dunque inter le infrastructura construite e le relationes de domination colonial in le qual illa esseva realizate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica racial e segregation == Le colonialismo fascista introduceva un systema plus explicitemente racial in le possessiones african. Le administration distingueva inter le population italian e le population colonisate e imposeva differentes regime de accesso al spatio urban, al education, al empleo e al relationes social.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |título=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le regime fascista adoptava durante le annos 1930 normas que restringeva le relationes inter italianos e africanos e establiva un systema de segregation racial. Le objective esseva crear un societate colonial hierarchic con le population italian al vertice.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |título=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime incoragiava tamben le migration de colonos italian e le creation de zonas residential e agricole destinate al population europee. In Asmara e altere citates, le development urban esseva accompaniate per separationes spatial inter le populationes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |título=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le architecture modernista de Asmara, parte del qual esseva construite durante le periodo colonial, remane un importante parte del patrimonio urban del citate, que esseva inscripte in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 2017.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |título=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economie e colonisation de population == Le colonialismo italian combinava le administration directe, le exploitation del ressources, le colonisation agricole e le construction de infrastructuras.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le fascismo promovava un grande programma de colonisation agricola italian. Le acquisition de terras e le displacement de populationes local esseva ligate al transformation de areas agricole in exploitationes destinate in parte a colonos italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |título=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Africa Oriental Italian, le governamento investiva in infrastructuras e in programas de colonisation. Le plan economic esseva ligate al construction de stratas, portos, edificios, obras hydrauli e exploitationes agricole e industrial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Tamen, le colonias non deveniva le grande fontes de ricchessa que le propaganda imperial habeva promittite. Le construction e le administration del imperio exigeva investimentos substantial e le strategia colonial habeva costi importante pro le Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate colonial == Le societate colonial esseva characterisate per un forte disegualitate juridic e social inter colonisatores e colonisate. Le administration italian controlava le institutiones politic, le proprietate territorial, le education e le circulation de personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/urban-heritage-atlas/asmara/ |título=Urban Heritage Atlas: Asmara |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le presence de colons italian cresceva specialmente in Libya durante le annos 1930. Le projectos de colonisation agrari esseva concepite pro transferer famiglias italian al colonia e crear un population europee stabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/fascist-agricultural-colonization-in-libya/ |título=Fascist Agricultural Colonization in Libya |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Eritrea, le colonisation produceva un important population italian e transformava Asmara in un centro urban con forte influence architectonic italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Resistentia anticolonial == Le resistentia contra le expansion italian assumeva formas differente secundo le territorio. In Etiopia, le victoria de Adua de 1896 impediva le incorporation del pais in le imperio italian durante le prime phase del expansion. Post le invasion de 1935, le resistentia contra le occupation continuava durante le totalitate del periodo italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Libia, le resistentia esseva particularmente forte in Cirenaica, ubi le movemento senussi e le fortias associate a [[Omar Mukhtar]] opposeva le occupation italian. Le repression fascista culminava in le deportation de populationes e le establishment de campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Somalia e Eritrea existeva tamben diverse formas de opposition al administration colonial, ben que le intensitate e le character del resistentia variava secundo le periodo e le region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Colonialismo e Secunde Guerra Mundial == Le expansion imperial italian collideva directemente con le evolution del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. In 1940 Italia entrava in guerra al latere del [[Germania Nazi]] e le colonias african deveniva frontes de guerra. Le forces britannic e del [[Commonwealth]] lanceava operationes contra le possessiones italian in Africa Oriental. Durante 1941, le forces italian esseva progressivemente expulse de Eritrea, Somalia e Ethiopia, e le administration unificate del Africa Oriental Italian cessava de facto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Libya remaneva un importante teatro de guerra in le Africa del Nord inter le forces del Axis e le Allies. Le controlo italian super le colonia esseva definitive perdite in 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fin del imperio african esseva dunque intimemente ligate al derrota militar del Italia fascista e al transformation del ordine international post 1945. == Fin del imperio colonial == Le Tractato de Pace de [[Paris]] del 1947 formalmente terminava le principal possessiones colonial italian. Le Italia renunciava al sue ex-colonias, durante que le dispositiones final pro Eritrea, Libya e Somalia esseva determinate per accordos international e per le ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Eritrea passava sub administration britannic post le derrota italian e le sue futuro esseva ulteriormente determinate per le [[Organisate del Nationes Unite]]. Le 1950, le ONU decideva de federar Eritrea con Ethiopia; le federation esseva formalmente establite in 1952. Eritrea esseva finalmente incorporate al Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Libia deveniva independente in 1951 como [[Regno Unite de Libia]], post un periodo de administration britannic e francese. Le independence terminava le dominio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Somalia habeva un trajectoria distincte. Le ONU decideva in 1949–1950 que le Territorio de Somaliland esseva ponite sub Administration Fiduciari Italian. Italia assumeva le administration le 1 april 1950 in le quadro del systema de trusteeship del ONU. Le accordo prevideva que le territorio devenirea un Stato independente al fin del periodo de dece annos; Somalia deveniva independente le 1 julio 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Dodecaneso esseva assignate a [[Grecia]] post le guerra, e le concession italian de Tientsin esseva terminate in le quadro del transformation del ordine international postbellic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |título=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Somalia sub Administration Fiduciari Italian == Le period 1950–1960 merita esser distinguite del precedente colonialismo. Italia non administrava Somalia in virtute de sovranitate colonial, ma como potestate administrante designate per le ONU in le quadro del Systema International de Trusteeship. Le administration habeva un quadro juridic international distincte e esseva orientate formalmente verso le preparation del territorio al independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1974, vol. II, part II |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante iste periodo esseva developpate institutiones administrative, educational e politic destinate a preparar le nove Stato. Le final del trusteeship coincideva con le independentia de Somalia in 1960.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/t11_0.pdf |título=Index to Proceedings of the Trusteeship Council, 11th session |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Postcolonialismo e memoria == Le fin del dominio territorial non significava le fin del relationes inter Italia e le ex-colonias. Le memoria del colonialismo continua a influentiar le relationes cultural e le interpretation del patrimonio historic in Italia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia e Libia. In Eritrea, le period colonial ha lassate un importante patrimonio architectonic. Asmara es recognoscite per UNESCO como un citate modernista de valor universal exceptional, con un importante patrimonio de edificios e spacios urban developpate durante le occupation colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/ |título=Asmara: A Modernist African City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes contemporanee inter Italia e Ethiopia include etiam gestos de restitution de patrimonio. Le restitution del [[Stele de Axum]] in 2005 esseva un del exemplos plus note de iste processo. Le historiographia italian ha debattite durante decennios le memoria del colonialismo, includente le tendentia a representar le colonialismo como un projecto principalmente infrastructural o «civilisatori». Le investigationes plus recente ha insistite super le violentia, le segregation, le expropriationes, le deportationes e le repressiones que esseva parte del systema colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |título=The “Other” at Home: Deportation and Transportation of Libyans to Italy During the Colonial Era (1911–1943) |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historiographia == Le studio del colonialismo italian ha evolvite considerabilemente desde le historiographia colonial del prime parte del 20e seculo. Le interpretationes contemporanee considera le colonialismo italian in le quadro plus ample del imperialismo europee, ma presta etiam attention al specificitates del expansion italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un tema central es le distinction inter le periodo liberal e le periodo fascista. Le prime expansion in Eritrea, Somalia e Libya esseva initiate ante le fascismo, durante que le regime de Mussolini intensificava le militarisation, le colonisation de population e le racialisation del societate colonial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere tema es le relation inter memoria national e memoria colonial. Le examination de documentos administrative, testimonios local e fontes international ha permittite studiar le violentia colonial plus detailedemente, includente le deportationes in Libya e le uso de armas chimic in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |título=Historical Documents: Captain Meade report on Italian use of poison gas in Ethiopia |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Chronologia == * 1869 – Rubattino acquire le Baia de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1882 – Le Stato italian assume le controlo de Assab.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1885 – Italia occupa Massaua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1890 – Creation formal del Colonia Eritrea.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1895–1896 – Prime Guerra Italo-Ethiopian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1 martio 1896 – Victoria Ethiopian a Adua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1902 – Concession italian de Tientsin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1908 – Organisation colonial del Somalia italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1911–1912 – Guerra italo-turc e initio del dominio italian in Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1912 – Italia occupa le Dodecaneso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodecaneso/ |título=Dodecaneso |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1922 – Mussolini arriva al poter e le politica colonial deveni un elemento central del fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/imperialismo_(Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali)/ |título=Imperialismo |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1920–1930 – Consolidation e expansion del controlo italian in Somalia e Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/colonizzazione_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |título=Colonizzazione |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1930–1931 – Deportation e internamento massive de populationes de Cirenaica in campos de concentration.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/other-at-home-deportation-and-transportation-of-libyans-to-italy-during-the-colonial-era-19111943/FAFA1592C6350550622B210623CF57CE |título=The “Other” at Home |sitioweb=Cambridge Core |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1935 – Italia invade Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 5 maio 1936 – Tropas italian entra in Addis Abeba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 9 maio 1936 – Proclamation del Imperio Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1936v03/d85 |título=Historical Documents of 1936 |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1936 – Creation del Africa Oriental Italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1937 – Repression massive post le attentato contra Graziani.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1940–1941 – Disintegration del dominio italian in Africa Oriental durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1943 – Perdita definitive del Libya per Italia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1947 – Tractato de Pace de Paris e liquidation international del imperio colonial italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1950–1960 – Administration Fiduciari Italian in Somalia sub mandato del ONU.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1951 – Independentia de Libia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/libia/ |título=Libia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1952 – Federalisation de Eritrea con Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1960 – Independentia de Somalia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1974_v2_p2.pdf |título=Yearbook of the International Law Commission |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1962 – Abolition del autonomia de Eritrea e incorporation al Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eritrea_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |título=Eritrea |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Colonialismo italian]] dcd07xrhb3i7x1mizhkdtp5sq4c97w2 702492 702491 2026-10-06T13:27:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 Disface le version [[Special:Diff/702491|702491]] per [[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[User talk:Interlingvisto|discussion]]) 702492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |título=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |título=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |título=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |título=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |título=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] lmw5wb6hi3n7156fp8l7vxr4p2ml014 702493 702492 2026-10-06T13:29:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 702493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |título=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |título=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |título=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |título=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |título=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] g2kl30gd8h0a8w0rabpywg9a10ke4y0 702494 702493 2026-10-06T13:32:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 702494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |título=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] t3k1zz2ey0pe0d6wfa0se6w75nwny6q 702495 702494 2026-10-06T13:34:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le naissance del fascismo */ 702495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |título=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] e5s6c0jhj2p1yyb9l7g9o1dgku2rb90 702496 702495 2026-10-06T13:35:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le accession al poter */ 702496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |título=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 54nd9qdb7z0arfhgoow2lyoi4xaq9d5 702497 702496 2026-10-06T13:35:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le construction del dictatura */ 702497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |título=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] md41mz38uxbevns48a59wsyqti8ubwp 702498 702497 2026-10-06T13:36:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le politica interne del regime */ 702498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] abwam746m24lq64pdjnfyoiiymjddrc 702499 702498 2026-10-06T13:36:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le politica exterior e le expansion */ 702499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |título=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |título=Africa orientale italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] an5qtrh165b19jivi0fbo0hrfuxrqbb 702500 702499 2026-10-06T13:37:17Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le antisemitismo e le leges racial */ 702500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |título=Seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 89qtkxb04rgok1j7o9ig2u04w4jrr9m 702501 702500 2026-10-06T13:38:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial */ 702501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |título=Antifascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |título=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] qgqahih62umnph14njrbw4vere08fwo 702502 702501 2026-10-06T13:39:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le Republica Social Italian */ 702502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 40q5nv02bzrpwnmv1ogmw1h9g9dqpfa 702503 702502 2026-10-06T13:39:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini */ 702503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] pb4gg3whs6nc11559vdjmo7o69efgmg 702504 702503 2026-10-06T13:40:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le fascismo in le societate italian */ 702504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |título=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |sitioweb=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |título=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |sitioweb=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 8owonqnphftw2a9xzboomn4osdgsbca 702505 702504 2026-10-06T13:40:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le memoria e le historiographia */ 702505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |url=https://www.quirinale.it/allegati_statici/costituzione/costituzione.pdf |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1952-06-20;645 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |título=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |título=Il periodo fascista |sitioweb=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |título=Giacomo Matteotti |sitioweb=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |título=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |título=1938: Key Dates |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |título=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |título=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |título=Mussolini, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] kg0m3i2kxbsueriygqjsv27b9dtop84 702506 702505 2026-10-06T13:41:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Chronologia */ 702506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del fascismo italian''' es le historia del movimento fascista e del regime politic instaurate in Italia sub le direction de [[Benito Mussolini]], ab le fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] in 1919 usque al fin del [[Republica Social Italian]] in 1945.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> Le fascismo nasceva in le contexto del profunde crise politic, economic e social que affectava Italia al fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Le dissatisfaction de parte del ex-combatentes, le inflation, le disoccupation, le difficultates de reintegration del veteranos, le timor de un revolution social e le conflictes politic del [[Biennio Rosso]] favoriva le expansion del nove movimento. In su prime annos, le fascismo esseva un movimento heterogenee, influentiate per ideas nationaliste, interventioniste, revolutionari e socialiste dissidente. Post su insuccesso electoral de 1919, tamen, illo se transformava rapidemente in un movimento autoritari e violent, que trovava appoio crescente inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie, parte del elites economic e altere gruppos que timeva le expansion del socialismo e del communismo.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso">{{Cita web |titulo=Biennio rosso |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/biennio-rosso/ }}</ref><ref name="Treccani-fascismo"/> Post le [[Marcia super Roma]] de octobre 1922, Mussolini deveniva presidente del Consilio de ministros. Inter 1922 e 1926, su governamento transformava progressivemente le [[Regno de Italia]] in un dictatura a partido unic. Le regime fascista supprimiva le libertates politic, restringeva le libertate del pressa, dissolveva le opposition e institueva un systema de propaganda, censura e repression. Le fascismo cercava etiam de subordinar al Stato le organisations professional, le education, le cultura e le vita social.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ }}</ref> In politica exterior, le regime adoptava un orientation sempre plus expansionista. Le conquista de [[Etiopia]] in 1935-1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] marcava un radicalisation del politica exterior italian e contribueva al proximitate crescente inter Italia e le [[Germania nazista]]. In 1938, le regime adoptava le [[legges racial fascista]], que introduceva discriminationes legal contra le judeos italian e altere personas definite per le regime in terminos racial.<ref name="USHMM-Italy">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy }}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania in junio 1940. Le crise militar e economic conduceva al cadita de Mussolini le 25 julio 1943. Post le armistitio del 8 septembre, le Germania occupava grande parte del territorio italian e Mussolini, liberate per un commandamento german, establiva in le nord le [[Republica Social Italian]]. Iste ultime regime fascista, dependente del Germania nazista, finiva in april 1945 con le insurrection partisan, le liberation del nord Italia e le captura e execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ }}</ref> == Le prime dopoguerra e le crise del Stato liberal == === Le situation politic e economic === Le fin del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] lassava Italia in un situation economic e social difficile. Ben que le pais se trovava inter le victoriatores, le guerra habeva causate enorme perdite human, un forte augmento del debito public, inflation, difficultates de production e un grave problema de reintegration del milliones de soldados demobilisate. Le transition de un economia de guerra a un economia de pace esseva difficile, e le disoccupation e le augmento del costo del vita alimentava le dissatisfaction popular. Le retorno del veteranos esseva accompagnate per difficultates de empleo e per un sentimento de frustration. Parte del nationalistas considerava que Italia non habeva obtenite tote le territorios que le alliatos habeva promittite o que le nationalistas italian considerava necessari pro completar le unification national. Le expression [[victoria mutilate]] deveniva assi un importante argumento del nationalismo del postguerra e esseva ulteriormente utilisate per le fascistas pro denunciar le apparent humiliation diplomatic de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> Le crise non esseva solmente economic. Le systema liberal del [[Statuto Albertino]] habeva difficultate a adaptar se al transformation del societate e al expansion del mass-politica. Le [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] obteneva un forte resultato in le electiones de 1919, durante que le nove [[Partito Popolare Italiano]] deveniva un importante forza politic catholic. Le expansion del suffragio e del participation politic rendeva le systema plus democratic in su base social, ma augmentava etiam le fragmentation del Parlamento e le difficultate de formar governamentos stabile. === Le Biennio Rosso === Inter 1919 e 1920 Italia viveva un periodo de intense conflictes social cognoscite como le [[Biennio Rosso]]. Le scioperos se multiplicava e in plure citates industrial del nord le travaliatores occupava le fabricas. In le campo, braceros e agricultores reclamava salarios plus alte, melior conditiones de travalio e accesso al terra, durante que organisations socialiste e syndical organisava cooperative e, in alcun regiones, formas de administration local. Le succesos del movimento socialista e syndical alimentava le timor de sectores del proprietarios, del classes medie e del elites economic, qui timeva que Italia poterea sequer le exemplo del [[Revolution russe de 1917]]. Le timor de un revolution social, ben que le situation italian differeva multo del russe, deveniva un importante factor in le formation del clima politic que permitteva al fascismo de obtener appoio. Le proprietarios rural e altere grupos conservator considerava progressivemente le squadras fascista como un instrumento utilisabile contra le organisations de sinistra.<ref name="Treccani-bienniorosso2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giolitti, Giovanni |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-giolitti/ }}</ref> === Le crise del nationalismo e le «victoria mutilate» === Le resultatos del conferentias de pace esseva considerate insatisfactori per multe nationalistas italian. Le question de [[Fiume]] deveniva un symbolo del dissatisfaction. In septembre 1919, [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] e un gruppo de voluntarios italian occupava Fiume, provocante un crise international que durava usque al intervention del governamento italian in 1920. Le expression «victoria mutilate» serviva a representar le idea que Italia, ben que victoriose militarmente, habeva essite frustrate in su ambitiones territorial. Mussolini e le fascistas recuperava iste rhetoric e lo transformava in un argumento politic, presentante se como defensores del honor national, del veteranos e del prestigio international de Italia.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini2">{{Cita web |titulo=MUSSOLINI, Benito |sitioweb=Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ }}</ref> == Le naissance del fascismo == === Mussolini e le interventionismo === [[Benito Mussolini]] habeva essite un importante dirigente del [[Partito Socialista Italiano]] e director del jornal ''[[Avanti!]]''. In 1914, ille rompeva con le neutralitate official del socialismo italian e comenciava a sustener le intervention de Italia in le guerra. Pro iste position, ille esseva expulsate del Partito Socialista. In novembre 1914 Mussolini fundava le jornal ''Il Popolo d'Italia'', que deveniva un importante organo del interventionismo. Durante le guerra, su ideas se allontanava progressivemente del socialismo traditional e combinava elementos de nationalismo, interventionismo, voluntarismo e ideas revolutionari. Iste transformation ideologic preparava le terreno pro le formation posterior del movimento fascista.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini3">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Fasci italiani di combattimento === Le 23 martio 1919 Mussolini fundava a Milano le [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]]. Le nove movimento reuniva personas de origines politic diverse, inter illes ex-socialistas, interventionistas, nationalistas, futuristas, ex-combatentes e revolutionarios. Su prime identitate esseva assi multo heterogenee e non ancora completemente definite.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo3">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le prime programma, cognoscite como le [[programma de San Sepolcro]], contineva revendicationes que se distingueva del conservatorismo traditional. Illo proponeva, inter altere cosas, reformas electoral e institutional, participation del travaliatores, mesuras contra le grande fortunas e altere transformationes politic e social. Tamen, iste orientation initial esseva de curta duration. In le electiones de 1919 le Fasci obteneva un resultato multo debile, con un numero minime de votos e nulle sede parlamentar. Le insuccesso monstrava al direction fascista que le prime programma non habeva ancora un base electoral sufficiente e contribuiva al transformation del movimento in le annos sequente.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo4">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le transformation del movimento e le squadrismo === Post le insuccesso de 1919, le fascismo modificava su orientation. Le revendicationes social del prime programma perdeva importantia, durante que le nationalismo, le anticommunismo e le opposition al movimento socialista deveniva central. Le fascistas comenciava assi a obtener plus de appoio inter proprietarios rural, sectores del classes medie e personas qui considerava le movimento socialista un menacia al ordine social. In le zonas agricole del nord e centro Italia, le [[squadrismo]] deveniva le principal instrumento de expansion fascista. Le squadras fascista, cognoscite como [[Camicie Nere]], organisava expeditiones punitive contra syndicalistas, socialistas, cooperative, administratores local e sedes de partidos de sinistra. Le violenta includeva aggressiones physic, destruction de sedes, incendios, intimidation e homicidios. Le reaction del autoritates esseva frequentemente insufficiente e, in alcun casos, sectores del administration e del forcas de ordine considerava le fascistas como un contrapeso al movimento socialista.<ref name="Treccani-marcia">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le periodo de expansion del squadrismo, specialmente inter 1920 e 1922, es sovente associate al expression «Biennio Nero». Le violenta politic contribueva al destruction de numerose organisations local del movimento socialista e al debilitamento del autoritate del Stato liberal. Le fascismo poteva assi combinar mobilisation de massa, violenta politic e participation al systema parlamentar. === Le creation del Partito National Fascista === Le 9 novembre 1921 Mussolini transforma le movimento fascista in le [[Partito National Fascista]] (PNF). Le nove partido habeva un organisation plus centralisate e disciplinate e cercava de presentar se como un forza politic capace de restaurar le ordine e defender le nation contra le socialismo. Le PNF combinava nationalismo, anticommunismo, culto del action, autoritarismo e mobilisation de massa. In le electiones de 1921, le fascistas entrava in Parlamento in le contexto del [[Bloccos National]], obtenente 35 deputatos fascistas. Mussolini ipse esseva eligite deputado.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini4">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le accession al poter == === Le Marcia super Roma === In octobre 1922 le PNF decideva de organisar un demonstration de fortia contra le governamento liberal. Le [[Marcia super Roma]] comenciava le 28 octobre, quando milles de fascistas convergeva verso Roma. Ben que le operation non habeva le dimension militar que le mythologia fascista posterior attribueva a illo, le evento habeva enorme importantia politic. Le governamento proponeva le declaration del stato de assedio pro impedir le avancio del fascistas, ma [[Victor Emmanuel III]] refusava de signar lo. Le decision del rege esseva decisive: le 29 octobre ille invitava Mussolini a formar un nove governamento. Mussolini arrivava a Roma e le 31 octobre 1922 assumeva le charge de presidente del Consilio de ministros.<ref name="Treccani-marcia3">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le prime governamento de Mussolini === Le prime governamento de Mussolini non esseva ancora un dictatura a partido unic. Illo includeva fascistas, liberales, nationalistas e altere conservatores. Le monarchia e le principal institutiones del Stato liberal continuava formalmente a existir, e le PNF non possedeva ancora un controlo complete super le vita politic. Le Parlamento concedeva al governamento plen poteres pro realisar reformas administrative e financial. In 1923 le squadras fascista esseva incorporate in le [[Militia Voluntari pro le Securitate National]] (MVSN), que dava un forma legal al militia fascista. Durante iste periodo, tamen, le violenta politic e le pression super le opposition continuava, durante que Mussolini utilisava tanto le instrumentos parlamentar como le intimidamento fascista pro consolidar su position.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo5">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le electiones de 1924 === In 1923 le Parlamento approbava le [[Lege Acerbo]], que modificava le systema electoral. Secundo le nove lege, le lista que obteneva le majoritate relative, con al minus 25 % del votos, obteneva le duo tertios del sedes del Camera.<ref name="Camera-LeggeAcerbo">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> Le electiones de april 1924 se faceva in un clima de intimidation, violenta e irregularitates. Le lista governamental obteneva un grande majoritate parlamentar, ma le opposition denunciava le pression exercite super le electores e le numerosas violentias que habeva marcate le campanha electoral. === Le assassinato de Giacomo Matteotti === Le 30 maio 1924 le deputado socialista [[Giacomo Matteotti]] denunciava in le Camera le violenta e le irregularitates del electiones. Le 10 junio ille esseva rapite in Roma e su corpore esseva trovate duo menses plus tarde. Le assassinato provocava un crise politic profunde e poneva Mussolini sub forte pression. Le deputatos de plure partidos de opposition abandonava le Parlamento e se reuniva in le [[Secessione dell'Aventino]], demandante le demission de Mussolini. Tamen, le opposition non habeva le fortia institutional pro remover le governamento, e le crise fini in un consolidation del position del presidente del Consilio.<ref name="Senato-Matteotti">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> == Le construction del dictatura == === Le crise del 1924-1925 === Le crise Matteotti poneva le regime in un situation difficile. Mussolini esseva confrontate con opposition parlamentar, criticas public e dissensiones intra le movimento fascista. Le reaction del regime esseva initialmente prudente, ma le situation cambiava le 3 januario 1925, quando Mussolini assumeva politicmente le responsabilitate del direction del regime e annunciava un nove phase. Desde iste momento, le transformation autoritari del Stato accelerava. Le governamento comenciava a eliminar progressivemente le limites institutional que habeva ancora subsistite post 1922 e a transformar le systema parlamentar in un dictatura.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo6">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le leges fascistissime === Inter 1925 e 1926 le governamento adoptava un serie de leges cognoscite como le [[leges fascistissime]]. Illas reduceva drasticamente le libertates politic e transformava le systema institutional. Le partidos de opposition esseva dissolvite, le libertate del pressa esseva fortemente restringite e le governamento obteneva un controlo plus directe super le administration local. Le electiones municipal esseva reorganisate, le syndicalismo independente esseva eliminate e le regime introduceva le [[confino politic]], un forma de exilio interne usate contra numerose adversarios. In 1926 esseva create le [[Tribunal Special pro le Defension del Stato]], competente pro judicar delictos politic contra le regime.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo7">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le suppression del opposition === Post 1926 Italia deveniva un Stato a partido unic e le PNF deveniva le sol organisation politic legal. Le opposition non desapareva completemente, ma su activitate esseva obligate a operar clandestinemente o in exilio. Socialistas, communistas, liberales, republicanos e altere antifascistas esseva surveillate, arrestates, confinate o obligate a abandonar le pais. Le [[OVRA]], le policia politic del regime, participa al surveillance e al repression del adversarios. Le repression non esseva solmente un instrumento de securitate, ma un elemento permanent del funcionamento del dictatura, destinate a impedir le reconstruction de un opposition organisate.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo8">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime a partido unic === Le fascismo non se limitava al controlo del governamento. Le regime cercava de subordinar al Stato le societate, le cultura, le pressa, le education e le organisations professional. Le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]], create in 1922, deveniva un del principal organos politic del regime, durante que le PNF penetrava le administration, le syndicalismo, le education e le organisationes de juventute. Malgrado le transformation del regime, le monarchia non esseva formalmente abolite. Victor Emmanuel III remaneva rege e le institutiones monarchic continuava a existir usque al 1946. Iste dualitate inter le monarchia e le dictatura fascista remaneva un del elementos characteristic del systema politic italian durante le periodo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo9">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le propaganda e le culto de Mussolini === Le regime accordava grande importantia al propaganda e al construction del imagine de Mussolini como incarnation del nation e guida del Stato. Le imagine del [[Duce]] esseva omnipresente in jornales, cinema, radio, poster, manuales escolar e ceremonias public. Le propaganda promoveva un cultura politic fundate super disciplina, obedientia, militarismo e devotion al nation. Le pressa esseva subjecte a censura e le medios independente esseva progressivemente eliminates o submittite al controlo del Stato. Le propaganda non serviva solmente a presentar le successo del regime, ma etiam a crear un perception del unitate del societate circa Mussolini e le fascismo.<ref name="Treccani-propaganda">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica interne del regime == === Le politica economic === Le politica economic fascista passava per plure phases. Durante le prime annos, le governamento adoptava alcun mesuras de liberalisation e favorava le initiative private. Con le crise economic mundial que comenciava in 1929, tamen, le intervention del Stato deveniva plus importante. Le regime interveniva in le systema bancari e industrial e promoveva institutiones public destinate a controlar o sustener sectores strategic. Le [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] (IRI), create in 1933, deveniva un importante instrumento del intervention economic del Stato e acquisiva un rolo central in le salvamento e administration de numerose interprisas industrial e bancari.<ref name="Treccani-IRI">{{Cita web |titulo=Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/istituto-per-la-ricostruzione-industriale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le corporationismo === Le fascismo presentava le [[corporationismo]] como un alternative tanto al liberalismo economic como al marxismo. Secundo le discurso official, le conflicto inter classes debeva esser substituite per un systema de cooperation inter travaliatores e employatores, coordinate per le Stato. In practica, le syndicalismo independente esseva suppressate e le travaliatores e employatores esseva integrate in organisations controlate per le regime. Le corporationismo non elimina le differentias inter classes e le politica economic remaneva in grande mesura favorable al proprietarios e al grande industria.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo10">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le agricultura e le bonificationes === Le regime accordava grande importantia al agricultura, tanto pro rationes economic como pro rationes propagandistic. Le [[Battalia del Grano]], initiate in 1925, cercava de augmentar le production de cereales e de reducer le dependentia del importationes. Le campania esseva presentate como un demonstration del capacitate del regime de mobilisar le nation circa objectivos commun. Le [[bonificationes]] comprendeva grande obras destinate a drenar zonas paludose, construir stratas e infrastructuras e crear nove areas agricole. Le bonification del [[Agro Pontino]] esseva un del principal projectos propagandistic del regime, ben que le resultados real esseva plus complexe que le representation official. === Le industria e le obras public === Le regime utilisava le obras public como un instrumento de modernisation e de propaganda. Stratas, edificios public, ferrovias, pontes e projectos hydraulic esseva construite o expandite, durante que le governamento cercava de sustener le employment e de presentar le construction del infrastructura como evidentia del efficacia del Stato fascista. Le propaganda accordava grande visibilitate a iste projectos e los integrava in le imagine de un Italia moderne, disciplinate e industrial. Tamen, lor effectos super le disoccupation e super le economia debe esser considerate in le contexto plus large del politica economic del regime. === Le education e le juventute === Le regime cercava de formar un nove generation educate in le valores fascista e de subordinar le systema educational al ideologia official. Le manuales e le programma scolastic esseva progressivemente modificate e le professores esseva submittite a un controlo plus stricte. Le education esseva utilisate pro promover nationalism, disciplina, militarismo e le culto del Duce. Le organisationes de juventute deveniva un instrumento important de iste politica. In 1937 illas esseva reunite in le [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]] (GIL), que combinava education politic, activitates sportive e preparation paramilitar. Le regime cercava assi de influentiar le juvene generation non solmente durante le horas de classe, ma etiam durante le tempore libere.<ref name="Treccani-education">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le condition del feminas === Le regime promoveva un ideal del femina centrate super le maternitate, le familia e le reproduction. Le politica demographic fascista incitava le nascentias e presentava le maternitate como un deber verso le nation. Le feminas esseva incoragiate a compler lor rolo familial, durante que le participation al vita public esseva considerate secundari. Le politica del regime non significa que le feminas cessava completemente de travaliar o de participar in le societate. Tamen, le Stato cercava de orientar lor activitate verso roles considerate compatible con le ideal fascista del familia e de limitar lor autonomia in plure sectores del vita social.<ref name="Treccani-feminas">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le politica exterior e le expansion == === Le prime politica exterior === Durante le prime annos del regime, Mussolini cercava de presentar Italia como un grande potentia europee. Le politica exterior combinava diplomatia traditional con rhetoric nationalista e expansionista. Le regime interveniva in crisis international e cercava de augmentar le influentia italian in le Mediterraneo, in le Balkanes e in Africa. Le ambitiones exterior deveniva progressivemente plus aggressive. Le regime considerava le expansion territorial e colonial como instrumentos pro restaurar le prestigio international de Italia e pro establir le pais como un potentia imperial. === Le guerra de Etiopia === In octobre 1935 Italia invadeva [[Etiopia]], un pais que habeva defendite su independentia contra Italia in le [[Battalia de Adua]] de 1896. Le guerra esseva presentate per le propaganda como un grande successo national e como le creation de un nove imperio italian. Le 9 maio 1936 Mussolini proclamava le creation del [[Imperio italian]]. Le guerra habeva tamen un character brutal e esseva accompaniate per bombardamentos, repression e uso de armas prohibite. Le expansion colonial aggravava le isolation international del regime, e le [[Societate del Nationes]] imposeva sanctiones economic contra Italia, ben que illas non impediva le victoria militar italian.<ref name="Treccani-Etiopia2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le creation del Imperio === Le nove Imperio italian comprendeva le colonia de Eritrea, le Somalia italian e le territorio conquistate de Etiopia, integrate in le nove [[Africa Oriental Italiana]]. Le regime presentava le conquista como le culmination de un projecto imperial e national que habeva le objectivo de augmentar le prestigio de Italia e de establir un imperio in Africa. Le victoria de 1935-1936 produceva un del punctos maxime del popularitate del regime intra Italia, ma le administration colonial esseva accompagnate per repression, discrimination racial e violenta contra le populationes local.<ref name="Treccani-AOI">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le intervention in le Guerra Civil Espaniol === Desde 1936 Italia interveniva in le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] al latere del nationalistas de [[Francisco Franco]]. Le intervention comprendeva tropas, aeroplanos, naves e equipamento militar e constitueva un importante engagement militar italian foras del territorio national. Le guerra espaniol deveniva etiam un campo de experientia pro le forcas italian e un passo verso le cooperation plus strette inter Italia e Germania. Le intervention contribueva assi al transformation del relationes international del regime e al formation del blocco que plus tarde entrava in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.<ref name="Treccani-GuerraSpagna">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Asse Roma-Berlin === Post le guerra de Etiopia e le intervention in Hispania, Italia se avicinava progressivemente al Germania nazista. In octobre 1936 esseva proclamate le [[Asse Roma-Berlin]], que symbolisava le nove orientation del politica exterior italian. Le relation deveniva ancora plus strette durante le annos sequente. In maio 1939 Italia e Germania signava le [[Pacto de Acciaio]], un alliantia politic e militar que ligava plus fortemente le destino del duo regimes.<ref name="Treccani-Asse">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le occupation de Albania === Le 7 april 1939 Italia invadeva [[Albania]]. Le operation esseva rapide e le rege [[Zog I]] fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sphere de influentia italian e Victor Emmanuel III esseva proclamate rege de Albania. Le occupation demonstrava que le politica expansionista del regime non se limitava a Africa, ma se extenderea etiam al Europa sud-oriental. == Le antisemitismo e le leges racial == === Le evolution del politica racial === Le fascismo italian non habeva adoptate desde su initio un legislation antijudaic comparable al del Germania nazista. Judeos italian poteva participar al movimento fascista e alcun habeva etiam importante functiones in le regime. Le antisemitismo non esseva assi un elemento central del prime phase del fascismo italian. Durante le ultime annos del decennio 1930, tamen, le regime adoptava un politica racial multo plus radical. Le cambio esseva influentiate per le proximitate politic al Germania nazista, per le radicalisation del politica colonial italian e per le nove orientation ideologic del regime.<ref name="USHMM-Italy2">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le leges racial de 1938 === In 1938 le regime introduceva le prime grande mesuras antijudaic. Le 5 septembre esseva adoptate un decreto que exclueva le judeos del education public, e altere mesuras discriminatori sequeva durante le autumno. Le 17 novembre 1938 esseva publicate le decreto-lege n. 1728, que establiva plure discriminationes contra le judeos e prohibiva, inter altere cosas, le matrimonios inter personas considerate de «raza ariana» e personas considerate de altere «raza».<ref name="Normattiva-1728">{{Cita web |titulo=Regio decreto-legge 17 novembre 1938, n. 1728 — Provvedimenti per la difesa della razza italiana |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:regio.decreto.legge:1938-11-17;1728 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> Le nove legislation definiva le appartenenza racial per criterios juridic e genealogic. Le judeos perdeva plure derectos civil e professional e esseva excludite de numerose sectores del vita public. Le discrimination esseva assi transformate de propaganda racial in un systema formal de exclusion juridic.<ref name="USHMM-1938">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution del judeos === Le leges racial produceva un discrimination systematic del judeos italian. Illes perdeva empleos, accesso a institutiones educational e plure derectos civil. Le persecution esseva initially organisate per le Stato italian, ante que le situation deveniva ancora plus grave post le occupation german de 1943. Post septembre 1943, le autoritates german e le forcas fascista del Republica Social Italian participa al arresto e deportation de judeos. Le persecution italian debe assi esser comprendite tanto como un producto del legislation e del action del regime fascista como in le contexto del occupation german e del genocidio nazi.<ref name="USHMM-Italy3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution de altere minoritates === Le politica colonial fascista applicava etiam un systema de discrimination racial contra le populationes africane del territorios occupate. In le colonias, le regime utilisava separation racial, repression militar e restrictiones juridic contra le population local. Le politica racial colonial esseva assi un elemento importante del evolution del ideologia fascista durante le annos 1930 e se conjungeva con le ambitiones imperial del regime.<ref name="Treccani-colonial">{{Cita web |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Italia e le Secunde Guerra Mundial == === Le non-belligerantia e le entrata in guerra === Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial comenciava in septembre 1939, Italia se declarava non-belligerante. Mussolini e le commandamento militar recognosceva que le forcas italian non esseva sufficientemente preparate pro sustener un guerra prolongate. Le governamento preferiva assi attender le evolution del conflicto. Le rapide successo german in Europa durante le primavera de 1940 cambiava le situation. Mussolini decideva que Italia non poteva remaner foras del guerra si Germania pareva esser vicin al victoria. Le 10 junio 1940 ille annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. Le guerra deveniva rapidemente un serie de conflictos difficile pro le forcas italian, qui soffreva de insufficientia de equipamiento, carburante, transportes e preparation logistic.<ref name="Treccani-WWII">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra in le Mediterraneo e Africa === Italia combatteva contra le britannicos in [[Africa Septentrional]], in le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] e in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Africa Oriental Italiana]] cadeva al britannicos in 1941, durante que in Africa Septentrional le tropas italian dependeva in grande mesura del supporto german del [[Afrika Korps]]. Le guerra mediterranee deveniva assi un importante campo de confronto inter Italia, Germania e le Imperio Britannic. Le difficultates del forcas italian aggravava le dependentia militar verso Germania e contribuiva al crescente dissatisfaction con le direction de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-WWII2">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le front oriental === Italia participa etiam al [[Front oriental]] contra le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le [[Armata Italian in Russia]] esseva inviate al fronte in 1941 e fortemente augmentate durante 1942. Le forcas italian participa a plure operationes, ma esseva mal equipate pro le conditiones climatic e militar del front oriental. Le offensive sovietic del hiberno 1942-1943 causava un grande retirada italian. Milles de soldados moriva o deveniva prisioneros. Le desastre del front oriental aggravava le crise del regime e le perdita de credito del politica militar de Mussolini. === Le crise del regime === In 1943 le situation militar deveniva critic. Le invasione alliata de Sicilia in julio accelerava le crise politic e demonstra que le territorio italian esseva vulnerabile. In le nocte inter le 24 e le 25 julio, le [[Gran Consilio del Fascismo]] votava un motion contra Mussolini. Le 25 julio Victor Emmanuel III demandava le demission del Duce e faceva arrestar le. [[Pietro Badoglio]] assumeva le direction del governamento. Le regime fascista del Regno de Italia esseva assi formalmente terminate, ben que le guerra e le presence del fascismo non habeva ancora finite.<ref name="Treccani-cadita">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le armistitio e le occupation german === Le 8 septembre 1943 Badoglio annunciava le [[armistitio de Cassibile]] con le Alliatos. Le announcemento, facite sin preparation adequate pro le forcas armate, produceva un situation de grande confusion. Le exercito italian esseva in grande parte disorganisate, e le tropas german occupava rapidemente grande parte del pais. Victor Emmanuel III, Badoglio e le governamento fugiva verso le sud, ubi illes se poneva sub protection del Alliatos. Italia deveniva assi un campo de guerra inter le forcas german, le Alliatos e le movemento de resistentia italian.<ref name="Treccani-1943">{{Cita web |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le Republica Social Italian == === Le restauration del fascismo === Le 12 septembre 1943 un commandamento german liberava Mussolini del prison ubi ille esseva detente per ordine del rege. Sub pression de [[Adolf Hitler]], Mussolini retornava al politica e proclamava un nove Stato fascista in le nord del Italia. Le 23 septembre 1943 esseva establite le [[Republica Social Italian]] (RSI), con su centro politic in le area de [[Salò]] super le Lago de Garda.<ref name="Treccani-RSI2">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le Republica Social Italian === Le RSI non esseva un Stato independente in le senso plen. Su territorio esseva sub forte dependentia militar e politic del Germania nazista, que controllava strategicemente le nord Italia e conservava un forte influentia super le nove governamento fascista. Le regime tentava de presentar se como un continuation plus revolutionari del fascismo, recuperante alcun elementos del prime programma de 1919 e accentuante le rhetorica social. In practica, tamen, le RSI dependeva del supporto german e habeva controlo limitate super le territorio.<ref name="Treccani-RSI3">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le regime de Salò === Le governamento del RSI organisava un nove partido, le [[Partito Fascista Republican]]. Un Congresso de Verona in novembre 1943 approbava le [[Manifesto de Verona]], que cercava de presentar le nove regime como un renovation del fascismo. Le regime tentava etiam de reintroducer un rhetorica social e anti-capitalista. Un projecto de [[socialisation del interprisas]] esseva elaborate, ma su effectos esseva limitate e illo non esseva realmente implementate a grande scala. In le practica, le RSI remaneva dependentemente del Germania e concentrate super le guerra e le repression del opposition.<ref name="Treccani-RSI4">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le guerra civil e le Resistentia === Desde 1943 Italia esseva dividite inter le territorio occupate per le Germanos e le governamento alliato del sud. In le nord se developpava un guerra civil inter le forcas fascista e le [[Resistentia italian]], in un contexto que esseva simultaneemente un guerra de liberation contra le occupation german. Le partisans includeva communistas, socialistas, actionistas, catolicos, liberales, monarchistas e altere antifascistas. Le movimento esseva politicemente heterogenee, ma unite per le opposition al occupation german e al fascismo. Durante le ultime phase del guerra, le resistentia obteneva un crescente capacitate de controlar partes del territorio e de organisar insurrectiones local. Le repression contra le partisans esseva frequentemente accompaniate per massacres de civil. Le forcas german e fascistas respondeva al activitate partisan per arrestos, tortura, executiones e represalias contra le populationes considerate supporto del resistentia.<ref name="Treccani-antifascismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Antifascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le collaboration con Germania === Le RSI collaborava con le autoritates german in le administration del territorio, le repression del resistentia e le persecution del judeos. Le collaboration esseva un del principal elementos del relation inter le regime de Salò e le Germania nazista. Le cooperation comprendeva le arresto e transferimento de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german. Le autoritates fascistas italian participa assi al persecution del population judeo durante le ultime phase del guerra.<ref name="USHMM-RSI">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> === Le persecution e le deportationes === Post septembre 1943, le persecution contra le judeos italian intensificava se. Le germanos organisava deportationes, con participation o cooperation de autoritates italian in plure casos. Le principal destination esseva [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] e altere campos german. Le persecution e deportation del judeos esseva un del aspectos le plus grave del ultime phase del fascismo italian. Illo demonstrava le transformation del discrimination legal initiate in 1938 in un persecution physic e genocidial, integrate in le politica del Germania nazista.<ref name="USHMM-Italy4">{{Cita web |titulo=Italy |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> == Le cadita del regime e le morte de Mussolini == === Le offensive de 1945 === In le primavera de 1945 le Alliatos lanceava le offensive final contra le forcas german in Italia. Le exercito german se retirava verso le nord, durante que le partisans intensificava le insurrection contra le autoritates fascista e cercava de prender le controlo del principal citates ante le arrivata del Alliatos. Le situation militar del RSI deveniva insustentabile. Le administration fascista perdeva progressivemente su capacitate de governar e le autoritate del regime collabeva insimul con le retirada german. === Le insurrection del 25 april 1945 === Le 25 april 1945 le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia appellava al insurrection general. Le partisans occupava numerose citates del nord, inter illas Milano e Torino, e prendeva le controlo de importantes infrastructuras e centros administrative. Le forcas fascista e german perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio. Le insurrection esseva assi un del eventos decisive del fin del Republica Social Italian e del liberation del nord Italia.<ref name="Treccani-RSI5">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le captura e le morte de Mussolini === Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma le 27 april 1945 ille esseva capturate per partisans presso [[Dongo]], super le [[Lago de Como]]. Le 28 april Mussolini e [[Clara Petacci]] esseva executate. Le corpore de Mussolini esseva transportate a Milano, ubi illo esseva exponite publicamente in [[Piazzale Loreto]]. Le evento deveniva un del imagines le plus significative del fin del fascismo italian e del collapse del regime que Mussolini habeva dirigite durante plus de duo decennios.<ref name="Treccani-Mussolini-morte">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le dissolution del Partito Fascista Republican === Con le liberation del nord Italia in april 1945, le Republica Social Italian cadeva. Le Partito Fascista Republican esseva dissolvite e le ultime institutiones fascista desapareva. Le 29 april 1945 le forcas german in Italia signava le capitulation. Le guerra in Italia esseva terminate e le periodo del fascismo italian, initiate in le prime dopoguerra, habeva assi finite militarmente e politicemente.<ref name="Treccani-RSI6">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le fascismo in le societate italian == === Propaganda e consenso === Le regime cercava non solmente de reprimer le opposition, ma etiam de obtener un grado de consenso social. Le propaganda presentava le fascismo como un systema capace de superar le conflicto politic e social del periodo liberal e de crear un nation unite sub le direction de Mussolini. Le culto del Duce, le ceremonias public, le symbolos, le uniformes e le organisationes de massa esseva importante instrumentos de mobilisation. Le propaganda esseva presente in le pressa, le radio, le cinema, le education e le vita public. Tamen, le consenso non esseva uniforme: le population includeva tanto supporters sincere del regime como personas qui acceptava lo per conformismo, opportunismo, adaptation o timor.<ref name="Treccani-consenso">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le cultura e le censura === Le regime exerceva un controlo crescente super le cultura. Libros esseva censurate, jornales esseva controlate e autores considerate hostile al fascismo habeva difficultates a publicar. Le censura esseva completate per pression institutional e per le exclusion de personas considerate politicemente non fiable. Le cinema e le radio deveniva instrumentos important del propaganda. Le regime utilisava etiam le architectura, le arte e le grande spectacles public pro representar le potentia, le disciplina e le modernitate del Stato fascista. Le cultura esseva assi considerate non solmente un campo artistic, ma un instrumento de formation politic e social.<ref name="Treccani-cultura">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le organisationes del regime === Le fascismo cercava de organisar le population per un vaste rete de organisationes. Le [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]], le [[Dopolavoro]], le organisationes del feminas e le organisationes syndical esseva integrate in le systema fascista. Iste organisations permitteva al regime de intervenir in le tempore libere, le education, le activitate professional e le vita familial. Le objectivo esseva crear un societate in le qual le individuo esseva integrate in organisationes subordinate al Stato e al PNF. Le regime sperava assi de reducer le autonomia del societate civil e de substituer al pluralismo politic un participation organisate sub controlo fascista.<ref name="Treccani-organisationes">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le juventute e le education fascista === Le education esseva un del principal instrumentos del fascisation del societate. Le manuales escolar incorporava elementos del ideologia fascista, durante que le juventute esseva educate in un ambiente de nationalism, militarismo, disciplina e culto del Duce. Le GIL reuniva le principal organisationes juvenil del regime e accompagnava le education escolar con activitates sportive e paramilitar. Le objective esseva formar un generation que considerava le identitate fascista e le devotion al Stato como elementos central del vita civic.<ref name="Treccani-GIL">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> === Le economia e le travalio === Le regime aboliva le libertate del syndicalismo independente e creava un systema de representation corporative. Le travaliatores perdeva le derecto de sciopero e le conflicto collective esseva declarate incompatibile con le interesse national definite per le Stato. In le practica, le politica economic combinava intervention statal, protection del industria, accordos con le grande interprisas e controlo del labor. Le rhetoric del corporationismo pretendeva haber superate le conflicto inter classes, ma le organisationes del travaliatores remaneva sub le controlo del regime e le autonomia del movimento obrer esseva fortemente reducite.<ref name="Treccani-corporativismo">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> == Le memoria e le historiographia == === Le memoria del fascismo post 1945 === Post le guerra, le fascismo deveniva un del principal punctos de confrontation del memoria politic italian. Le nove [[Republica Italiana]] se fundava super le principio del antifascismo e le [[Constitution de le Republica Italiana]] contine dispositiones destinate a impedir le reorganisation del dissolvite partido fascista. Le memoria del fascismo esseva tamen multo complexe. Parte del population habeva essite integrate in le institutions del regime o habeva collaborate con illo, durante que alteres habeva participate in le Resistentia o habeva patite persecution e repression. Le interpretation del passato fascista remaneva assi un question politic e cultural importante durante le periodo republican.<ref name="Quirinale-Constitution">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> === Le Constitution italian e le prohibition del fascismo === Le XII disposition transitori e final del Constitution italian establi que es prohibite le reorganisation, sub qualcunque forma, del dissolvite Partito Fascista.<ref name="Quirinale-XII">{{Cita web |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana — XII disposizione transitoria e finale |url=https://www.quirinale.it/allegati_statici/costituzione/costituzione.pdf |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana }}</ref> Le [[legge Scelba]] de 1952 regula le application juridic de iste prohibition e establi mesuras contra le tentativa de reconstituir le partido fascista.<ref name="Normattiva-Scelba">{{Cita web |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 — Norme di attuazione della XII disposizione transitoria e finale della Costituzione |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1952-06-20;645 |obra=Normattiva }}</ref> === Le neofascismo === Malgrado le prohibition del fascismo como partido, movimentos de extrema dextra continuava a existir post 1945. Le principal organisation politic neofascista esseva le [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI), fundate in 1946. Durante su historia, le MSI passa per plure transformationes e participa al politica parlamentar. In le decennios sequente, altere organisationes plus radical esseva implicate in le violenta politic e in le [[strategia del tension]]. Le historia del neofascismo esseva assi ligate tanto al memoria del fascismo historic como al conflictes politic del Italia republican. === Le interpretationes historiographic === Le historiographia super le fascismo italian ha evolvite durante le tempore. Le prime interpretationes insistentia sovente super le responsabilitate personal de Mussolini e super le crise del liberalismo, mentre que estudios ulterior accordava plus importantia al relationes inter le fascismo e le societate italian. Le historiatores ha studiate le relationes inter le regime e le classes medie, le grande proprietarios, le industria, le administration, le Ecclesia, le cultura e le organisationes de massa. Un del principal debates concerne le question de si le regime debe esser considerate un dictatura autoritari o un regime plenmente totalitari. Le majoritate del historiographos reconosce que le regime cercava de transformar le Stato e le societate integre, ma le grado real de controlo variava inter le institutiones, le regiones e le periodos.<ref name="Treccani-storiografia">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> Le historiographia contemporanee studia le fascismo non solmente como un fenomeno italian, ma etiam como un del prime movimentos autoritari de massa del Europa inter le duo guerras mundial. Le caso italian ha assi devenite un puncto de comparation pro le studio del autoritarismo, del nationalism radical e del transformation de societates parlamentar in regimes dictatoric. == Chronologia == * '''1914''' – Mussolini abandona le neutralismo socialista e deveni interventionista. * '''15 novembre 1914''' – Publication del prime numero de ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. * '''23 martio 1919''' – Fundation del [[Fasci italiani di combattimento]] a Milano.<ref name="Treccani-fascismo11">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> * '''16 novembre 1919''' – Le fascistas obtene un resultato multo debile in le electiones national. * '''1920''' – Expansion del squadrismo fascista e intensification del violentia politic. * '''1921''' – Le fascistas entra in Parlamento e Mussolini es eligite deputado. * '''9 novembre 1921''' – Fundation del [[Partito National Fascista]]. * '''28 octobre 1922''' – [[Marcia super Roma]].<ref name="Treccani-marcia7">{{Cita web |titulo=28 octobre 1922: fu vera marcia? |url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/societa/28-ottobre-1922-fu-vera-marcia.html |obra=Treccani }}</ref> * '''31 octobre 1922''' – Mussolini assume le governamento. * '''1923''' – Creation del MVSN e approbation del [[Lege Acerbo]]. * '''6 april 1924''' – Electiones politic sub le nove systema electoral.<ref name="Camera-Acerbo2">{{Cita web |titulo=Il periodo fascista |url=https://storia.camera.it/cronologia/1922/1924 |obra=Camera dei deputati }}</ref> * '''10 junio 1924''' – Rapimento de [[Giacomo Matteotti]].<ref name="Senato-Matteotti2">{{Cita web |titulo=Giacomo Matteotti |url=https://www.senato.it/legislature/giacomo-matteotti |obra=Senato della Repubblica }}</ref> * '''3 januario 1925''' – Mussolini annuncia le nove phase autoritari del regime. * '''1925-1926''' – Adoption del [[leges fascistissime]]. * '''1926''' – Dissolution del partidos de opposition e consolidation del dictatura. * '''11 februario 1929''' – Signatura del [[Pactos de Lateran]] inter Italia e le Sancta Sede. * '''1933''' – Creation del IRI. * '''1935''' – Initio del guerra contra Etiopia. * '''9 maio 1936''' – Proclamation del Imperio italian.<ref name="Treccani-etiopia3">{{Cita web |titulo=Italia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1936''' – Creation del [[Asse Roma-Berlin]] e intervention massive in le Guerra Civil Espaniol. * '''1937''' – Creation del [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio]]. * '''1938''' – Adoption del [[legges racial fascista]].<ref name="USHMM-1938-2">{{Cita web |titulo=1938: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum }}</ref> * '''7 april 1939''' – Invasion de Albania. * '''22 maio 1939''' – Signatura del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] con Germania. * '''10 junio 1940''' – Italia entra in le Secunde Guerra Mundial. * '''1941''' – Initio del participation italian al front oriental. * '''25 julio 1943''' – Cadita e arresto de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-cadita2">{{Cita web |titulo=Fascismo |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> * '''8 septembre 1943''' – Annuncio del armistitio con le Alliatos. * '''23 septembre 1943''' – Creation del [[Republica Social Italian]].<ref name="Treccani-RSI7">{{Cita web |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> * '''1944''' – Intensification del guerra civil e del repression contra le Resistentia. * '''25 april 1945''' – Insurrection general e liberation de grande parte del nord Italia. * '''28 april 1945''' – Execution de Mussolini.<ref name="Treccani-morte2">{{Cita web |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |obra=Treccani }}</ref> * '''29 april 1945''' – Capitulation del forcas german in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Fascismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] gvtty9uoqt6qblxh21javjjbuokiy4x 0 61879 702510 2026-10-06T13:45:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Regno de Italia]] a [[Regno de Italia (1861-1946)]] 702510 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Regno de Italia (1861-1946)]] cnv0dk0j4tzpritajwfq8jyiscz7a7b 0 61880 702511 2026-10-06T13:53:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial tracta le participation del Regno de Italia e, post 1943, del differente autoritates italian in le conflicto mundial de 1939–1945. Italia, governate per le regime fascista de Benito Mussolini, proclamava inicialmente le non-belligerantia post le invasion german de Polonia in septembre 1939. Le 10 de junio 1940, post le rapide disfacimento del Francia, Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania...” 702511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial tracta le participation del Regno de Italia e, post 1943, del differente autoritates italian in le conflicto mundial de 1939–1945. Italia, governate per le regime fascista de Benito Mussolini, proclamava inicialmente le non-belligerantia post le invasion german de Polonia in septembre 1939. Le 10 de junio 1940, post le rapide disfacimento del Francia, Italia entrava in guerra al latere del Germania e del altere poteres del Axe. Le guerra esseva combattite in le Mediterraneo, Africa, Balcanes, Fronte Oriental e, post 1943, in le territorio italian mesme. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le participation italian passa per tres phases principal: le guerra fascista del 1940–1943 al latere del Germania; le crise del regime e le armistitie del septembre 1943, que divideva le pais inter zonas sub controlo alleate e german; e le guerra del 1943–1945, durante le qual le Regno del Sud collabora con le Allies e le Repubblica Social Italian sub Mussolini participa al latere del Germania. In le nord e centro del pais se developpava insimul un movimento de resistentia armate e politic contra le occupation german e le regime fascista. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Guerra mondiale, Seconda |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} == Antecedentes == Durante le annos 1930, le politica externe del regime fascista deveniva progressivemente plus proche de Germania. Le Asse Roma–Berlin esseva formalmente constituite in 1936, durante que le politica italian deveniva plus alignate con celle de Adolf Hitler. In 1939 Italia e Germania signava le Pacto de Acciero, que establi un alliance politic e militar inter le duo paises. Le mesme anno Italia occupava Albania. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le regime fascista adoptava etiam in 1938 un legislation discriminatorie contra le judeos italian, inspirate in parte al politica racial del Germania nazi. Le legislation exclueva le judeos de numerose activitates del vita public e introduceva restrictiones in le education, le employment e le relationes familial. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Malgrado le alliance con Germania, le fortias armate italian non esseva preparate pro un guerra de grande escala. Le regime habeva ambitiones expansionista in le Mediterraneo, in le Balcanes e in Africa, ma le industria militar, le disponibilitate de materias prime e le equipage del fortias presentava limitationes importante. Le decision de remaner for del guerra in 1939 esseva dunque etiam influentiate per le conditiones militar e economic del pais. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} == Non-belligerantia in 1939–1940 == Quando Germania invadeva Polonia le 1 de septembre 1939, Italia non entrava immediate in le guerra. Le governo italian proclamava le non-belligerantia, nonobstante le existentia del Pacto de Acciero. Le regime continuava a sustener publicamente le Germania, ma le fortias armate italian non esseva in condition de supportar un grande guerra prolongate. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le situation cambiava rapidemente durante le primavera de 1940. Le ofensiva german contra Francia, Belgio e Nederland deveniva un grande successo militar. Mussolini concludeva que le victoria german esseva imminente e decideva que Italia non poteva remaner for del redistribution territorial que sequeva le guerra. Le 10 de junio 1940 Italia declarava guerra al Francia e al Regno Unite. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} == Entrata in guerra == Le 10 de junio 1940 Mussolini annunciava le entrata de Italia in le guerra. Le decision esseva associate al expectation que le conflicto terminarea rapidemente e que Italia poterea obtener avantages territorial con un costo limitate. Le regime parlava de un guerra que Italia poteva combattere parallelmente al Germania, con objectives proprie in le Mediterraneo e in le area danubiano-balcanic. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le prime operationes occurreva contra Francia al Alpinos. Le fortias italian attaccava le fronte sud-oriental de Francia inter le 21 e le 24 de junio 1940. Le avance esseva limitate, e le armistitie franco-italian entrava in vigor le 25 de junio, poco post le armistitie franco-german. Italia obteneva solmente un zona limitate de occupation in Francia. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italia_res-18acd5fe-87e6-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |titulo=Italia |sitioweb=Treccani, Enciclopedia Italiana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} == Guerra in Africa == Le Africa deveniva un del principal teatros de guerra pro Italia. In le Africa Oriental Italian, le entrata de Italia in guerra aperiva un fronte longe contra le possessiones britannic in Egipto, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda e Somalia. Le fortias italian obteneva successos initial, includente le occupation de Somalia Britannic, ma le contraoffensiva britannic conduceva al collapse del imperio italian in Africa Oriental. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Guerra mondiale, Seconda |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Addis Ababa cadeva le 6 de april 1941 e Gondar, le ultime importante position italian in Etiopia, cadeva le 27 de novembre 1941. Le destruction del imperio italian in Africa Oriental eliminava un importante base strategic del Axe e permetteva al Britannicos de concentrar plus de fortias in altere zonas. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Guerra mondiale, Seconda |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} In Africa del Nord, le fortias italian invadeva Egipto in septembre 1940. Illes attingeva Sidi Barrani, ma le contraoffensiva britannic del decembre 1940 conduceva a un grande disfacimento italian. Germania inviava le Afrika Korps, commandate per Erwin Rommel, pro sustener le fortias del Axe. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Guerra mondiale, Seconda |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le guerra in Africa del Nord continuava usque a 1943. Le secunde battalia de El Alamein, combattite inter le 27 octobre e le 3 novembre 1942, terminava con le victoria britannic e marcava un importante cambiamento strategic in le Mediterraneo. Le fortias italian e german esseva obligate a retirar-se verso Tunisia. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/battaglia-di-el-alamein_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=El-'Alamein, battaglia di |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le ultime fortias del Axe in Africa capitulava in maio 1943, post le convergentia del fortias britannic veniente de Egipto e del fortias anglo-american que habeva desembarcate in Africa del Nord francese. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-seconda-guerra-mondiale_%28Storia-della-civilt%C3%A0-europea-a-cura-di-Umberto-Eco%29/ |titulo=La seconda guerra mondiale |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} == Guerra contra Grecia e occupation del Balcanes == Le 28 de octobre 1940 Italia invadeva Grecia ab Albania. Le operation esseva intendite como un initiative italian independente, ma le resistentia grec conduceva al arrestation del ofensiva e al retirada de partes del fortias italian verso Albania. Le intervention german in 1941 deveniva decisive pro le victoria del Axe in Grecia e le occupation del pais. {{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=Guerra mondiale, Seconda |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} Le Germania invadeva Yugoslavia e Grecia in april 1941. Italia participava al occupation del territorio e exerceva administrationes militar in partes del Balcanes. Le occupation esseva accompaniate per resistentia armate e per un guerra de guerrilla que continuava durante le resto del conflicto. == Fronte Oriental == Post le invasion german del Union Sovietic in junio 1941, Italia inviava le Corpo de Spedition Italian in Russia (CSIR). Le contingente esseva ulteriormente expandite usque a devenir le Armata Italian de Russia (ARMIR), o Octava Armata. Le fortias italian combatteva principalmente in le area del Don. Durante le ofensiva sovietic del hiver 1942–1943, le positiones del ARMIR esseva disrumpite e le fortias italian initiava un retirada in conditiones climatic e logistic extrememente difficile. Le catastrophe del fortias italian in Russia, insimul con le disfacimentos in Africa del Nord, contribueva al crise del regime fascista e al crescente perception que le guerra non poteva esser ganiate per le Axe. == Crise del regime fascista == Durante 1942 e le prime parte de 1943, le conditiones del population italian se deteriorava. Le guerra produceva carentias, inflation, restrictiones e difficultates de approvisionamento. Le disfacimentos militar in Africa e Russia diminuiva le credito del regime fascista etiam inter sectores del elites politic e administrative. Le desembarcamento alliato in Sicilia le 10 de julio 1943 accelerava le crise. Durante le nocte inter le 24 e 25 de julio, le Gran Consilio del Fascismo approbava un resolution que demandava le restitution de certe prerogativas constitutional del rege. Le 25 de julio le rege Vittorio Emanuele III faceva arrestar Mussolini e nominava le maresciallo Pietro Badoglio como presidente del Governo. Le nove Governo declarava que le guerra continuava, ma initiava secret negociationes con le Allies pro obtener un armistitie. == Armistitie de septembre 1943 == Le Armistitie de Cassibile esseva signate le 3 de septembre 1943. Su announcement public esseva effectuate le 8 de septembre. Le armistitie significava le cessation del alliance militar con Germania e le capitulation del fortias italian ante le Allies. Le Governo italian non habeva publicate con sufficientia de anticipation le instructiones pro le fortias armate. Le resultato esseva un rapide disintegration de numerose unitates italian. In plure zonas, le fortias german disarmava e faceva prisoner de guerra a centenares de milles de soldatos italian; in altere locos, unitates italian opponeva resistentia. Le 9 de septembre, le rege e le Governo Badoglio quitava Roma e se transferiva a Brindisi, ubi illes entrava in contacto con le Allies. Le territorio italian deveniva dividite inter areas occupate per le Germania e le fortias alliates, con le fronte movente progressivemente verso nord. == Italia cobelligerante == Le 13 de octobre 1943 le Regno de Italia declarava guerra al Germania. Le fortias del Regno, reorganisate sub le autoritate del Governo del Sud, comenciava a collaborar con le Allies contra le fortias german. Le Esercito Cobelligerante Italian esseva formate a partir del unitates que habeva remanite fidel al rege e del fortias que esseva successivemente reorganisate. Illo participa in le campania italian insimul con le fortias alliates, durante que le administration del Regno del Sud remaneva sub le forte influentia del commandamento alliato. == Repubblica Social Italian == Post le arresto de Mussolini, le Germania organisava su liberation del prisionero in septembre 1943. Le 23 de septembre Mussolini annunciava le creation del Repubblica Social Italian (RSI), un regime fascista establishate in le territorio del centro-nord occupate per le Germania. Le RSI habeva su principal sede politic in le zona de Salò, al lac Garda, e le administration esseva strictemente dependente del potentia militar german. Le regime organisava su proprie fortias armate e formationes de policia e participa al guerra contra le Allies e contra le movimento de resistentia. Le territorio del centro-nord esseva sub occupation german, e le autoritates del RSI exerceva administration civil e militar sub iste conditiones. In le ultime fase del guerra, le RSI perdeva progressivemente le controlo del territorio conforme le Allies e le partisanos avantiate. == Campania de Italia 1943–1945 == Le campania alliata in Italia comenciava con le desembarcamento in Sicilia le 10 de julio 1943. Le insula esseva completemente occupate per le Allies le 17 de augusto. Post le armistitie, le fortias alliates sbarcava in Calabria e a Salerno. Le fortias german organisava un serie de lineas defensive in le Peninsula. Le avance alliato esseva lente e includeva importante battalias, inter le quales Monte Cassino e le operationes circa Roma. Roma esseva liberate le 4 de junio 1944. Post le liberation de Roma, le fronte se moveva verso le nord. Le fortias german manteneva positiones defensive in le Appenninos, durante que le partisanos italian intensificava lor activitate in le areas occupate. == Resistentia italian == Le Resistentia Italian comenciava a prender forma post le armistitie del 8 de septembre 1943. Illa includeva un grande varietate de gruppos politic e militar, inter illes communistas, socialistas, democrate-christianos, liberales, actionistas e monarchistas, con differente orientationes politic e objectives pro le futuro del pais. Le Comitato de Liberation National (CLN) esseva constituite a Roma post le 8 de septembre. In le nord, le Comitato de Liberation National del Alta Italia (CLNAI) coordinava le resistentia e manteneva relationes con le Allies. Le partisanos conduceva operationes de guerrilla contra le fortias german e le formationes del RSI. Illes organisava sabotages, ataques contra communicationes e actiones de intelligence, ma le occupation esseva etiam accompagnate per represalias e violentia contra le population civil. Le scioperos del martio 1943 in plure citates industrial del nord esseva un precursor importante del crise politic del regime e del ulterior developpamento del resistentia. == Population civil e guerra interne == Le guerra habeva consequencias profunde pro le population civil. Bombardamentos alliates affectava multe citates, includente Roma, Milano, Torino, Genova e altere centros industrial e portuari. Le population affrontava carentias de alimentation, interruptiones del transporte, evacuationes e dislocationes. Post le armistitie del 1943, le population del centro-nord esseva exposte a un combination de occupation german, administration del RSI, resistentia partisan e represalias. Le distinction inter guerra externe e conflicto interne deveniva particularmente difficulta durante le ultime duo annos del guerra. == Le judeos italian e le persecution == Le persecution del judeos in Italia habeva comenciate ante le guerra con le legislation racial del 1938. Post le occupation german del parte septentrional e central del pais in 1943, le persecution deveniva plus violent. Le autoritates german e fascista participa al arrestos, deportationes e persecutiones del judeos italian. Le division del pais post septembre 1943 modificava le situation del judeos secundo le zona de occupation e le autoritate administrative. Le deportationes verso le campos de concentration e extermination nazi esseva parte del persecution del judeos in le territorio italian occupate. == Le ultime offensiva e le liberation == Durante le hiver 1944–1945, le fronte italian restava stabilisate in le Appenninos. In le primavera 1945 le Allies initiava un nove ofensiva, durante que le fortias german se retirava verso le nord. Le insurrection del 25 de april 1945, proclamate per le CLNAI in le areas ancora occupate, initiava le liberation de multe citates del nord. Milano e altere centros importante cadeva in le manos del partisanos ante le complete disfacimento del administration del RSI. Mussolini esseva capturate per partisanos le 27 de april durante su tentativa de fugir verso le frontiera suisse. Ille esseva executate le 28 de april 1945. Le ultime fortias german in Italia se rendeva. Le cessation del hostilitate entrava in vigor le 2 de maio 1945, secundo le conditiones del capitulation german del fortias in Italia. Le 25 de april deveniva ulteriormente le Festa del Liberation, commemorate officialmente como un symbolo del liberation del Italia del occupation nazi e del fascismo. Le celebration esseva institutionalizate como festa national in le postguerra. == Consequentias politic == Le guerra habeva como consequentia le collapse del regime fascista, le fin del monarchia e le transformation del systema politic italian. Le collaboration inter le differentes fortias antifascista in le CLN contribueva al formation del nove classe politic del postguerra. Le question del futuro del monarchia deveniva un del principal problemas politic del periodo postbellic. Le conflict inter monarchistas e republicanos culminava in le referendum institutional de 1946, que conduceva al establimento del Republica Italian. Le experience del fascismo e del guerra esseva etiam un elemento central in le elaboration del nove Constitution Italian, entrante in vigor le 1 de januario 1948. == Consequentias territorial e international == Le derrota del Axe conduceva a un profunde modification del position international de Italia. Le pais perdeva le imperio colonial africano e su position dominante in plure territorios occupate durante le guerra. Le Tractato de Pace de Paris de 1947 establi le conditiones international del postguerra italian, includente le modificationes territorial, le restrictiones militar e le dispositiones concernente le ex-colonias. Italia deveniva post le guerra un del paises occidental que participa in le reconstruction europee e, plus tarde, in le creation del organisationes de cooperation europee e occidental. == Evaluation historic == Le participation de Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial es generalmente considerate in le historiographia como un conflicto que conduceva al destruction del regime fascista e a un profunde crise del Stato italian. Le guerra comenciava pro Italia como un guerra de expansion sub le regime fascista, ma post 1943 deveniva un conflicto complexe in le qual le Regno del Sud collabora con le Allies, le Germania occupava grande parte del pais, le RSI representa le regime fascista e le Resistentia conduceva un guerra politic e militar contra le occupation e le fascismo. Le memoria del periodo remane dunque associate a plure experiencias: le guerra del regime fascista, le occupation german, le persecution racial, le collapse del armate italian in 1943, le guerra civil inter formationes italian, le resistentia e le liberation. == Chronologia == * 1 de septembre 1939 — Germania invade Polonia; Italia remane non-belligerante. * 10 de junio 1940 — Italia entra in guerra contra Francia e Regno Unite. * 28 de octobre 1940 — Italia invade Grecia. * 1941 — Italia perde le Africa Oriental Italian e invia le CSIR in Russia. * 27 octobre–3 novembre 1942 — Secunde battalia de El Alamein. * 10 de julio 1943 — Le Allies desembarca in Sicilia. * 25 de julio 1943 — Mussolini es destituite e arrestate; Badoglio deveni presidente del Governo. * 3 de septembre 1943 — Armistitie de Cassibile es signate. * 8 de septembre 1943 — Le armistitie es publicamente proclamate. * 23 de septembre 1943 — Mussolini proclama le Repubblica Social Italian. * 13 de octobre 1943 — Le Regno de Italia declara guerra al Germania. * 4 de junio 1944 — Roma es liberate. * 25 de april 1945 — Insurrection general del CLNAI in le nord e liberation de multe citates. * 28 de april 1945 — Mussolini es executate per partisanos. * 2 de maio 1945 — Le capitulation del fortias german in Italia entra in vigor. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] rwdan2bpp7as97ii1g8s5wm77j31luf 702512 702511 2026-10-06T13:56:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 702512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic |titulo = Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial |subtitulo = Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial }} '''Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial''' describe le participation del Regno de Italia in le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], ab le initio del conflicto in 1939 usque al liberation del pais in 1945. Italia entrava officialmente in le guerra le 10 de junio 1940 al latere del [[Potentias del Axe|Potentias del Axe]], sub le regime fascista de [[Benito Mussolini]]. Le participation italian includeva operationes militar in Europa, Africa e le Mediterraneo, ma le insufficientia del ressources militar e economic e le difficultates strategic menava al crescente dependentia de Italia de Germania. Le crise del regime fascista in 1943, le armistitie con le [[Aliatos|Aliatos]] e le occupation german del nord e centro de Italia transformava le conflicto in un guerra civil e de liberation, terminante con le cadita del fascismo e le liberation del pais in 1945.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == Durante le annos 1930, le Italia fascista cercava de establir se como un grande potentia europee e mediterranee. Le regime de Mussolini promoveva un politica de expansion territorial e de restauration del prestigio imperial, presentante Italia como le centro de un nove imperio roman. Le guerra contra Ethiopia in 1935–1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra civil espaniol|Guerra Civil Espaniol]] demonstrava le ambitiones international del regime.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |titulo=Fascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le intervention italian in Ethiopia conduceva al proclamation del [[Africa Oriental Italian|Africa Oriental Italian]], formate per Ethiopia, Eritrea e Somalia Italian. Le expansion colonial italian esseva accompagnate per un politica de repression e de violente contro le populationes local.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Italia se rapprocheva de Germania durante le secunde medietate del decennio. Le interventiones commun in le Guerra Civil Espaniol e le formation del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] in 1939 fortificava le relationes inter Mussolini e [[Adolf Hitler]]. Tamen, Italia non esseva preparate economicamente ni militarmente pro un guerra de grande extension.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |titulo=Fascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Non-belligerantia in 1939–1940 == Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial initiava in septembre 1939 con le invasion german de Polonia, Italia remaneva non-belligerante. Mussolini considerava le situation militar e economic del pais insufficient pro entrar immediatemente in le conflicto. Le industria italian habeva un capacitate inferior al de le principal potentias industrial del conflicto, e le pais suffreva de penurias de materias prime, combustibile e armamentos. Le regime preparava tamen le opinion public pro un eventual intervention, mentre que le diplomatia italian tentava de obtener avantagees territorial sin entrar immediatemente in guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Entrata in guerra == Le 10 de junio 1940, post le rapide collapso de Francia, Mussolini annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e le Regno Unite. Le decision esseva influentiate per le expectation que le guerra esserea breve e que Italia poterea participar al division del victorias german.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le prime operationes italian includeva le offensive contra Francia e le activitate del marina e del aviation in le Mediterraneo. Le armata italian obteneva alcun successoes local, ma le capacitate militar del pais remaneva limitate. == Guerra in Africa == Le Africa del Nord deveniva un del principal frontes pro Italia. Le forcias italian tentava de penetrar in Egypto ab Libya, ma le offensive esseva haltate per le forzas britannic. In 1941 Germania inviava le [[Afrika Korps]] sub le commandamento de [[Erwin Rommel]] pro sustener le efforto italian. Le campania alternava inter offensive e contra-offensive. Le forzas del Axe attingeva Egypto ma non poteva capturar le canal de Suez. Le secunde battalia de El Alamein in octobre–novembre 1942 terminava con un victoria britannic e marcava un importante cambiamento strategic in le guerra in Africa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/battaglia-di-el-alamein_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=El-'Alamein, battaglia di |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> In 1943 le forzas del Axe esseva expulse de Africa del Nord. Le invasion de Sicilia per le Aliatos in julio 1943 aperiva le via al invasion del peninsula italian. == Guerra contra Grecia e occupation del Balcanes == In octobre 1940 Mussolini initiava un invasion de Grecia desde Albania. Le operation, lanceate sin sufficient preparation, incontrava un forte resistentia grec. Le forzas grec contraatacava e penetrava in Albania, obligante Italia a reciper le auxilio german. In 1941 Germania interveniva in le Balcanes. Grecia e Yugoslavia esseva occupate, e le territorioes esseva repartite inter le potentias del Axe e lor alliatos. Italia assumeva le occupation de partes del Grecia e del Yugoslavia, ma le resistentia partisana cresceva durante le annos sequente. == Fronte Oriental == In junio 1941 Germania invadeva le Union Sovietic. Mussolini decideva de participar al campania con un grande contingente italian, inicialmente como Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia e postea como Armata Italiana in Russia. Le forzas italian suffreva gravemente durante le contra-offensive sovietic del inverno 1942–1943. Le destruc­tion del Armata Italiana in Russia esseva un del major disastres militar del Italia fascista e accentuava le crise del regime.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Crise del regime fascista == Le serie de derrotas militar, le crise economic e le crescente bombardamento del citates italian debilitava le regime fascista. Le 25 de julio 1943 le Grande Consilio del Fascismo approbava un motion contra Mussolini. Le rege Vittorio Emanuele III faceva arrestar Mussolini e nominava le maresciallo Pietro Badoglio como presidente del Governo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le nove governo annunciava inicialmente que le guerra continuava, ma initiava secretemente negotiationes con le Aliatos. Le 3 de septembre 1943 Italia firmava le armistitie de Cassibile, publicate le 8 de septembre. == Armistitie de septembre 1943 == Le proclamation del armistitie provocava le disintegration del armata italian. Le governo e le rege abandonavano Roma e se retirava al sud, sub protection aliata. Le forzas german occupava rapidamente le major parte del Italia septentrional e central. Multe soldatos italian esseva disarmate e capturate per le germanos. Centos de milles de militares esseva deportate in Germania como internatos militar italian. Le germanos liberava Mussolini in septembre 1943 e installava le [[Republica Social Italian]], un stato fascista collaborator in le Italia septentrional e central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Italia cobelligerante == Le governo Badoglio, stabilite in le sud, declarava guerra a Germania in octobre 1943. Italia deveniva assi un cobelligerante del Aliatos, nonobstante que le pais remaneva dividite inter le territorio controlate per le Aliatos e le territorio occupate per Germania e governate per le Republica Social Italian. Le forzas italian reorganizate formava le [[Co-belligerant Italian Army|Armata Cobelligerante Italian]], assi como unitates naval e aeree. Illos participava al operationes contra le germanos in collaboration con le Aliatos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Republica Social Italian == Le Republica Social Italian esseva proclamate in septembre 1943 sub le direction de Mussolini. Su capital esseva nominalmente Roma, ma le governo operava principalmente in le Italia septentrional, con sede a Salò in Lombardia. Le RSI dependeva fortemente de Germania e disponeva de un capacitate militar limitate. Su forzas participava al repression del resistentia e al persecution del judeos. Le regime organisava anque le deportation de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |titulo=Italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Campania de Italia 1943–1945 == Post le invasion del Sicilia, le Aliatos travaliava gradualmente verso le nord del peninsula. Le progression esseva lente a causa del terreno montaniose e del forte resistentia german. Le germanos organisava multiple lineas defensive, inter le qual le [[Linea Gustav]] esseva le plus importante. Le battalia de Monte Cassino in 1944 deveniva un del principal operationes del campania italian. Roma esseva liberate per le Aliatos le 4 de junio 1944. Le forzas aliates continuava verso le nord, ma le Germanos stabiliva un nove linea defensive, le [[Linea Gotica]], in le Appenninos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Resistentia italian == Le occupation german e le formation del Republica Social Italian provocava un forte movimento de resistentia. Le partigianos operava in le montanias, citates e campanias, effectuante sabotages, actiones de guerrilla e operationes contra le occupation german. Le resistentia includeva communistas, socialistas, liberal-democratas, cattolicos, actionistas e monarchistas. Le diverse gruppos esseva reunite in le [[Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]]. Le partigianos esseva un elemento importante del liberation del Italia in 1945. Illos tamen suffreva severe repressiones, massacres e represalias per le forzas german e fascista.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |titulo=Antifascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Population civil e guerra interne == Le population civil italian suffreva del bombardamentos, del penuria de alimentos, del inflation e del destruction del infrastructura. Le situation deveniva particularmente grave in le territorioes occupate per Germania e in le zonas del front. Post le armistitie, le guerra deveniva anque un conflicto interne inter fascistas e antifascistas. Executiones, represalias e massacres esseva committite per ambe le partes, ben que le occupation german e le collaboration fascista produceva un extensive politica de repression. == Le judeos italian e le persecution == Le regime fascista introduceva le leges racial in 1938, privante le judeos italian de multe derectos civil e exclu­dente los de varie sectores del vita public. Le politica antisemitic deveniva ancora plus violente post le occupation german de 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |titulo=1938: Key Dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Post septembre 1943, le germanos e le autoritates del Republica Social Italian organisava arrestos e deportationes. Multe judeos esseva deportate al campos de concentration e extermination, in particular a Auschwitz-Birkenau.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |titulo=Italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le ultime offensiva e le liberation == In april 1945 le Aliatos initiava le ultime offensive contra le forzas german in Italia. Le linea del fronte esseva rumpite e le forzas german comenciava a reciper verso le nord. Le insurrection partisana in le citates del nord accelerava le collapse del Republica Social Italian. Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma esseva capturate per partigianos e executate le 28 de april 1945.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le 25 de april 1945 esseva proclamate le liberation del principal citates del nord. Le ultime forzas german in Italia capitulava le 29 de april, e le guerra in Italia terminava formalmente al initio de maio 1945. == Consequentias politic == Le fin del guerra conduceva al destruction del regime fascista e al transition verso un systema democratic. Le monarchia esseva abolite post le referendum institutional de 1946, e Italia deveniva un republica. Le [[Constitution del Republica Italian]] entrava in vigor le 1 de januario 1948 e establiva un systema democratic fundate sur le suffragio universal, le derectos fundamental e le separation del poteres.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le nove republica adoptava anque un legislation contra le reorganis­ation del fascismo. Le lege Scelba de 1952 regulamentava le prohibition constitutionale del partitos que tentava de reorganisar le fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1952-06-20;645 |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 |obra=Normattiva |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Consequentias territorial e international == Le guerra conduceva a importante modificationes territorial. Italia perdeva le major parte de su possessiones colonial e renunciava al imperio colonial construite durante le periodo fascista. Le territorios del Africa Oriental Italian, Libya e le altere possessiones italian esseva transferite a administrationes differente o deveniva independente in le annos subsequente. Le frontiera oriental de Italia esseva anque modificate, e le territorio de Istria deveniva un del principal objectos del disputa inter Italia e Yugoslavia. Italia esseva inicialmente un pais vencite e perdeva parte de su status international. Tamen, le nove republica rapidemente se integrate in le systema occidental e participava al construction del nove cooperation europee. == Evaluation historic == Le participation de Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial esseva caracterisate per un grande dissonantia inter le ambitiones del regime fascista e le ressources real del pais. Le guerra revelava le limites economic, industrial e militar del Italia e aggravava le crise del regime. Le conflicto habeva anque profundas consequentias social e politic. Le cadita del fascismo, le guerra civil de 1943–1945, le resistentia e le liberation formava le base del nove identitate politic del Republica Italian. Le persecution del judeos, le collaboration con Germania e le crimes committite durante le guerra remane un parte central del memoria historic italian. Le Constitution del Republica e le cultura politic del postguerra esseva fortemente influentiate per le experientia del fascismo, del guerra e del resistentia. == Chronologia == * '''1939''' — Initio del Secunde Guerra Mundial; Italia remane non-belligerante. * '''10 de junio 1940''' — Italia entra in guerra al latere del Axe. * '''octobre 1940''' — Italia invade Grecia. * '''1941''' — Germania interviene in le Balcanes; forzas italian participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. * '''1942''' — Grave disastroes del forzas del Axe in Africa del Nord e al fronte oriental. * '''10 de julio 1943''' — Le Aliatos invade Sicilia. * '''25 de julio 1943''' — Mussolini es destituite e arrest­ate. * '''8 de septembre 1943''' — Le armistitie italian es publicate; Germania occupa le major parte del Italia septentrional e central. * '''septembre 1943''' — Es create le Republica Social Italian. * '''octobre 1943''' — Le governo Badoglio declara guerra a Germania. * '''4 de junio 1944''' — Roma es liberate per le Aliatos. * '''25 de april 1945''' — Insurrectiones partigiane e liberation del principal citates del nord. * '''28 de april 1945''' — Mussolini es executate. * '''29 de april 1945''' — Le forzas german in Italia firma le capitulation. * '''2 de maio 1945''' — Le capitulation german entra in vigor in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Italia]] [[Categoria:Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] ranfc6bk90vcxxose36ialsdlmuk9jf 702513 702512 2026-10-06T13:57:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] a [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 702512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic |titulo = Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial |subtitulo = Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial }} '''Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial''' describe le participation del Regno de Italia in le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], ab le initio del conflicto in 1939 usque al liberation del pais in 1945. Italia entrava officialmente in le guerra le 10 de junio 1940 al latere del [[Potentias del Axe|Potentias del Axe]], sub le regime fascista de [[Benito Mussolini]]. Le participation italian includeva operationes militar in Europa, Africa e le Mediterraneo, ma le insufficientia del ressources militar e economic e le difficultates strategic menava al crescente dependentia de Italia de Germania. Le crise del regime fascista in 1943, le armistitie con le [[Aliatos|Aliatos]] e le occupation german del nord e centro de Italia transformava le conflicto in un guerra civil e de liberation, terminante con le cadita del fascismo e le liberation del pais in 1945.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == Durante le annos 1930, le Italia fascista cercava de establir se como un grande potentia europee e mediterranee. Le regime de Mussolini promoveva un politica de expansion territorial e de restauration del prestigio imperial, presentante Italia como le centro de un nove imperio roman. Le guerra contra Ethiopia in 1935–1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra civil espaniol|Guerra Civil Espaniol]] demonstrava le ambitiones international del regime.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |titulo=Fascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le intervention italian in Ethiopia conduceva al proclamation del [[Africa Oriental Italian|Africa Oriental Italian]], formate per Ethiopia, Eritrea e Somalia Italian. Le expansion colonial italian esseva accompagnate per un politica de repression e de violente contro le populationes local.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Italia se rapprocheva de Germania durante le secunde medietate del decennio. Le interventiones commun in le Guerra Civil Espaniol e le formation del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] in 1939 fortificava le relationes inter Mussolini e [[Adolf Hitler]]. Tamen, Italia non esseva preparate economicamente ni militarmente pro un guerra de grande extension.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |titulo=Fascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Non-belligerantia in 1939–1940 == Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial initiava in septembre 1939 con le invasion german de Polonia, Italia remaneva non-belligerante. Mussolini considerava le situation militar e economic del pais insufficient pro entrar immediatemente in le conflicto. Le industria italian habeva un capacitate inferior al de le principal potentias industrial del conflicto, e le pais suffreva de penurias de materias prime, combustibile e armamentos. Le regime preparava tamen le opinion public pro un eventual intervention, mentre que le diplomatia italian tentava de obtener avantagees territorial sin entrar immediatemente in guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Entrata in guerra == Le 10 de junio 1940, post le rapide collapso de Francia, Mussolini annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e le Regno Unite. Le decision esseva influentiate per le expectation que le guerra esserea breve e que Italia poterea participar al division del victorias german.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le prime operationes italian includeva le offensive contra Francia e le activitate del marina e del aviation in le Mediterraneo. Le armata italian obteneva alcun successoes local, ma le capacitate militar del pais remaneva limitate. == Guerra in Africa == Le Africa del Nord deveniva un del principal frontes pro Italia. Le forcias italian tentava de penetrar in Egypto ab Libya, ma le offensive esseva haltate per le forzas britannic. In 1941 Germania inviava le [[Afrika Korps]] sub le commandamento de [[Erwin Rommel]] pro sustener le efforto italian. Le campania alternava inter offensive e contra-offensive. Le forzas del Axe attingeva Egypto ma non poteva capturar le canal de Suez. Le secunde battalia de El Alamein in octobre–novembre 1942 terminava con un victoria britannic e marcava un importante cambiamento strategic in le guerra in Africa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/battaglia-di-el-alamein_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=El-'Alamein, battaglia di |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> In 1943 le forzas del Axe esseva expulse de Africa del Nord. Le invasion de Sicilia per le Aliatos in julio 1943 aperiva le via al invasion del peninsula italian. == Guerra contra Grecia e occupation del Balcanes == In octobre 1940 Mussolini initiava un invasion de Grecia desde Albania. Le operation, lanceate sin sufficient preparation, incontrava un forte resistentia grec. Le forzas grec contraatacava e penetrava in Albania, obligante Italia a reciper le auxilio german. In 1941 Germania interveniva in le Balcanes. Grecia e Yugoslavia esseva occupate, e le territorioes esseva repartite inter le potentias del Axe e lor alliatos. Italia assumeva le occupation de partes del Grecia e del Yugoslavia, ma le resistentia partisana cresceva durante le annos sequente. == Fronte Oriental == In junio 1941 Germania invadeva le Union Sovietic. Mussolini decideva de participar al campania con un grande contingente italian, inicialmente como Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia e postea como Armata Italiana in Russia. Le forzas italian suffreva gravemente durante le contra-offensive sovietic del inverno 1942–1943. Le destruc­tion del Armata Italiana in Russia esseva un del major disastres militar del Italia fascista e accentuava le crise del regime.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Crise del regime fascista == Le serie de derrotas militar, le crise economic e le crescente bombardamento del citates italian debilitava le regime fascista. Le 25 de julio 1943 le Grande Consilio del Fascismo approbava un motion contra Mussolini. Le rege Vittorio Emanuele III faceva arrestar Mussolini e nominava le maresciallo Pietro Badoglio como presidente del Governo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le nove governo annunciava inicialmente que le guerra continuava, ma initiava secretemente negotiationes con le Aliatos. Le 3 de septembre 1943 Italia firmava le armistitie de Cassibile, publicate le 8 de septembre. == Armistitie de septembre 1943 == Le proclamation del armistitie provocava le disintegration del armata italian. Le governo e le rege abandonavano Roma e se retirava al sud, sub protection aliata. Le forzas german occupava rapidamente le major parte del Italia septentrional e central. Multe soldatos italian esseva disarmate e capturate per le germanos. Centos de milles de militares esseva deportate in Germania como internatos militar italian. Le germanos liberava Mussolini in septembre 1943 e installava le [[Republica Social Italian]], un stato fascista collaborator in le Italia septentrional e central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Italia cobelligerante == Le governo Badoglio, stabilite in le sud, declarava guerra a Germania in octobre 1943. Italia deveniva assi un cobelligerante del Aliatos, nonobstante que le pais remaneva dividite inter le territorio controlate per le Aliatos e le territorio occupate per Germania e governate per le Republica Social Italian. Le forzas italian reorganizate formava le [[Co-belligerant Italian Army|Armata Cobelligerante Italian]], assi como unitates naval e aeree. Illos participava al operationes contra le germanos in collaboration con le Aliatos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Republica Social Italian == Le Republica Social Italian esseva proclamate in septembre 1943 sub le direction de Mussolini. Su capital esseva nominalmente Roma, ma le governo operava principalmente in le Italia septentrional, con sede a Salò in Lombardia. Le RSI dependeva fortemente de Germania e disponeva de un capacitate militar limitate. Su forzas participava al repression del resistentia e al persecution del judeos. Le regime organisava anque le deportation de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |titulo=Italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Campania de Italia 1943–1945 == Post le invasion del Sicilia, le Aliatos travaliava gradualmente verso le nord del peninsula. Le progression esseva lente a causa del terreno montaniose e del forte resistentia german. Le germanos organisava multiple lineas defensive, inter le qual le [[Linea Gustav]] esseva le plus importante. Le battalia de Monte Cassino in 1944 deveniva un del principal operationes del campania italian. Roma esseva liberate per le Aliatos le 4 de junio 1944. Le forzas aliates continuava verso le nord, ma le Germanos stabiliva un nove linea defensive, le [[Linea Gotica]], in le Appenninos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Resistentia italian == Le occupation german e le formation del Republica Social Italian provocava un forte movimento de resistentia. Le partigianos operava in le montanias, citates e campanias, effectuante sabotages, actiones de guerrilla e operationes contra le occupation german. Le resistentia includeva communistas, socialistas, liberal-democratas, cattolicos, actionistas e monarchistas. Le diverse gruppos esseva reunite in le [[Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]]. Le partigianos esseva un elemento importante del liberation del Italia in 1945. Illos tamen suffreva severe repressiones, massacres e represalias per le forzas german e fascista.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |titulo=Antifascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Population civil e guerra interne == Le population civil italian suffreva del bombardamentos, del penuria de alimentos, del inflation e del destruction del infrastructura. Le situation deveniva particularmente grave in le territorioes occupate per Germania e in le zonas del front. Post le armistitie, le guerra deveniva anque un conflicto interne inter fascistas e antifascistas. Executiones, represalias e massacres esseva committite per ambe le partes, ben que le occupation german e le collaboration fascista produceva un extensive politica de repression. == Le judeos italian e le persecution == Le regime fascista introduceva le leges racial in 1938, privante le judeos italian de multe derectos civil e exclu­dente los de varie sectores del vita public. Le politica antisemitic deveniva ancora plus violente post le occupation german de 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |titulo=1938: Key Dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Post septembre 1943, le germanos e le autoritates del Republica Social Italian organisava arrestos e deportationes. Multe judeos esseva deportate al campos de concentration e extermination, in particular a Auschwitz-Birkenau.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |titulo=Italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le ultime offensiva e le liberation == In april 1945 le Aliatos initiava le ultime offensive contra le forzas german in Italia. Le linea del fronte esseva rumpite e le forzas german comenciava a reciper verso le nord. Le insurrection partisana in le citates del nord accelerava le collapse del Republica Social Italian. Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma esseva capturate per partigianos e executate le 28 de april 1945.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le 25 de april 1945 esseva proclamate le liberation del principal citates del nord. Le ultime forzas german in Italia capitulava le 29 de april, e le guerra in Italia terminava formalmente al initio de maio 1945. == Consequentias politic == Le fin del guerra conduceva al destruction del regime fascista e al transition verso un systema democratic. Le monarchia esseva abolite post le referendum institutional de 1946, e Italia deveniva un republica. Le [[Constitution del Republica Italian]] entrava in vigor le 1 de januario 1948 e establiva un systema democratic fundate sur le suffragio universal, le derectos fundamental e le separation del poteres.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le nove republica adoptava anque un legislation contra le reorganis­ation del fascismo. Le lege Scelba de 1952 regulamentava le prohibition constitutionale del partitos que tentava de reorganisar le fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1952-06-20;645 |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 |obra=Normattiva |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Consequentias territorial e international == Le guerra conduceva a importante modificationes territorial. Italia perdeva le major parte de su possessiones colonial e renunciava al imperio colonial construite durante le periodo fascista. Le territorios del Africa Oriental Italian, Libya e le altere possessiones italian esseva transferite a administrationes differente o deveniva independente in le annos subsequente. Le frontiera oriental de Italia esseva anque modificate, e le territorio de Istria deveniva un del principal objectos del disputa inter Italia e Yugoslavia. Italia esseva inicialmente un pais vencite e perdeva parte de su status international. Tamen, le nove republica rapidemente se integrate in le systema occidental e participava al construction del nove cooperation europee. == Evaluation historic == Le participation de Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial esseva caracterisate per un grande dissonantia inter le ambitiones del regime fascista e le ressources real del pais. Le guerra revelava le limites economic, industrial e militar del Italia e aggravava le crise del regime. Le conflicto habeva anque profundas consequentias social e politic. Le cadita del fascismo, le guerra civil de 1943–1945, le resistentia e le liberation formava le base del nove identitate politic del Republica Italian. Le persecution del judeos, le collaboration con Germania e le crimes committite durante le guerra remane un parte central del memoria historic italian. Le Constitution del Republica e le cultura politic del postguerra esseva fortemente influentiate per le experientia del fascismo, del guerra e del resistentia. == Chronologia == * '''1939''' — Initio del Secunde Guerra Mundial; Italia remane non-belligerante. * '''10 de junio 1940''' — Italia entra in guerra al latere del Axe. * '''octobre 1940''' — Italia invade Grecia. * '''1941''' — Germania interviene in le Balcanes; forzas italian participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. * '''1942''' — Grave disastroes del forzas del Axe in Africa del Nord e al fronte oriental. * '''10 de julio 1943''' — Le Aliatos invade Sicilia. * '''25 de julio 1943''' — Mussolini es destituite e arrest­ate. * '''8 de septembre 1943''' — Le armistitie italian es publicate; Germania occupa le major parte del Italia septentrional e central. * '''septembre 1943''' — Es create le Republica Social Italian. * '''octobre 1943''' — Le governo Badoglio declara guerra a Germania. * '''4 de junio 1944''' — Roma es liberate per le Aliatos. * '''25 de april 1945''' — Insurrectiones partigiane e liberation del principal citates del nord. * '''28 de april 1945''' — Mussolini es executate. * '''29 de april 1945''' — Le forzas german in Italia firma le capitulation. * '''2 de maio 1945''' — Le capitulation german entra in vigor in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] [[Categoria:Historia militar de Italia]] [[Categoria:Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] ranfc6bk90vcxxose36ialsdlmuk9jf 702517 702513 2026-10-06T14:02:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 702517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic |titulo = Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial |subtitulo = Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial }} '''Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial''' describe le participation del Regno de Italia in le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], ab le initio del conflicto in 1939 usque al liberation del pais in 1945. Italia entrava officialmente in le guerra le 10 de junio 1940 al latere del [[Potentias del Axe|Potentias del Axe]], sub le regime fascista de [[Benito Mussolini]]. Le participation italian includeva operationes militar in Europa, Africa e le Mediterraneo, ma le insufficientia del ressources militar e economic e le difficultates strategic menava al crescente dependentia de Italia de Germania. Le crise del regime fascista in 1943, le armistitie con le [[Aliatos|Aliatos]] e le occupation german del nord e centro de Italia transformava le conflicto in un guerra civil e de liberation, terminante con le cadita del fascismo e le liberation del pais in 1945.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Antecedentes == Durante le annos 1930, le Italia fascista cercava de establir se como un grande potentia europee e mediterranee. Le regime de Mussolini promoveva un politica de expansion territorial e de restauration del prestigio imperial, presentante Italia como le centro de un nove imperio roman. Le guerra contra Ethiopia in 1935–1936 e le intervention in le [[Guerra civil espaniol|Guerra Civil Espaniol]] demonstrava le ambitiones international del regime.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |titulo=Fascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le intervention italian in Ethiopia conduceva al proclamation del [[Africa Oriental Italian|Africa Oriental Italian]], formate per Ethiopia, Eritrea e Somalia Italian. Le expansion colonial italian esseva accompagnate per un politica de repression e de violente contro le populationes local.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa-orientale-italiana/ |titulo=Africa orientale italiana |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Italia se rapprocheva de Germania durante le secunde medietate del decennio. Le interventiones commun in le Guerra Civil Espaniol e le formation del [[Pacto de Acciaio]] in 1939 fortificava le relationes inter Mussolini e [[Adolf Hitler]]. Tamen, Italia non esseva preparate economicamente ni militarmente pro un guerra de grande extension.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascismo/ |titulo=Fascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Non-belligerantia in 1939–1940 == Quando le Secunde Guerra Mundial initiava in septembre 1939 con le invasion german de Polonia, Italia remaneva non-belligerante. Mussolini considerava le situation militar e economic del pais insufficient pro entrar immediatemente in le conflicto. Le industria italian habeva un capacitate inferior al de le principal potentias industrial del conflicto, e le pais suffreva de penurias de materias prime, combustibile e armamentos. Le regime preparava tamen le opinion public pro un eventual intervention, mentre que le diplomatia italian tentava de obtener avantagees territorial sin entrar immediatemente in guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Entrata in guerra == Le 10 de junio 1940, post le rapide collapso de Francia, Mussolini annunciava le entrata de Italia in guerra contra Francia e le Regno Unite. Le decision esseva influentiate per le expectation que le guerra esserea breve e que Italia poterea participar al division del victorias german.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le prime operationes italian includeva le offensive contra Francia e le activitate del marina e del aviation in le Mediterraneo. Le armata italian obteneva alcun successoes local, ma le capacitate militar del pais remaneva limitate. == Guerra in Africa == Le Africa del Nord deveniva un del principal frontes pro Italia. Le forcias italian tentava de penetrar in Egypto ab Libya, ma le offensive esseva haltate per le forzas britannic. In 1941 Germania inviava le [[Afrika Korps]] sub le commandamento de [[Erwin Rommel]] pro sustener le efforto italian. Le campania alternava inter offensive e contra-offensive. Le forzas del Axe attingeva Egypto ma non poteva capturar le canal de Suez. Le secunde battalia de El Alamein in octobre–novembre 1942 terminava con un victoria britannic e marcava un importante cambiamento strategic in le guerra in Africa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/battaglia-di-el-alamein_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=El-'Alamein, battaglia di |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> In 1943 le forzas del Axe esseva expulse de Africa del Nord. Le invasion de Sicilia per le Aliatos in julio 1943 aperiva le via al invasion del peninsula italian. == Guerra contra Grecia e occupation del Balcanes == In octobre 1940 Mussolini initiava un invasion de Grecia desde Albania. Le operation, lanceate sin sufficient preparation, incontrava un forte resistentia grec. Le forzas grec contraatacava e penetrava in Albania, obligante Italia a reciper le auxilio german. In 1941 Germania interveniva in le Balcanes. Grecia e Yugoslavia esseva occupate, e le territorioes esseva repartite inter le potentias del Axe e lor alliatos. Italia assumeva le occupation de partes del Grecia e del Yugoslavia, ma le resistentia partisana cresceva durante le annos sequente. == Fronte Oriental == In junio 1941 Germania invadeva le Union Sovietic. Mussolini decideva de participar al campania con un grande contingente italian, inicialmente como Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia e postea como Armata Italiana in Russia. Le forzas italian suffreva gravemente durante le contra-offensive sovietic del inverno 1942–1943. Le destruc­tion del Armata Italiana in Russia esseva un del major disastres militar del Italia fascista e accentuava le crise del regime.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Crise del regime fascista == Le serie de derrotas militar, le crise economic e le crescente bombardamento del citates italian debilitava le regime fascista. Le 25 de julio 1943 le Grande Consilio del Fascismo approbava un motion contra Mussolini. Le rege Vittorio Emanuele III faceva arrestar Mussolini e nominava le maresciallo Pietro Badoglio como presidente del Governo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le nove governo annunciava inicialmente que le guerra continuava, ma initiava secretemente negotiationes con le Aliatos. Le 3 de septembre 1943 Italia firmava le armistitie de Cassibile, publicate le 8 de septembre. == Armistitie de septembre 1943 == Le proclamation del armistitie provocava le disintegration del armata italian. Le governo e le rege abandonavano Roma e se retirava al sud, sub protection aliata. Le forzas german occupava rapidamente le major parte del Italia septentrional e central. Multe soldatos italian esseva disarmate e capturate per le germanos. Centos de milles de militares esseva deportate in Germania como internatos militar italian. Le germanos liberava Mussolini in septembre 1943 e installava le [[Republica Social Italian]], un stato fascista collaborator in le Italia septentrional e central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubblica-sociale-italiana/ |titulo=Repubblica Sociale Italiana |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Italia cobelligerante == Le governo Badoglio, stabilite in le sud, declarava guerra a Germania in octobre 1943. Italia deveniva assi un cobelligerante del Aliatos, nonobstante que le pais remaneva dividite inter le territorio controlate per le Aliatos e le territorio occupate per Germania e governate per le Republica Social Italian. Le forzas italian reorganizate formava le [[Co-belligerant Italian Army|Armata Cobelligerante Italian]], assi como unitates naval e aeree. Illos participava al operationes contra le germanos in collaboration con le Aliatos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Republica Social Italian == Le Republica Social Italian esseva proclamate in septembre 1943 sub le direction de Mussolini. Su capital esseva nominalmente Roma, ma le governo operava principalmente in le Italia septentrional, con sede a Salò in Lombardia. Le RSI dependeva fortemente de Germania e disponeva de un capacitate militar limitate. Su forzas participava al repression del resistentia e al persecution del judeos. Le regime organisava anque le deportation de judeos al campos de concentration e extermination german.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |titulo=Italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Campania de Italia 1943–1945 == Post le invasion del Sicilia, le Aliatos travaliava gradualmente verso le nord del peninsula. Le progression esseva lente a causa del terreno montaniose e del forte resistentia german. Le germanos organisava multiple lineas defensive, inter le qual le [[Linea Gustav]] esseva le plus importante. Le battalia de Monte Cassino in 1944 deveniva un del principal operationes del campania italian. Roma esseva liberate per le Aliatos le 4 de junio 1944. Le forzas aliates continuava verso le nord, ma le Germanos stabiliva un nove linea defensive, le [[Linea Gotica]], in le Appenninos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/seconda-guerra-mondiale/ |titulo=Seconda guerra mondiale |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Resistentia italian == Le occupation german e le formation del Republica Social Italian provocava un forte movimento de resistentia. Le partigianos operava in le montanias, citates e campanias, effectuante sabotages, actiones de guerrilla e operationes contra le occupation german. Le resistentia includeva communistas, socialistas, liberal-democratas, cattolicos, actionistas e monarchistas. Le diverse gruppos esseva reunite in le [[Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]]. Le partigianos esseva un elemento importante del liberation del Italia in 1945. Illos tamen suffreva severe repressiones, massacres e represalias per le forzas german e fascista.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antifascismo/ |titulo=Antifascismo |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Population civil e guerra interne == Le population civil italian suffreva del bombardamentos, del penuria de alimentos, del inflation e del destruction del infrastructura. Le situation deveniva particularmente grave in le territorioes occupate per Germania e in le zonas del front. Post le armistitie, le guerra deveniva anque un conflicto interne inter fascistas e antifascistas. Executiones, represalias e massacres esseva committite per ambe le partes, ben que le occupation german e le collaboration fascista produceva un extensive politica de repression. == Le judeos italian e le persecution == Le regime fascista introduceva le leges racial in 1938, privante le judeos italian de multe derectos civil e exclu­dente los de varie sectores del vita public. Le politica antisemitic deveniva ancora plus violente post le occupation german de 1943.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1938-key-dates |titulo=1938: Key Dates |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Post septembre 1943, le germanos e le autoritates del Republica Social Italian organisava arrestos e deportationes. Multe judeos esseva deportate al campos de concentration e extermination, in particular a Auschwitz-Birkenau.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy |titulo=Italy |obra=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Le ultime offensiva e le liberation == In april 1945 le Aliatos initiava le ultime offensive contra le forzas german in Italia. Le linea del fronte esseva rumpite e le forzas german comenciava a reciper verso le nord. Le insurrection partisana in le citates del nord accelerava le collapse del Republica Social Italian. Mussolini tentava de fugir verso le frontiera suisse, ma esseva capturate per partigianos e executate le 28 de april 1945.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/benito-mussolini/ |titulo=Mussolini, Benito |obra=Treccani |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le 25 de april 1945 esseva proclamate le liberation del principal citates del nord. Le ultime forzas german in Italia capitulava le 29 de april, e le guerra in Italia terminava formalmente al initio de maio 1945. == Consequentias politic == Le fin del guerra conduceva al destruction del regime fascista e al transition verso un systema democratic. Le monarchia esseva abolite post le referendum institutional de 1946, e Italia deveniva un republica. Le [[Constitution del Republica Italian]] entrava in vigor le 1 de januario 1948 e establiva un systema democratic fundate sur le suffragio universal, le derectos fundamental e le separation del poteres.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/costituzione |titulo=La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana |obra=Presidenza della Repubblica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> Le nove republica adoptava anque un legislation contra le reorganis­ation del fascismo. Le lege Scelba de 1952 regulamentava le prohibition constitutionale del partitos que tentava de reorganisar le fascismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1952-06-20;645 |titulo=Legge 20 giugno 1952, n. 645 |obra=Normattiva |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 }}</ref> == Consequentias territorial e international == Le guerra conduceva a importante modificationes territorial. Italia perdeva le major parte de su possessiones colonial e renunciava al imperio colonial construite durante le periodo fascista. Le territorios del Africa Oriental Italian, Libya e le altere possessiones italian esseva transferite a administrationes differente o deveniva independente in le annos subsequente. Le frontiera oriental de Italia esseva anque modificate, e le territorio de Istria deveniva un del principal objectos del disputa inter Italia e Yugoslavia. Italia esseva inicialmente un pais vencite e perdeva parte de su status international. Tamen, le nove republica rapidemente se integrate in le systema occidental e participava al construction del nove cooperation europee. == Evaluation historic == Le participation de Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial esseva caracterisate per un grande dissonantia inter le ambitiones del regime fascista e le ressources real del pais. Le guerra revelava le limites economic, industrial e militar del Italia e aggravava le crise del regime. Le conflicto habeva anque profundas consequentias social e politic. Le cadita del fascismo, le guerra civil de 1943–1945, le resistentia e le liberation formava le base del nove identitate politic del Republica Italian. Le persecution del judeos, le collaboration con Germania e le crimes committite durante le guerra remane un parte central del memoria historic italian. Le Constitution del Republica e le cultura politic del postguerra esseva fortemente influentiate per le experientia del fascismo, del guerra e del resistentia. == Chronologia == * '''1939''' — Initio del Secunde Guerra Mundial; Italia remane non-belligerante. * '''10 de junio 1940''' — Italia entra in guerra al latere del Axe. * '''octobre 1940''' — Italia invade Grecia. * '''1941''' — Germania interviene in le Balcanes; forzas italian participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. * '''1942''' — Grave disastroes del forzas del Axe in Africa del Nord e al fronte oriental. * '''10 de julio 1943''' — Le Aliatos invade Sicilia. * '''25 de julio 1943''' — Mussolini es destituite e arrest­ate. * '''8 de septembre 1943''' — Le armistitie italian es publicate; Germania occupa le major parte del Italia septentrional e central. * '''septembre 1943''' — Es create le Republica Social Italian. * '''octobre 1943''' — Le governo Badoglio declara guerra a Germania. * '''4 de junio 1944''' — Roma es liberate per le Aliatos. * '''25 de april 1945''' — Insurrectiones partigiane e liberation del principal citates del nord. * '''28 de april 1945''' — Mussolini es executate. * '''29 de april 1945''' — Le forzas german in Italia firma le capitulation. * '''2 de maio 1945''' — Le capitulation german entra in vigor in Italia. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] [[Categoria:Secunde Guerra Mundial]] s5uyb8vwue1zgwjruvbpa4gavqmcv66 0 61881 702514 2026-10-06T13:57:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Italia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] a [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] 702514 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] t5tuq8us8kfma3cwgwcy309lpugjpss 0 61882 702518 2026-10-06T14:05:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Education''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del [[formation professional]]. Illo es le principal organo del Ministerio pro le coordination e administration del politica educational non universitari del Stato. <ref>{{...” 702518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Education''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del [[formation professional]]. Illo es le principal organo del Ministerio pro le coordination e administration del politica educational non universitari del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato exerce su competentias sub le superior direction del Ministro de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le actual organisation del Ministerio, vigente in 2026, establi que del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial e le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le organisation del Administration General del Stato in materia de education ha cambiate plure vices durante le seculos XX e XXI. Secundo le periodo e le denomination del ministerios competente, le organos superior dedicate al education ha includite differente Secretariatos de Stato con competentias plus o minus ample, frequentemente includente tamben le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-1313 |titulo=Real Decreto 257/2012, de 27 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017 existeva un Secretariato de Stato de Education, Formation Professional e Universitates, con competentias super le education, le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-3187 |titulo=Real Decreto 284/2017, de 24 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le creation del Ministerio de Education e Formation Professional in 2018, le organisation distingueva le Secretariato de Stato de Education e le Secretariato General de Formation Professional. Iste separation esseva mantenite in le organisation del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes create in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-11839 |titulo=Real Decreto 1045/2018, de 24 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual structura organic esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que establi le competentias del Secretariato de Stato e del organos que depende de illo. Le texto consolidate ha essite modificate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato de Stato ha le direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del education e formation professional, que corresponde al Secretariato General de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le competentias del Secretariato se trova le ordination, evaluation e innovation del enseniamentos que forma le systema educative espaniol, con exception del education universitari e del formation professional. Iste competentia include le education infantil, primari, secundari, bachillerato e le altere enseniamentos non universitari que entra in le quadro del systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa al implementation del obligationes que le poter public ha in materia de education, al promotion del equalitate de opportunitates e al disveloppamento de politicas pro le improvemento del qualitate educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evaluation e cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato es competente in le evaluation del systema educative e in le cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le coordination territorial es particularmente importante in un systema in le qual le execution de grande parte del education non universitari corresponde al administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dirige e coordina le relationes con le Communitates Autonome in le materias que es de su competentia e participa in le organos de cooperation territorial, specialmente le Conferentia Sectorial de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete del Secretariato de Stato provide assistentia immediate al titular del organo e ha tamben le function de supportar le Conferentia Sectorial de Education e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in le materias educational de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Alta Inspection de Education == Le Secretariato de Stato exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Alta Inspection de Education. Iste function serve a verificar le observantia del normas estatal in materia educational e le exercise del competentias que le Stato conserva in le systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education, integrate in le Delegationes del Governamento, depende functionalmente del Ministerio per medio del Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, disposition additional quarta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato de Stato dirige, orienta e impulsa le relationes international bilateral e multilateral e le relationes con le Union Europee in materia de education non universitari, con exception del formation professional. Iste functiones es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation e del competentias de gestion que corresponde al Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al cooperation educational europee e international e al coordination del positiones del Stato in le organismos international concernente le education non universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Personnel docente == Un del competentias del Secretariato es le establimento del directivas concernente al organisation del personal docente del enseniamentos non universitari. Iste function es exercite in coordination con le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e con le Subsecretariato del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa assi al definition del quadro general concernente le personnel docente, durante que le gestion ordinari del personal educational es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome secundo lor competentias respective. == Organisation == Del Secretariato de Stato de Education depende actualmente duo organos directorial de rango de Direction General: * le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial; * le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial es incaricate, inter altere materias, del evaluation del systema educative, del cooperation territorial e del competentias associate al coordination educational inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational tracta materias concernente le planification educational, le gestion del competentias del Stato e altere aspects del administration del education non universitari. Illo es etiam le organo per le qual le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education depende functionalmente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos collegial associate == Le Consilio Escolar del Stato, le Consilio Superior de Enseñamentos Artistic e le Observatorio Estatal de Convivientia Escolar es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organos collegial provide canales de consultation, participation e coordination in le materias educational que corresponde al Secretariato. == Education in Ceuta e Melilla == Le services territorial del Ministerio in Ceuta e Melilla depende del departamento per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Secretariato General de Formation Professional in le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al gestion del areas in le quales le Administration General del Stato conserva competentias educational directes. == Action educational al exterior == Le Consejerias de Education al exterior depende del Ministerio per medio del Unitate de Action Educational al Exterior. Iste services forma parte del organisation del Stato pro le promotion del education espaniol e le cooperation educational international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le action educational al exterior es organisate in coordination con le altere organos del Ministerio e con le autoritates espaniol competente pro le relationes international. == Titular del Secretariato == Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Education es le Secretario de Stato de Education, nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. Le denomination e le titular del cargo pote cambiar con le composition del Governamento e le reorganisation del Ministerios. Pro le situation vigente, le organigramma official del Ministerio indica le actual titulares e le organos dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes: estructura y organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Education in Espania]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] 5xea8y201y1yg1fgbv9c99v60mb2og6 702520 702518 2026-10-06T14:09:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 702520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Education''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del [[formation professional]]. Illo es le principal organo del Ministerio pro le coordination e administration del politica educational non universitari del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato exerce su competentias sub le superior direction del Ministro de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le actual organisation del Ministerio, vigente in 2026, establi que del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial e le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le organisation del Administration General del Stato in materia de education ha cambiate plure vices durante le seculos XX e XXI. Secundo le periodo e le denomination del ministerios competente, le organos superior dedicate al education ha includite differente Secretariatos de Stato con competentias plus o minus ample, frequentemente includente tamben le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-1313 |titulo=Real Decreto 257/2012, de 27 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017 existeva un Secretariato de Stato de Education, Formation Professional e Universitates, con competentias super le education, le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-3187 |titulo=Real Decreto 284/2017, de 24 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le creation del Ministerio de Education e Formation Professional in 2018, le organisation distingueva le Secretariato de Stato de Education e le Secretariato General de Formation Professional. Iste separation esseva mantenite in le organisation del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes create in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-11839 |titulo=Real Decreto 1045/2018, de 24 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual structura organic esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que establi le competentias del Secretariato de Stato e del organos que depende de illo. Le texto consolidate ha essite modificate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato de Stato ha le direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del education e formation professional, que corresponde al Secretariato General de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le competentias del Secretariato se trova le ordination, evaluation e innovation del enseniamentos que forma le systema educative espaniol, con exception del education universitari e del formation professional. Iste competentia include le education infantil, primari, secundari, bachillerato e le altere enseniamentos non universitari que entra in le quadro del systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa al implementation del obligationes que le poter public ha in materia de education, al promotion del equalitate de opportunitates e al disveloppamento de politicas pro le improvemento del qualitate educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evaluation e cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato es competente in le evaluation del systema educative e in le cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le coordination territorial es particularmente importante in un systema in le qual le execution de grande parte del education non universitari corresponde al administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dirige e coordina le relationes con le Communitates Autonome in le materias que es de su competentia e participa in le organos de cooperation territorial, specialmente le Conferentia Sectorial de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete del Secretariato de Stato provide assistentia immediate al titular del organo e ha tamben le function de supportar le Conferentia Sectorial de Education e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in le materias educational de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Alta Inspection de Education == Le Secretariato de Stato exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Alta Inspection de Education. Iste function serve a verificar le observantia del normas estatal in materia educational e le exercise del competentias que le Stato conserva in le systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education, integrate in le Delegationes del Governamento, depende functionalmente del Ministerio per medio del Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, disposition additional quarta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato de Stato dirige, orienta e impulsa le relationes international bilateral e multilateral e le relationes con le Union Europee in materia de education non universitari, con exception del formation professional. Iste functiones es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation e del competentias de gestion que corresponde al Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al cooperation educational europee e international e al coordination del positiones del Stato in le organismos international concernente le education non universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Personnel docente == Un del competentias del Secretariato es le establimento del directivas concernente al organisation del personal docente del enseniamentos non universitari. Iste function es exercite in coordination con le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e con le Subsecretariato del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa assi al definition del quadro general concernente le personnel docente, durante que le gestion ordinari del personal educational es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome secundo lor competentias respective. == Organisation == Del Secretariato de Stato de Education depende actualmente duo organos directorial de rango de Direction General: * le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial; * le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial es incaricate, inter altere materias, del evaluation del systema educative, del cooperation territorial e del competentias associate al coordination educational inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational tracta materias concernente le planification educational, le gestion del competentias del Stato e altere aspects del administration del education non universitari. Illo es etiam le organo per le qual le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education depende functionalmente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos collegial associate == Le Consilio Escolar del Stato, le Consilio Superior de Enseñamentos Artistic e le Observatorio Estatal de Convivientia Escolar es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organos collegial provide canales de consultation, participation e coordination in le materias educational que corresponde al Secretariato. == Education in Ceuta e Melilla == Le services territorial del Ministerio in Ceuta e Melilla depende del departamento per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Secretariato General de Formation Professional in le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al gestion del areas in le quales le Administration General del Stato conserva competentias educational directes. == Action educational al exterior == Le Consejerias de Education al exterior depende del Ministerio per medio del Unitate de Action Educational al Exterior. Iste services forma parte del organisation del Stato pro le promotion del education espaniol e le cooperation educational international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le action educational al exterior es organisate in coordination con le altere organos del Ministerio e con le autoritates espaniol competente pro le relationes international. == Titular del Secretariato == Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Education es le Secretario de Stato de Education, nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. Le denomination e le titular del cargo pote cambiar con le composition del Governamento e le reorganisation del Ministerios. Pro le situation vigente, le organigramma official del Ministerio indica le actual titulares e le organos dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes: estructura y organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Education in Espania]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] 36rx3ydikngyq1b6i9lqgyv537xpv8r 702521 702520 2026-10-06T14:10:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Education in Ceuta e Melilla */ 702521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Education''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del [[formation professional]]. Illo es le principal organo del Ministerio pro le coordination e administration del politica educational non universitari del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato exerce su competentias sub le superior direction del Ministro de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le actual organisation del Ministerio, vigente in 2026, establi que del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial e le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le organisation del Administration General del Stato in materia de education ha cambiate plure vices durante le seculos XX e XXI. Secundo le periodo e le denomination del ministerios competente, le organos superior dedicate al education ha includite differente Secretariatos de Stato con competentias plus o minus ample, frequentemente includente tamben le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-1313 |titulo=Real Decreto 257/2012, de 27 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017 existeva un Secretariato de Stato de Education, Formation Professional e Universitates, con competentias super le education, le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-3187 |titulo=Real Decreto 284/2017, de 24 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le creation del Ministerio de Education e Formation Professional in 2018, le organisation distingueva le Secretariato de Stato de Education e le Secretariato General de Formation Professional. Iste separation esseva mantenite in le organisation del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes create in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-11839 |titulo=Real Decreto 1045/2018, de 24 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual structura organic esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que establi le competentias del Secretariato de Stato e del organos que depende de illo. Le texto consolidate ha essite modificate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato de Stato ha le direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del education e formation professional, que corresponde al Secretariato General de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le competentias del Secretariato se trova le ordination, evaluation e innovation del enseniamentos que forma le systema educative espaniol, con exception del education universitari e del formation professional. Iste competentia include le education infantil, primari, secundari, bachillerato e le altere enseniamentos non universitari que entra in le quadro del systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa al implementation del obligationes que le poter public ha in materia de education, al promotion del equalitate de opportunitates e al disveloppamento de politicas pro le improvemento del qualitate educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evaluation e cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato es competente in le evaluation del systema educative e in le cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le coordination territorial es particularmente importante in un systema in le qual le execution de grande parte del education non universitari corresponde al administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dirige e coordina le relationes con le Communitates Autonome in le materias que es de su competentia e participa in le organos de cooperation territorial, specialmente le Conferentia Sectorial de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete del Secretariato de Stato provide assistentia immediate al titular del organo e ha tamben le function de supportar le Conferentia Sectorial de Education e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in le materias educational de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Alta Inspection de Education == Le Secretariato de Stato exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Alta Inspection de Education. Iste function serve a verificar le observantia del normas estatal in materia educational e le exercise del competentias que le Stato conserva in le systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education, integrate in le Delegationes del Governamento, depende functionalmente del Ministerio per medio del Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, disposition additional quarta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato de Stato dirige, orienta e impulsa le relationes international bilateral e multilateral e le relationes con le Union Europee in materia de education non universitari, con exception del formation professional. Iste functiones es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation e del competentias de gestion que corresponde al Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al cooperation educational europee e international e al coordination del positiones del Stato in le organismos international concernente le education non universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Personnel docente == Un del competentias del Secretariato es le establimento del directivas concernente al organisation del personal docente del enseniamentos non universitari. Iste function es exercite in coordination con le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e con le Subsecretariato del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa assi al definition del quadro general concernente le personnel docente, durante que le gestion ordinari del personal educational es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome secundo lor competentias respective. == Organisation == Del Secretariato de Stato de Education depende actualmente duo organos directorial de rango de Direction General: * le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial; * le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial es incaricate, inter altere materias, del evaluation del systema educative, del cooperation territorial e del competentias associate al coordination educational inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational tracta materias concernente le planification educational, le gestion del competentias del Stato e altere aspects del administration del education non universitari. Illo es etiam le organo per le qual le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education depende functionalmente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos collegial associate == Le Consilio Escolar del Stato, le Consilio Superior de Enseñamentos Artistic e le Observatorio Estatal de Convivientia Escolar es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organos collegial provide canales de consultation, participation e coordination in le materias educational que corresponde al Secretariato. == Education in Ceuta e Melilla == Le services territorial del Ministerio in Ceuta e Melilla depende del departamento per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Secretariato General de Formation Professional in le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al gestion del areas in le quales le Administration General del Stato conserva competentias educational directe. == Action educational al exterior == Le Consejerias de Education al exterior depende del Ministerio per medio del Unitate de Action Educational al Exterior. Iste services forma parte del organisation del Stato pro le promotion del education espaniol e le cooperation educational international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le action educational al exterior es organisate in coordination con le altere organos del Ministerio e con le autoritates espaniol competente pro le relationes international. == Titular del Secretariato == Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Education es le Secretario de Stato de Education, nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. Le denomination e le titular del cargo pote cambiar con le composition del Governamento e le reorganisation del Ministerios. Pro le situation vigente, le organigramma official del Ministerio indica le actual titulares e le organos dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes: estructura y organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Education in Espania]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] 57tbfo3wsj8gbzjuk9jekcs52g83r01 702667 702521 2026-10-07T05:30:22Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 702667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Education''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del [[formation professional]]. Illo es le principal organo del Ministerio pro le coordination e administration del politica educational non universitari del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato exerce su competentias sub le superior direction del Ministro de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le actual organisation del Ministerio, vigente in 2026, establi que del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial e le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930105100/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Historia == Le organisation del Administration General del Stato in materia de education ha cambiate plure vices durante le seculos XX e XXI. Secundo le periodo e le denomination del ministerios competente, le organos superior dedicate al education ha includite differente Secretariatos de Stato con competentias plus o minus ample, frequentemente includente tamben le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-1313 |titulo=Real Decreto 257/2012, de 27 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2017 existeva un Secretariato de Stato de Education, Formation Professional e Universitates, con competentias super le education, le formation professional e le education universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-3187 |titulo=Real Decreto 284/2017, de 24 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le creation del Ministerio de Education e Formation Professional in 2018, le organisation distingueva le Secretariato de Stato de Education e le Secretariato General de Formation Professional. Iste separation esseva mantenite in le organisation del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes create in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-11839 |titulo=Real Decreto 1045/2018, de 24 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual structura organic esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que establi le competentias del Secretariato de Stato e del organos que depende de illo. Le texto consolidate ha essite modificate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato de Stato ha le direction superior del competentias del Ministerio in materia de education non universitari, con exception del education e formation professional, que corresponde al Secretariato General de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le competentias del Secretariato se trova le ordination, evaluation e innovation del enseniamentos que forma le systema educative espaniol, con exception del education universitari e del formation professional. Iste competentia include le education infantil, primari, secundari, bachillerato e le altere enseniamentos non universitari que entra in le quadro del systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa al implementation del obligationes que le poter public ha in materia de education, al promotion del equalitate de opportunitates e al disveloppamento de politicas pro le improvemento del qualitate educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evaluation e cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato es competente in le evaluation del systema educative e in le cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. Le coordination territorial es particularmente importante in un systema in le qual le execution de grande parte del education non universitari corresponde al administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dirige e coordina le relationes con le Communitates Autonome in le materias que es de su competentia e participa in le organos de cooperation territorial, specialmente le Conferentia Sectorial de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinete del Secretariato de Stato provide assistentia immediate al titular del organo e ha tamben le function de supportar le Conferentia Sectorial de Education e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in le materias educational de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Alta Inspection de Education == Le Secretariato de Stato exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al Alta Inspection de Education. Iste function serve a verificar le observantia del normas estatal in materia educational e le exercise del competentias que le Stato conserva in le systema educative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education, integrate in le Delegationes del Governamento, depende functionalmente del Ministerio per medio del Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, disposition additional quarta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato de Stato dirige, orienta e impulsa le relationes international bilateral e multilateral e le relationes con le Union Europee in materia de education non universitari, con exception del formation professional. Iste functiones es exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation e del competentias de gestion que corresponde al Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al cooperation educational europee e international e al coordination del positiones del Stato in le organismos international concernente le education non universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Personnel docente == Un del competentias del Secretariato es le establimento del directivas concernente al organisation del personal docente del enseniamentos non universitari. Iste function es exercite in coordination con le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e con le Subsecretariato del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa assi al definition del quadro general concernente le personnel docente, durante que le gestion ordinari del personal educational es repartite inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome secundo lor competentias respective. == Organisation == Del Secretariato de Stato de Education depende actualmente duo organos directorial de rango de Direction General: * le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial; * le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Evaluation e Cooperation Territorial es incaricate, inter altere materias, del evaluation del systema educative, del cooperation territorial e del competentias associate al coordination educational inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Planification e Gestion Educational tracta materias concernente le planification educational, le gestion del competentias del Stato e altere aspects del administration del education non universitari. Illo es etiam le organo per le qual le Areas Functional de Alta Inspection de Education depende functionalmente del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos collegial associate == Le Consilio Escolar del Stato, le Consilio Superior de Enseñamentos Artistic e le Observatorio Estatal de Convivientia Escolar es adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organos collegial provide canales de consultation, participation e coordination in le materias educational que corresponde al Secretariato. == Education in Ceuta e Melilla == Le services territorial del Ministerio in Ceuta e Melilla depende del departamento per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Education, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Secretariato General de Formation Professional in le materias que le corresponde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa dunque al gestion del areas in le quales le Administration General del Stato conserva competentias educational directe. == Action educational al exterior == Le Consejerias de Education al exterior depende del Ministerio per medio del Unitate de Action Educational al Exterior. Iste services forma parte del organisation del Stato pro le promotion del education espaniol e le cooperation educational international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le action educational al exterior es organisate in coordination con le altere organos del Ministerio e con le autoritates espaniol competente pro le relationes international. == Titular del Secretariato == Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Education es le Secretario de Stato de Education, nominate conforme al regime general del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. Le denomination e le titular del cargo pote cambiar con le composition del Governamento e le reorganisation del Ministerios. Pro le situation vigente, le organigramma official del Ministerio indica le actual titulares e le organos dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes: estructura y organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260930105100/https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-09-30 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Education in Espania]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] c4wlabxq2gidu7swh2ptzliepks5sq4 0 61883 702522 2026-10-06T14:19:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General de Formation Professional''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], con rango de [[Subsecretariato]], incaricate de diriger le competentias del Ministerio concernente al Systema de Formation Professional, tanto le formation professional integrate in le systema educational como le formation professional del population active, includente personas occ...” 702522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General de Formation Professional''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], con rango de [[Subsecretariato]], incaricate de diriger le competentias del Ministerio concernente al Systema de Formation Professional, tanto le formation professional integrate in le systema educational como le formation professional del population active, includente personas occupate e disoccupate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General es un del organos superior e directivos del Ministerio e depende directemente del titular del departamento. Le structura actual del Ministerio include le Secretariato de Stato de Education, le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e le Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro juridic == Le organisation actual del Secretariato General resulta del nove quadro institutional establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que defini le structura basic del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes e establi le Secretariato General de Formation Professional como organo del departamento, con un Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional sub su dependentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organic esseva developate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que attribue al Secretariato General le direction del competentias del Ministerio in tote le Systema de Formation Professional e establi le organos que depende de illo. Le preambulo del decreto indica que le nove structura respondeva inter altere al nove competentias resultante del Lege Organic 3/2022 e del Real Decreto 659/2023, que reorganisava le Systema de Formation Professional como un systema unic e integrate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-5139 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 3/2022, de 31 de marzo, de ordenación e integración de la Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 3/2022 establi un Systema de Formation Professional unic e integrate, que include le formation professional, le orientation professional e le recognition e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral o per vias non formal o informal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 3/2022, de 31 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 659/2023 developpa iste modelo e regula le organisation del ofertas formative, le grados A, B, C, D e E, le accreditationes e certificationes, le formation in empresa e le altere elementos del nove Systema de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato General dirige le competentias del Ministerio concernente le Systema de Formation Professional, sia in le ambito educational sia pro le population active. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias se trova: * observar le evolution del competentias professional e mantener actualisate le Catalogo National de Standards de Competentias Professional; * establir instrumentos pro adaptar le oferta formative al demandas del ambiente productive e social; * ordenar e developpar le regulation del Systema de Formation Professional; * establir le titulos, certificatos e accreditationes del grados A, B, C, D e E; * definir le aspectos basic del curriculos e promover lor revision e actualisation; * establir le directivas pro le expedition e registration del titulos, certificatos e accreditationes; * tractar le homologation e convalidation de formation professional obtenite al exterior; * establir le cooperation con le sectores productive e le administrationes public; * organizar le procedures pro le evaluation e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral o vias non formal e informal; * coordinar le cooperation territorial con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere administrationes public; * promover le formation professional dual e le collaboration con le agentes social; * elaborar le strategia general de orientation professional; * elaborar le reporto super le stato del Systema de Formation Professional; * promover le qualitate, evaluation, equalitate, non-discrimination e accessibilitate universal del formation professional; * promover le innovation e le collaboration inter centros de formation e empresas; * coordinar le formation professional al nivello international e le participation in organismos e competitiones international; * autorisar e controlar centros espaniol que offere formation professional al exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le principal organo directorial dependente del Secretariato General es le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha etiam sub su dependentia plure organos con nivello de Subdirection General: * le Subdirection General de Ordination del Formation Professional; * le Subdirection General de Promotion Dual e Relationes con le Empresa; * le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Qualitate del Systema; * le Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional; * le Unitate de Orientation Professional e Apprendimento durante tote le Vita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional/subdirecciones-generales.html |titulo=Subdirecciones Generales y otras unidades dependientes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dispone etiam de un Gabinetto Technic, con nivello de Subdirection General, que presta assistentia immediate e supporto al titular del Secretariato e supporta le Conferentia Sectorial de Formation Professional de Personas Laborante e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio General de Formation Professional es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional == Le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional es le principal organo directorial dependente del Secretariato General. Su competentias include le conception e gestion de convocatorias statal del Systema de Formation Professional pro personas laborante, le promotion del innovation e del investigation applicate, e le introduction de technologias avantiate in le formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le rete statal de centros de excellentia de Formation Professional e le centros de referentia national, promove le entrepreneurismo e le careeras professional, e coordina programas de cooperation territorial in materia de formation professional. Illo ha tamben le direction e gestion del Centro pro le Innovation e Disveloppamento del Education a Distante (CIDEAD). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub iste Direction General functiona le Subdirection General de Programmas e Gestion, le Subdirection General de Centros e Entrepreneurismo e le Centro de Innovation e Technification de Alto Rendemento del Formation Professional (CITAR), con nivello organic de Subdirection General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional == Le Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional es un del organos que depende del Secretariato General. Le instituto participa in le observation del evolution del competentias professional e in le mantenimento del Catalogo National de Standards de Competentias Professional. Illo ha tamben competentias concernente le evaluation e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral, in le quadro del sistema establishite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation Professional dual e relationes con le empresas == Un del elementos central del Systema de Formation Professional es le collaboration inter le centros de formation e le sectores productive. Le Secretariato General coordina le agentes social in le implementation del formation professional dual in le centros de labor, promove organismos intermedi e establi accordos e collaborationes con le sectores productive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 659/2023 establi le formation in empresa o organismo equiparate como un elemento del Systema de Formation Professional e regula le conditiones del iste componente del formation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Orientation e apprendimento durante tote le vita == Le Secretariato General es responsabile del strategia general de orientation professional del Systema de Formation Professional e del promotion del apprendimento technic-professional durante tote le vita. Le Unitáte de Orientation Professional e Apprendimento durante tote le Vita depende del titular del Secretariato e supporta iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 3/2022 concepte le Systema de Formation Professional como un instrumento que debe accompaniar le persona desde le systema educational e durante tote su vita laboral, superante le anterior separation inter le formation professional del systema educational e le formation professional pro le empleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Preámbulo de la Ley Orgánica 3/2022 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato General participa in le coordination inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in materia de Formation Professional e apprendimento durante tote le vita. Le Gabinetto Technic presta supporto al Conferentia Sectorial de Formation Professional de Personas Laborante e a altere organos de cooperation territorial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le legislation previde cooperation con le administrationes autonomic e local e con le altere administrationes public pro garantir un oferta de Formation Professional sufficiente e adaptate al necessitates del personas e del systema productive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato General participa in le conception de programas international de Formation Professional e apprendimento durante tote le vita, sia per medio del [[Servicio Espaniol pro le Internationalisation del Education]] sia per accordos bilateral. Illo promove tamben accordos, projectos e participation in organismos e competitiones international de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General es tamben competente pro autorisar, controlar, sequer e evaluar le centros que offere in le exterior le ofertas del Systema de Formation Professional espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Secretariato General == Le titular actual del Secretariato General de Formation Professional es Esther Monterrubio Ariznabarreta, nominate per Real Decreto 1191/2024 del 28 de novembre 2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-24861 |titulo=Real Decreto 1191/2024, de 28 de noviembre, por el que se nombra Secretaria General de Formación Profesional a doña Esther Monterrubio Ariznabarreta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Monterrubio es ingeniera technic in Quimica Industrial e ha exercite diverse cargos in le administration educational del Governo de Navarra e in le Ministerio de Education, includente le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional ante su nomination como Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/eu/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional/esther-monterrubio.html |titulo=Esther Monterrubio Ariznabarreta |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution recente == Le actual structura del Secretariato General ha essite influentiate per le reforma integral del Formation Professional introducite per le Lege Organic 3/2022 e developate per le Real Decreto 659/2023. Le nove modelo integra le formation del systema educational e le formation professional del personas laborante in un systema unic, con itinerarios formative modular e accreditationes que pote esser accumulative e recognoscibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Preámbulo de la Ley Orgánica 3/2022 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 274/2024 esseva modificate in martio 2026 e su texto consolidate ha como ultime actualisation publicate le 12 de junio 2026. Le BOE indica que le reformas posterior concernente le organisation del Ministerio include le modificationes del articulos 2, 4 e 7 e le altere adaptationes administrative, durante que le articulo 5 del Secretariato General remane le base del su structura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Secretariato General continua a intervenir in le coordination territorial, le qualification professional, le formation professional pro personas laborante e le implementation del nove Systema de Formation Professional. Documentos official del 2026 monstra le Secretariato General e su titular in le gestion de accordos de distribution territorial e in altere activitates concernente le formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-14479 |titulo=Resolución de 23 de junio de 2026, de la Secretaría General de Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes ha su sede in calle Alcalá, 34, Madrid. Le Secretariato General de Formation Professional es un organo del iste departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional.html |titulo=Secretaría General de Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] oomksoom5agzf27mmzb6t65qppdgc23 702524 702522 2026-10-06T14:20:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 702524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General de Formation Professional''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate de diriger le competentias del Ministerio concernente al Systema de Formation Professional, tanto le formation professional integrate in le systema educational como le formation professional del population active, includente personas occupate e disoccupate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General es un del organos superior e directivos del Ministerio e depende directemente del titular del departamento. Le structura actual del Ministerio include le Secretariato de Stato de Education, le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e le Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro juridic == Le organisation actual del Secretariato General resulta del nove quadro institutional establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que defini le structura basic del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes e establi le Secretariato General de Formation Professional como organo del departamento, con un Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional sub su dependentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organic esseva developate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que attribue al Secretariato General le direction del competentias del Ministerio in tote le Systema de Formation Professional e establi le organos que depende de illo. Le preambulo del decreto indica que le nove structura respondeva inter altere al nove competentias resultante del Lege Organic 3/2022 e del Real Decreto 659/2023, que reorganisava le Systema de Formation Professional como un systema unic e integrate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-5139 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 3/2022, de 31 de marzo, de ordenación e integración de la Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 3/2022 establi un Systema de Formation Professional unic e integrate, que include le formation professional, le orientation professional e le recognition e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral o per vias non formal o informal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 3/2022, de 31 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 659/2023 developpa iste modelo e regula le organisation del ofertas formative, le grados A, B, C, D e E, le accreditationes e certificationes, le formation in empresa e le altere elementos del nove Systema de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato General dirige le competentias del Ministerio concernente le Systema de Formation Professional, sia in le ambito educational sia pro le population active. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias se trova: * observar le evolution del competentias professional e mantener actualisate le Catalogo National de Standards de Competentias Professional; * establir instrumentos pro adaptar le oferta formative al demandas del ambiente productive e social; * ordenar e developpar le regulation del Systema de Formation Professional; * establir le titulos, certificatos e accreditationes del grados A, B, C, D e E; * definir le aspectos basic del curriculos e promover lor revision e actualisation; * establir le directivas pro le expedition e registration del titulos, certificatos e accreditationes; * tractar le homologation e convalidation de formation professional obtenite al exterior; * establir le cooperation con le sectores productive e le administrationes public; * organizar le procedures pro le evaluation e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral o vias non formal e informal; * coordinar le cooperation territorial con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere administrationes public; * promover le formation professional dual e le collaboration con le agentes social; * elaborar le strategia general de orientation professional; * elaborar le reporto super le stato del Systema de Formation Professional; * promover le qualitate, evaluation, equalitate, non-discrimination e accessibilitate universal del formation professional; * promover le innovation e le collaboration inter centros de formation e empresas; * coordinar le formation professional al nivello international e le participation in organismos e competitiones international; * autorisar e controlar centros espaniol que offere formation professional al exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le principal organo directorial dependente del Secretariato General es le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha etiam sub su dependentia plure organos con nivello de Subdirection General: * le Subdirection General de Ordination del Formation Professional; * le Subdirection General de Promotion Dual e Relationes con le Empresa; * le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Qualitate del Systema; * le Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional; * le Unitate de Orientation Professional e Apprendimento durante tote le Vita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional/subdirecciones-generales.html |titulo=Subdirecciones Generales y otras unidades dependientes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dispone etiam de un Gabinetto Technic, con nivello de Subdirection General, que presta assistentia immediate e supporto al titular del Secretariato e supporta le Conferentia Sectorial de Formation Professional de Personas Laborante e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio General de Formation Professional es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional == Le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional es le principal organo directorial dependente del Secretariato General. Su competentias include le conception e gestion de convocatorias statal del Systema de Formation Professional pro personas laborante, le promotion del innovation e del investigation applicate, e le introduction de technologias avantiate in le formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le rete statal de centros de excellentia de Formation Professional e le centros de referentia national, promove le entrepreneurismo e le careeras professional, e coordina programas de cooperation territorial in materia de formation professional. Illo ha tamben le direction e gestion del Centro pro le Innovation e Disveloppamento del Education a Distante (CIDEAD). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub iste Direction General functiona le Subdirection General de Programmas e Gestion, le Subdirection General de Centros e Entrepreneurismo e le Centro de Innovation e Technification de Alto Rendemento del Formation Professional (CITAR), con nivello organic de Subdirection General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional == Le Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional es un del organos que depende del Secretariato General. Le instituto participa in le observation del evolution del competentias professional e in le mantenimento del Catalogo National de Standards de Competentias Professional. Illo ha tamben competentias concernente le evaluation e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral, in le quadro del sistema establishite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation Professional dual e relationes con le empresas == Un del elementos central del Systema de Formation Professional es le collaboration inter le centros de formation e le sectores productive. Le Secretariato General coordina le agentes social in le implementation del formation professional dual in le centros de labor, promove organismos intermedi e establi accordos e collaborationes con le sectores productive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 659/2023 establi le formation in empresa o organismo equiparate como un elemento del Systema de Formation Professional e regula le conditiones del iste componente del formation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Orientation e apprendimento durante tote le vita == Le Secretariato General es responsabile del strategia general de orientation professional del Systema de Formation Professional e del promotion del apprendimento technic-professional durante tote le vita. Le Unitáte de Orientation Professional e Apprendimento durante tote le Vita depende del titular del Secretariato e supporta iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 3/2022 concepte le Systema de Formation Professional como un instrumento que debe accompaniar le persona desde le systema educational e durante tote su vita laboral, superante le anterior separation inter le formation professional del systema educational e le formation professional pro le empleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Preámbulo de la Ley Orgánica 3/2022 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato General participa in le coordination inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in materia de Formation Professional e apprendimento durante tote le vita. Le Gabinetto Technic presta supporto al Conferentia Sectorial de Formation Professional de Personas Laborante e a altere organos de cooperation territorial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le legislation previde cooperation con le administrationes autonomic e local e con le altere administrationes public pro garantir un oferta de Formation Professional sufficiente e adaptate al necessitates del personas e del systema productive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato General participa in le conception de programas international de Formation Professional e apprendimento durante tote le vita, sia per medio del [[Servicio Espaniol pro le Internationalisation del Education]] sia per accordos bilateral. Illo promove tamben accordos, projectos e participation in organismos e competitiones international de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General es tamben competente pro autorisar, controlar, sequer e evaluar le centros que offere in le exterior le ofertas del Systema de Formation Professional espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular del Secretariato General == Le titular actual del Secretariato General de Formation Professional es Esther Monterrubio Ariznabarreta, nominate per Real Decreto 1191/2024 del 28 de novembre 2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-24861 |titulo=Real Decreto 1191/2024, de 28 de noviembre, por el que se nombra Secretaria General de Formación Profesional a doña Esther Monterrubio Ariznabarreta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Monterrubio es ingeniera technic in Quimica Industrial e ha exercite diverse cargos in le administration educational del Governo de Navarra e in le Ministerio de Education, includente le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional ante su nomination como Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/eu/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional/esther-monterrubio.html |titulo=Esther Monterrubio Ariznabarreta |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution recente == Le actual structura del Secretariato General ha essite influentiate per le reforma integral del Formation Professional introducite per le Lege Organic 3/2022 e developate per le Real Decreto 659/2023. Le nove modelo integra le formation del systema educational e le formation professional del personas laborante in un systema unic, con itinerarios formative modular e accreditationes que pote esser accumulative e recognoscibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Preámbulo de la Ley Orgánica 3/2022 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 274/2024 esseva modificate in martio 2026 e su texto consolidate ha como ultime actualisation publicate le 12 de junio 2026. Le BOE indica que le reformas posterior concernente le organisation del Ministerio include le modificationes del articulos 2, 4 e 7 e le altere adaptationes administrative, durante que le articulo 5 del Secretariato General remane le base del su structura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Secretariato General continua a intervenir in le coordination territorial, le qualification professional, le formation professional pro personas laborante e le implementation del nove Systema de Formation Professional. Documentos official del 2026 monstra le Secretariato General e su titular in le gestion de accordos de distribution territorial e in altere activitates concernente le formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-14479 |titulo=Resolución de 23 de junio de 2026, de la Secretaría General de Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes ha su sede in calle Alcalá, 34, Madrid. Le Secretariato General de Formation Professional es un organo del iste departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional.html |titulo=Secretaría General de Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] cg0axrebmy7i20xpybk9sj0sfha33c4 702525 702524 2026-10-06T14:20:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Titular del Secretariato General */ 702525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General de Formation Professional''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]] de [[Espania]], incaricate de diriger le competentias del Ministerio concernente al Systema de Formation Professional, tanto le formation professional integrate in le systema educational como le formation professional del population active, includente personas occupate e disoccupate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General es un del organos superior e directivos del Ministerio e depende directemente del titular del departamento. Le structura actual del Ministerio include le Secretariato de Stato de Education, le Secretariato General de Formation Professional e le Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro juridic == Le organisation actual del Secretariato General resulta del nove quadro institutional establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que defini le structura basic del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes e establi le Secretariato General de Formation Professional como organo del departamento, con un Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional sub su dependentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organic esseva developate per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que attribue al Secretariato General le direction del competentias del Ministerio in tote le Systema de Formation Professional e establi le organos que depende de illo. Le preambulo del decreto indica que le nove structura respondeva inter altere al nove competentias resultante del Lege Organic 3/2022 e del Real Decreto 659/2023, que reorganisava le Systema de Formation Professional como un systema unic e integrate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-5139 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 3/2022, de 31 de marzo, de ordenación e integración de la Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 3/2022 establi un Systema de Formation Professional unic e integrate, que include le formation professional, le orientation professional e le recognition e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral o per vias non formal o informal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 3/2022, de 31 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 659/2023 developpa iste modelo e regula le organisation del ofertas formative, le grados A, B, C, D e E, le accreditationes e certificationes, le formation in empresa e le altere elementos del nove Systema de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato General dirige le competentias del Ministerio concernente le Systema de Formation Professional, sia in le ambito educational sia pro le population active. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias se trova: * observar le evolution del competentias professional e mantener actualisate le Catalogo National de Standards de Competentias Professional; * establir instrumentos pro adaptar le oferta formative al demandas del ambiente productive e social; * ordenar e developpar le regulation del Systema de Formation Professional; * establir le titulos, certificatos e accreditationes del grados A, B, C, D e E; * definir le aspectos basic del curriculos e promover lor revision e actualisation; * establir le directivas pro le expedition e registration del titulos, certificatos e accreditationes; * tractar le homologation e convalidation de formation professional obtenite al exterior; * establir le cooperation con le sectores productive e le administrationes public; * organizar le procedures pro le evaluation e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral o vias non formal e informal; * coordinar le cooperation territorial con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere administrationes public; * promover le formation professional dual e le collaboration con le agentes social; * elaborar le strategia general de orientation professional; * elaborar le reporto super le stato del Systema de Formation Professional; * promover le qualitate, evaluation, equalitate, non-discrimination e accessibilitate universal del formation professional; * promover le innovation e le collaboration inter centros de formation e empresas; * coordinar le formation professional al nivello international e le participation in organismos e competitiones international; * autorisar e controlar centros espaniol que offere formation professional al exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le principal organo directorial dependente del Secretariato General es le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículos 5 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha etiam sub su dependentia plure organos con nivello de Subdirection General: * le Subdirection General de Ordination del Formation Professional; * le Subdirection General de Promotion Dual e Relationes con le Empresa; * le Subdirection General de Evaluation e Qualitate del Systema; * le Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional; * le Unitate de Orientation Professional e Apprendimento durante tote le Vita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional/subdirecciones-generales.html |titulo=Subdirecciones Generales y otras unidades dependientes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato dispone etiam de un Gabinetto Technic, con nivello de Subdirection General, que presta assistentia immediate e supporto al titular del Secretariato e supporta le Conferentia Sectorial de Formation Professional de Personas Laborante e altere organos de cooperation inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio General de Formation Professional es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional == Le Direction General de Planification, Innovation e Gestion del Formation Professional es le principal organo directorial dependente del Secretariato General. Su competentias include le conception e gestion de convocatorias statal del Systema de Formation Professional pro personas laborante, le promotion del innovation e del investigation applicate, e le introduction de technologias avantiate in le formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General coordina le rete statal de centros de excellentia de Formation Professional e le centros de referentia national, promove le entrepreneurismo e le careeras professional, e coordina programas de cooperation territorial in materia de formation professional. Illo ha tamben le direction e gestion del Centro pro le Innovation e Disveloppamento del Education a Distante (CIDEAD). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub iste Direction General functiona le Subdirection General de Programmas e Gestion, le Subdirection General de Centros e Entrepreneurismo e le Centro de Innovation e Technification de Alto Rendemento del Formation Professional (CITAR), con nivello organic de Subdirection General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional == Le Instituto National del Qualificationes Professional es un del organos que depende del Secretariato General. Le instituto participa in le observation del evolution del competentias professional e in le mantenimento del Catalogo National de Standards de Competentias Professional. Illo ha tamben competentias concernente le evaluation e accreditation de competentias acquirite per experientia laboral, in le quadro del sistema establishite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation Professional dual e relationes con le empresas == Un del elementos central del Systema de Formation Professional es le collaboration inter le centros de formation e le sectores productive. Le Secretariato General coordina le agentes social in le implementation del formation professional dual in le centros de labor, promove organismos intermedi e establi accordos e collaborationes con le sectores productive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 659/2023 establi le formation in empresa o organismo equiparate como un elemento del Systema de Formation Professional e regula le conditiones del iste componente del formation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Orientation e apprendimento durante tote le vita == Le Secretariato General es responsabile del strategia general de orientation professional del Systema de Formation Professional e del promotion del apprendimento technic-professional durante tote le vita. Le Unitáte de Orientation Professional e Apprendimento durante tote le Vita depende del titular del Secretariato e supporta iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 3/2022 concepte le Systema de Formation Professional como un instrumento que debe accompaniar le persona desde le systema educational e durante tote su vita laboral, superante le anterior separation inter le formation professional del systema educational e le formation professional pro le empleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Preámbulo de la Ley Orgánica 3/2022 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation territorial == Le Secretariato General participa in le coordination inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome in materia de Formation Professional e apprendimento durante tote le vita. Le Gabinetto Technic presta supporto al Conferentia Sectorial de Formation Professional de Personas Laborante e a altere organos de cooperation territorial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le legislation previde cooperation con le administrationes autonomic e local e con le altere administrationes public pro garantir un oferta de Formation Professional sufficiente e adaptate al necessitates del personas e del systema productive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/07/18/659/con |titulo=Real Decreto 659/2023, de 18 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Secretariato General participa in le conception de programas international de Formation Professional e apprendimento durante tote le vita, sia per medio del [[Servicio Espaniol pro le Internationalisation del Education]] sia per accordos bilateral. Illo promove tamben accordos, projectos e participation in organismos e competitiones international de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General es tamben competente pro autorisar, controlar, sequer e evaluar le centros que offere in le exterior le ofertas del Systema de Formation Professional espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution recente == Le actual structura del Secretariato General ha essite influentiate per le reforma integral del Formation Professional introducite per le Lege Organic 3/2022 e developate per le Real Decreto 659/2023. Le nove modelo integra le formation del systema educational e le formation professional del personas laborante in un systema unic, con itinerarios formative modular e accreditationes que pote esser accumulative e recognoscibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2022/03/31/3 |titulo=Preámbulo de la Ley Orgánica 3/2022 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 274/2024 esseva modificate in martio 2026 e su texto consolidate ha como ultime actualisation publicate le 12 de junio 2026. Le BOE indica que le reformas posterior concernente le organisation del Ministerio include le modificationes del articulos 2, 4 e 7 e le altere adaptationes administrative, durante que le articulo 5 del Secretariato General remane le base del su structura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Secretariato General continua a intervenir in le coordination territorial, le qualification professional, le formation professional pro personas laborante e le implementation del nove Systema de Formation Professional. Documentos official del 2026 monstra le Secretariato General e su titular in le gestion de accordos de distribution territorial e in altere activitates concernente le formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-14479 |titulo=Resolución de 23 de junio de 2026, de la Secretaría General de Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes ha su sede in calle Alcalá, 34, Madrid. Le Secretariato General de Formation Professional es un organo del iste departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/sg-formacion-profesional.html |titulo=Secretaría General de Formación Profesional |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] lpmqvsmrlr7qr0wqck1pit0da9harsj 0 61884 702523 2026-10-06T14:19:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] 702523 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] nzc2sdgcid0tohnjs4oeubpqjfwzmwp 0 61885 702527 2026-10-06T14:50:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Education''' esseva un organo superior e directorial del [[Ministerio de Education]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction del servicios commun del departamento e del coordination de numerose materias administrative, economic, de personal e de administration educational. Su denomination e dependentia ha cambiate con le successive reorganisationes del Governamento. Le actual successor institutional es le Subsecr...” 702527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Education''' esseva un organo superior e directorial del [[Ministerio de Education]] de [[Espania]], incaricate del direction del servicios commun del departamento e del coordination de numerose materias administrative, economic, de personal e de administration educational. Su denomination e dependentia ha cambiate con le successive reorganisationes del Governamento. Le actual successor institutional es le Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes, que es un del organos superior e directorial del actual [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le figura del subsecretariato es un organo classic del Administration General del Stato espaniol e ha essite empleate per le ministerios pro coordinar le servicios commun e representar ordinariamente le departamento. In le historia recente del administration educational, le denomination Subsecretaría de Educación esseva empleate in differente structuras ministerial, con competentias que variava secundo le organisation del Ministerio. In 2009, le Ministerio de Education includeva un Subsecretaría de Educación como un del organos superior e directorial del departamento, insimul con le Secretaria de Stato de Education e Formation Professional e le Secretaria General de Universitates. Le subsecretariato esseva incaricate del direction de servicios administrative e del supporto al titular del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2009-11185 |titulo=Real Decreto 1086/2009, de 3 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, le denomination esseva modificate secundo le reorganisationes del departamentos ministerial. In 2012, per exemplo, le organo esseva denominate Subsecretaría de Educación, Cultura y Deporte e exerceva le representation ordinari del Ministerio, le direction del servicios commun e le coordination de materias concernente le budget, le personal, le patrimonio, le infrastructuras e le tecnologias del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/01/27/257/con/20170325 |titulo=Real Decreto 257/2012, de 27 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, con le creation del Ministerio de Education e Formation Professional, le organo assumeva le denomination Subsecretaría de Educación y Formación Profesional. Le Real Decreto 498/2020 establi le subsecretariato como un del organos del Ministerio e le distingueva del Secretaria de Stato de Education e del Secretaria General de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-4764 |titulo=Real Decreto 498/2020, de 28 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Con le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial de 2023–2024, le organo deveniva le Subsecretaría de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes, denomination que corresponde al actual quadro institutional. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023 include le subsecretariato inter le organos superior e directorial del Ministerio e le Real Decreto 274/2024 developpa su structura organic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Quadro juridic == Le actual structura del subsecretariato es establite principalmente per le Real Decreto 274/2024, que developpa le structura organic basic del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le texto consolidate del decreto ha essite actualisate in junio 2026 e incorpora modificationes adoptate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, texto consolidado, ultime actualisation del 12 de junio 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le subsecretariato exerce le functiones general previde per le articulo 63 del Lege 40/2015, concernente le regime juridic del Sector Public, assi como le competentias specific establite per le regulation organic del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes ha le representation ordinari del Ministerio e dirige, impulse e coordina le servicios commun del departamento. Illo provide etiam assistentia al titular del Ministerio in le preparation e approbation del planos de action del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias se trova: * le coordination e direction del servicios commun del Ministerio; * le preparation e tramitamento del anteprojecto annual del budget del departamento; * le controlo del execution del creditos budgetari e lor modificationes; * le analyse e coordination del recursos financiari del Ministerio; * le coordination e sequentia del fondos europee e international destinate a programas del departamento; * le gestion del personal del Ministerio e le planification del necessitates de personnel; * le elaboration del politica de personal docente non universitari in coordination con le Secretaria de Stato de Education e le Secretariato General de Formation Professional; * le gestion del personal docente e del procedures de mobilitate del professores; * le gestion del patrimonio, edificios e infrastructuras del servicios central; * le coordination del transformation digital e del tecnologias del information e communication; * le gestion economic e financiari e le preparation del expedientes de contratación; * le coordination del cooperation international e del relationes international in materia de education non universitari; * le direction e gestion del servicios educational espaniol al exterior; * le coordination con le Consejo Superior de Deportes in le implementation del politicas sportive que corresponde al Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le subsecretariato ha tamben competentias in materia de administration digital, includente le planning strategic del transformation digital, le coordination del sistemas de information, le securitate informatic e le provision de servicios commun TIC del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Personal docente == Un del areas particular del subsecretariato es le politica de personal docente pro le enseniamentos non universitari. Illo elabora le bases del regime juridic del function public docente e gere le personal docente del Ministerio, in coordination con le Secretaria de Stato de Education e le Secretariato General de Formation Professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include etiam le procedures de mobilitate del professores e le coordination del personal docente con le altere administrationes educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le subsecretariato ha sub su dependentia le Secretariato General Technic, le Officio Budgetari, le Officio Major, le Subdirection General de Personal, le Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Communication, le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic e del Fondo Social Europee, le Unitate de Action Educational Exterior, le Gabinetto Technic e le Inspection General del Servicios del Departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General Technic === Le Secretariato General Technic es le principal organo directorial dependente del subsecretariato. Illo exerce le competentias general previde per le articulo 65 del Lege 40/2015 e tracta materias juridic, normative, statistic, documentation, publication e relationes con le citatanos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulos 7 e 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub le Secretariato General Technic depende: * le Vice-Secretariato General Technic; * le Subdirection General de Recursos e Relationes con le Tribunales; * le Subdirection General de Statistica e Studios; * le Subdirection General de Attention al Citatanos, Documentation e Publicationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/subsecretaria/secretaria-general-tecnica.html |titulo=Secretariato General Technic |sitioweb=Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Vice-Secretariato General Technic se ocupa principalmente del plan normative del Ministerio e del coordination del tramitamento del normas. Le Subdirection General de Recursos e Relationes con le Tribunales tracta le recursos administrative e le relationes procedural con le organos judicial. Le Subdirection General de Statistica e Studios coordina le statisticas educational e le studios del departamento. Le Subdirection General de Attention al Citatanos, Documentation e Publicationes gere le information al citatanos, le publicationes e le documentation del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Officio Budgetari e Officio Major === Le Officio Budgetari es responsabile del materias concernente le budget del Ministerio, includente le preparation del anteprojecto budgetari, le sequentia del execution del creditos e le coordination del recursos financiari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officio Major gere le edificios, le installations e le patrimonio del servicios central e exerce le competentias concernente le obras de nove construction, rehabilitation, grande repairation o demolition in le sede del departamento. Iste competentias esseva precisate per le modificationes adoptate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-5879 |titulo=Real Decreto 193/2026, de 11 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2026/06/12/pdfs/BOE-A-2026-12710.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 465/2026, de 10 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Personal e technologies === Le Subdirection General de Personal es responsabile del planning e gestion del personal del Ministerio, includente selection, provision de postos, modification del relationes de postos de labor e gestion del retributiones. Illo ha etiam le competentias relative al personal docente non universitari in le quadro del subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Communication coordina le transformation digital, le sistemas de information, le securitate informatic e le servicios digital del Ministerio. Illo gere tamben le redes de communication e le medios de firma electronic del personal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Gestion economic e fondos europee === Le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic e del Fondo Social Europee tracta le gestion economic e financiari del departamento, le preparation del expedientes de contratation e le gestion de programas cofinanciate per le fondos structural del Union Europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le unitate exerce tamben functiones de programmation, gestion e controlo como organismo intermedi del ayudas del fondos structural del Union Europee in le ambito del education e del formation professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Action educational exterior == Le Unitate de Action Educational Exterior es un organo dependente del subsecretariato incaricate de le planification, direction e gestion administrative del servicios educational espaniol al exterior. Illo tracta le relationes con le Conseillerias, Aggregadurias e Directiones de Programmas Educational existente in altere paises e le centros educational espaniol de titularitate estatal al exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le subsecretariato es etiam responsabile del elaboration del quadro juridic del action educational al exterior e del planification del infrastructuras e equipamientos educational in le exterior, in coordination con le organismos competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Inspection e coordination == Le Inspection General del Servicios del Departamento depende del subsecretariato e executa le programas de inspection del servicios ministerial, evalua le functionamento del unitates del departamento e participa in le evaluation del politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le subsecretariato coordina etiam le cooperation international del Ministerio in le materias educational non universitari, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Secretaria de Stato de Education, del Secretariato General de Formation Professional e del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos attachate == Le Abogacia del Stato in le departamento e le Intervention Delegate del Intervention General del Administration del Stato (IGAE) es attachate al subsecretariato con nivello organic de Subdirection General, ma illes mantene lor dependentia proprie del Ministerio de le Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes e del Ministerio de Hacienda, respectivemente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste arrangement permitte que le organos juridic e de controlo financiari exerce lor functiones in le Ministerio durante que lor dependentia functional o organic principal remane in lor respectives departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Stato |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes, e per consequentia del subsecretariato, es in calle Alcalá, 34, 28014 Madrid. Le Ministerio publica iste adresse in su organigramma official. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.educacionfpydeportes.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministra/subsecretaria.html |titulo=Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes |sitioweb=Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Subsecretariatos de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Formacion Professional in Espania]] 51a0bi6qkv471ifecqkmg9z3wfxu212 0 61886 702529 2026-10-06T15:11:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Consilio Superior de Sportes''' (CSD) es un [[organismo autonome]] de character administrative del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]], per medio del qual le Stato exerce directemente su competentias in materia de [[sport]]. Le CSD es actualmente adscripte al [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]], e su presidente ha rango de [[Secretariato de Stato]]. Le base juridic principal del organismo es...” 702529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Consilio Superior de Sportes''' (CSD) es un [[organismo autonome]] de character administrative del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]], per medio del qual le Stato exerce directemente su competentias in materia de [[sport]]. Le CSD es actualmente adscripte al [[Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes]], e su presidente ha rango de [[Secretariato de Stato]]. Le base juridic principal del organismo es le [[Lege 39/2022 del Sport]] e su Statuto, approbate per le Real Decreto 460/2015. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, del Sport |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, de 5 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD exerce le gestion directe del politica sportive estatal, durante que le Governo fixa le direction general e le objectivos del politica sportive del Stato. Le organismo ha personalitate juridic proprie e capacitate de ager pro le adimpletion de su fines e functiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, del Sport, articulos 13–15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e historia == Le CSD esseva create como organismo autonome per le Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, que establite le structura del nove Ministerio de Cultura. Le decreto attribueva al CSD le promotion, planification e disveloppamento del cultura physic e del activitates sportive, le coordination e auxilio al entitates sportive, le relationes con le [[Comite Olimpic Espaniol]], le gestion de centros e servicios sportive, le education e recerca concernente al sport e le inspection technic del activitates sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-21144 |titulo=Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, super le structura organic e functiones del Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le decreto de 1977 establi que le CSD operava in Pleno e Commission Permanente e que le Ministro de Cultura exerceva le preside del organismo. Un director con categoria de director general dirigeva le activitate del CSD. Le nove organismo assumeva le functiones anteriormente attribuite al Direction General de Education Physic e Sportes e al Centro Superior de Education Physic e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-21144 |titulo=Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le existentia del CSD como organismo autonome esseva confirmate in le normativa administrative posterior. In 1978, le BOE mentionava explicitemente le CSD como organismo autonome create per le Real Decreto 2258/1977 e establi su proprie instrumentos administrative e economic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1978-24538 |titulo=Orden de 21 de septembre 1978, super le Mesa de Contratation e Junta de Compras del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un nove quadro juridic del sport esseva establite con le Lege 10/1990, de 15 de octobre, del Sport, que regula le intervention del Stato in le sport e le organisation del entidades sportive. Le CSD deveniva le principal organismo del Administration General del Stato incaricate de exercitar iste competentias. Le Lege 39/2022 replaceva ulteriormente le quadro general del 1990 e defini le competentias actual del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1990-25037 |titulo=Ley 10/1990, de 15 de octubre, del Deporte |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, del Sport |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura juridic e adscription == Le CSD es un organismo autonome de character administrative con personalitate juridic proprie. Secundo le Lege 39/2022, su structura organisation es determinate per su Statuto, approbate per Real Decreto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, articulos 13–15 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Desde le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial de 2023, le CSD es adscripte al Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le Real Decreto 274/2024 confirma que le organismo autonome es adscripte al Ministerio e que su presidente ha rango de Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de martio, structura organic del Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio exerce le direction strategic, le evaluation e le controlo del resultatos del organismo secundo le quadro general del Administration public. Le CSD conserva tamen le competentias proprie que le legislation sportive attribue al organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, Statuto del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Lege 39/2022 attribue al CSD un large conjunto de competentias in le ambito del sport estatal. Inter illos se trova le fixation del objectivos e criterios del politica sportive del Administration General del Stato e del representation international de Espania in materia sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo participa in le coordination inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, promovente programas pro le activitate physic e le sport in conditiones de equalitate e non-discrimination. Illo collabora etiam al programmation del sport escolar e universitari in le quadro del competentias del diverse administrationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD ha competentias importante concernente le federationes sportive espaniol. Illo autorisa lor creation, pote ratificar lor statutos e regulamentos previde per le lege, controla certe modificationes e autorisa lor adhesion al federationes sportive international correspondente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo establi insimul con le federationes sportive lor objectivos e programas sportive, specialmente in relation con le sport de alte nivello. Illo pote etiam conceder subvenciones al federationes e altere entitates sportive e controlar le uso del fondos concedite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sport professional == Le CSD ha competentias specific in materia de sport professional. Illo autorisa le constitution e liquidation de ligas professional e ratifica lor statutos e regulamentos in le casos previde per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo qualifica le competitiones official de ambito estatal que debe esser considerate professional, previo le informes previde per le lege, e establi objectivos e mesuras concernente le sustenibilitate economic del competitiones professional. Illo exerce etiam competentias de controlo economic super certe entitates sportive recognoscite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD pote cognoscer le auditas e le contos annual del entitates sportive subjecte al su controlo e establi criterios general de solvabilitate applicabile al ligas professional e federationes sportive espaniol in lor respectives ambitos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sport de alte nivello == Le CSD participa al development del sport de alte nivello e al preparation del athletas que representa Espania in competitiones international. Le organismo coordina con le federationes e con altere actores del systema sportive le programas destinate al sport de alte nivello. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD ha tamben competentias in materia de centros de alte rendimento e de programs de supporto al athletas. Le organismo participa al gestion del infrastructuras sportive estatal e al disveloppamento de programs de preparation sportive e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion |titulo=Organisation del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sport e infrastructure == Le CSD elabora e executa, in collaboration con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, planos pro le construction e melioration del equipamento e del installations sportive destinate al sport de competition. Le normativa del installations debe considerar specialmente le securitate e le accessibilitate universal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo gere tamben le censo estatal del installations sportive, in collaboration con le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sport e salute == Le CSD participa in le promotion del activitate physic e del sport como instrumentos de salute public. Le Lege 39/2022 attribue al organismo competentias pro establir un politica de prevention del riscos associate al practica sportive e pro elaborar informes, statisticas, studios, protocollos e guidas super le beneficios del activitate physic e del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organismo supporta etiam le recerca scientific e le innovation in materia sportive. Iste competentia include le promotion del investigation super le phenomeno sportive e le participation de differente disciplinas scientific in le disveloppamento del politica sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Equalitate e non-discrimination == Le Lege 39/2022 include inter le competentias del CSD le promotion de un activitate sportive sin discrimination. Le organismo participa al promotion del sport pro personas con handicap e al developpamento de politicas concernente le participation del personas LGTBI in le sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le legislation attribue etiam al CSD le promotion del formation de personal technic sportive pro prevenir e intervenir contra conductas violent, molestation, abuso sexual e altere formas de discrimination in le ambiente sportive. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Lucta contra le doping == Le CSD promove e impulse mesuras de prevention e controlo del uso de substantias prohibite e methods non regulamentari destinate a augmentar artificialmente le capacitate physic del athletas o a modificar fraudulentemente le resultatos del competitiones. Iste competentias es exercite sin pregiudicio del functiones attribuite al Commissiòn Espaniol pro le Lucta contra le Doping in le Sport como agencia estatal specialisate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD es etiam le autoritate competente pro altere materias administrative del systema sportive, includente le recours contra certe actos e resolutiones del federationes sportive espaniol e le exercitio del potestates sanctionatori attribuite al organismo per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le organos del CSD es determinate per su Statuto. Illes include le Presidente, le Commission Directiva, le Direction General de Sportes e le Subdirectiones General que constitue le organos de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 4–9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Presidente del CSD exerce le representation e le direction superior del organismo e preside le Commission Directiva. Le Presidente ha rango de Secretariato de Stato e es nominate e separate per le Consilio de Ministros a proposition del Ministro competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 5–7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Commission Directiva es le organo collegial del CSD con le competentias que le Lege del Sport e le Statuto attribue a illo. Su composition include representantes del Administration General del Stato, del Communitates Autonome, del entitates local e del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 6–7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Sportes es le principal organo directorial del CSD. Le actual organisation del organismo include subdirectiones concernente le sport professional e controlo financiari, le alte competition, le promotion e innovation sportive, le scientias del sport, femina e sport e le regime juridic del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/equipo-directivo |titulo=Equipo directivo del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Commission Directiva == Le Commission Directiva participa al governamento del CSD e exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al organismo collegial. Le Statuto establi le Commission Directiva como un del duos organos rectores del CSD, insimul con le Presidente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, articulos 4 e 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Commission Directiva tracta, inter altere materias, questiones concernente le organisation del sport de ambito estatal e le competentias attribuite al CSD in relation con le federationes e altere entitates sportive. Le Lege 39/2022 establi nove competentias del CSD que debe esser exercite secundo le quadro del Commission Directiva e del altere organos del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, de 30 de decembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio de Education == Le CSD es un organismo autonome e non un organo interne del Ministerio. Su adscription significa que le Ministerio exerce le direction strategic, le evaluation e le controlo del organismo in le terminos establite per le lege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-6645 |titulo=Real Decreto 460/2015, Statuto del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual organisation ministerial distingui le CSD del Secretariato de Stato de Education, del Secretariato General de Formation Professional e del Subsecretariato de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes. Le CSD es adscripte al Ministerio, ma exerce le competentias sportive que le Lege 39/2022 e le Statuto attribue al organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024, de 19 de martio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le CSD establi le objectivos del representation e participation international del Administration General del Stato in le ambito sportive e participa in le cooperation international in materia de sport. Le organismo coordina iste activitate con le Ministerios e altere administrationes competente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CSD participa etiam al authorisation del competitiones sportive official international que se celebra in territorio espaniol e del participation del selectiones de ambito estatal in competitiones international, in le conditiones previde per le Lege 39/2022 e con le participation del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation quando illo es requirite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-24430 |titulo=Ley 39/2022, articulo 14 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del CSD es al calle Martín Fierro, 5, 28040 Madrid. Iste adresse es indicate in le canales official del organismo e in su sede electronic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://sede.csd.gob.es/CanalesComunicacionSede.aspx?origen=1 |titulo=Canales de communication del CSD |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le CSD continua a esser le organismo autonome del Administration General del Stato incaricate del gestion directe del politica sportive estatal. Le organismo es adscripte al Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sportes e opera secundo le Lege 39/2022 del Sport e su Statuto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/funciones |titulo=Functiones del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-5482 |titulo=Real Decreto 274/2024 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation official del 2026 identifica José Manuel Rodríguez Uribes como Presidente e Fernando Molinero Revert como Director General de Sportes. Le organismo ha un reticula de Subdirectiones General que tracta le sport professional, alte competition, promotion e innovation sportive, scientias del sport, femina e sport e regime juridic del sport. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.csd.gob.es/es/csd/organizacion/estructura-y-equipo-directivo/equipo-directivo |titulo=Equipo directivo del Consejo Superior de Deportes |sitioweb=Consejo Superior de Deportes |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Organismos autonome de Espania]] [[Categoria:Entes rector del sport in Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Citate Universitari de Madrid]] [[Categoria:Medalias de Auro al Merito Social Penitentiari]] [[Categoria:Consilio Superior de Sports| ]] d4gmbht93q44fics3j2wfw3mb7rrzdi 0 61887 702531 2026-10-06T15:29:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[scientia]], disveloppamento technologic e [[innovation]] in tote le sectores, includente le investigation scientific. Illo es etiam responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de [[universitates]] e del activitates pro...” 702531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[scientia]], disveloppamento technologic e [[innovation]] in tote le sectores, includente le investigation scientific. Illo es etiam responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de [[universitates]] e del activitates proprie de illas. Le Ministerio exerce tamben le competentias que le ordinamento juridic attribue al departamento, includente le representation e participation de Espania in organismos del [[Union Europee]] e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Ministerio esseva create per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que reconstitueva le departamento con le denomination Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, reunente le competentias que durante le periodo 2020–2023 habeva essite repartite inter le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation e le Ministerio de Universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le administration espaniol del scientia e del investigation ha essite organisate sub differente departamentos durante le historia recente. Un antecedente directe esseva le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation, create in 1979. Le Real Decreto 708/1979 attribueva a iste departamento le competentias del anterior Secretaria de Stato de Universitates e Investigation, assi como competentias relative al [[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]], al Instituto de España e al Commission Consultative de Investigation Scientific e Technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9454 |titulo=Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1000/1979 establiva le normas organic provisori del nove Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation e developpava su Subsecretariato, Secretariato General Technic e altere organos directorial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1979/04/27/1000 |titulo=Real Decreto 1000/1979, de 27 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2000 esseva create le Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia, con competentias super le politica scientific e technologic, le telecomunicationes e le promotion del societate del information. Le structura del departamento esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 1451/2000. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-14482 |titulo=Real Decreto 1451/2000, de 28 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2008 esseva create le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation, al qual esseva attribuite le politica concernente le universitate, investigation scientific, disveloppamento technologic e innovation, assi como le coordination del organismos public de investigation de titularitate estatal. Le departamento habeva duo Secretariatos de Stato: le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/12/432 |titulo=Real Decreto 432/2008, de 12 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2012, le competentias scientific e de innovation esseva integrate in le Ministerio de Economia e Competitivitate. Le nove structura includeva un Secretariato General de Scientia e Innovation e un Direction General de Politica de Investigation, Disveloppamento e Innovation, incaricate inter altere cosas de elaborar e coordinar le strategias national de scientia, technologia e innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/02/10/345/con |titulo=Real Decreto 345/2012, de 10 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2018 esseva recreate un departamento proprie sub le denomination Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates. Le Real Decreto 355/2018 attribueva al departamento le politica del Governamento in materia de universitate, investigation scientific, disveloppamento technologic e innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-7575 |titulo=Real Decreto 355/2018, de 6 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le Governamento divideva novamente le competentias. Le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation deveniva responsabile del scientia, disveloppamento technologic e innovation, durante que le nove Ministerio de Universitates assumeva le politica del Governamento in materia de universitate. Le cambio esseva establite per le Real Decreto 2/2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-410&p=20200113&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023, le Real Decreto 829/2023 reuniva iste areas in un sol departamento, le actual Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates. Le Ministerio esseva incaricate de scientia, disveloppamento technologic e innovation in tote le sectores, e de universitate e su activitates proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio coordina le politica estatal de [[investigation e disveloppamento]] e de innovation e participa in le coordination del [[Systema Espaniol de Scientia, Technologia e Innovation]]. Su activitate comprende le planification strategic, le financement public del investigation, le promotion del innovation e le transferentia de cognoscentia inter le systema scientific e le economia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de universitate, le Ministerio exerce le competentias del Administration General del Stato concernente le ordination del systema universitari, le conditiones pro le creation e recognition de universitates, le regulation del titulos official, le coordination interadministrative e varie programas de formation e mobilitate del personal docente e investigador. Le organisation vigente attribue etiam al Ministerio le monitorage del qualitate global del activitates academic del systema universitari public e private. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le internationalisation del scientia e del universitate, le participation in programas europee e le relationes con organismos scientific e academic international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le organisation basic del Ministerio es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 472/2024, modificate in 2026 per le Real Decreto 265/2026. Le departamento se structura in le Secretariato de Stato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates e le Subsecretariato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates depende directemente del Ministro e include le Secretariato General de Investigation, le Secretariato General de Universitates, le Secretariato General de Innovation, le Commissariato del PERTE pro le Salute de Avantgarde con rango de Subsecretariato, e le Direction General de Planification, Coordination e Transferentia de Cognoscentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Investigation coordina le politica de investigation scientific, le Planes Estatal de Investigation Scientific e Technic e le promotion international del grande installationes scientific e technic espaniol. In 2026, le Real Decreto 265/2026 precisa que le competentia concerne le promotion international de iste installationes, e non lor representation juridic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Innovation es incaricate del politicas de innovation e del promotion del transferentia de cognoscentia, del cooperation inter le sectores public e private e del disveloppamento del ecosistema de innovation. Le Secretariato General de Universitates tracta le politicas concernente le systema universitari. Desde april 2026, illo dispone de un Subdirection General de Relationes Institutional, Organos Collegial e Relationes con le Studentes in le Ambito Universitari, un Subdirection General de Sequentia del Qualitate Academic del Systema Universitari e le Officio National de Recognoscimento Academic e Professional de Titulos Universitari Extranjeros-NARIC, con rango de Subdirection General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates depende le Secretariato General Technic e assume le functiones administrative general del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Investigation scientific == Le politica scientific del Ministerio include le promotion e financiamento del investigation basic e applicate, le supporto al personal investigador e le development de infrastructures scientific e technic. Le Ministerio coordina iste politica con le Communitates Autonome e con le altere actores del systema national de scientia, technologia e innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Agencia Estatal de Investigation (AEI) es le principal agente de financiamento del investigation scientific del Administration General del Stato e gestiona programas competitive de financiamento. In 2026, le Ministerio transferiva tamben al AEI le gestion del convocatorias de ayudas pro le Formation del Professorato Universitari e su ayudas complementari, a partir del anno 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le organismos public de investigation associate al systema del Ministerio se trova le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), le Instituto de Salute Carlos III (ISCIII), le Centro de Investigationes Energetic, Medioambiental e Technologic (CIEMAT) e le Instituto de Astrophysica de Canarias (IAC). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Innovation e transferentia de cognoscentia == Le Ministerio promove le innovation technologic e le transferentia del resultatos del investigation verso le empresas e altere sectores del economia e del societate. Iste politica include le cooperation public-private, le supporto a empresas innovative e le promotion del utilisation economic e social del cognoscentia scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Centro pro le Disveloppamento Technologic e le Innovation (CDTI) es un entitate attachate al Ministerio que opera instrumentos de financiamento e supporto al innovation empresarial. Le Ministerio collabora con le CDTI, le CSIC, le AEI, le CIEMAT, le ISCIII e altere entitates in iniciativas de transferentia de cognoscentia e cooperation inter le sectores public e private. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Noticias/2025/marzo/emprendimiento-ciencia-Trasnfiere.html |titulo=El MICIU impulsará el emprendimiento en la ciencia en Transfiere 2025 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Agencia Espacial Espaniol es etiam associate al Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates e al Ministerio de Defensa. Illa participa in le coordination del politica spatial espaniol e in le cooperation national e international in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/InfoGeneralPortal/MapaWeb.html |titulo=Mapa web del Ministerio |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Universitates == Le Ministerio exerce le competentias estatal concernente le systema universitari in coordination con le Communitates Autonome e le universitates. Illo tracta, inter altere materias, le ordination del titulos official, le qualitate del systema, le regime del professorato universitari, le internationalisation e le recognition de titulos extranjeros. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio se relationa in iste campo con le Conferencia General de Politica Universitari, le Consilio de Universitates e le Consilio de Studentes Universitari del Stato. Iste organos es associate al Ministerio e participa in le coordination e consultation del politica universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio gestiona tamben le recognition academic e professional de titulos universitari extranjeros per le Officio National NARIC. Le nove officio, create con rango de Subdirection General in 2026, coordina le procedures de homologation, equivalence e certe provas de aptitude associate al recognition de qualificationes professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=BOE |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Entitates attachate == Le Ministerio exerce parte de su competentias per un rede de organismos e entitates attachate. Le lista official include le Agencia Estatal de Investigation, le Agencia Espacial Espaniol, le Centro pro le Disveloppamento Technologic e le Innovation, le Agencia National de Evaluation del Qualitate e Accreditation, le Servicio Espaniol pro le Internationalisation del Education, le Fundation Espaniol de Scientia e Technologia, le Universitate International Menéndez Pelayo, le Universitate National de Education a Distante, le Colegio de Espania in Paris, le Instituto de Espania e le Reales Academias, assi como altere museos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio include etiam inter su organismos public de investigation le CSIC, le ISCIII, le CIEMAT e le IAC. Iste organismos es destinate al execution directe de activitates de investigation scientific e technic e de altere activitates necessari al progresso scientific e technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos collegial e consultive == Le Ministerio ha diverse organos collegial e consultive. Inter illos se trova le Consilio de Politica Scientific, Technologic e de Innovation, le Consilio Consultive de Scientia, Technologia e Innovation, le Comite Espaniol de Ethica del Investigation, le Comite Polar Espaniol, le Conferencia General de Politica Universitari, le Consilio de Universitates, le Consilio de Studentes Universitari del Stato e le Observatorio de Feminas, Scientia e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organos offer le expertise, consultation e coordination necessari al elaboration del politicas public in materia de I+D+i e universitate. Le Consilio de Politica Scientific, Technologic e de Innovation participa in le coordination del politica scientific, durante que le Consilio Consultive representa le participation del communitate scientific e technologic e del agentes economic e social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes international == Le Ministerio representa e participa pro Espania in organismos europee e international concernente le scientia, technologia, innovation e universitate. Le competentias international include le cooperation scientific, le participation in grande infrastructures international e le promotion international del infrastructures scientific e technic espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa tamben in le programas europee de investigation e innovation e coordina con altere Administrationes le participation espaniol in initiatives scientific international. == Situation in 2026 == In 2026 le Ministerio opera sub le structura stabilite per le Real Decreto 472/2024 e modificate per le Real Decreto 265/2026. Le reforma de april 2026 reorganisava le structura del Secretariato General de Universitates, introducente nove organos pro le relationes institutional, le sequentia del qualitate academic e le recognition de titulos universitari extranjeros. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme reforma transferiva al Agencia Estatal de Investigation, a partir del 2026, le gestion del convocatorias del ayudas pro le Formation del Professorato Universitari e le ayudas complementari, durante que le Secretariato General de Universitates conservava le gestion del convocatorias relative al 2025 e annos anterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/01/265 |titulo=Real Decreto 265/2026, de 1 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Ministerio ha su sede administrative in Madrid. Le information official del sito del Ministerio identifica le Paseo de la Castellana, 162, 28046 Madrid como adresse administrative del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Ministerio/Mision-y-organizacion/ |titulo=Misión y organización |sitioweb=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] q9xzx97n9clseugjmwnw0lefccltra7 0 61888 702533 2026-10-06T15:40:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation''' esseva un organo superior del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que coordinava le politica statal in materia de [[universitates]], [[investigation scientific]] e [[scientia]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos, specialmente inter 1977 e 1979 e, de maniera continuate, desde 1981 usque a 1996, e de novo inter 2004 e 2008. In le periodo 1996...” 702533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation''' esseva un organo superior del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que coordinava le politica statal in materia de [[universitates]], [[investigation scientific]] e [[scientia]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos, specialmente inter 1977 e 1979 e, de maniera continuate, desde 1981 usque a 1996, e de novo inter 2004 e 2008. In le periodo 1996–2000, le organo portava le denomination de Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Origine in 1977 === Le figura del Secretariato de Stato esseva introducite in le organisation del Administration Central per le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establiva le creation de cinque Secretariatos de Stato e definiva iste cargo como un nivello inter le Ministro e le Subsecretariato. In le Ministerio de Education e Scientia esseva create le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disposition attribueva al Secretariatos de Stato le competentias previde per le legislation administrative pro le unidades que les esseva assignate, sub le direction superior del Ministro. Illes poteva tamben reciper altere functiones per delegation del titular del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Luis González Seara, qui occupava le position durante le periodo 1977–1979. Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva create in 1979 e assumeva le functiones del Secretariato, que esseva supprimite per le Real Decreto 708/1979. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9454 |titulo=Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 1981 === Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva supprimite in 1981, quando le Governo reuniva su competentias con le Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 325/1981 crea in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia un nove Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation, incaricate de continuar le administration del unidades proveniente del departamento supprimite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/03/06/325 |titulo=Real Decreto 325/1981, de 6 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1534/1981 establiva le structura organic del Ministerio de Education e Scientia e confirmava le Secretariato como un del principales organos del departamento. Sub illo dependeva directemente le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretario de Stato esseva etiam Secretario General del Commission Delegate del Governo de Politica Scientific e Presidente del Comite Interministerial del Commission Consultive de Investigation Scientific e Technic. Iste position dava al organo un function de coordination inter le politica universitari e le politica scientific del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Organisation in le annos 1980 === Le structura del Secretariato esseva developpate per le normativa organic del Ministerio. In 1982, le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific esseva inter le principales unidades directemente dependente del Secretariato. Le Gabinete Technic del Secretario de Stato provideva supporto in materias administrative, budgetari e technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-6014 |titulo=Orden de 6 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato interveniva in le ordination universitari, le professorato, le politica scientific e le relationes con le organismos de investigation. Le legislation del periodo attribueva al titular del organo competentias delegate concernente le ordination universitari e le professorato, le politica scientific e le fundationes de character universitari e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-8402 |titulo=Orden de 27 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime annos del periodo, le titulares includeva Manuel Cobo del Rosal, Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez e Carmina Virgili Rodón. Virgili esseva titular in 1982 e appare in le documentation official del Ministerio de Education e Scientia como Secretario de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/02/01/pdfs/A02639-02640.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1 de febrero de 1983 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le politica universitari == Le Secretariato esseva le principal organo del Governo central pro le competentias statal concernente le education superior. In le annos 1980, su competentias includeva le coordination, programmation e gestion del materias de education superior, le ordination del accesso al universitates e le direction del politica concernente le professorato universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 2352/1986 confirma que le Secretariato coordinava e supervisionava le activitates de ordination, programmation e gestion in materia de education superior. Illo includeva tamben le impulso e supervision del programmation e del activitates de investigation scientific e technic e le coordination del actiones ligate al Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato habeva tamben relationes con le Consilio de Universitates, le organismo consultive del systema universitari create durante le reforma universitari del annos 1980. Le development del Ley Organica de Reforma Universitaria contribueva a delimitar le relation inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-24014 |titulo=Real Decreto 1888/1984, de 26 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Investigation scientific e Plan National == Un del areas principal del Secretariato esseva le politica scientific national. Le organo coordinava le programmation del investigation scientific e technic e interveniva in le execution del Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. In le annos 1980, le Secretariato habeva tamben functiones in le Commission Interministerial de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 13/1986, de 14 de april, super le promotion e coordination general del investigation scientific e technic, forma un quadro national pro le coordination del politica de investigation e pro le Plan National. Le Secretariato participa in iste quadro per le competentias que le legislation organic del Ministerio attribueva a illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6858 |titulo=Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution in le annos 1990 == In 1996 le Governo reorganisava le Ministerio de Education e Culture. Le Secretariato esseva denominate Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Real Decreto 1887/1996 attribueva al nove organo le coordination del education superior, le investigation scientific e technic, le Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic e le relationes international in iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura includeva le Direction General de Education Superior e le Direction General de Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato, e le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas esseva etiam associate al departamento per iste via. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento reflecteva le extension del competentias verso le politica de disveloppamento scientific e technologic e le coordination del Plan National. Le organo esseva mantenite in iste forma durante le periodo del Ministerio de Education e Culture del fin del annos 1990. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation del 2000 === In 2000, le Governmento reorganisava le administration del scientia e technologia e le denomination del organo esseva modificate. Le reforma esseva parte del transformation del Ministerio de Education e Culture e del creation del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic esseva repartite inter differente departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reforma significa que le denomination Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation non esseva usate in le mesme forma durante le periodo immediatemente sequente. Le competentias universitari e scientific esseva successivemente repartite inter le Ministerios de Education e Cultura e le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 2004 === Le 2004 esseva un nove momento importante in le historia del organo. Le reforma del departamentos ministerial reuniva in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia competentias que proveniva del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes e del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation esseva restabilite como organo superior del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato esseva responsabile del ordination e programmation del education superior, del accesso al universitate, del relationes international in su materias e del coordination del programas de formation e mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia esseva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic e le Direction General de Universitates. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 562/2004 precisa que le Secretariato assumeva le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic del anterior Secretariato de Stato de Politica Scientific e Technologic del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia, insimul con le competentias universitari del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-6957 |titulo=Real Decreto 562/2004, de 19 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Abolition in 2008 === Le denomination esseva abandonate in 2008, quando le nove Governo crea le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation e divide le competentias del anterior Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 438/2008 establiva separatamente un Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e un Secretariato de Stato de Investigation in le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura attribueva al Secretariato de Stato de Universitates le Direction General de Universitates e le Direction General de Programmas e Transferentias de Cognoscentia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation riceveva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic, le Direction General de Planification e Coordination e le Direction General de Cooperation International. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste maniera, le functiones que habeva essite reunite in un sol Secretariato de Stato esseva novamente repartite inter un organo dedicate al universitate e un altere dedicate al investigation scientific. == Titulares == Le cargo ha essite occupate per diverse personas durante le varie periodos de su existentia. Inter le titulares documentate se trova: * Luis González Seara, 1977–1979. * Manuel Cobo del Rosal, 1981. * Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez, 1981–1982. * Carmina Virgili Rodón, 1982–1985. * Juan Manuel Rojo Alaminos, 1985–1992. * Elías Fereres Castiel, 1992–1994. * Emilio Octavio de Toledo y Ubieto, 1994–1995. * Enric Banda Tarradellas, 1995–1996. * Salvador Ordóñez Delgado, 2004–2006. * Miguel Ángel Quintanilla Fisac, 2006–2008. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-21934 |titulo=Resolución de 30 de noviembre de 2007 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination del cargo cambiava in 1996 a Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento, con altere titulares durante iste periodo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Signification institutional == Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation representava un tentativa de concentrar in un organo superior del Governo le coordination del politica universitari e del politica scientific. Su competentias evolveva conforme al cambios in le organisation del Administration General del Stato e al distribution del competentias inter le Ministerios. Le historia del organo reflecte le alternation inter modelos que reuniva le universitate e le investigation scientific in un sol structura e modelos que les separava in departamentos o Secretariatos de Stato distincte. In 2008 le denomination esseva finalmente abandonate, quando le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation establi separate Secretariatos de Stato pro le universitate e le investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania del XII Legislatura]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Spania)]] 2l3otimzzthhoxz9zy31kfm94e2ljym 702534 702533 2026-10-06T15:40:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Relation con le politica universitari */ 702534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation''' esseva un organo superior del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que coordinava le politica statal in materia de [[universitates]], [[investigation scientific]] e [[scientia]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos, specialmente inter 1977 e 1979 e, de maniera continuate, desde 1981 usque a 1996, e de novo inter 2004 e 2008. In le periodo 1996–2000, le organo portava le denomination de Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Origine in 1977 === Le figura del Secretariato de Stato esseva introducite in le organisation del Administration Central per le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establiva le creation de cinque Secretariatos de Stato e definiva iste cargo como un nivello inter le Ministro e le Subsecretariato. In le Ministerio de Education e Scientia esseva create le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disposition attribueva al Secretariatos de Stato le competentias previde per le legislation administrative pro le unidades que les esseva assignate, sub le direction superior del Ministro. Illes poteva tamben reciper altere functiones per delegation del titular del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Luis González Seara, qui occupava le position durante le periodo 1977–1979. Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva create in 1979 e assumeva le functiones del Secretariato, que esseva supprimite per le Real Decreto 708/1979. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9454 |titulo=Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 1981 === Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva supprimite in 1981, quando le Governo reuniva su competentias con le Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 325/1981 crea in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia un nove Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation, incaricate de continuar le administration del unidades proveniente del departamento supprimite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/03/06/325 |titulo=Real Decreto 325/1981, de 6 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1534/1981 establiva le structura organic del Ministerio de Education e Scientia e confirmava le Secretariato como un del principales organos del departamento. Sub illo dependeva directemente le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretario de Stato esseva etiam Secretario General del Commission Delegate del Governo de Politica Scientific e Presidente del Comite Interministerial del Commission Consultive de Investigation Scientific e Technic. Iste position dava al organo un function de coordination inter le politica universitari e le politica scientific del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Organisation in le annos 1980 === Le structura del Secretariato esseva developpate per le normativa organic del Ministerio. In 1982, le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific esseva inter le principales unidades directemente dependente del Secretariato. Le Gabinete Technic del Secretario de Stato provideva supporto in materias administrative, budgetari e technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-6014 |titulo=Orden de 6 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato interveniva in le ordination universitari, le professorato, le politica scientific e le relationes con le organismos de investigation. Le legislation del periodo attribueva al titular del organo competentias delegate concernente le ordination universitari e le professorato, le politica scientific e le fundationes de character universitari e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-8402 |titulo=Orden de 27 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime annos del periodo, le titulares includeva Manuel Cobo del Rosal, Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez e Carmina Virgili Rodón. Virgili esseva titular in 1982 e appare in le documentation official del Ministerio de Education e Scientia como Secretario de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/02/01/pdfs/A02639-02640.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1 de febrero de 1983 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Relation con le politica universitari ==== Le Secretariato esseva le principal organo del Governo central pro le competentias statal concernente le education superior. In le annos 1980, su competentias includeva le coordination, programmation e gestion del materias de education superior, le ordination del accesso al universitates e le direction del politica concernente le professorato universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 2352/1986 confirma que le Secretariato coordinava e supervisionava le activitates de ordination, programmation e gestion in materia de education superior. Illo includeva tamben le impulso e supervision del programmation e del activitates de investigation scientific e technic e le coordination del actiones ligate al Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato habeva tamben relationes con le Consilio de Universitates, le organismo consultive del systema universitari create durante le reforma universitari del annos 1980. Le development del Ley Organica de Reforma Universitaria contribueva a delimitar le relation inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-24014 |titulo=Real Decreto 1888/1984, de 26 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Investigation scientific e Plan National == Un del areas principal del Secretariato esseva le politica scientific national. Le organo coordinava le programmation del investigation scientific e technic e interveniva in le execution del Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. In le annos 1980, le Secretariato habeva tamben functiones in le Commission Interministerial de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 13/1986, de 14 de april, super le promotion e coordination general del investigation scientific e technic, forma un quadro national pro le coordination del politica de investigation e pro le Plan National. Le Secretariato participa in iste quadro per le competentias que le legislation organic del Ministerio attribueva a illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6858 |titulo=Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution in le annos 1990 == In 1996 le Governo reorganisava le Ministerio de Education e Culture. Le Secretariato esseva denominate Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Real Decreto 1887/1996 attribueva al nove organo le coordination del education superior, le investigation scientific e technic, le Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic e le relationes international in iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura includeva le Direction General de Education Superior e le Direction General de Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato, e le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas esseva etiam associate al departamento per iste via. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento reflecteva le extension del competentias verso le politica de disveloppamento scientific e technologic e le coordination del Plan National. Le organo esseva mantenite in iste forma durante le periodo del Ministerio de Education e Culture del fin del annos 1990. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation del 2000 === In 2000, le Governmento reorganisava le administration del scientia e technologia e le denomination del organo esseva modificate. Le reforma esseva parte del transformation del Ministerio de Education e Culture e del creation del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic esseva repartite inter differente departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reforma significa que le denomination Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation non esseva usate in le mesme forma durante le periodo immediatemente sequente. Le competentias universitari e scientific esseva successivemente repartite inter le Ministerios de Education e Cultura e le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 2004 === Le 2004 esseva un nove momento importante in le historia del organo. Le reforma del departamentos ministerial reuniva in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia competentias que proveniva del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes e del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation esseva restabilite como organo superior del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato esseva responsabile del ordination e programmation del education superior, del accesso al universitate, del relationes international in su materias e del coordination del programas de formation e mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia esseva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic e le Direction General de Universitates. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 562/2004 precisa que le Secretariato assumeva le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic del anterior Secretariato de Stato de Politica Scientific e Technologic del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia, insimul con le competentias universitari del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-6957 |titulo=Real Decreto 562/2004, de 19 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Abolition in 2008 === Le denomination esseva abandonate in 2008, quando le nove Governo crea le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation e divide le competentias del anterior Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 438/2008 establiva separatamente un Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e un Secretariato de Stato de Investigation in le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura attribueva al Secretariato de Stato de Universitates le Direction General de Universitates e le Direction General de Programmas e Transferentias de Cognoscentia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation riceveva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic, le Direction General de Planification e Coordination e le Direction General de Cooperation International. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste maniera, le functiones que habeva essite reunite in un sol Secretariato de Stato esseva novamente repartite inter un organo dedicate al universitate e un altere dedicate al investigation scientific. == Titulares == Le cargo ha essite occupate per diverse personas durante le varie periodos de su existentia. Inter le titulares documentate se trova: * Luis González Seara, 1977–1979. * Manuel Cobo del Rosal, 1981. * Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez, 1981–1982. * Carmina Virgili Rodón, 1982–1985. * Juan Manuel Rojo Alaminos, 1985–1992. * Elías Fereres Castiel, 1992–1994. * Emilio Octavio de Toledo y Ubieto, 1994–1995. * Enric Banda Tarradellas, 1995–1996. * Salvador Ordóñez Delgado, 2004–2006. * Miguel Ángel Quintanilla Fisac, 2006–2008. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-21934 |titulo=Resolución de 30 de noviembre de 2007 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination del cargo cambiava in 1996 a Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento, con altere titulares durante iste periodo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Signification institutional == Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation representava un tentativa de concentrar in un organo superior del Governo le coordination del politica universitari e del politica scientific. Su competentias evolveva conforme al cambios in le organisation del Administration General del Stato e al distribution del competentias inter le Ministerios. Le historia del organo reflecte le alternation inter modelos que reuniva le universitate e le investigation scientific in un sol structura e modelos que les separava in departamentos o Secretariatos de Stato distincte. In 2008 le denomination esseva finalmente abandonate, quando le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation establi separate Secretariatos de Stato pro le universitate e le investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania del XII Legislatura]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Spania)]] 2s8qm0vcm82xyp4soq0o2n5oqascqzo 702535 702534 2026-10-06T15:40:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Investigation scientific e Plan National */ 702535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation''' esseva un organo superior del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que coordinava le politica statal in materia de [[universitates]], [[investigation scientific]] e [[scientia]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos, specialmente inter 1977 e 1979 e, de maniera continuate, desde 1981 usque a 1996, e de novo inter 2004 e 2008. In le periodo 1996–2000, le organo portava le denomination de Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Origine in 1977 === Le figura del Secretariato de Stato esseva introducite in le organisation del Administration Central per le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establiva le creation de cinque Secretariatos de Stato e definiva iste cargo como un nivello inter le Ministro e le Subsecretariato. In le Ministerio de Education e Scientia esseva create le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disposition attribueva al Secretariatos de Stato le competentias previde per le legislation administrative pro le unidades que les esseva assignate, sub le direction superior del Ministro. Illes poteva tamben reciper altere functiones per delegation del titular del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Luis González Seara, qui occupava le position durante le periodo 1977–1979. Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva create in 1979 e assumeva le functiones del Secretariato, que esseva supprimite per le Real Decreto 708/1979. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9454 |titulo=Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 1981 === Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva supprimite in 1981, quando le Governo reuniva su competentias con le Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 325/1981 crea in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia un nove Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation, incaricate de continuar le administration del unidades proveniente del departamento supprimite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/03/06/325 |titulo=Real Decreto 325/1981, de 6 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1534/1981 establiva le structura organic del Ministerio de Education e Scientia e confirmava le Secretariato como un del principales organos del departamento. Sub illo dependeva directemente le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretario de Stato esseva etiam Secretario General del Commission Delegate del Governo de Politica Scientific e Presidente del Comite Interministerial del Commission Consultive de Investigation Scientific e Technic. Iste position dava al organo un function de coordination inter le politica universitari e le politica scientific del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Organisation in le annos 1980 === Le structura del Secretariato esseva developpate per le normativa organic del Ministerio. In 1982, le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific esseva inter le principales unidades directemente dependente del Secretariato. Le Gabinete Technic del Secretario de Stato provideva supporto in materias administrative, budgetari e technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-6014 |titulo=Orden de 6 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato interveniva in le ordination universitari, le professorato, le politica scientific e le relationes con le organismos de investigation. Le legislation del periodo attribueva al titular del organo competentias delegate concernente le ordination universitari e le professorato, le politica scientific e le fundationes de character universitari e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-8402 |titulo=Orden de 27 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime annos del periodo, le titulares includeva Manuel Cobo del Rosal, Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez e Carmina Virgili Rodón. Virgili esseva titular in 1982 e appare in le documentation official del Ministerio de Education e Scientia como Secretario de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/02/01/pdfs/A02639-02640.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1 de febrero de 1983 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Relation con le politica universitari ==== Le Secretariato esseva le principal organo del Governo central pro le competentias statal concernente le education superior. In le annos 1980, su competentias includeva le coordination, programmation e gestion del materias de education superior, le ordination del accesso al universitates e le direction del politica concernente le professorato universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 2352/1986 confirma que le Secretariato coordinava e supervisionava le activitates de ordination, programmation e gestion in materia de education superior. Illo includeva tamben le impulso e supervision del programmation e del activitates de investigation scientific e technic e le coordination del actiones ligate al Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato habeva tamben relationes con le Consilio de Universitates, le organismo consultive del systema universitari create durante le reforma universitari del annos 1980. Le development del Ley Organica de Reforma Universitaria contribueva a delimitar le relation inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-24014 |titulo=Real Decreto 1888/1984, de 26 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Investigation scientific e Plan National ==== Un del areas principal del Secretariato esseva le politica scientific national. Le organo coordinava le programmation del investigation scientific e technic e interveniva in le execution del Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. In le annos 1980, le Secretariato habeva tamben functiones in le Commission Interministerial de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 13/1986, de 14 de april, super le promotion e coordination general del investigation scientific e technic, forma un quadro national pro le coordination del politica de investigation e pro le Plan National. Le Secretariato participa in iste quadro per le competentias que le legislation organic del Ministerio attribueva a illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6858 |titulo=Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution in le annos 1990 == In 1996 le Governo reorganisava le Ministerio de Education e Culture. Le Secretariato esseva denominate Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Real Decreto 1887/1996 attribueva al nove organo le coordination del education superior, le investigation scientific e technic, le Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic e le relationes international in iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura includeva le Direction General de Education Superior e le Direction General de Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato, e le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas esseva etiam associate al departamento per iste via. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento reflecteva le extension del competentias verso le politica de disveloppamento scientific e technologic e le coordination del Plan National. Le organo esseva mantenite in iste forma durante le periodo del Ministerio de Education e Culture del fin del annos 1990. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation del 2000 === In 2000, le Governmento reorganisava le administration del scientia e technologia e le denomination del organo esseva modificate. Le reforma esseva parte del transformation del Ministerio de Education e Culture e del creation del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic esseva repartite inter differente departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reforma significa que le denomination Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation non esseva usate in le mesme forma durante le periodo immediatemente sequente. Le competentias universitari e scientific esseva successivemente repartite inter le Ministerios de Education e Cultura e le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 2004 === Le 2004 esseva un nove momento importante in le historia del organo. Le reforma del departamentos ministerial reuniva in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia competentias que proveniva del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes e del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation esseva restabilite como organo superior del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato esseva responsabile del ordination e programmation del education superior, del accesso al universitate, del relationes international in su materias e del coordination del programas de formation e mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia esseva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic e le Direction General de Universitates. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 562/2004 precisa que le Secretariato assumeva le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic del anterior Secretariato de Stato de Politica Scientific e Technologic del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia, insimul con le competentias universitari del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-6957 |titulo=Real Decreto 562/2004, de 19 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Abolition in 2008 === Le denomination esseva abandonate in 2008, quando le nove Governo crea le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation e divide le competentias del anterior Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 438/2008 establiva separatamente un Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e un Secretariato de Stato de Investigation in le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura attribueva al Secretariato de Stato de Universitates le Direction General de Universitates e le Direction General de Programmas e Transferentias de Cognoscentia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation riceveva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic, le Direction General de Planification e Coordination e le Direction General de Cooperation International. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste maniera, le functiones que habeva essite reunite in un sol Secretariato de Stato esseva novamente repartite inter un organo dedicate al universitate e un altere dedicate al investigation scientific. == Titulares == Le cargo ha essite occupate per diverse personas durante le varie periodos de su existentia. Inter le titulares documentate se trova: * Luis González Seara, 1977–1979. * Manuel Cobo del Rosal, 1981. * Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez, 1981–1982. * Carmina Virgili Rodón, 1982–1985. * Juan Manuel Rojo Alaminos, 1985–1992. * Elías Fereres Castiel, 1992–1994. * Emilio Octavio de Toledo y Ubieto, 1994–1995. * Enric Banda Tarradellas, 1995–1996. * Salvador Ordóñez Delgado, 2004–2006. * Miguel Ángel Quintanilla Fisac, 2006–2008. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-21934 |titulo=Resolución de 30 de noviembre de 2007 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination del cargo cambiava in 1996 a Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento, con altere titulares durante iste periodo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Signification institutional == Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation representava un tentativa de concentrar in un organo superior del Governo le coordination del politica universitari e del politica scientific. Su competentias evolveva conforme al cambios in le organisation del Administration General del Stato e al distribution del competentias inter le Ministerios. Le historia del organo reflecte le alternation inter modelos que reuniva le universitate e le investigation scientific in un sol structura e modelos que les separava in departamentos o Secretariatos de Stato distincte. In 2008 le denomination esseva finalmente abandonate, quando le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation establi separate Secretariatos de Stato pro le universitate e le investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania del XII Legislatura]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Spania)]] 652bd09ve5afjxih9da1nx7knnayh1k 702536 702535 2026-10-06T15:40:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Evolution in le annos 1990 */ 702536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation''' esseva un organo superior del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que coordinava le politica statal in materia de [[universitates]], [[investigation scientific]] e [[scientia]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos, specialmente inter 1977 e 1979 e, de maniera continuate, desde 1981 usque a 1996, e de novo inter 2004 e 2008. In le periodo 1996–2000, le organo portava le denomination de Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Origine in 1977 === Le figura del Secretariato de Stato esseva introducite in le organisation del Administration Central per le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establiva le creation de cinque Secretariatos de Stato e definiva iste cargo como un nivello inter le Ministro e le Subsecretariato. In le Ministerio de Education e Scientia esseva create le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disposition attribueva al Secretariatos de Stato le competentias previde per le legislation administrative pro le unidades que les esseva assignate, sub le direction superior del Ministro. Illes poteva tamben reciper altere functiones per delegation del titular del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Luis González Seara, qui occupava le position durante le periodo 1977–1979. Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva create in 1979 e assumeva le functiones del Secretariato, que esseva supprimite per le Real Decreto 708/1979. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9454 |titulo=Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 1981 === Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva supprimite in 1981, quando le Governo reuniva su competentias con le Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 325/1981 crea in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia un nove Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation, incaricate de continuar le administration del unidades proveniente del departamento supprimite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/03/06/325 |titulo=Real Decreto 325/1981, de 6 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1534/1981 establiva le structura organic del Ministerio de Education e Scientia e confirmava le Secretariato como un del principales organos del departamento. Sub illo dependeva directemente le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretario de Stato esseva etiam Secretario General del Commission Delegate del Governo de Politica Scientific e Presidente del Comite Interministerial del Commission Consultive de Investigation Scientific e Technic. Iste position dava al organo un function de coordination inter le politica universitari e le politica scientific del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Organisation in le annos 1980 === Le structura del Secretariato esseva developpate per le normativa organic del Ministerio. In 1982, le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific esseva inter le principales unidades directemente dependente del Secretariato. Le Gabinete Technic del Secretario de Stato provideva supporto in materias administrative, budgetari e technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-6014 |titulo=Orden de 6 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato interveniva in le ordination universitari, le professorato, le politica scientific e le relationes con le organismos de investigation. Le legislation del periodo attribueva al titular del organo competentias delegate concernente le ordination universitari e le professorato, le politica scientific e le fundationes de character universitari e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-8402 |titulo=Orden de 27 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime annos del periodo, le titulares includeva Manuel Cobo del Rosal, Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez e Carmina Virgili Rodón. Virgili esseva titular in 1982 e appare in le documentation official del Ministerio de Education e Scientia como Secretario de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/02/01/pdfs/A02639-02640.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1 de febrero de 1983 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Relation con le politica universitari ==== Le Secretariato esseva le principal organo del Governo central pro le competentias statal concernente le education superior. In le annos 1980, su competentias includeva le coordination, programmation e gestion del materias de education superior, le ordination del accesso al universitates e le direction del politica concernente le professorato universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 2352/1986 confirma que le Secretariato coordinava e supervisionava le activitates de ordination, programmation e gestion in materia de education superior. Illo includeva tamben le impulso e supervision del programmation e del activitates de investigation scientific e technic e le coordination del actiones ligate al Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato habeva tamben relationes con le Consilio de Universitates, le organismo consultive del systema universitari create durante le reforma universitari del annos 1980. Le development del Ley Organica de Reforma Universitaria contribueva a delimitar le relation inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-24014 |titulo=Real Decreto 1888/1984, de 26 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Investigation scientific e Plan National ==== Un del areas principal del Secretariato esseva le politica scientific national. Le organo coordinava le programmation del investigation scientific e technic e interveniva in le execution del Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. In le annos 1980, le Secretariato habeva tamben functiones in le Commission Interministerial de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 13/1986, de 14 de april, super le promotion e coordination general del investigation scientific e technic, forma un quadro national pro le coordination del politica de investigation e pro le Plan National. Le Secretariato participa in iste quadro per le competentias que le legislation organic del Ministerio attribueva a illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6858 |titulo=Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Evolution in le annos 1990 === In 1996 le Governo reorganisava le Ministerio de Education e Culture. Le Secretariato esseva denominate Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Real Decreto 1887/1996 attribueva al nove organo le coordination del education superior, le investigation scientific e technic, le Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic e le relationes international in iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura includeva le Direction General de Education Superior e le Direction General de Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato, e le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas esseva etiam associate al departamento per iste via. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento reflecteva le extension del competentias verso le politica de disveloppamento scientific e technologic e le coordination del Plan National. Le organo esseva mantenite in iste forma durante le periodo del Ministerio de Education e Culture del fin del annos 1990. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation del 2000 === In 2000, le Governmento reorganisava le administration del scientia e technologia e le denomination del organo esseva modificate. Le reforma esseva parte del transformation del Ministerio de Education e Culture e del creation del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic esseva repartite inter differente departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reforma significa que le denomination Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation non esseva usate in le mesme forma durante le periodo immediatemente sequente. Le competentias universitari e scientific esseva successivemente repartite inter le Ministerios de Education e Cultura e le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 2004 === Le 2004 esseva un nove momento importante in le historia del organo. Le reforma del departamentos ministerial reuniva in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia competentias que proveniva del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes e del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation esseva restabilite como organo superior del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato esseva responsabile del ordination e programmation del education superior, del accesso al universitate, del relationes international in su materias e del coordination del programas de formation e mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia esseva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic e le Direction General de Universitates. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 562/2004 precisa que le Secretariato assumeva le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic del anterior Secretariato de Stato de Politica Scientific e Technologic del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia, insimul con le competentias universitari del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-6957 |titulo=Real Decreto 562/2004, de 19 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Abolition in 2008 === Le denomination esseva abandonate in 2008, quando le nove Governo crea le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation e divide le competentias del anterior Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 438/2008 establiva separatamente un Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e un Secretariato de Stato de Investigation in le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura attribueva al Secretariato de Stato de Universitates le Direction General de Universitates e le Direction General de Programmas e Transferentias de Cognoscentia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation riceveva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic, le Direction General de Planification e Coordination e le Direction General de Cooperation International. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste maniera, le functiones que habeva essite reunite in un sol Secretariato de Stato esseva novamente repartite inter un organo dedicate al universitate e un altere dedicate al investigation scientific. == Titulares == Le cargo ha essite occupate per diverse personas durante le varie periodos de su existentia. Inter le titulares documentate se trova: * Luis González Seara, 1977–1979. * Manuel Cobo del Rosal, 1981. * Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez, 1981–1982. * Carmina Virgili Rodón, 1982–1985. * Juan Manuel Rojo Alaminos, 1985–1992. * Elías Fereres Castiel, 1992–1994. * Emilio Octavio de Toledo y Ubieto, 1994–1995. * Enric Banda Tarradellas, 1995–1996. * Salvador Ordóñez Delgado, 2004–2006. * Miguel Ángel Quintanilla Fisac, 2006–2008. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-21934 |titulo=Resolución de 30 de noviembre de 2007 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination del cargo cambiava in 1996 a Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento, con altere titulares durante iste periodo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Signification institutional == Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation representava un tentativa de concentrar in un organo superior del Governo le coordination del politica universitari e del politica scientific. Su competentias evolveva conforme al cambios in le organisation del Administration General del Stato e al distribution del competentias inter le Ministerios. Le historia del organo reflecte le alternation inter modelos que reuniva le universitate e le investigation scientific in un sol structura e modelos que les separava in departamentos o Secretariatos de Stato distincte. In 2008 le denomination esseva finalmente abandonate, quando le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation establi separate Secretariatos de Stato pro le universitate e le investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Spania del XII Legislatura]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Spania)]] fitmy78362ylo9b03r3fbuz31mhcuwo 702537 702536 2026-10-06T15:41:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 702537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation''' esseva un organo superior del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que coordinava le politica statal in materia de [[universitates]], [[investigation scientific]] e [[scientia]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos, specialmente inter 1977 e 1979 e, de maniera continuate, desde 1981 usque a 1996, e de novo inter 2004 e 2008. In le periodo 1996–2000, le organo portava le denomination de Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Origine in 1977 === Le figura del Secretariato de Stato esseva introducite in le organisation del Administration Central per le reforma administrative de 1977. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establiva le creation de cinque Secretariatos de Stato e definiva iste cargo como un nivello inter le Ministro e le Subsecretariato. In le Ministerio de Education e Scientia esseva create le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disposition attribueva al Secretariatos de Stato le competentias previde per le legislation administrative pro le unidades que les esseva assignate, sub le direction superior del Ministro. Illes poteva tamben reciper altere functiones per delegation del titular del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Luis González Seara, qui occupava le position durante le periodo 1977–1979. Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva create in 1979 e assumeva le functiones del Secretariato, que esseva supprimite per le Real Decreto 708/1979. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1979-9454 |titulo=Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 1981 === Le Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation esseva supprimite in 1981, quando le Governo reuniva su competentias con le Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 325/1981 crea in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia un nove Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation, incaricate de continuar le administration del unidades proveniente del departamento supprimite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/03/06/325 |titulo=Real Decreto 325/1981, de 6 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1534/1981 establiva le structura organic del Ministerio de Education e Scientia e confirmava le Secretariato como un del principales organos del departamento. Sub illo dependeva directemente le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretario de Stato esseva etiam Secretario General del Commission Delegate del Governo de Politica Scientific e Presidente del Comite Interministerial del Commission Consultive de Investigation Scientific e Technic. Iste position dava al organo un function de coordination inter le politica universitari e le politica scientific del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/07/24/1534 |titulo=Real Decreto 1534/1981, de 24 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Organisation in le annos 1980 === Le structura del Secretariato esseva developpate per le normativa organic del Ministerio. In 1982, le Direction General de Ordination Universitari e Professorato e le Direction General de Politica Scientific esseva inter le principales unidades directemente dependente del Secretariato. Le Gabinete Technic del Secretario de Stato provideva supporto in materias administrative, budgetari e technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-6014 |titulo=Orden de 6 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato interveniva in le ordination universitari, le professorato, le politica scientific e le relationes con le organismos de investigation. Le legislation del periodo attribueva al titular del organo competentias delegate concernente le ordination universitari e le professorato, le politica scientific e le fundationes de character universitari e scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1982-8402 |titulo=Orden de 27 de marzo de 1982 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime annos del periodo, le titulares includeva Manuel Cobo del Rosal, Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez e Carmina Virgili Rodón. Virgili esseva titular in 1982 e appare in le documentation official del Ministerio de Education e Scientia como Secretario de Stato de Universitates e Investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1983/02/01/pdfs/A02639-02640.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1 de febrero de 1983 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Relation con le politica universitari ==== Le Secretariato esseva le principal organo del Governo central pro le competentias statal concernente le education superior. In le annos 1980, su competentias includeva le coordination, programmation e gestion del materias de education superior, le ordination del accesso al universitates e le direction del politica concernente le professorato universitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 2352/1986 confirma que le Secretariato coordinava e supervisionava le activitates de ordination, programmation e gestion in materia de education superior. Illo includeva tamben le impulso e supervision del programmation e del activitates de investigation scientific e technic e le coordination del actiones ligate al Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato habeva tamben relationes con le Consilio de Universitates, le organismo consultive del systema universitari create durante le reforma universitari del annos 1980. Le development del Ley Organica de Reforma Universitaria contribueva a delimitar le relation inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1984-24014 |titulo=Real Decreto 1888/1984, de 26 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Investigation scientific e Plan National ==== Un del areas principal del Secretariato esseva le politica scientific national. Le organo coordinava le programmation del investigation scientific e technic e interveniva in le execution del Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic. In le annos 1980, le Secretariato habeva tamben functiones in le Commission Interministerial de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-29535 |titulo=Real Decreto 2352/1986, de 7 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 13/1986, de 14 de april, super le promotion e coordination general del investigation scientific e technic, forma un quadro national pro le coordination del politica de investigation e pro le Plan National. Le Secretariato participa in iste quadro per le competentias que le legislation organic del Ministerio attribueva a illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6858 |titulo=Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Evolution in le annos 1990 === In 1996 le Governo reorganisava le Ministerio de Education e Culture. Le Secretariato esseva denominate Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Real Decreto 1887/1996 attribueva al nove organo le coordination del education superior, le investigation scientific e technic, le Plan National de Investigation Scientific e Disveloppamento Technologic e le relationes international in iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura includeva le Direction General de Education Superior e le Direction General de Investigation e Disveloppamento. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato, e le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas esseva etiam associate al departamento per iste via. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento reflecteva le extension del competentias verso le politica de disveloppamento scientific e technologic e le coordination del Plan National. Le organo esseva mantenite in iste forma durante le periodo del Ministerio de Education e Culture del fin del annos 1990. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation del 2000 === In 2000, le Governmento reorganisava le administration del scientia e technologia e le denomination del organo esseva modificate. Le reforma esseva parte del transformation del Ministerio de Education e Culture e del creation del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic esseva repartite inter differente departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reforma significa que le denomination Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation non esseva usate in le mesme forma durante le periodo immediatemente sequente. Le competentias universitari e scientific esseva successivemente repartite inter le Ministerios de Education e Cultura e le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2000-12971 |titulo=Real Decreto 1331/2000, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reconstitution in 2004 === Le 2004 esseva un nove momento importante in le historia del organo. Le reforma del departamentos ministerial reuniva in le nove Ministerio de Education e Scientia competentias que proveniva del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes e del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation esseva restabilite como organo superior del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato esseva responsabile del ordination e programmation del education superior, del accesso al universitate, del relationes international in su materias e del coordination del programas de formation e mobilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub su dependentia esseva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic e le Direction General de Universitates. Le Agencia National de Evaluation e Prospectiva esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12015 |titulo=Real Decreto 1553/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 562/2004 precisa que le Secretariato assumeva le competentias concernente le politica scientific e technologic del anterior Secretariato de Stato de Politica Scientific e Technologic del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia, insimul con le competentias universitari del anterior Ministerio de Education, Cultura e Sportes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-6957 |titulo=Real Decreto 562/2004, de 19 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Abolition in 2008 === Le denomination esseva abandonate in 2008, quando le nove Governo crea le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation e divide le competentias del anterior Ministerio de Education e Scientia. Le Real Decreto 438/2008 establiva separatamente un Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e un Secretariato de Stato de Investigation in le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura attribueva al Secretariato de Stato de Universitates le Direction General de Universitates e le Direction General de Programmas e Transferentias de Cognoscentia. Le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation riceveva le Secretariato General de Politica Scientific e Technologic, le Direction General de Planification e Coordination e le Direction General de Cooperation International. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste maniera, le functiones que habeva essite reunite in un sol Secretariato de Stato esseva novamente repartite inter un organo dedicate al universitate e un altere dedicate al investigation scientific. == Titulares == Le cargo ha essite occupate per diverse personas durante le varie periodos de su existentia. Inter le titulares documentate se trova: * Luis González Seara, 1977–1979. * Manuel Cobo del Rosal, 1981. * Saturnino de la Plaza Pérez, 1981–1982. * Carmina Virgili Rodón, 1982–1985. * Juan Manuel Rojo Alaminos, 1985–1992. * Elías Fereres Castiel, 1992–1994. * Emilio Octavio de Toledo y Ubieto, 1994–1995. * Enric Banda Tarradellas, 1995–1996. * Salvador Ordóñez Delgado, 2004–2006. * Miguel Ángel Quintanilla Fisac, 2006–2008. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-21934 |titulo=Resolución de 30 de noviembre de 2007 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination del cargo cambiava in 1996 a Secretariato de Stato de Universitates, Investigation e Disveloppamento, con altere titulares durante iste periodo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1996/08/02/1887 |titulo=Real Decreto 1887/1996, de 2 de agosto |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Signification institutional == Le Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation representava un tentativa de concentrar in un organo superior del Governo le coordination del politica universitari e del politica scientific. Su competentias evolveva conforme al cambios in le organisation del Administration General del Stato e al distribution del competentias inter le Ministerios. Le historia del organo reflecte le alternation inter modelos que reuniva le universitate e le investigation scientific in un sol structura e modelos que les separava in departamentos o Secretariatos de Stato distincte. In 2008 le denomination esseva finalmente abandonate, quando le nove Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation establi separate Secretariatos de Stato pro le universitate e le investigation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania del XII Legislatura]] gq3ni9dx06yb5406cdsd1uplcs7qbi7 0 61889 702539 2026-10-06T15:51:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Scientia''' es le organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] responsabile del administration ordinari del [[Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]], del direction del servicios commun del departamento e del supporto technic, juridic e administrative al Ministro e al altere organos superior e directorial. Su denomination actual es Subsecretariato de Scientia, Innovation...” 702539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Scientia''' es le organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] responsabile del administration ordinari del [[Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]], del direction del servicios commun del departamento e del supporto technic, juridic e administrative al Ministro e al altere organos superior e directorial. Su denomination actual es Subsecretariato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual titular es Carlos Marco Estellés, nominate Subsecretario de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates le 28 de novembre 2023. Ille habeva ja occupate le cargo de Subsecretario de Scientia e Innovation desde 2022. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2023/11/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2023-24318.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 997/2023, de 28 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-3315 |titulo=Real Decreto 173/2022, de 1 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones general == Le Subsecretariato exerce le competentias general que le legislation super le regime juridic del Sector Public attribue al Subsecretarios. In le quadro del Ministerio, illo representa ordinariamente le departamento, dirige le servicios commun e presta supporto al Ministro e al organos superior in le planification e coordination del activitate ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le su principal areas de responsabilitate se trova le planification del activitate del departamento, le coordination del normativa, le politica de personal, le gestion economic e budgetari, le patrimonio e le infrastructure, le technologies del information e communication, le programmation economic e le controlo budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina etiam le relationes institutional del departamento con organismos e entitates public e private quando illas non corresponde a altere organos superior. Illo pote prestar supporto technic in le relationes international del Ministerio in le materias que le legislation attribue a illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e antecedentes == Le origine del Subsecretariato ligate al Ministerio de Scientia es trova in le creation del Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation in 1979. Le Real Decreto 815/1979 crea le Subsecretariato e le Secretariato General Technic del nove departamento como organos commun necessari pro su functionamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1979/04/20/815 |titulo=Real Decreto 815/1979, de 20 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1000/1979 developpava le organisation del Ministerio e establiva le Subsecretariato como un del principales organos del departamento, insimul con le Secretariato General Technic e le directiones general specialisate in education universitari, politica scientific e servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1979/04/27/1000 |titulo=Real Decreto 1000/1979, de 27 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime periodo del organo terminava con le integration del competentias del Ministerio de Universitates e Investigation in le Ministerio de Education e Scientia in 1981. Durante iste periodo le functiones administrative commun esseva novamente reunite in le structura del departamento educational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1981/03/06/325 |titulo=Real Decreto 325/1981, de 6 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia == Un nove Subsecretariato con denomination Subsecretariato de Scientia e Technologia esseva establite in 2000 con le creation del Ministerio de Scientia e Technologia. Le Real Decreto 1451/2000 lo defineva como organo directorial dependente directemente del Ministro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/07/28/1451 |titulo=Real Decreto 1451/2000, de 28 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato habeva le representation ordinari del Ministerio, le direction del servicios commun e le assistentia al Ministro in le elaboration e approbation del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias includeva le preparation del anteprojecto del budget, le coordination del execution budgetari, le organisation del Ministerio, le planification del sistemas de information e communication e altere materias administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/07/28/1451 |titulo=Real Decreto 1451/2000, de 28 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officio Espaniol de Patentes e Marcas esseva attachate al Ministerio per medio del Subsecretariato, sub le superioritate hierarchic de su titular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2000/07/28/1451 |titulo=Real Decreto 1451/2000, de 28 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation == In 2008 esseva create le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation, e le Subsecretariato esseva restabilite sub le denomination Subsecretariato de Scientia e Innovation. Le Real Decreto 1183/2008 attribueva al organo le functiones general de un Subsecretariato e le direction del servicios commun del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12146 |titulo=Real Decreto 1183/2008, de 11 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove organo era parte del structura del Ministerio insimul con le Secretariatos de Stato de Universitates e de Investigation. Su creation correspondeva al nove distribution del competentias scientific e universitari del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/04/14/438 |titulo=Real Decreto 438/2008, de 14 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Suppression durante le periodo 2011–2018 == Le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial de 2011 supprimiva le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation como departamento independente e transferiva le competentias scientific e de innovation al nove Ministerio de Economia e Competitivitate. Le Subsecretariato del Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation cessava dunque de existir como organo autonome del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-19939](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-19939&p=20111222&tn=6) |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le structura del Ministerio de Economia e Competitivitate, le competentias de scientia e innovation esseva organisate principalmente per le Secretariato de Stato de Investigation, Disveloppamento e Innovation e su organos dependente. Le Real Decreto 345/2012 establiva inter illos le Secretariato General de Scientia e Innovation, con rango de Subsecretariato, e le Directiones General de Investigation Scientific e Technic e de Politica de Investigation, Disveloppamento e Innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/02/10/345/con |titulo=Real Decreto 345/2012, de 10 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Reconstitution in 2018 == In 2018 le Governo recreava le Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates. Le Real Decreto 865/2018 establiva explicitemente un Subsecretariato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates como un del organos superior e directorial del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-9860 |titulo=Real Decreto 865/2018, de 13 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura del 2018 attribueva al Subsecretariato le representation ordinari del Ministerio, le relationes institutional, le supporto al organos superior, le planification del politica normativa e budgetari, le gestion del personal e patrimonio, le administration economic e le sistemas de information. Le Secretariato General Technic dependeva del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-9860](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-9860&p=20180714&tn=1) |titulo=Real Decreto 865/2018, de 13 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation desde 2020 == In 2020 le Governo divideva le competentias universitari e scientific in differente departamentos. Le Ministerio de Scientia e Innovation disponeva de un Subsecretariato de Scientia e Innovation, durante que le Ministerio de Universitates habeva su proprie structura administrative. Le Real Decreto 404/2020 definiva le competentias del Subsecretariato, inter illas le representation ordinari, le relationes institutional, le supporto technic al Ministro, le planification normative e budgetari, le gestion del personal, le patrimonio, le information technologic e le coordination de certe politicas transversal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2740 |titulo=Real Decreto 404/2020, de 25 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub le Subsecretariato dependeva le Secretariato General Technic, le Officio Budgetari, le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic, le Officio Major e le Subdirection General de Personal e Inspection de Servicios. Le Division de Technologias del Information dependeva tamben del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2740 |titulo=Real Decreto 404/2020, de 25 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Abogacia del Stato e le Intervention Delegate del Intervention General del Administration del Stato esseva attachate al Subsecretariato, ma manteneva lor dependentia functional del Ministerios de Justitia e de Hacienda secundo le natura de lor functiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2740 |titulo=Real Decreto 404/2020, de 25 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Reunification in 2023–2024 == Le Real Decreto 829/2023 recreateva le Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates, reunente le areas de scientia, innovation e universitate. Le nove structura esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 472/2024, que establi le Subsecretariato de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates como un del organos directorial del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le current structure include le Secretariato General Technic, le Officio Major, le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic, le Officio Budgetari e le Subdirection General de Fundos Europee pro le Investigation, le Innovation e le Ambito Universitari. Le Division de Technologias del Information depende del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General Technic exerce le competentias que le Lege 40/2015 attribue al Secretariatos General Technic, assi como le competentias specific establite per le Real Decreto 472/2024. Illo constitue le principal organo technic-juridic del departamento pro le elaboration normative, le coordination juridic e le altere materias que le legislation reserva a iste organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Gestion economic e budgetari == Le Subsecretariato coordina le preparation del budget del Ministerio e le execution del credites budgetari. Le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic exerce le functiones de administration economic que le Subsecretariato delega o attribue secundo le structura organic del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officio Budgetari tracta le preparation, coordination e supervision del budget del departamento secundo le competentias establite per le legislation budgetari. Le Officio Major assume altere materias de servicios commun, patrimonio, installations e medios general del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Fundos europee e administration digital == Le Subsecretariato ha un Subdirection General de Fundos Europee pro le Investigation, le Innovation e le Ambito Universitari, incaricate del competentias del Subsecretariato in materia de fundos europee. Illa tracta le materias concernente le programmation, coordination, gestion e justification del fundos europee in le areas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Division de Technologias del Information depende del Subsecretariato e supporta le administration digital e le systemas de information del Ministerio. Le transformation digital del departamento comprende le integration e mantenimento del infrastructuras technologic necessari pro le services interne e pro le relation con le citatanos e entitates externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos attachate == Le Abogacia del Stato in le departamento es attachate al Subsecretariato con rango organic de Subdirection General, durante que su dependentia functional remane ligate al Ministerio de Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes. Le Intervention Delegate del Intervention General del Administration del Stato es etiam attachate al Subsecretariato, ma conserva su dependentia del Ministerio de Hacienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste modello permitte que le organos juridic e de controlo financial opera in le Ministerio durante que illes conserva le independentia functional que resulta de lor respective regimes juridic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155& p=20260402&tn=2) |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Secretariato General Technic == Le Secretariato General Technic es un organo dependente del Subsecretariato, ma su competentias es definite per le Lege 40/2015 e per le normativa organic del Ministerio. Illo participa in le elaboration e revision del projectos normatives, le preparation del informes juridic, le coordination del publicationes official e le altere materias de character technic e juridic del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155&p=20260402&tn=2](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-9155& p=20260402&tn=2) |titulo=Real Decreto 472/2024, de 7 de mayo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato e le Secretariato General Technic constitue insimul un parte central del administration interne del Ministerio. Le Subsecretariato concentra le direction del servicios commun, durante que le Secretariato General Technic tracta le materias technic-juridic e normative. == Titulares == Le titular actual es Carlos Marco Estellés. Ille esseva nominate Subsecretario de Scientia e Innovation le 1 de martio 2022 e renunciate formalmente al cargo in novembre 2023 in consequentia del reorganisation del departamentos. Le mesme die, ille esseva nominate Subsecretario de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates, continuante in le nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-3315 |titulo=Real Decreto 173/2022, de 1 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2023/11/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2023-24316.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 995/2023, de 28 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2023/11/29/pdfs/BOE-A-2023-24318.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 997/2023, de 28 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Documentos official del BOE publicate in septembre 2026 continua a identificar Carlos Marco Estellés como Subsecretario de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-19534](https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-19534&lang=es) |titulo=Resolución de 11 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Subsecretariatos de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] k0ktwfckidzbyrisib1cbkg0bij65g3 0 61890 702541 2026-10-06T16:20:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Industria e Turismo''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de industria e turismo. Su competentias include, inter altere materias, le strategia e le disveloppamento industrial, le promotion del interprenditorato e del parve e medie interprisas, le protection e promotion del proprietate indus...” 702541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Industria e Turismo''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de industria e turismo. Su competentias include, inter altere materias, le strategia e le disveloppamento industrial, le promotion del interprenditorato e del parve e medie interprisas, le protection e promotion del proprietate industrial, e le politica estatal de turismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Ministerio esseva establite con iste denomination per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento e separava le materias de industria e turismo de illas del commercio, que passava a esser gestionate per le nove Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le organisation del Administration espaniol in materia de industria ha cambiate plure vices durante le seculo XX. Ante le creation de un departamento distincte, le materias industrial esseva includite in departamentos que reuniva industria con agricultura e commercio. In 1933 esseva create le Ministerio de Industria e Comercio, distincte del precedente Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria e Comercio. Le nove departamento reuniva le services concernente le industria, le commercio e le minas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1933/07/11/pdfs/GMD-1933-192.pdf |titulo=Gaceta de Madrid del 11 de julio de 1933 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le regime franquista, le departamento manteneva le denomination Ministerio de Industria e Comercio. Le legislation industrial del periodo attribueva al departamento important competentias in materia de installation de industrias, organisation del production industrial e utilisation de materias prime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1939-10497 |titulo=Decreto modificando el de 20 de agosto de 1938 sobre implantación en territorio español de industrias |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1951, le Ministerio de Industria e Comercio esseva separate in duo departamentos independente: le Ministerio de Industria e le Ministerio de Comercio. Le separation esseva formalmente recognoscite per le legislation de julio de ille anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1951/07/31/pdfs/BOE-1951-212.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado del 31 de julio de 1951 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio de Industria manteneva su proprie competentias durante le decennios sequente, includente le regulation del industrias, le energia, le minas e le intervention public in sectores industrial. Durante le ultime annos del regime franquista, le departamento interveniva etiam in le politica de promotion industrial e in le exploitation de ressources energeticamente strategic. In 1977, durante le transition democratic, le Ministerio de Industria esseva renominante Ministerio de Industria e Energia. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establite iste nove denomination e attribueva tamben al departamento le competentias concernente le promotion del parve e medie interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le transition e le prime annos del nove regime constitutional, le Ministerio de Industria e Energia tracta materias como le liberalisation industrial, le politica energetic, le industria pesada, le minas e le adaptation del economia espaniol al nove quadro de un economia de mercato. Le Real Decreto 2135/1980 establi un regime plus liberal in materia de installation, expansion e traslado de industrias, con exceptiones ligate al interesse economic general e al defensa national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1980-22141 |titulo=Real Decreto 2135/1980, de 26 de septiembre, sobre liberalización industrial |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990 le organisation del Ministerio esseva successivemente reformate pro adaptar le administration industrial al transformation del economia, al integration europee e al nove prioritates technologic. Le reforma de 1988 reforçava le promotion industrial e technologic e le supporto al parve e medie interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1988/10/28/1270 |titulo=Real Decreto 1270/1988, de 28 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1991, le Governamento creava le Ministerio de Industria, Commercio e Turismo, reuniente le materias industrial, commercial e turistic in un sol departamento. Le Real Decreto 298/1991 establi le nove ministerio e su structura esseva ulteriormente developpate per le Real Decreto 420/1991. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1993-12233 |titulo=Orden de 3 de mayo de 1993 sobre composición y funcionamiento de la Junta de Compras del Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1993, le Ministerio esseva dividite nuevamente. Le Real Decreto 1173/1993 establi le Ministerio de Industria e Energia e le Ministerio de Commercio e Turismo, transferente le competentias industrial e energetic al prime e le materias commercial e turistic al secunde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1993-18234 |titulo=Real Decreto 1173/1993, de 13 de julio, de reestructuración de departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, un nove Ministerio de Industria, Turismo e Commercio esseva create, reuniente le materias industrial, commercial e turistic e incorporante etiam competentias in materia de energia, parve e medie interprisas e telecomunicationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12016 |titulo=Real Decreto 1554/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme denomination esseva mantenite durante le legislatura comenciate in 2008. Le departamento esseva competente in materia de disveloppamento industrial, commercio, energia, parve e medie interprisas, turismo, telecomunicationes e societate del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12145 |titulo=Real Decreto 1182/2008, de 11 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2011, le nove governamento establi le Ministerio de Industria, Energia e Turismo, que reuniva le politica industrial e energetic con le turismo, durante que le commercio exterior passava al Ministerio de Economia e Competitivitate. Le nove departamento disponeva de Secretariatos de Stato pro le energia, le telecomunicationes e le turismo, assi como un Secretariato General de Industria e del Parve e Medie Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2016, le materias de industria esseva integrate in un nove Ministerio de Energia, Turismo e Agenda Digital. Le departamento assumeva le energia, le turismo, le telecomunicationes, le societate del information e le Agenda Digital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2016/11/03/415 |titulo=Real Decreto 415/2016, de 3 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2018, le industria esseva reunite con le commercio e le turismo in le Ministerio de Industria, Commercio e Turismo. Le nove departamento disponeva de un Secretariato de Stato de Commercio, un Secretariato de Stato de Turismo e un Secretariato General de Industria e del Parve e Medie Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/06/22/595/con |titulo=Real Decreto 595/2018, de 22 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme organisation basic esseva mantenite in 2020, con le Ministerium de Industria, Commercio e Turismo, que includeva le Secretariato de Stato de Commercio, le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo, le Secretariato General de Industria e del Parve e Medie Interprisas e le Subsecretariato del departamento. Le structure esseva completate tamben con commissariatos special pro le PERTES. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation de 2023 === Le Real Decreto 829/2023 establi le actual Ministerio de Industria e Turismo. Le commercio esseva separate del departamento e integrate in le nove Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Interprisas. Le nove Ministerio de Industria e Turismo ha como principal mission proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de industria e turismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura basic esseva establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023 e developpate per le Real Decreto 409/2024, que defini le organos superior e directorial usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio exerce le competentias del Stato in materia de politica industrial e turismo. In materia industrial, illo promove le disveloppamento e transformation del industria, le competitivitate del interprisas, le innovation technologic, le transformation digital e le transition sostenibile. Illo se ocupa etiam del strategia industrial, del parve e medie interprisas e del interprenditorato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica industrial include tamben le reinforcement del autonomia strategic del economia, le developmentamento de ecosistemas industrial, le supporto a sectores strategic e le coordination con le Communitates Autonome. Inter le sectores considerate strategic per le organisation del Ministerio se trova le industria de defensa, le aeronautica e le sector spatial, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es competente etiam in materia de qualitate e securitate industrial, includente le elaboration de normas technic e regulamentari e le coordination del infrastructura pro le qualitate e securitate industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de turismo, le Ministerio defini, coordina e executa le politica turistic del Stato. Isto include le cooperation international, le relationes con organisationes international de turismo e le promotion exterior del Espania como destination turistic. Le promotion exterior es effectuate principalmente per le Instituto de Turismo de Espania (TURESPANIA). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in tres principal organos superior e directorial: le Secretariato de Stato de Industria, le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo e le Subsecretariato de Industria e Turismo, del qual depende le Secretariato General Technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Industria === Le Secretariato de Stato de Industria es le principal organo del departamento in materia industrial. Illo impulsa le politica general del Ministerio in relation con le industria, le interprenditorato e le parve e medie interprisas e coordina le elaboration e execution del politicas industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende le Direction General de Strategia Industrial e del Parve e Medie Interprisas e le Direction General de Programmas Industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Desde 2025, le Secretariato de Stato de Industria ha etiam sub su dependentia le Commissariato special pro le Reindustrialisation e le Commissariato special pro le Competitivitate industrial e del Parve e Medie Interprisas, cata un con rango de Subsecretariato. Iste nove configuration replace le precedente commissariatos special ligate al PERTES Agroalimentari e de Decarbonisation Industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14698 |titulo=Real Decreto 636/2025, de 15 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Turismo === Le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo es incaricate de definir, disveloppar, coordinar e executar le politicas turistic del Stato. Illo tracta tamben le relationes international in materia de turismo e le cooperation con organisationes international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende le Direction General de Politicas Turistic, incaricate del elaboration e execution de politicas concernente le sector turistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo exerce tamben le preside del Instituto de Turismo de Espania (TURESPANIA), le organo incaricate del promotion exterior del turismo espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Industria e Turismo === Le Subsecretariato de Industria e Turismo exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e le direction superior del personal del departamento. Illo tracta etiam le relationes administrative con altere departamentos, administrationes e entidades dependente del Ministerio e assume diverse functiones de gestion economic e administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que coordina le functiones juridic, normative e administrative general del departamento. Le structura esseva actualisate per le Real Decreto 636/2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14698 |titulo=Real Decreto 636/2025, de 15 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Entitates e organismos attachate == Le Ministerio ha sub su dependentia o vinculo un conjunto de organismos e societates public. Inter le organismos autonome se trova le Instituto de Turismo de Espania (TURESPANIA), le Officio Espaniol de Patentes e Marcas (OEPM) e le Centro Espaniol de Metrologia (CEM). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/Organizacion/Organismos/Paginas/Index.aspx |titulo=Organismos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le societates e entidades public ligate al Ministerio se trova le Compañia Espaniola de Reafianzamiento (CERSA), Paradores de Turismo de Espania, SEGITTUR, le Empresa National de Innovation (ENISA) e le Societate Estatal de Promotion Industrial e Disveloppamento Empresarial (SEPIDES). Le Schola de Organisation Industrial (EOI) es un fundation del sector public associate al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/Organizacion/Organismos/Paginas/Index.aspx |titulo=Organismos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerium usa iste entidades pro executar instrumentos de supporto al industria, al interprenditorato, al parve e medie interprisas e al turismo. In 2024 le structura del Ministerio ligava inter altere le EOI, CEM, SEPIDES, ENISA e CERSA al Secretariato de Stato de Industria. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/GabinetePrensa/NotasPrensa/2024/Paginas/estructura-cambio-ministerio-industria-turismo.aspx |titulo=El Gobierno refuerza la estructura del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica industrial == Le politica industrial del Ministerio se concentra super le transformation del tecido productive, le competitivitate del interprisas e le adaptation del industria al nove conditiones technologic e ambiental. Inter le instrumentos del politica industrial se trova programas de supporto al investmento, innovation, digitalisation, decarbonisation e reinforcement del cadenas de valor. Le Ministerio coordina tamben le actiones ligate al Proyectos Strategic pro le Recuperation e le Transformation Economic (PERTE) que concerne le industria. Le reforma de 2025 transferiva al Secretariato de Stato de Industria le functiones ligate al PERTES e substitueva le precedentes commissariatos specialisate per nove commissariatos orientate al reindustrialisation e al competitivitate industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14698 |titulo=Real Decreto 636/2025, de 15 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Programmas Industrial es incaricate de plure instrumentos e programas de supporto al transformation industrial, durante que le Direction General de Strategia Industrial e del Parve e Medie Interprisas tracta le strategia industrial, le competitivitate, le interpreditorato e le supporto al PYME. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica de turismo == Le Ministerio coordina le politica turistic del Stato in un quadro in le qual le Communitates Autonome ha extensive competentias in materia de turismo. Le function del Ministerio es dunque centrate super le coordination estatal, le cooperation international, le elaboration de instrumentos national e le promotion exterior. TURESPANIA exerce un rolo central in le promotion del Espania como destination turistic in mercados international. Le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo exerce le preside del organismo e dirige le quadro general del politica turistic exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa tamben in programas de modernization e transformation del sector turistic, includente instrumentos financiari e programas destinate al transformation digital, al sostenibilitate e al renovation del destinationes e infrastructure turistic. == Relationes international == Le Ministerio representa le Governamento de Espania in varie foros international concernente le industria e le turismo, in coordination con le Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. Le Secretariato de Stato de Industria coordina le materias international concernente le politica industrial, durante que le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo tracta le cooperation e le relationes institutional international in materia turistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministros == Le titular del Ministerio de Industria e Turismo es le membro del Governamento responsabile del direction politic del departamento. Le actual ministro es Jordi Hereu Boher, qui ocupa le cargo desde novembre 2023. Le organigramma official del Ministerio lo identifica como Ministro de Industria e Turismo, e le Moncloa indica le mesme periodo de function. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/organizacion/organigrama/Paginas/organigrama-ministerio.aspx |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/gobierno/paginas/biografias-xv-legislatura/ministro-jordi-hereu.aspx |titulo=Jordi Hereu Boher |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organigramma official actual indica Jordi García Brustenga como Secretari de Stato de Industria, Rosario Sánchez Grau como Secretari de Stato de Turismo e Pablo Garde Lobo como Subsecretari de Industria e Turismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/organizacion/organigrama/Paginas/organigrama-ministerio.aspx |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede central del Ministerio de Industria e Turismo es in Madrid. Le departamento opera desde su sede central e per medio de su organos directorial, organismes public e structures territorial e exterior ligate specialmente al politica turistic. Le Ministerio dispone tamben de un rete de Consejerias de Turismo in le missiones diplomatic del Espania, que participa al promotion del turismo espaniol in le exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/Organizacion/Organismos/Paginas/Index.aspx |titulo=Organismos del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Industria de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Comercio de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Turismo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Energia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Comercio in Espania]] [[Categoria:Industria de Espania]] [[Categoria:Turismo in Espania]] d0l8z8n2grs5p99vrpmtvn4lcg10f0k 702542 702541 2026-10-06T16:20:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 702542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Industria e Turismo''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de industria e turismo. Su competentias include, inter altere materias, le strategia e le disveloppamento industrial, le promotion del interprenditorato e del parve e medie interprisas, le protection e promotion del proprietate industrial, e le politica estatal de turismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Ministerio esseva establite con iste denomination per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento e separava le materias de industria e turismo de illas del commercio, que passava a esser gestionate per le nove Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le organisation del Administration espaniol in materia de industria ha cambiate plure vices durante le seculo XX. Ante le creation de un departamento distincte, le materias industrial esseva includite in departamentos que reuniva industria con agricultura e commercio. In 1933 esseva create le Ministerio de Industria e Comercio, distincte del precedente Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria e Comercio. Le nove departamento reuniva le services concernente le industria, le commercio e le minas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1933/07/11/pdfs/GMD-1933-192.pdf |titulo=Gaceta de Madrid del 11 de julio de 1933 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le regime franquista, le departamento manteneva le denomination Ministerio de Industria e Comercio. Le legislation industrial del periodo attribueva al departamento important competentias in materia de installation de industrias, organisation del production industrial e utilisation de materias prime. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1939-10497 |titulo=Decreto modificando el de 20 de agosto de 1938 sobre implantación en territorio español de industrias |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1951, le Ministerio de Industria e Comercio esseva separate in duo departamentos independente: le Ministerio de Industria e le Ministerio de Comercio. Le separation esseva formalmente recognoscite per le legislation de julio de ille anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1951/07/31/pdfs/BOE-1951-212.pdf |titulo=Boletín Oficial del Estado del 31 de julio de 1951 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio de Industria manteneva su proprie competentias durante le decennios sequente, includente le regulation del industrias, le energia, le minas e le intervention public in sectores industrial. Durante le ultime annos del regime franquista, le departamento interveniva etiam in le politica de promotion industrial e in le exploitation de ressources energeticamente strategic. In 1977, durante le transition democratic, le Ministerio de Industria esseva renominante Ministerio de Industria e Energia. Le Real Decreto 1558/1977 establite iste nove denomination e attribueva tamben al departamento le competentias concernente le promotion del parve e medie interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1977-15200 |titulo=Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le transition e le prime annos del nove regime constitutional, le Ministerio de Industria e Energia tracta materias como le liberalisation industrial, le politica energetic, le industria pesada, le minas e le adaptation del economia espaniol al nove quadro de un economia de mercato. Le Real Decreto 2135/1980 establi un regime plus liberal in materia de installation, expansion e traslado de industrias, con exceptiones ligate al interesse economic general e al defensa national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1980-22141 |titulo=Real Decreto 2135/1980, de 26 de septiembre, sobre liberalización industrial |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990 le organisation del Ministerio esseva successivemente reformate pro adaptar le administration industrial al transformation del economia, al integration europee e al nove prioritates technologic. Le reforma de 1988 reforçava le promotion industrial e technologic e le supporto al parve e medie interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/1988/10/28/1270 |titulo=Real Decreto 1270/1988, de 28 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1991, le Governamento creava le Ministerio de Industria, Commercio e Turismo, reuniente le materias industrial, commercial e turistic in un sol departamento. Le Real Decreto 298/1991 establi le nove ministerio e su structura esseva ulteriormente developpate per le Real Decreto 420/1991. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1993-12233 |titulo=Orden de 3 de mayo de 1993 sobre composición y funcionamiento de la Junta de Compras del Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1993, le Ministerio esseva dividite nuevamente. Le Real Decreto 1173/1993 establi le Ministerio de Industria e Energia e le Ministerio de Commercio e Turismo, transferente le competentias industrial e energetic al prime e le materias commercial e turistic al secunde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1993-18234 |titulo=Real Decreto 1173/1993, de 13 de julio, de reestructuración de departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, un nove Ministerio de Industria, Turismo e Commercio esseva create, reuniente le materias industrial, commercial e turistic e incorporante etiam competentias in materia de energia, parve e medie interprisas e telecomunicationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-12016 |titulo=Real Decreto 1554/2004, de 25 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme denomination esseva mantenite durante le legislatura comenciate in 2008. Le departamento esseva competente in materia de disveloppamento industrial, commercio, energia, parve e medie interprisas, turismo, telecomunicationes e societate del information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12145 |titulo=Real Decreto 1182/2008, de 11 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2011, le nove governamento establi le Ministerio de Industria, Energia e Turismo, que reuniva le politica industrial e energetic con le turismo, durante que le commercio exterior passava al Ministerio de Economia e Competitivitate. Le nove departamento disponeva de Secretariatos de Stato pro le energia, le telecomunicationes e le turismo, assi como un Secretariato General de Industria e del Parve e Medie Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2016, le materias de industria esseva integrate in un nove Ministerio de Energia, Turismo e Agenda Digital. Le departamento assumeva le energia, le turismo, le telecomunicationes, le societate del information e le Agenda Digital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2016/11/03/415 |titulo=Real Decreto 415/2016, de 3 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2018, le industria esseva reunite con le commercio e le turismo in le Ministerio de Industria, Commercio e Turismo. Le nove departamento disponeva de un Secretariato de Stato de Commercio, un Secretariato de Stato de Turismo e un Secretariato General de Industria e del Parve e Medie Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/06/22/595/con |titulo=Real Decreto 595/2018, de 22 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme organisation basic esseva mantenite in 2020, con le Ministerium de Industria, Commercio e Turismo, que includeva le Secretariato de Stato de Commercio, le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo, le Secretariato General de Industria e del Parve e Medie Interprisas e le Subsecretariato del departamento. Le structure esseva completate tamben con commissariatos special pro le PERTES. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation de 2023 === Le Real Decreto 829/2023 establi le actual Ministerio de Industria e Turismo. Le commercio esseva separate del departamento e integrate in le nove Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Interprisas. Le nove Ministerio de Industria e Turismo ha como principal mission proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de industria e turismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura basic esseva establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023 e developpate per le Real Decreto 409/2024, que defini le organos superior e directorial usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio exerce le competentias del Stato in materia de politica industrial e turismo. In materia industrial, illo promove le disveloppamento e transformation del industria, le competitivitate del interprisas, le innovation technologic, le transformation digital e le transition sostenibile. Illo se ocupa etiam del strategia industrial, del parve e medie interprisas e del interprenditorato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica industrial include tamben le reinforcement del autonomia strategic del economia, le developmentamento de ecosistemas industrial, le supporto a sectores strategic e le coordination con le Communitates Autonome. Inter le sectores considerate strategic per le organisation del Ministerio se trova le industria de defensa, le aeronautica e le sector spatial, sin pregiudicio del competentias de altere departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es competente etiam in materia de qualitate e securitate industrial, includente le elaboration de normas technic e regulamentari e le coordination del infrastructura pro le qualitate e securitate industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de turismo, le Ministerio defini, coordina e executa le politica turistic del Stato. Isto include le cooperation international, le relationes con organisationes international de turismo e le promotion exterior del Espania como destination turistic. Le promotion exterior es effectuate principalmente per le Instituto de Turismo de Espania (TURESPANIA). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in tres principal organos superior e directorial: le Secretariato de Stato de Industria, le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo e le Subsecretariato de Industria e Turismo, del qual depende le Secretariato General Technic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Industria === Le Secretariato de Stato de Industria es le principal organo del departamento in materia industrial. Illo impulsa le politica general del Ministerio in relation con le industria, le interprenditorato e le parve e medie interprisas e coordina le elaboration e execution del politicas industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende le Direction General de Strategia Industrial e del Parve e Medie Interprisas e le Direction General de Programmas Industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Desde 2025, le Secretariato de Stato de Industria ha etiam sub su dependentia le Commissariato special pro le Reindustrialisation e le Commissariato special pro le Competitivitate industrial e del Parve e Medie Interprisas, cata un con rango de Subsecretariato. Iste nove configuration replace le precedente commissariatos special ligate al PERTES Agroalimentari e de Decarbonisation Industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14698 |titulo=Real Decreto 636/2025, de 15 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Turismo === Le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo es incaricate de definir, disveloppar, coordinar e executar le politicas turistic del Stato. Illo tracta tamben le relationes international in materia de turismo e le cooperation con organisationes international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende le Direction General de Politicas Turistic, incaricate del elaboration e execution de politicas concernente le sector turistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo exerce tamben le preside del Instituto de Turismo de Espania (TURESPANIA), le organo incaricate del promotion exterior del turismo espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Industria e Turismo === Le Subsecretariato de Industria e Turismo exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e le direction superior del personal del departamento. Illo tracta etiam le relationes administrative con altere departamentos, administrationes e entidades dependente del Ministerio e assume diverse functiones de gestion economic e administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que coordina le functiones juridic, normative e administrative general del departamento. Le structura esseva actualisate per le Real Decreto 636/2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14698 |titulo=Real Decreto 636/2025, de 15 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Entitates e organismos attachate == Le Ministerio ha sub su dependentia o vinculo un conjunto de organismos e societates public. Inter le organismos autonome se trova le Instituto de Turismo de Espania (TURESPANIA), le Officio Espaniol de Patentes e Marcas (OEPM) e le Centro Espaniol de Metrologia (CEM). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/Organizacion/Organismos/Paginas/Index.aspx |titulo=Organismos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le societates e entidades public ligate al Ministerio se trova le Compañia Espaniola de Reafianzamiento (CERSA), Paradores de Turismo de Espania, SEGITTUR, le Empresa National de Innovation (ENISA) e le Societate Estatal de Promotion Industrial e Disveloppamento Empresarial (SEPIDES). Le Schola de Organisation Industrial (EOI) es un fundation del sector public associate al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/Organizacion/Organismos/Paginas/Index.aspx |titulo=Organismos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerium usa iste entidades pro executar instrumentos de supporto al industria, al interprenditorato, al parve e medie interprisas e al turismo. In 2024 le structura del Ministerio ligava inter altere le EOI, CEM, SEPIDES, ENISA e CERSA al Secretariato de Stato de Industria. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/GabinetePrensa/NotasPrensa/2024/Paginas/estructura-cambio-ministerio-industria-turismo.aspx |titulo=El Gobierno refuerza la estructura del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica industrial == Le politica industrial del Ministerio se concentra super le transformation del tecido productive, le competitivitate del interprisas e le adaptation del industria al nove conditiones technologic e ambiental. Inter le instrumentos del politica industrial se trova programas de supporto al investmento, innovation, digitalisation, decarbonisation e reinforcement del cadenas de valor. Le Ministerio coordina tamben le actiones ligate al Proyectos Strategic pro le Recuperation e le Transformation Economic (PERTE) que concerne le industria. Le reforma de 2025 transferiva al Secretariato de Stato de Industria le functiones ligate al PERTES e substitueva le precedentes commissariatos specialisate per nove commissariatos orientate al reindustrialisation e al competitivitate industrial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14698 |titulo=Real Decreto 636/2025, de 15 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Programmas Industrial es incaricate de plure instrumentos e programas de supporto al transformation industrial, durante que le Direction General de Strategia Industrial e del Parve e Medie Interprisas tracta le strategia industrial, le competitivitate, le interpreditorato e le supporto al PYME. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193 |titulo=Real Decreto 409/2024, de 23 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica de turismo == Le Ministerio coordina le politica turistic del Stato in un quadro in le qual le Communitates Autonome ha extensive competentias in materia de turismo. Le function del Ministerio es dunque centrate super le coordination estatal, le cooperation international, le elaboration de instrumentos national e le promotion exterior. TURESPANIA exerce un rolo central in le promotion del Espania como destination turistic in mercados international. Le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo exerce le preside del organismo e dirige le quadro general del politica turistic exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa tamben in programas de modernization e transformation del sector turistic, includente instrumentos financiari e programas destinate al transformation digital, al sostenibilitate e al renovation del destinationes e infrastructure turistic. == Relationes international == Le Ministerio representa le Governamento de Espania in varie foros international concernente le industria e le turismo, in coordination con le Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. Le Secretariato de Stato de Industria coordina le materias international concernente le politica industrial, durante que le Secretariato de Stato de Turismo tracta le cooperation e le relationes institutional international in materia turistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/funciones/funciones-mitu |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Portal de la Transparencia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministros == Le titular del Ministerio de Industria e Turismo es le membro del Governamento responsabile del direction politic del departamento. Le actual ministro es Jordi Hereu Boher, qui ocupa le cargo desde novembre 2023. Le organigramma official del Ministerio lo identifica como Ministro de Industria e Turismo, e le Moncloa indica le mesme periodo de function. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/organizacion/organigrama/Paginas/organigrama-ministerio.aspx |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/gobierno/paginas/biografias-xv-legislatura/ministro-jordi-hereu.aspx |titulo=Jordi Hereu Boher |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organigramma official actual indica Jordi García Brustenga como Secretari de Stato de Industria, Rosario Sánchez Grau como Secretari de Stato de Turismo e Pablo Garde Lobo como Subsecretari de Industria e Turismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/organizacion/organigrama/Paginas/organigrama-ministerio.aspx |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede central del Ministerio de Industria e Turismo es in Madrid. Le departamento opera desde su sede central e per medio de su organos directorial, organismes public e structures territorial e exterior ligate specialmente al politica turistic. Le Ministerio dispone tamben de un rete de Consejerias de Turismo in le missiones diplomatic del Espania, que participa al promotion del turismo espaniol in le exterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mintur.gob.es/es-es/Organizacion/Organismos/Paginas/Index.aspx |titulo=Organismos del Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Industria y Turismo |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Comercio de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Turismo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Energia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Comercio in Espania]] [[Categoria:Industria de Espania]] [[Categoria:Turismo in Espania]] 160o5k12ad7a62swoux382hawzg1abe 0 61891 702556 2026-10-06T17:10:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de ressources agricole, ganadere e piscatori, industria e securitate agroalimentari, alimentation e disveloppamento del medio rural. Le departamento exerce iste competentias in le quadro del distribution constitutional de competentias...” 702556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de ressources agricole, ganadere e piscatori, industria e securitate agroalimentari, alimentation e disveloppamento del medio rural. Le departamento exerce iste competentias in le quadro del distribution constitutional de competentias inter le Stato, le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le sede del Ministerio se trova al Paseo de la Infanta Isabel, 1, Madrid, in le historic Palacio de Fomento. Le edificio esseva declarate Bien de Interés Cultural con categoria de monumento in 1989. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine del actual departamento remonta al 18 de april 1900, quando un Real Decreto supprimite le Ministerio de Fomento e creava in su loco duo nove departamentos: le Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes e le Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria, Comercio y Obras Públicas. Isto esseva le prime vice que le denomination «Agricultura» appareva con rango ministerial e in prime position in le administration espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/publicaciones-archivo-biblioteca/mediateca/libro-ministerio_tcm30-89585.pdf |titulo=Historia del Ministerio de Agricultura 1900-2008 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, le competentias e le denomination del departamento cambiava conforme al reorganisation del administration del Stato. In 1905 le denomination deveniva Ministerio de Fomento; in 1931, Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio; in 1933, Ministerio de Agricultura; in 1935, Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio; e in 1936, ancora Ministerio de Agricultura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le periodo del seculo XX esseva caracterisate per le expansion del intervention public in le agricultura, le ganaderia, le forestes, le pesca e le alimentation. Le ministerio developpava services technic e agronomic, systemas de formation, experimentation e divulgation, e progressivemente assumeva nove competentias ligate al modernisation del sector primari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/publicaciones-archivo-biblioteca/mediateca/libro-ministerio_tcm30-89585.pdf |titulo=Historia del Ministerio de Agricultura 1900-2008 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1978 le departamento assumeva le denomination Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, reflectente le integration del politica piscatori e del alimentation in su campo de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2008, le competentias esseva integrate in le nove Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Post le reorganisation del Governamento in 2011, le departamento prendeva le denomination de Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, que esseva mantenite usque a 2016. Inter 2016 e 2018 illo se appellava Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Desde le 7 de junio 2018, le denomination Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación esseva restaurate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es le departamento del Administration General del Stato competente pro le elaboration del legislation estatal in materia agricole, piscatori, alimentari e de disveloppamento rural. Illo propone e executa le directivas general del Governamento in iste materias e representa le Stato in le organismos international correspondente, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation quando le materias involve relationes international o institutiones del Union Europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le departamento coordina etiam le actiones del Stato con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public in le materias de su competentia. Iste cooperation include le elaboration e application de politicas agricole, piscatori, alimentari e rural que involve competentias repartite inter plure nivellos del administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura e ganaderia === Le Ministerio elabora e coordina le politica concernente le productiones agricole e ganadere, le mercados agrari, le medios de production e le sanitate del production agroalimentari. Illo interviene etiam in le application del politicas agricole del Union Europee e in le gestion del instrumentos de supporto al sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include le politicas concernente fructos e legumines, viticulture, culturas herbacee e industrial, oleo de oliva, productiones ganadere, medios de production agricole e ganadere, varietates vegetal e altere materias technic del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate agroalimentari e benesser animal === Le Ministerio es competente in materia de sanitate e hygiene animal, sanitate vegetal, tracciabilitate, controlo sanitari al frontiera e laboratorios de sanitate animal e vegetal. Illo es etiam responsabile del coordination del politicas de benesser animal in le ambito de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Alimentation e industria agroalimentari === Le Ministerio participa in le politica alimentari e in le regulation del catena alimentari, includente le competitivitate del catena, le qualitate e sostenibilitate alimentari, le promotion del alimentos de Espania e le controlo del qualitate alimentari e del laboratorios agroalimentari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Pesca e aquaculture === Le Secretariato General de Pesca dirige le competentias del departamento in materia piscatori. Su structura include le Direction General de Pesca Sustenibile e le Direction General de Ordination Piscatori e Aquaculture. Le competentias include le gestion del piscation in le aquas national e europee, le accordos e organisationes regional de pesca, le investigation piscatori, le collection de datos, le aquaculture e le controlo e inspection contra le pesca illegal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Disveloppamento rural === Le Ministerio participa in le politica de disveloppamento del medio rural, con competentias concernente le innovation, digitalisation, formation agroalimentari, infrastructures rural, irrigation e caminos natural. Iste materias es principalemente tractate per le Direction General de Disveloppamento Rural, Innovation e Formation Agroalimentari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le actual structura del Ministerio es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 717/2024, que developpa le structura organic basic establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023. Le Real Decreto 717/2024 esseva modificate per le Real Decreto 268/2025, con le ultime modification indicate in le texto consolidate del BOE al 9 de april 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-15212-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal organos superior e directivos del departamento es le: * Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation; * Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari; * Secretariato General de Pesca; * Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministro ha etiam un Gabinete pro su supporto e assistentia immediate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation === Del Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation depende le Direction General de Disveloppamento Rural, Innovation e Formation Agroalimentari. Iste direction general se occupa de programation e coordination, innovation e digitalisation, dynamisation del medio rural, irrigation, caminos natural, infrastructures rural e formation agroalimentari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le SEIASA, Sociedad Mercantil Estatal de Infraestructuras Agrarias, es attachate al Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari === Del Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari depende le Direction General de Productiones e Mercatos Agrari, le Direction General de Sanitate del Production Agroalimentari e Benesser Animal e le Direction General de Alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Fondo Espaniol de Garantia Agrari (FEGA) e le Agencia de Information e Controlo Alimentari (AICA) es attachate a iste Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Pesca === Le Secretariato General de Pesca include, ultra su organos de coordination e gestion, le Direction General de Pesca Sustenibile e le Direction General de Ordination Piscatori e Aquaculture. Le prime tracta le piscation in le caladero national e le aquas del Union Europee, le organisationes regional de pesca e le investigation piscatori; le secunde tracta le sustenibilitate economic e social, aquaculture, commercialisation piscatori, actiones structural, controlo e inspection e le lucta contra le pesca illegal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation=== Le Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation supporta le functionamento general del departamento. Illo include le Secretariato General Technic e le Direction General de Servicios e Inspection, assi como le Gabinete Technic e altere organos de coordination, budget e administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le organos attachate al Subsecretariato se trova le Entidad Estatal de Seguros Agrarios (ENESA), le Abogacia del Stato e le Intervention Delegat. Le Direction General de Servicios e Inspection include le Office Budgetari, le Oficialia Major, le subdirectiones de ressources human e technologia del information e communicationes, e le Inspection General de Servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos attachate == Le Ministerio ha sub su dependentia o adscription differente organismos public e societates statal. Inter le principal se trova le FEGA, le AICA, le ENESA e le SEIASA. Lor functiones se concentra respectivemente in le garantia e gestion de certe instrumentos agricole, le information e controlo del catena alimentari, le systema de assurance agricole e le infrastructures agricole. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica agricole e Union Europee == Le Ministerio exerce un importante parte de su activitate in relation con le Politica Agricole Commun (PAC) del Union Europee. Le department participa in le definition e application in Espania del instrumentos agricole europee e coordina le action del Stato con le Communitates Autonome e le productores in le quadro del legislation del Union. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica agricole estatal debe esser exercite in coordination con le politicas del Union Europee e con le competentias del Communitates Autonome. Le ministerio participa etiam in le representation de Espania ante le institutiones e organismos international concernente agricultura, pesca e alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede central del Ministerio es le Palacio de Fomento, al Paseo de la Infanta Isabel, 1, in Madrid. Le edificio esseva construite como sede del precedente Ministerio de Fomento e deveniva un del principal edificios administrative del Stato associate al politica agricole. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Palacio esseva declarate Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoria de monumento, per Real Decreto 1428/1989, de 14 de novembre. Le protection include le edificio, le paviliones annexe e le clausura perimetral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == Le Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación es le departamento central del Governamento espaniol pro le politicas public concernente agricultura, ganaderia, pesca, alimentation, industria agroalimentari e disveloppamento rural. Su structura actual deriva principalmente del reorganisation ministerial de 2023, del Real Decreto 717/2024 e del modification del 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-15212-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio continua a coordinar le competentias estatal con le Communitates Autonome, le Union Europee e le organismos international, durante que su organos directivos tracta le productiones agrari, le securitate agroalimentari, le alimentation, le pesca, le aquaculture e le disveloppamento rural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Gastronomia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Pisca in Espania]] [[Categoria:Agricultura in Espania]] jnt5k0g8kscp49yjkd6oyoekh0f6yag 702557 702556 2026-10-06T17:13:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 702557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de ressources agricole, ganadere e piscatori, industria e securitate agroalimentari, alimentation e disveloppamento del medio rural. Le departamento exerce iste competentias in le quadro del distribution constitutional de competentias inter le Stato, le [[Communitates autonome de Espania|Communitates Autonome]] e le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le sede del Ministerio se trova al Paseo de la Infanta Isabel, 1, Madrid, in le historic Palacio de Fomento. Le edificio esseva declarate Bien de Interés Cultural con categoria de monumento in 1989. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le origine del actual departamento remonta al 18 de april 1900, quando un Real Decreto supprimite le Ministerio de Fomento e creava in su loco duo nove departamentos: le Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes e le Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria, Comercio y Obras Públicas. Isto esseva le prime vice que le denomination «Agricultura» appareva con rango ministerial e in prime position in le administration espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/publicaciones-archivo-biblioteca/mediateca/libro-ministerio_tcm30-89585.pdf |titulo=Historia del Ministerio de Agricultura 1900-2008 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, le competentias e le denomination del departamento cambiava conforme al reorganisation del administration del Stato. In 1905 le denomination deveniva Ministerio de Fomento; in 1931, Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio; in 1933, Ministerio de Agricultura; in 1935, Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio; e in 1936, ancora Ministerio de Agricultura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le periodo del seculo XX esseva caracterisate per le expansion del intervention public in le agricultura, le ganaderia, le forestes, le pesca e le alimentation. Le ministerio developpava services technic e agronomic, systemas de formation, experimentation e divulgation, e progressivemente assumeva nove competentias ligate al modernisation del sector primari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/publicaciones-archivo-biblioteca/mediateca/libro-ministerio_tcm30-89585.pdf |titulo=Historia del Ministerio de Agricultura 1900-2008 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1978 le departamento assumeva le denomination Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, reflectente le integration del politica piscatori e del alimentation in su campo de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2008, le competentias esseva integrate in le nove Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. Post le reorganisation del Governamento in 2011, le departamento prendeva le denomination de Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, que esseva mantenite usque a 2016. Inter 2016 e 2018 illo se appellava Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Desde le 7 de junio 2018, le denomination Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación esseva restaurate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es le departamento del Administration General del Stato competente pro le elaboration del legislation estatal in materia agricole, piscatori, alimentari e de disveloppamento rural. Illo propone e executa le directivas general del Governamento in iste materias e representa le Stato in le organismos international correspondente, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation quando le materias involve relationes international o institutiones del Union Europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le departamento coordina etiam le actiones del Stato con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public in le materias de su competentia. Iste cooperation include le elaboration e application de politicas agricole, piscatori, alimentari e rural que involve competentias repartite inter plure nivellos del administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura e ganaderia === Le Ministerio elabora e coordina le politica concernente le productiones agricole e ganadere, le mercados agrari, le medios de production e le sanitate del production agroalimentari. Illo interviene etiam in le application del politicas agricole del Union Europee e in le gestion del instrumentos de supporto al sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include le politicas concernente fructos e legumines, viticulture, culturas herbacee e industrial, oleo de oliva, productiones ganadere, medios de production agricole e ganadere, varietates vegetal e altere materias technic del sector. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate agroalimentari e benesser animal === Le Ministerio es competente in materia de sanitate e hygiene animal, sanitate vegetal, tracciabilitate, controlo sanitari al frontiera e laboratorios de sanitate animal e vegetal. Illo es etiam responsabile del coordination del politicas de benesser animal in le ambito de su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Alimentation e industria agroalimentari === Le Ministerio participa in le politica alimentari e in le regulation del catena alimentari, includente le competitivitate del catena, le qualitate e sostenibilitate alimentari, le promotion del alimentos de Espania e le controlo del qualitate alimentari e del laboratorios agroalimentari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Pesca e aquaculture === Le Secretariato General de Pesca dirige le competentias del departamento in materia piscatori. Su structura include le Direction General de Pesca Sustenibile e le Direction General de Ordination Piscatori e Aquaculture. Le competentias include le gestion del piscation in le aquas national e europee, le accordos e organisationes regional de pesca, le investigation piscatori, le collection de datos, le aquaculture e le controlo e inspection contra le pesca illegal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Disveloppamento rural === Le Ministerio participa in le politica de disveloppamento del medio rural, con competentias concernente le innovation, digitalisation, formation agroalimentari, infrastructures rural, irrigation e caminos natural. Iste materias es principalemente tractate per le Direction General de Disveloppamento Rural, Innovation e Formation Agroalimentari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le actual structura del Ministerio es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 717/2024, que developpa le structura organic basic establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023. Le Real Decreto 717/2024 esseva modificate per le Real Decreto 268/2025, con le ultime modification indicate in le texto consolidate del BOE al 9 de april 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-15212-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principal organos superior e directivos del departamento es le: * Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation; * Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari; * Secretariato General de Pesca; * Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministro ha etiam un Gabinete pro su supporto e assistentia immediate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation === Del Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation depende le Direction General de Disveloppamento Rural, Innovation e Formation Agroalimentari. Iste direction general se occupa de programation e coordination, innovation e digitalisation, dynamisation del medio rural, irrigation, caminos natural, infrastructures rural e formation agroalimentari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le SEIASA, Sociedad Mercantil Estatal de Infraestructuras Agrarias, es attachate al Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari === Del Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari depende le Direction General de Productiones e Mercatos Agrari, le Direction General de Sanitate del Production Agroalimentari e Benesser Animal e le Direction General de Alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Fondo Espaniol de Garantia Agrari (FEGA) e le Agencia de Information e Controlo Alimentari (AICA) es attachate a iste Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Pesca === Le Secretariato General de Pesca include, ultra su organos de coordination e gestion, le Direction General de Pesca Sustenibile e le Direction General de Ordination Piscatori e Aquaculture. Le prime tracta le piscation in le caladero national e le aquas del Union Europee, le organisationes regional de pesca e le investigation piscatori; le secunde tracta le sustenibilitate economic e social, aquaculture, commercialisation piscatori, actiones structural, controlo e inspection e le lucta contra le pesca illegal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation=== Le Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation supporta le functionamento general del departamento. Illo include le Secretariato General Technic e le Direction General de Servicios e Inspection, assi como le Gabinete Technic e altere organos de coordination, budget e administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le organos attachate al Subsecretariato se trova le Entidad Estatal de Seguros Agrarios (ENESA), le Abogacia del Stato e le Intervention Delegat. Le Direction General de Servicios e Inspection include le Office Budgetari, le Oficialia Major, le subdirectiones de ressources human e technologia del information e communicationes, e le Inspection General de Servicios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos attachate == Le Ministerio ha sub su dependentia o adscription differente organismos public e societates statal. Inter le principal se trova le FEGA, le AICA, le ENESA e le SEIASA. Lor functiones se concentra respectivemente in le garantia e gestion de certe instrumentos agricole, le information e controlo del catena alimentari, le systema de assurance agricole e le infrastructures agricole. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica agricole e Union Europee == Le Ministerio exerce un importante parte de su activitate in relation con le Politica Agricole Commun (PAC) del Union Europee. Le department participa in le definition e application in Espania del instrumentos agricole europee e coordina le action del Stato con le Communitates Autonome e le productores in le quadro del legislation del Union. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica agricole estatal debe esser exercite in coordination con le politicas del Union Europee e con le competentias del Communitates Autonome. Le ministerio participa etiam in le representation de Espania ante le institutiones e organismos international concernente agricultura, pesca e alimentation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-15212 |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede central del Ministerio es le Palacio de Fomento, al Paseo de la Infanta Isabel, 1, in Madrid. Le edificio esseva construite como sede del precedente Ministerio de Fomento e deveniva un del principal edificios administrative del Stato associate al politica agricole. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Palacio esseva declarate Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoria de monumento, per Real Decreto 1428/1989, de 14 de novembre. Le protection include le edificio, le paviliones annexe e le clausura perimetral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/palacio-de-fomento/ |titulo=Palacio de Fomento |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == Le Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación es le departamento central del Governamento espaniol pro le politicas public concernente agricultura, ganaderia, pesca, alimentation, industria agroalimentari e disveloppamento rural. Su structura actual deriva principalmente del reorganisation ministerial de 2023, del Real Decreto 717/2024 e del modification del 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura |titulo=Funciones y estructura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-15212-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 717/2024, de 23 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio continua a coordinar le competentias estatal con le Communitates Autonome, le Union Europee e le organismos international, durante que su organos directivos tracta le productiones agrari, le securitate agroalimentari, le alimentation, le pesca, le aquaculture e le disveloppamento rural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |sitioweb=Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Gastronomia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Pisca in Espania]] [[Categoria:Agricultura in Espania]] 4vizqnqjrib8umy1ofbooyc70iqpehn 0 61892 702559 2026-10-06T17:45:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[telecommunicationes]], [[societate del information]], transformation digital, disveloppamento e promotion del [[intelligentia artificial]], assi como in materia de administration public, function public e governament...” 702559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[telecommunicationes]], [[societate del information]], transformation digital, disveloppamento e promotion del [[intelligentia artificial]], assi como in materia de administration public, function public e governamento public. Le Ministerio es un del departamentos ministerial del Governamento espaniol e es organisate principalmente in tres [[Secretariato de Stato|Secretariatos de Stato]]: le Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial, le Secretariato de Stato de Telecommunicationes e Infrastructure Digital, e le Secretariato de Stato de Function Public. Illo ha etiam un Subsecretariato pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public incaricate del servicios commun del departamento. Le structura vigente es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 210/2024, modificate ulteriormente, con le ultime modificationes publicate in junio 2026. == Creation e historia == Le actual Ministerio esseva create in novembre 2023 in le quadro del reorganisation del departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Le Real Decreto 829/2023 establite un nove departamento denominate Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública, al qual esseva attribuite le politicas de transformation digital e intelligentia artificial anteriormente associate principalmente al Ministerio de Affaires Economic e Transformation Digital, assi como le competentias in materia de administration public e function public. Ante iste reorganisation, le competentias digital esseva concentrate in le Ministerio de Affaires Economic e Transformation Digital, create in 2020. Iste departamento comprendeva le Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial e le Secretariato de Stato de Telecommunicationes e Infrastructure Digital. Le competentias in materia de function public esseva usque al 2023 in le Ministerio de Hacienda e Function Public. Le reorganisation del novembre 2023 transfereva iste domaine al nove Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public, establiente assi le actual combination institutional del politicas digital e del administration public. Le structura organic del nove departamento esseva developate per le Real Decreto 210/2024, de 27 de februario, que establi le organos superior e directiv usque al nivello de subdirection general e defini lor competentias. Iste regulation ha essite modificate plure vices; le ultime version consolidate del BOE indica un actualisation publicate le 12 de junio 2026. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del preparation e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de telecommunicationes, societate del information, transformation digital e intelligentia artificial. Iste competentias include le promotion e regulation del servicios digital, le development del intelligentia artificial e le transformation digital del economia e del societate. Le departamento es etiam competente pro le politicas concernente le administration public, function public e governamento public. Isto include le organisation e modernization del Administration General del Stato, le administration digital, le empleo public, le selection e formation del personal public, le governamento public e le coordination de politicas de personal inter le differente administrationes public. In le campo digital, le Ministerio participa in le regulation del servicios digital e del communicationes audiovisual, in le development del infrastructure digital e connectivity, in le promotion del intelligentia artificial e in le utilisation strategic del datos. In le campo del function public, le Ministerio coordina le politicas concernente le personal al servicio del Administration General del Stato e participa in le relationes con le organisationes syndical in le function public, le regime de incompatibilitates e conflictos de interesses e le cooperation international in iste dominio. == Structura == Le Ministerio es organisate in tres organos superior principal: * le Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Telecommunicationes e Infrastructure Digital; * le Secretariato de Stato de Function Public. A illes se adjunge le Subsecretariato pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public, que dirige le servicios commun del departamento. === Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial === Le Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial es responsabile del politicas de digitalisation del societate e del economia, del servicios digital e del disveloppamento del intelligentia artificial. Le organo participa etiam in le coordination del transformation digital del sector public e in le cooperation interministerial e interadministrative in iste materias. Secundo le structura vigente, le Secretariato include le Direction General de Ordination del Servicios de Digitalisation e de Communication Audiovisual, le Direction General de Intelligentia Artificial e le Direction General del Datos. Le titular actual del Secretariato es María González Veracruz, nominate in septembre 2024. === Secretariato de Stato de Telecommunicationes e Infrastructure Digital === Le Secretariato de Stato de Telecommunicationes e Infrastructure Digital exerce le competentias del Stato concernente le telecommunicationes, le servicios de communication audiovisual e le infrastructure necessari pro garantir le connectivity del citatanos e del empresas. Illo participa in le regulation del sector, le cooperation con altere administrationes e le relationes con le sectores professional, industrial e academic. Le structura vigente include le Secretariato General de Telecommunicationes, Infrastructure Digital e Securitate Digital, que constitue le principal organo directiv dependente del Secretariato de Stato. Le denomination actual reflecte le incorporation del materias de securitate digital in le structura organic del departamento. === Secretariato de Stato de Function Public === Le Secretariato de Stato de Function Public es responsabile del politicas del Governamento concernente le administration public, le function public e le governamento public. Su competentias include le administration digital, le empleo public, le organisation e proceduras del Administration General del Stato, le inspection de servicios, le incompatibilitates e conflictos de interesses e le coordination del politica de personal inter le administrationes public. Del Secretariato depende le Secretariato General de Administration Digital, le Direction General del Function Public, con rango de Subsecretariato, e le Direction General de Governamento Public. Depende etiam del Secretariato le Officio de Conflictos de Interesses, con rango de Direction General. Le Secretariato es actualmente dirigite per Consuelo Sánchez Naranjo, nominate per le Real Decreto 959/2025, de 21 de octobre. === Subsecretariato pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public === Le Subsecretariato pro le Transformation Digital e del Function Public es le organo incaricate del representation ordinari del Ministerio e del direction del su servicios commun. Illo exerce le competentias previste pro le subsecretariatos per le legislation super le regime juridic del sector public e coordina e supervisa le organos directiv e unitates que depende directemente de illo. Le Subsecretariato comprende, inter altere organos, le Secretariato General Technic, le unitates de gestion economic e budgetari, le recursos human, le inspection de servicios, le coordination juridic e le altere servicios commun del Ministerio. == Organismos e entidades dependente == Le Ministerio ha relationes de adscription e coordination con diverse organismos e entidades public concernente al digitalisation, le intelligentia artificial, le administration public e le function public. Inter illes se trova le Entidad Public Empresarial Red.es, le Instituto National de Cibersecuritate (INCIBE), le Societate Espaniol pro le Transformation Technologic (SETT), le Agencia Espaniol de Supervision de Intelligentia Artificial (AESIA), le Agencia Estatal de Administration Digital (AEAD), le Instituto National de Administration Public (INAP) e le Mutualitate General de Functionarios Civil del Stato (MUFACE). Le SETT es un entitate public empresarial resultante del transformation del Societate State de Microelectronica e Semiconductores, con un rol in le politicas technologic e industrial del Stato. Le AESIA es le autoritate specialisate in le supervision del intelligentia artificial, durante que le AEAD supporta le transformation digital del Administration General del Stato. Le INAP es le organo dedicate al formation e disveloppamento del personal public e al studio e innovation in materia de administration public. Le MUFACE gere le regime special de mutualismo administrative del functionarios civil del Stato. == Digitalisation del administration == Un del areas central del Ministerio es le transformation digital del administration public. Le politicas del departamento include le modernization del servicios public digital, le interoperabilitate inter administrationes, le utilisation del datos, le intelligentia artificial e le improvement del accesso del citatanos al servicios public. Le Agencia Estatal de Administration Digital ha un rolo importante in iste processo, particularmente in le provision e coordination de servicios e infrastructuras technologic del Administration General del Stato. Le Ministerio coordina etiam le transformation del administration in le quadro del politicas de governamento public, con attention al simplification del proceduras, al accessibilitate del servicios e al responsabilitate institutional. == Intelligentia artificial e datos == Le intelligentia artificial constitue un del areas principal del Ministerio desde le creation del departamento. Le Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial exerce competentias concernente le promotion e disveloppamento de iste technologia e le coordination del politicas public relative a illo. Le Agencia Espaniol de Supervision de Intelligentia Artificial es le organismo public specialisate in le supervision del intelligentia artificial in Espania e es ligate al Ministerio in iste campo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in politicas concernente le economia del datos, le compartition de datos e le utilisation de technologias digital in le sectores public e private. In 2026, le Ministerio ha continuate a sustener le disveloppamento del intelligentia artificial e del technologiaes digital. Inter le actiones publicate durante le anno figura un programma de 180 milliones de euros pro 372 projectos empresarial de intelligentia artificial, assi como participationes in initiatives europee concernente le intelligentia artificial, le computation de alte prestation e le technologias quantic. == Telecommunicationes e connectivitate == Le politica estatal in materia de telecommunicationes include le regulation del servicios, le gestion del dominio public radioelectric, le disveloppamento del infrastructure de communication e le extension del connectivity digital. Le Ministerio tracta etiam le materias concernente le communication audiovisual e participa in le coordination del politicas national e europee relative al sector. Le execution de iste competentias debe esser coordinate con le altere departamentos e con le [[Comision National del Mercatos e del Competentia]] in le materias que corresponde a celle. == Function public == Le politica de function public comprende le regulation del employment public, le selection e formation del personal, le coordination del politica de recursos human e le relationes con le organisationes syndical. Le Ministerio gere etiam materias relative al regime de incompatibilitates e conflictos de interesses del membros del Governamento e del altos cargos del Administration General del Stato. Le Ministerio participa in le elaboration del politicas de modernization del Administration General del Stato e in le coordination del personal public inter le differente niveaus del administration. In 2026, le Governamento approbava, a proposition del Ministerio, le Oferta de Empleo Public del Administration General del Stato pro iste anno. Le oferta comprendeva 27 232 postos, includente 1 700 postos in le corporees technologic del Stato. == Sede == Le Ministerio ha su sede al Calle del Mármol 2, 28005 Madrid, e dispone etiam de un sede al Calle Poeta Joan Maragall 41, 28020 Madrid. Le sede de Mármol es etiam le adresse official del Punto de Acceso General e de diverse unitates del Ministerio. == Situation actual == Al septembre 2026, le Ministerio continua a reunir in un mesme departamento le politicas national del transformation digital e le administration public. Su structura es definite per le Real Decreto 210/2024 in su version actualisate al 12 de junio 2026 e es organise circum le tres Secretariatos de Stato e le Subsecretariato del departamento. Le Ministerio es assi un del principal organos del Administration General del Stato in materias concernente le digitalisation del economia e del societate, le intelligentia artificial, le telecommunicationes e connectivity, le administration digital, le function public e le governamento public. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Telecommunicationes in Espania]] [[Categoria:Intelligentia artificial]] [[Categoria:Scientia e technologia de Espania]] h5mtzf3vmfvnie5icuq2ws258zy43pz 0 61893 702562 2026-10-06T18:08:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e memoria de...” 702562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e [[memoria democratic]], e in le relationes con le [[Delegationes del Governo]], [[Subdelegationes del Governo]] e [[Directiones Insular]]. Le titular actual del Ministerio es Ángel Víctor Torres Pérez, nominate ministro le 20 de novembre 2023. == Historia == Le actual Ministerio ha su origine immediate in le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial effectuata in novembre 2023. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, creava le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática, transferente al nove departamento le competentias concernente le politica territorial que esseva anteriorimente in le Ministerio de Política Territorial e altere organos, e incorporante le competentias de memoria democratic proveniente del precedente Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. Le historia institutional del politica territorial del Stato es plus longe. Desde le [[Constitution de 1978]], le Administration General del Stato ha disponite de organos incaricate de coordinar le relationes inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e de organizar le presentia del Administration statal in le territorio. Le denomination e le structura del departamento ha cambiate in differente legislaturas. Le reorganisation de 2023 reuniva in un mesme departamento le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Le Real Decreto 273/2024, de 19 de martio, developpava le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio usque al nivello de direction general. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, e le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio. In iste quadro, le departamento participa in le cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome, includente le relationes bilateral e multilateral, le cooperation con le [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]], e le preparation del asuntos concernente le distribution constitutional de competentias. Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le [[Administration local]], includente le regime juridic local, le cooperation con le entitates local, le Registro de Entitates Local e diverse programas national e europee in le ambito local. Un altere responsabilitate es le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio, includente le Delegationes del Governo, le Subdelegationes del Governo e le Directiones Insular. Isto comprende le coordination del servicios, le administration del recursos, le inspection del servicios e le supporto al operationes del Administration statal in le territorio. Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de Memoria Democrática. Le politica correspondente include le conservation, protection, promotion e diffusion del memoria democratic, assi como le application del Lege 20/2022, de 19 de octobre, concernente le memoria democratic. == Structura == Secundo le structura establite per le Real Decreto 273/2024 e le modificaciones ulterior, le Ministerio comprende principalemente: * le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic; * le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic; * diverse comissarios special con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Gabinete del Ministro como organo de supporto immediate. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le Administration General del Stato in le territorio e le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Illo coordina etiam le Conferentia de Presidentes. === Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial === Del Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial depende le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato. Su principal function es coordinar le competentias del Ministerio concernente le politica territorial autonome e local. Del Secretariato General depende le: * Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local; * Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local; * Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio. Le Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local se occupa del relationes de cooperation inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Le Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local tracta le aspectos juridic del distribution de competentias e del regime local. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le Delegationes, Subdelegationes e Directiones Insular e le recursos necessari pro lor functionamento. == Politica territorial == Le politica territorial del Ministerio se funda super le coordination del differentes niveles del Administration public. Le departamento facilita le cooperation institutional inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e participa in le preparation e execution de accordos del organos de cooperation territorial. Un del principales organos de cooperation es le Conferentia de Presidentes, que reun le Presidente del Governo e le presidentes del Communitates Autonome e del Ceuta e Melilla. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial impulsa e coordina le activitate de iste organo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in le Conferentia pro Affaires Relate al Union Europee e in altere foros europee e international concernente le politica regional e local. Le competentias include le preparation del asuntos del Conferentia e le coordination del participation del Stato in iste materias. == Administration General del Stato in le territorio == Le Administration General del Stato mantene un organisation territorial basate super le Delegationes del Governo in le Communitates Autonome, le Subdelegationes del Governo in le provincias e le Directiones Insular in le territorios ubi illas existe. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le services de iste organos, lor recursos human e economic, le edificios e medios material, le sistemas informatic e le inspection del servicios. Le Delegationes del Governo servi como instrumentos de coordination del activitate del Administration statal in le territorio e como puncto de relation con le Communitates Autonome e altere administrationes public. == Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic == Le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento in materia de memoria democratic. Su actiones se basa super le principios de veritate, justitia, reparation e garantia de non-repetition establite per le legislation vigente. Le Secretariato coordina programas de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le corporaciones local e altere institutiones pro le cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic, includente le memoria del victimas, del feminas e del exilio. Illo es etiam competente pro le declaration de Locos de Memoria Democratic in le casos previde per le lege. Del Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic depende le: * Direction General de Attention al Victimas; * Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic. Le Direction General de Attention al Victimas se occupa del medidas de recognoscimento e reparation institutional del victimas del Guerra de Espania e del Dictatura, includente le investigation e identification de personas disparite, le collaboration con le Registros Civil e le inventario de benes confiscate. Le Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic promove le recuperation, protection, cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic. Illa gere le Plan Estatal de Memoria Democratic, le subventions del materia, le actividades de divulgation e le Inventario Estatal de Locos de Memoria Democratic. == Subsecretariato == Le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic dirige e coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio e presta assistentia al Ministro in le preparation e execution del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias include le preparation del budget, le gestion economic, le ressources human, le servicios juridic e technic, le patrimonio, le information administrative e le transformation digital. Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter alteres materias le coordination del proyectos normativ, le informes juridic, le compilations normative, le publications, le documentation, le bibliothecas, le archivos e le statisticas del departamento. == Comissarios special == Le structura del Ministerio include etiam comissarios special create pro tractar situationes territorial specific. Inter illes se trova le Comissario special pro le Reconstruction del insula de La Palma, con rango de Subsecretariato. Le structura vigente include etiam un Comissario special pro le reconstruction e reparation del damnos provocate per le DANA de octobre–novembre 2024 in differente municipios, e le Comissario pro le celebration del 50 annos de Espania in Libertate. Iste duos organos esseva incorporate al structura per le Real Decreto 1/2025. == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration local == Le Ministerio functiona como un del principales punctos de coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes territorial. Illo tracta questiones concernente le cooperation, le distribution de competentias, le application del regime local e le participation del Communitates Autonome e entitates local in programas national e europee. Le Ministerio pote etiam preparar propositiones concernente recursos de inconstitutionalitate, requerimentos de incompetenti e conflictos de competentia inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, secundo le procedures constitutional e legal applicable. == Organisation e funcionamento == Le Ministerio exerce su competentias sub le direction del Ministro e per medio de su Secretariatos de Stato, Secretariato General, Subsecretariato e Directiones General. Le organes superior e directiv es determinate per le legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. Le organigramma official del Ministerio, actualisate in maio 2026, reflecte le structura del departamento e le relationes de dependentia inter su organos superior, directiv e subdirectiones general. == Situation actual == In 2026, le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es le departamento del Administration General del Stato que concentra le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Su structura es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 273/2024, modificate ulteriormente per incorporar nove competentias e organos special. Le principal areas de activitate del departamento es dunque le cooperation inter le Stato e le administrationes territorial, le coordination del Administration statal in le territorio, le regime juridic autonome e local e le politica public de memoria democratic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Politica Territorial]] [[Categoria:Organisation territorial de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] 95np5oo0g8rsg60uc3uxcdsrt7z02rr 702563 702562 2026-10-06T18:08:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 702563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e [[memoria democratic]], e in le relationes con le [[Delegationes del Governo]], [[Subdelegationes del Governo]] e [[Directiones Insular]]. Le titular actual del Ministerio es Ángel Víctor Torres Pérez, nominate ministro le 20 de novembre 2023. == Historia == Le actual Ministerio ha su origine immediate in le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial effectuata in novembre 2023. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, creava le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática, transferente al nove departamento le competentias concernente le politica territorial que esseva anteriorimente in le Ministerio de Política Territorial e altere organos, e incorporante le competentias de memoria democratic proveniente del precedente Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. Le historia institutional del politica territorial del Stato es plus longe. Desde le [[Constitution de 1978]], le Administration General del Stato ha disponite de organos incaricate de coordinar le relationes inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e de organizar le presentia del Administration statal in le territorio. Le denomination e le structura del departamento ha cambiate in differente legislaturas. Le reorganisation de 2023 reuniva in un mesme departamento le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Le Real Decreto 273/2024, de 19 de martio, developpava le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio usque al nivello de direction general. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, e le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio. In iste quadro, le departamento participa in le cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome, includente le relationes bilateral e multilateral, le cooperation con le [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]], e le preparation del asuntos concernente le distribution constitutional de competentias. Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le [[Administration local]], includente le regime juridic local, le cooperation con le entitates local, le Registro de Entitates Local e diverse programas national e europee in le ambito local. Un altere responsabilitate es le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio, includente le Delegationes del Governo, le Subdelegationes del Governo e le Directiones Insular. Isto comprende le coordination del servicios, le administration del recursos, le inspection del servicios e le supporto al operationes del Administration statal in le territorio. Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de Memoria Democrática. Le politica correspondente include le conservation, protection, promotion e diffusion del memoria democratic, assi como le application del Lege 20/2022, de 19 de octobre, concernente le memoria democratic. == Structura == Secundo le structura establite per le Real Decreto 273/2024 e le modificaciones ulterior, le Ministerio comprende principalemente: * le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic; * le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic; * diverse comissarios special con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Gabinete del Ministro como organo de supporto immediate. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le Administration General del Stato in le territorio e le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Illo coordina etiam le Conferentia de Presidentes. === Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial === Del Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial depende le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato. Su principal function es coordinar le competentias del Ministerio concernente le politica territorial autonome e local. Del Secretariato General depende le: * Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local; * Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local; * Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio. Le Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local se occupa del relationes de cooperation inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Le Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local tracta le aspectos juridic del distribution de competentias e del regime local. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le Delegationes, Subdelegationes e Directiones Insular e le recursos necessari pro lor functionamento. == Politica territorial == Le politica territorial del Ministerio se funda super le coordination del differentes niveles del Administration public. Le departamento facilita le cooperation institutional inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e participa in le preparation e execution de accordos del organos de cooperation territorial. Un del principales organos de cooperation es le Conferentia de Presidentes, que reun le Presidente del Governo e le presidentes del Communitates Autonome e del Ceuta e Melilla. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial impulsa e coordina le activitate de iste organo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in le Conferentia pro Affaires Relate al Union Europee e in altere foros europee e international concernente le politica regional e local. Le competentias include le preparation del asuntos del Conferentia e le coordination del participation del Stato in iste materias. == Administration General del Stato in le territorio == Le Administration General del Stato mantene un organisation territorial basate super le Delegationes del Governo in le Communitates Autonome, le Subdelegationes del Governo in le provincias e le Directiones Insular in le territorios ubi illas existe. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le services de iste organos, lor recursos human e economic, le edificios e medios material, le sistemas informatic e le inspection del servicios. Le Delegationes del Governo servi como instrumentos de coordination del activitate del Administration statal in le territorio e como puncto de relation con le Communitates Autonome e altere administrationes public. == Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic == Le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento in materia de memoria democratic. Su actiones se basa super le principios de veritate, justitia, reparation e garantia de non-repetition establite per le legislation vigente. Le Secretariato coordina programas de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le corporaciones local e altere institutiones pro le cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic, includente le memoria del victimas, del feminas e del exilio. Illo es etiam competente pro le declaration de Locos de Memoria Democratic in le casos previde per le lege. Del Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic depende le: * Direction General de Attention al Victimas; * Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic. Le Direction General de Attention al Victimas se occupa del medidas de recognoscimento e reparation institutional del victimas del Guerra de Espania e del Dictatura, includente le investigation e identification de personas disparite, le collaboration con le Registros Civil e le inventario de benes confiscate. Le Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic promove le recuperation, protection, cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic. Illa gere le Plan Estatal de Memoria Democratic, le subventions del materia, le actividades de divulgation e le Inventario Estatal de Locos de Memoria Democratic. == Subsecretariato == Le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic dirige e coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio e presta assistentia al Ministro in le preparation e execution del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias include le preparation del budget, le gestion economic, le ressources human, le servicios juridic e technic, le patrimonio, le information administrative e le transformation digital. Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter alteres materias le coordination del proyectos normativ, le informes juridic, le compilations normative, le publications, le documentation, le bibliothecas, le archivos e le statisticas del departamento. == Comissarios special == Le structura del Ministerio include etiam comissarios special create pro tractar situationes territorial specific. Inter illes se trova le Comissario special pro le Reconstruction del insula de La Palma, con rango de Subsecretariato. Le structura vigente include etiam un Comissario special pro le reconstruction e reparation del damnos provocate per le DANA de octobre–novembre 2024 in differente municipios, e le Comissario pro le celebration del 50 annos de Espania in Libertate. Iste duos organos esseva incorporate al structura per le Real Decreto 1/2025. == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration local == Le Ministerio functiona como un del principales punctos de coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes territorial. Illo tracta questiones concernente le cooperation, le distribution de competentias, le application del regime local e le participation del Communitates Autonome e entitates local in programas national e europee. Le Ministerio pote etiam preparar propositiones concernente recursos de inconstitutionalitate, requerimentos de incompetenti e conflictos de competentia inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, secundo le procedures constitutional e legal applicable. == Organisation e funcionamento == Le Ministerio exerce su competentias sub le direction del Ministro e per medio de su Secretariatos de Stato, Secretariato General, Subsecretariato e Directiones General. Le organes superior e directiv es determinate per le legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. Le organigramma official del Ministerio, actualisate in maio 2026, reflecte le structura del departamento e le relationes de dependentia inter su organos superior, directiv e subdirectiones general. == Situation actual == In 2026, le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es le departamento del Administration General del Stato que concentra le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Su structura es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 273/2024, modificate ulteriormente per incorporar nove competentias e organos special. Le principal areas de activitate del departamento es dunque le cooperation inter le Stato e le administrationes territorial, le coordination del Administration statal in le territorio, le regime juridic autonome e local e le politica public de memoria democratic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Politica Territorial]] [[Categoria:Organisation territorial de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] 5mi0u8fzdr09h5lju9flrkb08eowi3e 702564 702563 2026-10-06T18:09:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 702564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e [[memoria democratic]], e in le relationes con le [[Delegationes del Governo]], [[Subdelegationes del Governo]] e [[Directiones Insular]]. == Historia == Le actual Ministerio ha su origine immediate in le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial effectuata in novembre 2023. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, creava le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática, transferente al nove departamento le competentias concernente le politica territorial que esseva anteriorimente in le Ministerio de Política Territorial e altere organos, e incorporante le competentias de memoria democratic proveniente del precedente Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. Le historia institutional del politica territorial del Stato es plus longe. Desde le [[Constitution de 1978]], le Administration General del Stato ha disponite de organos incaricate de coordinar le relationes inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e de organizar le presentia del Administration statal in le territorio. Le denomination e le structura del departamento ha cambiate in differente legislaturas. Le reorganisation de 2023 reuniva in un mesme departamento le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Le Real Decreto 273/2024, de 19 de martio, developpava le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio usque al nivello de direction general. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, e le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio. In iste quadro, le departamento participa in le cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome, includente le relationes bilateral e multilateral, le cooperation con le [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]], e le preparation del asuntos concernente le distribution constitutional de competentias. Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le [[Administration local]], includente le regime juridic local, le cooperation con le entitates local, le Registro de Entitates Local e diverse programas national e europee in le ambito local. Un altere responsabilitate es le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio, includente le Delegationes del Governo, le Subdelegationes del Governo e le Directiones Insular. Isto comprende le coordination del servicios, le administration del recursos, le inspection del servicios e le supporto al operationes del Administration statal in le territorio. Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de Memoria Democrática. Le politica correspondente include le conservation, protection, promotion e diffusion del memoria democratic, assi como le application del Lege 20/2022, de 19 de octobre, concernente le memoria democratic. == Structura == Secundo le structura establite per le Real Decreto 273/2024 e le modificaciones ulterior, le Ministerio comprende principalemente: * le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic; * le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic; * diverse comissarios special con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Gabinete del Ministro como organo de supporto immediate. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le Administration General del Stato in le territorio e le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Illo coordina etiam le Conferentia de Presidentes. === Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial === Del Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial depende le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato. Su principal function es coordinar le competentias del Ministerio concernente le politica territorial autonome e local. Del Secretariato General depende le: * Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local; * Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local; * Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio. Le Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local se occupa del relationes de cooperation inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Le Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local tracta le aspectos juridic del distribution de competentias e del regime local. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le Delegationes, Subdelegationes e Directiones Insular e le recursos necessari pro lor functionamento. == Politica territorial == Le politica territorial del Ministerio se funda super le coordination del differentes niveles del Administration public. Le departamento facilita le cooperation institutional inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e participa in le preparation e execution de accordos del organos de cooperation territorial. Un del principales organos de cooperation es le Conferentia de Presidentes, que reun le Presidente del Governo e le presidentes del Communitates Autonome e del Ceuta e Melilla. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial impulsa e coordina le activitate de iste organo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in le Conferentia pro Affaires Relate al Union Europee e in altere foros europee e international concernente le politica regional e local. Le competentias include le preparation del asuntos del Conferentia e le coordination del participation del Stato in iste materias. == Administration General del Stato in le territorio == Le Administration General del Stato mantene un organisation territorial basate super le Delegationes del Governo in le Communitates Autonome, le Subdelegationes del Governo in le provincias e le Directiones Insular in le territorios ubi illas existe. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le services de iste organos, lor recursos human e economic, le edificios e medios material, le sistemas informatic e le inspection del servicios. Le Delegationes del Governo servi como instrumentos de coordination del activitate del Administration statal in le territorio e como puncto de relation con le Communitates Autonome e altere administrationes public. == Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic == Le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento in materia de memoria democratic. Su actiones se basa super le principios de veritate, justitia, reparation e garantia de non-repetition establite per le legislation vigente. Le Secretariato coordina programas de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le corporaciones local e altere institutiones pro le cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic, includente le memoria del victimas, del feminas e del exilio. Illo es etiam competente pro le declaration de Locos de Memoria Democratic in le casos previde per le lege. Del Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic depende le: * Direction General de Attention al Victimas; * Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic. Le Direction General de Attention al Victimas se occupa del medidas de recognoscimento e reparation institutional del victimas del Guerra de Espania e del Dictatura, includente le investigation e identification de personas disparite, le collaboration con le Registros Civil e le inventario de benes confiscate. Le Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic promove le recuperation, protection, cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic. Illa gere le Plan Estatal de Memoria Democratic, le subventions del materia, le actividades de divulgation e le Inventario Estatal de Locos de Memoria Democratic. == Subsecretariato == Le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic dirige e coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio e presta assistentia al Ministro in le preparation e execution del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias include le preparation del budget, le gestion economic, le ressources human, le servicios juridic e technic, le patrimonio, le information administrative e le transformation digital. Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter alteres materias le coordination del proyectos normativ, le informes juridic, le compilations normative, le publications, le documentation, le bibliothecas, le archivos e le statisticas del departamento. == Comissarios special == Le structura del Ministerio include etiam comissarios special create pro tractar situationes territorial specific. Inter illes se trova le Comissario special pro le Reconstruction del insula de La Palma, con rango de Subsecretariato. Le structura vigente include etiam un Comissario special pro le reconstruction e reparation del damnos provocate per le DANA de octobre–novembre 2024 in differente municipios, e le Comissario pro le celebration del 50 annos de Espania in Libertate. Iste duos organos esseva incorporate al structura per le Real Decreto 1/2025. == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration local == Le Ministerio functiona como un del principales punctos de coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes territorial. Illo tracta questiones concernente le cooperation, le distribution de competentias, le application del regime local e le participation del Communitates Autonome e entitates local in programas national e europee. Le Ministerio pote etiam preparar propositiones concernente recursos de inconstitutionalitate, requerimentos de incompetenti e conflictos de competentia inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, secundo le procedures constitutional e legal applicable. == Organisation e funcionamento == Le Ministerio exerce su competentias sub le direction del Ministro e per medio de su Secretariatos de Stato, Secretariato General, Subsecretariato e Directiones General. Le organes superior e directiv es determinate per le legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. Le organigramma official del Ministerio, actualisate in maio 2026, reflecte le structura del departamento e le relationes de dependentia inter su organos superior, directiv e subdirectiones general. == Situation actual == In 2026, le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es le departamento del Administration General del Stato que concentra le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Su structura es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 273/2024, modificate ulteriormente per incorporar nove competentias e organos special. Le principal areas de activitate del departamento es dunque le cooperation inter le Stato e le administrationes territorial, le coordination del Administration statal in le territorio, le regime juridic autonome e local e le politica public de memoria democratic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Politica Territorial]] [[Categoria:Organisation territorial de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] krinf16esa0j4a20holhqiyjxdke50v 702565 702564 2026-10-06T18:09:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Ministerio de Política Territorial]] a [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] 702564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e [[memoria democratic]], e in le relationes con le [[Delegationes del Governo]], [[Subdelegationes del Governo]] e [[Directiones Insular]]. == Historia == Le actual Ministerio ha su origine immediate in le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial effectuata in novembre 2023. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, creava le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática, transferente al nove departamento le competentias concernente le politica territorial que esseva anteriorimente in le Ministerio de Política Territorial e altere organos, e incorporante le competentias de memoria democratic proveniente del precedente Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. Le historia institutional del politica territorial del Stato es plus longe. Desde le [[Constitution de 1978]], le Administration General del Stato ha disponite de organos incaricate de coordinar le relationes inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e de organizar le presentia del Administration statal in le territorio. Le denomination e le structura del departamento ha cambiate in differente legislaturas. Le reorganisation de 2023 reuniva in un mesme departamento le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Le Real Decreto 273/2024, de 19 de martio, developpava le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio usque al nivello de direction general. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, e le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio. In iste quadro, le departamento participa in le cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome, includente le relationes bilateral e multilateral, le cooperation con le [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]], e le preparation del asuntos concernente le distribution constitutional de competentias. Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le [[Administration local]], includente le regime juridic local, le cooperation con le entitates local, le Registro de Entitates Local e diverse programas national e europee in le ambito local. Un altere responsabilitate es le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio, includente le Delegationes del Governo, le Subdelegationes del Governo e le Directiones Insular. Isto comprende le coordination del servicios, le administration del recursos, le inspection del servicios e le supporto al operationes del Administration statal in le territorio. Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de Memoria Democrática. Le politica correspondente include le conservation, protection, promotion e diffusion del memoria democratic, assi como le application del Lege 20/2022, de 19 de octobre, concernente le memoria democratic. == Structura == Secundo le structura establite per le Real Decreto 273/2024 e le modificaciones ulterior, le Ministerio comprende principalemente: * le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic; * le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic; * diverse comissarios special con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Gabinete del Ministro como organo de supporto immediate. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le Administration General del Stato in le territorio e le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Illo coordina etiam le Conferentia de Presidentes. === Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial === Del Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial depende le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato. Su principal function es coordinar le competentias del Ministerio concernente le politica territorial autonome e local. Del Secretariato General depende le: * Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local; * Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local; * Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio. Le Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local se occupa del relationes de cooperation inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Le Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local tracta le aspectos juridic del distribution de competentias e del regime local. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le Delegationes, Subdelegationes e Directiones Insular e le recursos necessari pro lor functionamento. == Politica territorial == Le politica territorial del Ministerio se funda super le coordination del differentes niveles del Administration public. Le departamento facilita le cooperation institutional inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e participa in le preparation e execution de accordos del organos de cooperation territorial. Un del principales organos de cooperation es le Conferentia de Presidentes, que reun le Presidente del Governo e le presidentes del Communitates Autonome e del Ceuta e Melilla. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial impulsa e coordina le activitate de iste organo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in le Conferentia pro Affaires Relate al Union Europee e in altere foros europee e international concernente le politica regional e local. Le competentias include le preparation del asuntos del Conferentia e le coordination del participation del Stato in iste materias. == Administration General del Stato in le territorio == Le Administration General del Stato mantene un organisation territorial basate super le Delegationes del Governo in le Communitates Autonome, le Subdelegationes del Governo in le provincias e le Directiones Insular in le territorios ubi illas existe. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le services de iste organos, lor recursos human e economic, le edificios e medios material, le sistemas informatic e le inspection del servicios. Le Delegationes del Governo servi como instrumentos de coordination del activitate del Administration statal in le territorio e como puncto de relation con le Communitates Autonome e altere administrationes public. == Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic == Le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento in materia de memoria democratic. Su actiones se basa super le principios de veritate, justitia, reparation e garantia de non-repetition establite per le legislation vigente. Le Secretariato coordina programas de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le corporaciones local e altere institutiones pro le cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic, includente le memoria del victimas, del feminas e del exilio. Illo es etiam competente pro le declaration de Locos de Memoria Democratic in le casos previde per le lege. Del Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic depende le: * Direction General de Attention al Victimas; * Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic. Le Direction General de Attention al Victimas se occupa del medidas de recognoscimento e reparation institutional del victimas del Guerra de Espania e del Dictatura, includente le investigation e identification de personas disparite, le collaboration con le Registros Civil e le inventario de benes confiscate. Le Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic promove le recuperation, protection, cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic. Illa gere le Plan Estatal de Memoria Democratic, le subventions del materia, le actividades de divulgation e le Inventario Estatal de Locos de Memoria Democratic. == Subsecretariato == Le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic dirige e coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio e presta assistentia al Ministro in le preparation e execution del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias include le preparation del budget, le gestion economic, le ressources human, le servicios juridic e technic, le patrimonio, le information administrative e le transformation digital. Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter alteres materias le coordination del proyectos normativ, le informes juridic, le compilations normative, le publications, le documentation, le bibliothecas, le archivos e le statisticas del departamento. == Comissarios special == Le structura del Ministerio include etiam comissarios special create pro tractar situationes territorial specific. Inter illes se trova le Comissario special pro le Reconstruction del insula de La Palma, con rango de Subsecretariato. Le structura vigente include etiam un Comissario special pro le reconstruction e reparation del damnos provocate per le DANA de octobre–novembre 2024 in differente municipios, e le Comissario pro le celebration del 50 annos de Espania in Libertate. Iste duos organos esseva incorporate al structura per le Real Decreto 1/2025. == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration local == Le Ministerio functiona como un del principales punctos de coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes territorial. Illo tracta questiones concernente le cooperation, le distribution de competentias, le application del regime local e le participation del Communitates Autonome e entitates local in programas national e europee. Le Ministerio pote etiam preparar propositiones concernente recursos de inconstitutionalitate, requerimentos de incompetenti e conflictos de competentia inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, secundo le procedures constitutional e legal applicable. == Organisation e funcionamento == Le Ministerio exerce su competentias sub le direction del Ministro e per medio de su Secretariatos de Stato, Secretariato General, Subsecretariato e Directiones General. Le organes superior e directiv es determinate per le legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. Le organigramma official del Ministerio, actualisate in maio 2026, reflecte le structura del departamento e le relationes de dependentia inter su organos superior, directiv e subdirectiones general. == Situation actual == In 2026, le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es le departamento del Administration General del Stato que concentra le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Su structura es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 273/2024, modificate ulteriormente per incorporar nove competentias e organos special. Le principal areas de activitate del departamento es dunque le cooperation inter le Stato e le administrationes territorial, le coordination del Administration statal in le territorio, le regime juridic autonome e local e le politica public de memoria democratic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Politica Territorial]] [[Categoria:Organisation territorial de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] krinf16esa0j4a20holhqiyjxdke50v 702567 702565 2026-10-06T18:12:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 702567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e [[memoria democratic]], e in le relationes con le [[Delegationes del Governo]], [[Subdelegationes del Governo]] e [[Directiones Insular]]. == Historia == Le actual Ministerio ha su origine immediate in le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial effectuata in novembre 2023. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, creava le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática, transferente al nove departamento le competentias concernente le politica territorial que esseva anteriorimente in le Ministerio de Política Territorial e altere organos, e incorporante le competentias de memoria democratic proveniente del precedente Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. Le historia institutional del politica territorial del Stato es plus longe. Desde le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution de 1978]], le Administration General del Stato ha disponite de organos incaricate de coordinar le relationes inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e de organizar le presentia del Administration statal in le territorio. Le denomination e le structura del departamento ha cambiate in differente legislaturas. Le reorganisation de 2023 reuniva in un mesme departamento le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Le Real Decreto 273/2024, de 19 de martio, developpava le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio usque al nivello de direction general. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, e le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio. In iste quadro, le departamento participa in le cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome, includente le relationes bilateral e multilateral, le cooperation con le [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]], e le preparation del asuntos concernente le distribution constitutional de competentias. Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le [[Administration local]], includente le regime juridic local, le cooperation con le entitates local, le Registro de Entitates Local e diverse programas national e europee in le ambito local. Un altere responsabilitate es le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio, includente le Delegationes del Governo, le Subdelegationes del Governo e le Directiones Insular. Isto comprende le coordination del servicios, le administration del recursos, le inspection del servicios e le supporto al operationes del Administration statal in le territorio. Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de Memoria Democrática. Le politica correspondente include le conservation, protection, promotion e diffusion del memoria democratic, assi como le application del Lege 20/2022, de 19 de octobre, concernente le memoria democratic. == Structura == Secundo le structura establite per le Real Decreto 273/2024 e le modificaciones ulterior, le Ministerio comprende principalemente: * le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic; * le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic; * diverse comissarios special con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Gabinete del Ministro como organo de supporto immediate. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le Administration General del Stato in le territorio e le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Illo coordina etiam le Conferentia de Presidentes. === Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial === Del Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial depende le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato. Su principal function es coordinar le competentias del Ministerio concernente le politica territorial autonome e local. Del Secretariato General depende le: * Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local; * Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local; * Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio. Le Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local se occupa del relationes de cooperation inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Le Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local tracta le aspectos juridic del distribution de competentias e del regime local. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le Delegationes, Subdelegationes e Directiones Insular e le recursos necessari pro lor functionamento. == Politica territorial == Le politica territorial del Ministerio se funda super le coordination del differentes niveles del Administration public. Le departamento facilita le cooperation institutional inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e participa in le preparation e execution de accordos del organos de cooperation territorial. Un del principales organos de cooperation es le Conferentia de Presidentes, que reun le Presidente del Governo e le presidentes del Communitates Autonome e del Ceuta e Melilla. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial impulsa e coordina le activitate de iste organo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in le Conferentia pro Affaires Relate al Union Europee e in altere foros europee e international concernente le politica regional e local. Le competentias include le preparation del asuntos del Conferentia e le coordination del participation del Stato in iste materias. == Administration General del Stato in le territorio == Le Administration General del Stato mantene un organisation territorial basate super le Delegationes del Governo in le Communitates Autonome, le Subdelegationes del Governo in le provincias e le Directiones Insular in le territorios ubi illas existe. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le services de iste organos, lor recursos human e economic, le edificios e medios material, le sistemas informatic e le inspection del servicios. Le Delegationes del Governo servi como instrumentos de coordination del activitate del Administration statal in le territorio e como puncto de relation con le Communitates Autonome e altere administrationes public. == Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic == Le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento in materia de memoria democratic. Su actiones se basa super le principios de veritate, justitia, reparation e garantia de non-repetition establite per le legislation vigente. Le Secretariato coordina programas de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le corporaciones local e altere institutiones pro le cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic, includente le memoria del victimas, del feminas e del exilio. Illo es etiam competente pro le declaration de Locos de Memoria Democratic in le casos previde per le lege. Del Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic depende le: * Direction General de Attention al Victimas; * Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic. Le Direction General de Attention al Victimas se occupa del medidas de recognoscimento e reparation institutional del victimas del Guerra de Espania e del Dictatura, includente le investigation e identification de personas disparite, le collaboration con le Registros Civil e le inventario de benes confiscate. Le Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic promove le recuperation, protection, cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic. Illa gere le Plan Estatal de Memoria Democratic, le subventions del materia, le actividades de divulgation e le Inventario Estatal de Locos de Memoria Democratic. == Subsecretariato == Le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic dirige e coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio e presta assistentia al Ministro in le preparation e execution del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias include le preparation del budget, le gestion economic, le ressources human, le servicios juridic e technic, le patrimonio, le information administrative e le transformation digital. Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter alteres materias le coordination del proyectos normativ, le informes juridic, le compilations normative, le publications, le documentation, le bibliothecas, le archivos e le statisticas del departamento. == Comissarios special == Le structura del Ministerio include etiam comissarios special create pro tractar situationes territorial specific. Inter illes se trova le Comissario special pro le Reconstruction del insula de La Palma, con rango de Subsecretariato. Le structura vigente include etiam un Comissario special pro le reconstruction e reparation del damnos provocate per le DANA de octobre–novembre 2024 in differente municipios, e le Comissario pro le celebration del 50 annos de Espania in Libertate. Iste duos organos esseva incorporate al structura per le Real Decreto 1/2025. == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration local == Le Ministerio functiona como un del principales punctos de coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes territorial. Illo tracta questiones concernente le cooperation, le distribution de competentias, le application del regime local e le participation del Communitates Autonome e entitates local in programas national e europee. Le Ministerio pote etiam preparar propositiones concernente recursos de inconstitutionalitate, requerimentos de incompetenti e conflictos de competentia inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, secundo le procedures constitutional e legal applicable. == Organisation e funcionamento == Le Ministerio exerce su competentias sub le direction del Ministro e per medio de su Secretariatos de Stato, Secretariato General, Subsecretariato e Directiones General. Le organes superior e directiv es determinate per le legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. Le organigramma official del Ministerio, actualisate in maio 2026, reflecte le structura del departamento e le relationes de dependentia inter su organos superior, directiv e subdirectiones general. == Situation actual == In 2026, le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es le departamento del Administration General del Stato que concentra le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Su structura es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 273/2024, modificate ulteriormente per incorporar nove competentias e organos special. Le principal areas de activitate del departamento es dunque le cooperation inter le Stato e le administrationes territorial, le coordination del Administration statal in le territorio, le regime juridic autonome e local e le politica public de memoria democratic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Politica Territorial]] [[Categoria:Organisation territorial de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] 6ijszy7t0jpu8r2j7kv11ur664mqt88 702568 702567 2026-10-06T18:14:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 702568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[politica territorial]], organisation territorial del Stato e relationes con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e le entitates del [[Administration local]]. Illo es etiam competente in materia de [[memoria historic]] e [[memoria democratic]], e in le relationes con le [[Delegationes del Governamento]], [[Subdelegationes del Governamento]] e [[Directiones Insular]]. == Historia == Le actual Ministerio ha su origine immediate in le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial effectuata in novembre 2023. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, creava le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática, transferente al nove departamento le competentias concernente le politica territorial que esseva anteriorimente in le Ministerio de Política Territorial e altere organos, e incorporante le competentias de memoria democratic proveniente del precedente Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democrática. Le historia institutional del politica territorial del Stato es plus longe. Desde le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution de 1978]], le Administration General del Stato ha disponite de organos incaricate de coordinar le relationes inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e de organizar le presentia del Administration statal in le territorio. Le denomination e le structura del departamento ha cambiate in differente legislaturas. Le reorganisation de 2023 reuniva in un mesme departamento le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Le Real Decreto 273/2024, de 19 de martio, developpava le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio usque al nivello de direction general. == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local, e le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio. In iste quadro, le departamento participa in le cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome, includente le relationes bilateral e multilateral, le cooperation con le [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]], e le preparation del asuntos concernente le distribution constitutional de competentias. Le Ministerio exerce etiam competentias concernente le [[Administration local]], includente le regime juridic local, le cooperation con le entitates local, le Registro de Entitates Local e diverse programas national e europee in le ambito local. Un altere responsabilitate es le coordination del Administration General del Stato in le territorio, includente le Delegationes del Governamento, le Subdelegationes del Governamento e le Directiones Insular. Isto comprende le coordination del servicios, le administration del recursos, le inspection del servicios e le supporto al operationes del Administration statal in le territorio. Le Ministerio es etiam competente in materia de Memoria Democrática. Le politica correspondente include le conservation, protection, promotion e diffusion del memoria democratic, assi como le application del Lege 20/2022, de 19 de octobre, concernente le memoria democratic. == Structura == Secundo le structura establite per le Real Decreto 273/2024 e le modificaciones ulterior, le Ministerio comprende principalemente: * le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial; * le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic; * le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic; * diverse comissarios special con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Gabinete del Ministro como organo de supporto immediate. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento concernente le organisation territorial del Stato, le Administration General del Stato in le territorio e le relationes institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Illo coordina etiam le Conferentia de Presidentes. === Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial === Del Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial depende le Secretariato General de Coordination Territorial, con rango de Subsecretariato. Su principal function es coordinar le competentias del Ministerio concernente le politica territorial autonome e local. Del Secretariato General depende le: * Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local; * Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local; * Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio. Le Direction General de Cooperation Autonome e Local se occupa del relationes de cooperation inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local. Le Direction General de Regime Juridic Autonome e Local tracta le aspectos juridic del distribution de competentias e del regime local. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le Delegationes, Subdelegationes e Directiones Insular e le recursos necessari pro lor functionamento. == Politica territorial == Le politica territorial del Ministerio se funda super le coordination del differentes niveles del Administration public. Le departamento facilita le cooperation institutional inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome e participa in le preparation e execution de accordos del organos de cooperation territorial. Un del principales organos de cooperation es le Conferentia de Presidentes, que reun le Presidente del Governamento e le presidentes del Communitates Autonome e del Ceuta e Melilla. Le Secretariato de Stato de Politica Territorial impulsa e coordina le activitate de iste organo. Le Ministerio participa etiam in le Conferentia pro Affaires Relate al Union Europee e in altere foros europee e international concernente le politica regional e local. Le competentias include le preparation del asuntos del Conferentia e le coordination del participation del Stato in iste materias. == Administration General del Stato in le territorio == Le Administration General del Stato mantene un organisation territorial basate super le Delegationes del Governamento in le Communitates Autonome, le Subdelegationes del Governamento in le provincias e le Directiones Insular in le territorios ubi illas existe. Le Direction General del Administration General del Stato in le Territorio coordina le services de iste organos, lor recursos human e economic, le edificios e medios material, le sistemas informatic e le inspection del servicios. Le Delegationes del Governamento servi como instrumentos de coordination del activitate del Administration statal in le territorio e como puncto de relation con le Communitates Autonome e altere administrationes public. == Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic == Le Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic es le organo superior incaricate de impulsar, dirigir e gerer le politica del Governamento in materia de memoria democratic. Su actiones se basa super le principios de veritate, justitia, reparation e garantia de non-repetition establite per le legislation vigente. Le Secretariato coordina programas de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le corporaciones local e altere institutiones pro le cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic, includente le memoria del victimas, del feminas e del exilio. Illo es etiam competente pro le declaration de Locos de Memoria Democratic in le casos previde per le lege. Del Secretariato de Stato de Memoria Democratic depende le: * Direction General de Attention al Victimas; * Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic. Le Direction General de Attention al Victimas se occupa del medidas de recognoscimento e reparation institutional del victimas del Guerra de Espania e del Dictatura, includente le investigation e identification de personas disparite, le collaboration con le Registros Civil e le inventario de benes confiscate. Le Direction General de Promotion del Memoria Democratic promove le recuperation, protection, cognition e diffusion del memoria democratic. Illa gere le Plan Estatal de Memoria Democratic, le subventions del materia, le actividades de divulgation e le Inventario Estatal de Locos de Memoria Democratic. == Subsecretariato == Le Subsecretariato de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic dirige e coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio e presta assistentia al Ministro in le preparation e execution del planos de action del departamento. Su competentias include le preparation del budget, le gestion economic, le ressources human, le servicios juridic e technic, le patrimonio, le information administrative e le transformation digital. Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter alteres materias le coordination del proyectos normativ, le informes juridic, le compilations normative, le publications, le documentation, le bibliothecas, le archivos e le statisticas del departamento. == Comissarios special == Le structura del Ministerio include etiam comissarios special create pro tractar situationes territorial specific. Inter illes se trova le Comissario special pro le Reconstruction del insula de La Palma, con rango de Subsecretariato. Le structura vigente include etiam un Comissario special pro le reconstruction e reparation del damnos provocate per le DANA de octobre–novembre 2024 in differente municipios, e le Comissario pro le celebration del 50 annos de Espania in Libertate. Iste duos organos esseva incorporate al structura per le Real Decreto 1/2025. == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration local == Le Ministerio functiona como un del principales punctos de coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes territorial. Illo tracta questiones concernente le cooperation, le distribution de competentias, le application del regime local e le participation del Communitates Autonome e entitates local in programas national e europee. Le Ministerio pote etiam preparar propositiones concernente recursos de inconstitutionalitate, requerimentos de incompetenti e conflictos de competentia inter le Stato e le Communitates Autonome, secundo le procedures constitutional e legal applicable. == Organisation e funcionamento == Le Ministerio exerce su competentias sub le direction del Ministro e per medio de su Secretariatos de Stato, Secretariato General, Subsecretariato e Directiones General. Le organes superior e directiv es determinate per le legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. Le organigramma official del Ministerio, actualisate in maio 2026, reflecte le structura del departamento e le relationes de dependentia inter su organos superior, directiv e subdirectiones general. == Situation actual == In 2026, le Ministerio de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática es le departamento del Administration General del Stato que concentra le politica territorial e le memoria democratic. Su structura es definite principalmente per le Real Decreto 273/2024, modificate ulteriormente per incorporar nove competentias e organos special. Le principal areas de activitate del departamento es dunque le cooperation inter le Stato e le administrationes territorial, le coordination del Administration statal in le territorio, le regime juridic autonome e local e le politica public de memoria democratic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Politica Territorial]] [[Categoria:Organisation territorial de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] qs4ar9k6tw4lr9ta1obik6owpwf3ppu 0 61894 702566 2026-10-06T18:09:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Ministerio de Política Territorial]] a [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] 702566 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ah8g3jlolr8jf415mcdpg0pixr81ja0 0 61895 702570 2026-10-06T18:22:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[juventute]], [[infantia]] e [[adolescentia]]. Su competentias include le promotion e protection integral del derectos del infantes e adolescentes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate que pote afficer le minores e le promotion del participation...” 702570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[juventute]], [[infantia]] e [[adolescentia]]. Su competentias include le promotion e protection integral del derectos del infantes e adolescentes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate que pote afficer le minores e le promotion del participation del juventute in le vita politic, social, economic e cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un departamento del Administration General del Stato e exerce su competentias in coordination con le altere departamentos ministerial e con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e [[Administration local]]. Su sede es al calle del Marqués del Riscal, 16, Madrid.<ref name="juventudeinfancia">{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones |titulo=Funciones |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation == Le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia esseva create per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento espaniol post le formation del Governamento in 2023. Le nove departamento recipeva le competentias estatal in materia de juventute e protection del minore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia esseva create per le Real Decreto 837/2023, de 22 de novembre. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, fixava postea le structura basic del departamento, con le Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia e le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia como su principal organos superior e directivo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organic del ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general esseva developate per le Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de februario, entrate in vigor le 29 de februario 2024. Le texto consolidate del decreto ha essite actualisate, inter alteres, in octobre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del proposition e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de juventute e de protection del personas minor de etate. Le competentias debe esser exercite in le quadro del competentias constitutional del Stato e in coordination con le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principales areas de action se trova le promotion e defense integral del derectos del infantia e del adolescentia, le protection special del infantes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate e le cooperation con le altere departamentos cuje activitates ha un effecto super iste population. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de juventute, le ministerio promove le participation libere e efficace del juvenes in le disveloppamento politic, social, economic e cultural del pais. Illo promove etiam le cooperation con altere administrationes territorial e con associationes e organisationes del societate civil active in le areas de infantia, adolescentia e juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio participa etiam in le relationes international e in le institutiones del [[Union Europee]] concernente su areas de competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia == Le Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia es le organo superior del departamento incaricate, sub le autoritate del Ministro, de impulsar, disveloppar e coordinar le politica del Governamento in materia de juventute, adolescentia e infantia. Illa se ocupa specialmente del garantia del derectos constitutional e del interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato es responsabile del planification strategic del politicas public del ministerio e del coordination institutional in iste materias. Illa dirige e coordina tamben le activitates del Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia e del [[Instituto de la Juventud]] (INJUVE). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato participa etiam in organismos international e del Union Europee e impulsa le relationes de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le entitates local e le organisationes del societate civil.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> === Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia === Le Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia depende directemente del Secretaria de Stato. Illa promove le derectos del infantia e adolescentia e elabora e seque planos de action concernente lor promotion e protection. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le cooperation con le entitates del Tertie Sector de Action Social in programas concernente le infantia e adolescentia, le coordination del application del legislation pro le protection de infantes e le impulso de politicas contra le violentia verso le infantes e adolescentes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha sub su dependentia le Subdirection General de Promotion del Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia e le Subdirection General de Programmas del Infancia e del Adolescentia.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Instituto del Juventute == Le Instituto del Juventute (INJUVE) es un organismo autonome adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/sites/default/files/consultapub/2.%202026_04_23%20MAIN_.pdf |titulo=Memoria de análisis de impacto normativo, 23 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le INJUVE ha inter su objectivos le promotion del equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates del juventute, le participation libere e efficace del juvenes in le vita politic, social, economic e cultural, le cooperation con le administrationes public e le participation in programas europee concernente le juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/sites/default/files/consultapub/2.%202026_04_23%20MAIN_.pdf |titulo=Memoria de análisis de impacto normativo, 23 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2025 esseva approbate un nove Statuto del Instituto del Juventute per le Real Decreto 608/2025, que actualisa su natura, organisation e competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14318 |titulo=Real Decreto 608/2025, de 8 de julio, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto del organismo autónomo Instituto de la Juventud |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia == Le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia es le organo directivo responsabile del services commun del ministerio e del coordination general de su administration. Illo exerce le competentias general previde per le legislation super le regime juridic del sector public e assiste le Ministro in le direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina le materias relative al personal, budget, patrimonio, infrastructuras, technologies del information e communication, planification economic e controlo budgetari. Illo exerce etiam le function inspector del services e centros dependente del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organos que depende del Subsecretariato include le Secretariato General Technic, le Subdirection General de Personal, Inspection del Services e Coordination, le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic, Officio Budgetari e Affaires General e le Division de Technologies e Services del Information.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> Le Secretariato General Technic include le Vice-secretariato General Technic e le Subdirection General de Recursos, Relationes International e Publicationes. <ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Organos e coordination == Le ministerio es associate al Conferentia Sectorial de Infancia e Adolescentia, que exerce le functiones previde per le Lege Organic 8/2021 in materia de cooperation interadministrative e protection integral del infantia e adolescentia contra le violentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio Estatal de Participation del Infancia e del Adolescentia (CEPIA) es un altere organo associate al ministerio. Create in 2021, illo functiona como un organo permanente de consultation, representation e participation del infantes e adolescentes in le quadro estatal. Su regulation esseva actualisate per le Ordine JUI/80/2026, de 29 de januario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/infancia/consejo-de-participacion-de-la-infancia-y-de-la-adolescencia |titulo=Consejo Estatal de Participación de la Infancia y de la Adolescencia |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia es al calle del Marqués del Riscal, 16, 28010 Madrid. Le adresse es indicate in le directorio e in le pagina official del ministerio.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Situation actual == In 2026 le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia continua a esser le departamento del Administration General del Stato specialisate in le politicas de juventute e protection del infantia. Su organisation combina un organo superior — le Secretaria de Stato — con le Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia, un Subsecretariato incaricate del services commun, e le INJUVE como organismo autonome adscripte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigramaMIJUI |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio participa etiam in le coordination inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local, e in le cooperation international in materias concernente le derectos del infantes, adolescentes e juvenes.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Spania]] [[Categoria:Juventute in Spania]] [[Categoria:Infantia]] jqtrdpzbwwlnm8rjr6vz2k65s19e7az 702571 702570 2026-10-06T19:09:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 702571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia''' un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[juventute]], [[infantia]] e [[adolescentia]]. Su competentias include le promotion e protection integral del derectos del infantes e adolescentes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate que pote afficer le minores e le promotion del participation del juventute in le vita politic, social, economic e cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un departamento del Administration General del Stato e exerce su competentias in coordination con le altere departamentos ministerial e con le [[Communitates Autonome]] e [[Administration local]]. Su sede es al calle del Marqués del Riscal, 16, Madrid.<ref name="juventudeinfancia">{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/funciones |titulo=Funciones |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation == Le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia esseva create per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento espaniol post le formation del Governamento in 2023. Le nove departamento recipeva le competentias estatal in materia de juventute e protection del minore. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia esseva create per le Real Decreto 837/2023, de 22 de novembre. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, fixava postea le structura basic del departamento, con le Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia e le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia como su principal organos superior e directivo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organic del ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general esseva developate per le Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de februario, entrate in vigor le 29 de februario 2024. Le texto consolidate del decreto ha essite actualisate, inter alteres, in octobre 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del proposition e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de juventute e de protection del personas minor de etate. Le competentias debe esser exercite in le quadro del competentias constitutional del Stato e in coordination con le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principales areas de action se trova le promotion e defense integral del derectos del infantia e del adolescentia, le protection special del infantes, le prevention de situationes de necessitate e le cooperation con le altere departamentos cuje activitates ha un effecto super iste population. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de juventute, le ministerio promove le participation libere e efficace del juvenes in le disveloppamento politic, social, economic e cultural del pais. Illo promove etiam le cooperation con altere administrationes territorial e con associationes e organisationes del societate civil active in le areas de infantia, adolescentia e juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio participa etiam in le relationes international e in le institutiones del [[Union Europee]] concernente su areas de competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia == Le Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia es le organo superior del departamento incaricate, sub le autoritate del Ministro, de impulsar, disveloppar e coordinar le politica del Governamento in materia de juventute, adolescentia e infantia. Illa se ocupa specialmente del garantia del derectos constitutional e del interesse general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato es responsabile del planification strategic del politicas public del ministerio e del coordination institutional in iste materias. Illa dirige e coordina tamben le activitates del Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia e del [[Instituto de la Juventud]] (INJUVE). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretaria de Stato participa etiam in organismos international e del Union Europee e impulsa le relationes de cooperation con le Communitates Autonome, le entitates local e le organisationes del societate civil.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> === Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia === Le Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia depende directemente del Secretaria de Stato. Illa promove le derectos del infantia e adolescentia e elabora e seque planos de action concernente lor promotion e protection. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le cooperation con le entitates del Tertie Sector de Action Social in programas concernente le infantia e adolescentia, le coordination del application del legislation pro le protection de infantes e le impulso de politicas contra le violentia verso le infantes e adolescentes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General ha sub su dependentia le Subdirection General de Promotion del Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia e le Subdirection General de Programmas del Infancia e del Adolescentia.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Instituto del Juventute == Le Instituto del Juventute (INJUVE) es un organismo autonome adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretaria de Stato de Juventute e Infancia. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/sites/default/files/consultapub/2.%202026_04_23%20MAIN_.pdf |titulo=Memoria de análisis de impacto normativo, 23 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le INJUVE ha inter su objectivos le promotion del equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates del juventute, le participation libere e efficace del juvenes in le vita politic, social, economic e cultural, le cooperation con le administrationes public e le participation in programas europee concernente le juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/sites/default/files/consultapub/2.%202026_04_23%20MAIN_.pdf |titulo=Memoria de análisis de impacto normativo, 23 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2025 esseva approbate un nove Statuto del Instituto del Juventute per le Real Decreto 608/2025, que actualisa su natura, organisation e competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-14318 |titulo=Real Decreto 608/2025, de 8 de julio, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto del organismo autónomo Instituto de la Juventud |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia == Le Subsecretariato de Juventute e Infancia es le organo directivo responsabile del services commun del ministerio e del coordination general de su administration. Illo exerce le competentias general previde per le legislation super le regime juridic del sector public e assiste le Ministro in le direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato coordina le materias relative al personal, budget, patrimonio, infrastructuras, technologies del information e communication, planification economic e controlo budgetari. Illo exerce etiam le function inspector del services e centros dependente del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organos que depende del Subsecretariato include le Secretariato General Technic, le Subdirection General de Personal, Inspection del Services e Coordination, le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic, Officio Budgetari e Affaires General e le Division de Technologies e Services del Information.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> Le Secretariato General Technic include le Vice-secretariato General Technic e le Subdirection General de Recursos, Relationes International e Publicationes. <ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Organos e coordination == Le ministerio es associate al Conferentia Sectorial de Infancia e Adolescentia, que exerce le functiones previde per le Lege Organic 8/2021 in materia de cooperation interadministrative e protection integral del infantia e adolescentia contra le violentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3797 |titulo=Real Decreto 211/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio Estatal de Participation del Infancia e del Adolescentia (CEPIA) es un altere organo associate al ministerio. Create in 2021, illo functiona como un organo permanente de consultation, representation e participation del infantes e adolescentes in le quadro estatal. Su regulation esseva actualisate per le Ordine JUI/80/2026, de 29 de januario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/infancia/consejo-de-participacion-de-la-infancia-y-de-la-adolescencia |titulo=Consejo Estatal de Participación de la Infancia y de la Adolescencia |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia es al calle del Marqués del Riscal, 16, 28010 Madrid. Le adresse es indicate in le directorio e in le pagina official del ministerio.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> == Situation actual == In 2026 le Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia continua a esser le departamento del Administration General del Stato specialisate in le politicas de juventute e protection del infantia. Su organisation combina un organo superior — le Secretaria de Stato — con le Direction General de Derectos del Infancia e del Adolescentia, un Subsecretariato incaricate del services commun, e le INJUVE como organismo autonome adscripte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.juventudeinfancia.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigramaMIJUI |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio participa etiam in le coordination inter le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local, e in le cooperation international in materias concernente le derectos del infantes, adolescentes e juvenes.<ref name="juventudeinfancia"/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Juventute in Espania]] [[Categoria:Infantia]] kbyh90sw8d6dscha2xee0gymr2nwyek 0 61896 702573 2026-10-06T19:32:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de transition ecologic, energia, medio ambiente, aqua, biodiversitate e reto demographic. Su competentias include le lucta contra le cambiamento climatic, le prevention del pollution, le protection del patrimonio natural,...” 702573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de transition ecologic, energia, medio ambiente, aqua, biodiversitate e reto demographic. Su competentias include le lucta contra le cambiamento climatic, le prevention del pollution, le protection del patrimonio natural, del biodiversitate e del bosques, le gestion del aqua e del costas, le politica energetic e le politicas contra le despoblamento territorial. Le denomination official espaniol es Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, frequentemente abbreviate MITECO. == Historia == Le actual ministerio esseva create per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Le decreto attribueva al nove departamento le politica del Governamento in materia climatic, energetic e ambiental, le politicas relative al reto demographic e al despoblamento territorial, e le politica del aqua como ben public essential. Le ministerio representa le continuation del integration administrative del politicas de medio ambiente e energia initiate con le creation del Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica in 2018. Con le reorganisation del 2020, le departamento incorporava explicitemente le dimension del reto demographic e assumeva le denomination que, con le nove reorganisation del 2023, deveniva le actual Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. Le structura organic actual esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 503/2024, de 21 de maio, que developpa le organisation del ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e defini le competentias de su organos. == Competentias == Le ministerio es competente in le proposition e execution del politica del Governamento concernente le cambiamento climatic, le prevention del pollution e le protection del patrimonio natural, del biodiversitate, del bosques e del mar. Illo es etiam responsabile del politicas relative al aqua e al energia necessarias pro le transition verso un modello economic e social plus ecologic. In materia legislative, le ministerio prepara le legislation estatal concernente le aqua e costas, cambiamento climatic, biodiversitate, medio ambiente, montes, meteorologia e climatologia. Illo gere directemente le dominio public hydraulic del bacinos intercommunitari e le dominio public maritim-terrestre, in le quadro del competentias del Stato. In materia de energia, le ministerio elabora le legislation estatal e disveloppa le politica energetic national, includente le mesuras destinate a garantir le abastecimento energetic. Le competentias del departamento include le planification energetic, le politica energetica e le industria del combustibles e altere sectores energetic. Le ministerio es etiam responsabile del reto demographic e del lucta contra le despoblamento. Illo elabora strategias e planos national, coordina le action del differente departamentos e cooperationa con le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local pro affrontar le desequilibrios territorial e demographic. == Organisation == Le ministerio se structura in plure organos superior e directiv. Le principal es: * le Secretariato de Stato de Energia; * le Secretariato de Stato de Medio Ambiente; * le Secretariato General pro le Reto Demographic; * le Subsecretariato pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic; * le Commissariato pro le Energies Renovabile, Hydrogeno e Accumulamento; * le Commissariato del Cyclo del Aqua e Restoration de Ecosystemas; * le Commissariato pro le Economia Circular. == Secretariato de Stato de Energia == Le Secretariato de Stato de Energia es le organo superior incaricate del politica energetic del Stato. De illo depende principalmente le Direction General de Politica Energetic e Minas e le Direction General de Planification e Coordination Energetic. Le Secretariato de Stato participa al definition del quadro regulatory del energia e al planification del systema energetic, includente le integration del energias renovabile, le electrification e le transformation del infrastructuras energetic. == Secretariato de Stato de Medio Ambiente == Le Secretariato de Stato de Medio Ambiente coordina le principal politicas estatal in materia de protection ambiental. Sub su dependentia se trova le Direction General del Aqua, le Officio Espaniol del Cambiamento Climatic, le Direction General de Qualitate e Evaluation Ambiental, le Direction General del Costa e le Mar e le Direction General de Biodiversitate, Bosques e Desertification. Le Officio Espaniol del Cambiamento Climatic ha un rol central in le elaboration e execution del politicas national concernente le mitigation del emissiones, le adaptation al cambiamento climatic e le cooperation international in iste campo. Le Direction General del Aqua tracta le planification hydraulic, le gestion del aqua e le administration del dominio public hydraulic del bacinos de competentia estatal. Le Direction General del Costa e le Mar tracta le protection e gestion del dominio public maritim-terrestre e del costas. == Secretariato General pro le Reto Demographic == Le Secretariato General pro le Reto Demographic es le organo incaricate de impulsar e coordinar le politicas del Governamento relative al evolution demographic e al despoblamento. Illo prepara objectivos, strategias, planos e actiones prioritari in collaboration con altere departamentos ministerial e con le administrationes territorial. De iste Secretariato General depende le Direction General de Politicas contra le Despoblamento, que disveloppa le politicas destinate a affrontar le perdita de population, le desequilibrios territorial e le difficultates de accesso a servicios e opportunitates in le areas rural e minus populate. Le Secretariato General coordina etiam initiatives destinate a promover le investment, le employment, le diversification economic e le adequation del infrastructuras e servicios in le territorios confrontate con le despoblamento. == Subsecretariato pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic == Le Subsecretariato pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic exerce le functiones administrative general del departamento. Illo include le coordination interne, le supporto juridic e technic, le recursos human, le budget e le servicios general. De illo depende, inter altere organos, le Secretariato General Technic e le Direction General de Servicios. Le structura include etiam un Officio Budgetari, le organos de recursos human, le servicios informatic e technologic e le unidades incaricate del relationes international. Le actual Subsecretario es Miguel González Suela. Le sede administrative del Subsecretariato es in le Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz, 10, Madrid. == Commissariatos == Le organisation del ministerio include tres commissariatos con functiones specialis. Le Commissariato pro le Energies Renovabile, Hydrogeno e Accumulamento tracta materias strategic ligate al disveloppamento del energies renovabile, del hydrogeno e del systemas de accumulamento energetic. Le organo es parte del structura superior del ministerio. Le Commissariato del Cyclo del Aqua e Restoration de Ecosystemas coordina actiones relative al gestion integral del aqua e al restoration de ecosystemas aquatic e humide. In 2026 le Governamento nominava Laura Martín Murillo como titular del commissariato, in substitution de Francisca Baraza. Le Commissariato pro le Economia Circular es incaricate de promover le transition verso un modello de production e consumo plus circular, con un uso plus efficient del recursos e un reduction del residuos. == Organismos e entidades associate == Le ministerio exerce su competentias etiam per diverse organismos public. Inter le principal entidades associate se trova le Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), le Instituto para la Transición Justa, le Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía (IDAE) e le Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales. Le organigrama official del ministerio include etiam ENRESA, CIUDEN e le Confederationes Hydrographic como entidades associate o dependente secundo lor quadro juridic. Le AEMET exerce le functiones public del Stato in materia de meteorologia e climatologia. Le IDAE promove le efficientia energetic, le energies renovabile e le transformation del systema energetic. Le Instituto para la Transición Justa tracta le politicas de supporto al territorios e collectivitate affectate per le transition verso un economia basse in carbon. == Politicas de transition ecologic == Le transition ecologic constitue un del axes central del ministerio. Illa include le disveloppamento del energias renovabile, le decarbonisation del economia, le reduction del emissiones de gases a effecto de serra, le efficientia energetic e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic. Le ministerio participa etiam in le implementation del Pacto Verde Europee e in le coordination del politicas national con le objectivos climatic e energetic del Union Europee. Le Real Decreto 503/2024 indica explicitemente le rol del departamento in le implementation del Pacto Verde Europee e in le transformation verso un economia neutral in carbon al horizonte 2050. In 2026 le ministerio continua a developpar politicas concernente le electrification, le infrastructura de recarga, le stockage energetic e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic. In septembre 2026, le ministra Sara Aagesen annunciava un nove quadro de planification del rete electric con un investimento previde de plus de 17 milliardes de euros usque a 2030. == Medio ambiente, aqua e biodiversitate == Le politica ambiental del ministerio comprende le conservation del biodiversitate, le protection del bosques, le gestion del costas e del mar, le qualitate del aqua e le evaluation del impacto ambiental. Le ministerio es competente pro le legislation estatal in iste materias e coordina le cooperation con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public. Le gestion del aqua include le planification del bacinos intercommunitari e le administration del dominio public hydraulic. Le politica del costas include le protection e gestion del dominio public maritim-terrestre. Le protection del biodiversitate e del bosques es exercite principalmente per le Direction General de Biodiversitate, Bosques e Desertification e per le Organismo Autonomo Parques Nationales. == Reto demographic e despoblamento == Le reto demographic comprende le tendentias de envechimento, le basse densitate de population in certe territorios, le despoblamento rural e le desequilibrios in le distribution territorial del population. Le ministerio coordina le response del Administration General del Stato e cooperationa con le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local. Le Direction General de Politicas contra le Despoblamento disveloppa strategias e actiones pro fortificar le tessuto socio-economic del areas affectate per le despoblamento, promover le employment e le diversification economic e garantir un adequate provision de infrastructuras, servicios e equipamentos. == Sede == Le sede principal del Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic es in Madrid. Inter le principales dependientias administrative se trova le complex del Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz, 10, Madrid 28071, ubi ha su sede le Subsecretariato e plure organos del departamento. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (Espania)]] kdmhgnac8lg2ujgaganwpdh7htulc24 0 61897 702575 2026-10-06T19:43:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Inclusión, Securitate Social e Migrationes''' es un departamento ministerial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[Securitate Social]] e [[classes passive]], assi como de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[extranjeria]], [[immigration]], [[emigration]] e [[inclusion social]]. Le sede del M...” 702575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Inclusión, Securitate Social e Migrationes''' es un departamento ministerial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[Securitate Social]] e [[classes passive]], assi como de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[extranjeria]], [[immigration]], [[emigration]] e [[inclusion social]]. Le sede del Ministerio es al calle de José Abascal, 39, Madrid. In 2026, le ministra es Elma Saiz Delgado. Le principal organos del departamento include le [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones]], le [[Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes]], le [[Secretariato General de Inclusion]] e le [[Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]].<ref name="inclusion">{{Cita web |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/es/el-ministerio/quienes-somos |titulo=¿Quiénes somos? |sitioweb=Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation == Le Ministerio esseva create in januario 2020 per le Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de januario, que reorganisava le departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Le nove departamento assumeva le competentias super le Securitate Social e classes passive, le politica de extranjeria, immigration e emigration e le politicas de inclusion.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-410 |titulo=Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de enero, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Ministerio separava le competentias de Securitate Social e de migrationes del precedente quadro ministerial e les reuniva con un nove area specific dedicate al inclusion social. Le primo titular del departamento esseva José Luis Escrivá, qui prendeva possession del cargo le 13 de januario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/w/jose-luis-escriva-toma-posesion-como-ministro-de-inclusion-seguridad-social-y-migraciones |titulo=José Luis Escrivá toma posesión como ministro de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |sitioweb=Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution institutional == Le structura initial del Ministerio esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 497/2020, de 28 de april, que establi le organisation organic del nove departamento. Le texto confirma que le Ministerio esseva create per le Real Decreto 2/2020 e que su structura initial includeva le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones, le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes e le Subsecretariato del departamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-4763-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 497/2020, de 28 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, confirmava le continuation del Ministerio in le nove organisation del departamentos ministerial. Le articulo 21 attribue al departamento le competentias super Securitate Social, classes passive, extranjeria, immigration, emigration e inclusion, con le duo Secretariatos de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones e de Migrationes como organos superior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con/20231229 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2024, le Real Decreto 501/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e definiva le competentias de su organos directores. Le texto esseva ulteriormente modificate, inter alteres, per le Real Decreto 616/2026. == Competentias == Le Ministerio ha tres grande areas de action: Securitate Social e pensiones, migrationes e inclusion social. In materia de Securitate Social, le departamento dirige e tutela le entidades gestoras e le servicios commun del systema, impulsa le regulation juridic del Securitate Social e del pensiones, coordina le gestion economic e financiari del systema e participa in le planification del recursos e expensas. In materia de migrationes, le Ministerio elabora e disveloppa le politica del Governamento super extranjeria, immigration e emigration. Isto include le gestion del proceduras de immigration, le autorisationes de residence e labor, le recrutement collective de trabajadores in origine, le attention humanitari e le systema de reception de personas con protection international. Le Ministerio es etiam responsabile del politicas destinate al inclusion social. Le Secretariato General de Inclusion elabora, coordina e evaluta politicas que favorisa le participation in le societate in conditiones de equalitate de opportunitates, con attention special al personas e collectivos in situationes de vulnerabilitate. Illo participa tamben in le evaluation del [[Ingreso Minimum Vital]] e de altere politicas de inclusion. == Organisation == Le organisation general del Ministerio es definite per le Real Decreto 501/2024 in su version vigente. Illo include: * le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones; * le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes; * le Secretariato General de Inclusion, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes; * le Gabinete del Ministro, con rango de direction general. === Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones === Le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones es responsabile del direction e tutela del entidades gestoras e servicios commun del Securitate Social. Illo impulsa le regulation juridic del systema, le planification economic e financiari e le coordination del recursos e expensas. Del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Ordination del Securitate Social. Illo ha etiam attachate le Intervention General del Securitate Social e le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social, iste ultime con rango de Direction General desde le modification introducite per le Real Decreto 616/2026. Le Secretariato ha etiam attachate le principal entidades e servicios commun del systema, inter illes le Instituto National del Securitate Social (INSS), le Instituto Social del Marina, le Tesoreria General del Securitate Social, le Gerentia de Informatica del Securitate Social e le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social. === Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes === Le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes es incaricate de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de extranjeria, immigration e emigration. Del illo depende tres Directiones General: le Direction General de Gestion Migratori, le Direction General de Attention Humanitari e del Systema de Reception de Protection International e le Direction General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior e Politicas de Retorno. Le Direction General de Gestion Migratori coordina le proceduras concernente le autorisationes de immigration e labor, le coordination con le officios de extranjeria e le gestion collective del recrutamento de laboratores in origine. Le Direction General de Attention Humanitari e del Systema de Reception de Protection International gere le programas de attention humanitari, le systema de reception de personas con protection international e le programas special pro refugiates, solicitantes e beneficiarios de protection international. Illo gere etiam le centros de migrationes e le interventions urgente in situationes de emergentia migratori. Le systema include differente typos de centros, inter illes le Centros de Reception de Protection International (CAPI), Centros de Attention, Emergentias e Derivation (CAED), Centros de Reception, Attention e Derivation (CREADE), Centros de Estantia Temporal de Immigrantes (CETI) e Centros de Prime Arrivatas (CPLL). Le Direction General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior e Politicas de Retorno protege le derectos individual e social del citatanos espaniol residente al exterior e del personas retornate, gere programas de adjuta e promove e coordina le retorno de citatanos espaniol. === Secretariato General de Inclusion === Le Secretariato General de Inclusion, con rango de Subsecretariato, es le organo incaricate del elaboration e disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de inclusion. Illo define objective e indicadores de inclusion, coordina evaluationes e estudios e participa in le conception e evaluation del politicas public. Inter su competentias figura le evaluation del politicas e prestaciones desde le perspectiva del inclusion e del reduction del inequality, con special attention al [[Ingreso Minimum Vital]]. Le Secretariato coordina tamben le activitate statistic del Ministerio in su area e collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le Union Europee e organismos international. Del Secretariato General depende le Subdirection General de Objectivos e Indicadores de Inclusion e le Subdirection General de Politicas de Inclusion. Un Gabinete Technic presta supporto directe al titular del Secretariato General. === Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes === Le Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e dirige su servicios commun. Illo coordina materias como le budgeto, le recursos human, le services general, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos, le inspection de servicios e le planification organisational. Del Subsecretariato depende directemente le Secretariato General Technic, assi como le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic e Officio Budgetari, le Subdirection General de Recursos Human, le Subdirection General de Servicios e Coordination, le Subdirection General de Technologies del Information e del Communicationes e le Subdirection General de Attention al Citatanos e Inspection de Servicios. == Organismos e entidades attachate == Le Ministerio coordina un grande parte del administration del systema de Securitate Social per medio de su entidades gestoras e servicios commun. Inter le principal organismos attachate se trova le Instituto National del Securitate Social, le Instituto Social del Marina, le Tesoreria General del Securitate Social e le Gerentia de Informatica del Securitate Social. In le campo del migrationes, le Secretariato de Stato coordina diverse organos consultive e de participation, includente le Consilio General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior, le Commission Interministerial de Extranjeria, le Commission Laboral Tripartite de Immigration e le Foro pro le Integration Social del Immigrantes. Le Ministerio collabora etiam con altere departamentos ministerial, le Communitates Autonome, le Administrationes local e le organismos international in materias que require coordination inter administrationes. Le competentiàs del departamento debe esser exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias attribuite a altere departamentos. == Sede == Le sede principal del Ministerio es situate al calle de José Abascal, 39, 28071 Madrid. Le Ministerio publica iste adresse como su sede institutionale, con un numero telefonic general pro le contacto con le citatanos.<ref name="inclusion"/> == Actualisation de 2026 == Le Real Decreto 616/2026, approbate le 22 de julio e entrate in vigor le 24 de julio 2026, modificava le structura del Ministerio in un puncto specific: le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social passava del rango de Subdirection General al rango de Direction General. Le reforma esseva justificate per le extension del competentias juridic del servicio e per su intervention in asuntos concernente plure departamentos ministerial. Le cambio non modificava le areas fundamental de competentia del Ministerio, ma actualisava le organisation del servicios juridic del Administration del Securitate Social. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Securitate social in Espania]] [[Categoria:Immigration in Espania]] r1hqdpr7uoahc1jrmmp95jlfx2ywpnu 702576 702575 2026-10-06T19:43:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Ministerio de Inclusión, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] a [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] 702575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Inclusión, Securitate Social e Migrationes''' es un departamento ministerial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[Securitate Social]] e [[classes passive]], assi como de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[extranjeria]], [[immigration]], [[emigration]] e [[inclusion social]]. Le sede del Ministerio es al calle de José Abascal, 39, Madrid. In 2026, le ministra es Elma Saiz Delgado. Le principal organos del departamento include le [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones]], le [[Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes]], le [[Secretariato General de Inclusion]] e le [[Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]].<ref name="inclusion">{{Cita web |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/es/el-ministerio/quienes-somos |titulo=¿Quiénes somos? |sitioweb=Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation == Le Ministerio esseva create in januario 2020 per le Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de januario, que reorganisava le departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Le nove departamento assumeva le competentias super le Securitate Social e classes passive, le politica de extranjeria, immigration e emigration e le politicas de inclusion.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-410 |titulo=Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de enero, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Ministerio separava le competentias de Securitate Social e de migrationes del precedente quadro ministerial e les reuniva con un nove area specific dedicate al inclusion social. Le primo titular del departamento esseva José Luis Escrivá, qui prendeva possession del cargo le 13 de januario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/w/jose-luis-escriva-toma-posesion-como-ministro-de-inclusion-seguridad-social-y-migraciones |titulo=José Luis Escrivá toma posesión como ministro de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |sitioweb=Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution institutional == Le structura initial del Ministerio esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 497/2020, de 28 de april, que establi le organisation organic del nove departamento. Le texto confirma que le Ministerio esseva create per le Real Decreto 2/2020 e que su structura initial includeva le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones, le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes e le Subsecretariato del departamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-4763-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 497/2020, de 28 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, confirmava le continuation del Ministerio in le nove organisation del departamentos ministerial. Le articulo 21 attribue al departamento le competentias super Securitate Social, classes passive, extranjeria, immigration, emigration e inclusion, con le duo Secretariatos de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones e de Migrationes como organos superior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con/20231229 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2024, le Real Decreto 501/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e definiva le competentias de su organos directores. Le texto esseva ulteriormente modificate, inter alteres, per le Real Decreto 616/2026. == Competentias == Le Ministerio ha tres grande areas de action: Securitate Social e pensiones, migrationes e inclusion social. In materia de Securitate Social, le departamento dirige e tutela le entidades gestoras e le servicios commun del systema, impulsa le regulation juridic del Securitate Social e del pensiones, coordina le gestion economic e financiari del systema e participa in le planification del recursos e expensas. In materia de migrationes, le Ministerio elabora e disveloppa le politica del Governamento super extranjeria, immigration e emigration. Isto include le gestion del proceduras de immigration, le autorisationes de residence e labor, le recrutement collective de trabajadores in origine, le attention humanitari e le systema de reception de personas con protection international. Le Ministerio es etiam responsabile del politicas destinate al inclusion social. Le Secretariato General de Inclusion elabora, coordina e evaluta politicas que favorisa le participation in le societate in conditiones de equalitate de opportunitates, con attention special al personas e collectivos in situationes de vulnerabilitate. Illo participa tamben in le evaluation del [[Ingreso Minimum Vital]] e de altere politicas de inclusion. == Organisation == Le organisation general del Ministerio es definite per le Real Decreto 501/2024 in su version vigente. Illo include: * le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones; * le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes; * le Secretariato General de Inclusion, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes; * le Gabinete del Ministro, con rango de direction general. === Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones === Le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones es responsabile del direction e tutela del entidades gestoras e servicios commun del Securitate Social. Illo impulsa le regulation juridic del systema, le planification economic e financiari e le coordination del recursos e expensas. Del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Ordination del Securitate Social. Illo ha etiam attachate le Intervention General del Securitate Social e le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social, iste ultime con rango de Direction General desde le modification introducite per le Real Decreto 616/2026. Le Secretariato ha etiam attachate le principal entidades e servicios commun del systema, inter illes le Instituto National del Securitate Social (INSS), le Instituto Social del Marina, le Tesoreria General del Securitate Social, le Gerentia de Informatica del Securitate Social e le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social. === Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes === Le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes es incaricate de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de extranjeria, immigration e emigration. Del illo depende tres Directiones General: le Direction General de Gestion Migratori, le Direction General de Attention Humanitari e del Systema de Reception de Protection International e le Direction General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior e Politicas de Retorno. Le Direction General de Gestion Migratori coordina le proceduras concernente le autorisationes de immigration e labor, le coordination con le officios de extranjeria e le gestion collective del recrutamento de laboratores in origine. Le Direction General de Attention Humanitari e del Systema de Reception de Protection International gere le programas de attention humanitari, le systema de reception de personas con protection international e le programas special pro refugiates, solicitantes e beneficiarios de protection international. Illo gere etiam le centros de migrationes e le interventions urgente in situationes de emergentia migratori. Le systema include differente typos de centros, inter illes le Centros de Reception de Protection International (CAPI), Centros de Attention, Emergentias e Derivation (CAED), Centros de Reception, Attention e Derivation (CREADE), Centros de Estantia Temporal de Immigrantes (CETI) e Centros de Prime Arrivatas (CPLL). Le Direction General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior e Politicas de Retorno protege le derectos individual e social del citatanos espaniol residente al exterior e del personas retornate, gere programas de adjuta e promove e coordina le retorno de citatanos espaniol. === Secretariato General de Inclusion === Le Secretariato General de Inclusion, con rango de Subsecretariato, es le organo incaricate del elaboration e disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de inclusion. Illo define objective e indicadores de inclusion, coordina evaluationes e estudios e participa in le conception e evaluation del politicas public. Inter su competentias figura le evaluation del politicas e prestaciones desde le perspectiva del inclusion e del reduction del inequality, con special attention al [[Ingreso Minimum Vital]]. Le Secretariato coordina tamben le activitate statistic del Ministerio in su area e collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le Union Europee e organismos international. Del Secretariato General depende le Subdirection General de Objectivos e Indicadores de Inclusion e le Subdirection General de Politicas de Inclusion. Un Gabinete Technic presta supporto directe al titular del Secretariato General. === Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes === Le Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e dirige su servicios commun. Illo coordina materias como le budgeto, le recursos human, le services general, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos, le inspection de servicios e le planification organisational. Del Subsecretariato depende directemente le Secretariato General Technic, assi como le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic e Officio Budgetari, le Subdirection General de Recursos Human, le Subdirection General de Servicios e Coordination, le Subdirection General de Technologies del Information e del Communicationes e le Subdirection General de Attention al Citatanos e Inspection de Servicios. == Organismos e entidades attachate == Le Ministerio coordina un grande parte del administration del systema de Securitate Social per medio de su entidades gestoras e servicios commun. Inter le principal organismos attachate se trova le Instituto National del Securitate Social, le Instituto Social del Marina, le Tesoreria General del Securitate Social e le Gerentia de Informatica del Securitate Social. In le campo del migrationes, le Secretariato de Stato coordina diverse organos consultive e de participation, includente le Consilio General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior, le Commission Interministerial de Extranjeria, le Commission Laboral Tripartite de Immigration e le Foro pro le Integration Social del Immigrantes. Le Ministerio collabora etiam con altere departamentos ministerial, le Communitates Autonome, le Administrationes local e le organismos international in materias que require coordination inter administrationes. Le competentiàs del departamento debe esser exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias attribuite a altere departamentos. == Sede == Le sede principal del Ministerio es situate al calle de José Abascal, 39, 28071 Madrid. Le Ministerio publica iste adresse como su sede institutionale, con un numero telefonic general pro le contacto con le citatanos.<ref name="inclusion"/> == Actualisation de 2026 == Le Real Decreto 616/2026, approbate le 22 de julio e entrate in vigor le 24 de julio 2026, modificava le structura del Ministerio in un puncto specific: le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social passava del rango de Subdirection General al rango de Direction General. Le reforma esseva justificate per le extension del competentias juridic del servicio e per su intervention in asuntos concernente plure departamentos ministerial. Le cambio non modificava le areas fundamental de competentia del Ministerio, ma actualisava le organisation del servicios juridic del Administration del Securitate Social. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Securitate social in Espania]] [[Categoria:Immigration in Espania]] r1hqdpr7uoahc1jrmmp95jlfx2ywpnu 702580 702576 2026-10-06T19:45:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 702580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Inclusión, Securitate Social e Migrationes''' es un departamento ministerial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[Securitate Social]] e [[classes passive]], assi como de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[extranjeria]], [[immigration]], [[emigration]] e [[inclusion social]]. Le sede del Ministerio es al calle de José Abascal, 39, Madrid. In 2026, le ministra es Elma Saiz Delgado. Le principal organos del departamento include le [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones]], le [[Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes]], le [[Secretariato General de Inclusion]] e le [[Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]].<ref name="inclusion">{{Cita web |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/es/el-ministerio/quienes-somos |titulo=¿Quiénes somos? |sitioweb=Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation == Le Ministerio esseva create in januario 2020 per le Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de januario, que reorganisava le departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Le nove departamento assumeva le competentias super le Securitate Social e classes passive, le politica de extranjeria, immigration e emigration e le politicas de inclusion.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-410 |titulo=Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de enero, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Ministerio separava le competentias de Securitate Social e de migrationes del precedente quadro ministerial e les reuniva con un nove area specific dedicate al inclusion social. Le primo titular del departamento esseva José Luis Escrivá, qui prendeva possession del cargo le 13 de januario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/w/jose-luis-escriva-toma-posesion-como-ministro-de-inclusion-seguridad-social-y-migraciones |titulo=José Luis Escrivá toma posesión como ministro de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |sitioweb=Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution institutional == Le structura initial del Ministerio esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 497/2020, de 28 de april, que establi le organisation organic del nove departamento. Le texto confirma que le Ministerio esseva create per le Real Decreto 2/2020 e que su structura initial includeva le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones, le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes e le Subsecretariato del departamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-4763-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 497/2020, de 28 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre, confirmava le continuation del Ministerio in le nove organisation del departamentos ministerial. Le articulo 21 attribue al departamento le competentias super Securitate Social, classes passive, extranjeria, immigration, emigration e inclusion, con le duo Secretariatos de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones e de Migrationes como organos superior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con/20231229 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2024, le Real Decreto 501/2024 developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e definiva le competentias de su organos directores. Le texto esseva ulteriormente modificate, inter alteres, per le Real Decreto 616/2026. == Competentias == Le Ministerio ha tres grande areas de action: Securitate Social e pensiones, migrationes e inclusion social. In materia de Securitate Social, le departamento dirige e tutela le entidades gestoras e le servicios commun del systema, impulsa le regulation juridic del Securitate Social e del pensiones, coordina le gestion economic e financiari del systema e participa in le planification del recursos e expensas. In materia de migrationes, le Ministerio elabora e disveloppa le politica del Governamento super extranjeria, immigration e emigration. Isto include le gestion del proceduras de immigration, le autorisationes de residence e labor, le recrutement collective de trabajadores in origine, le attention humanitari e le systema de reception de personas con protection international. Le Ministerio es etiam responsabile del politicas destinate al inclusion social. Le Secretariato General de Inclusion elabora, coordina e evaluta politicas que favorisa le participation in le societate in conditiones de equalitate de opportunitates, con attention special al personas e collectivos in situationes de vulnerabilitate. Illo participa tamben in le evaluation del [[Ingreso Minimum Vital]] e de altere politicas de inclusion. == Organisation == Le organisation general del Ministerio es definite per le Real Decreto 501/2024 in su version vigente. Illo include: * le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones; * le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes; * le Secretariato General de Inclusion, con rango de Subsecretariato; * le Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes; * le Gabinete del Ministro, con rango de direction general. === Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones === Le Secretariato de Stato de Securitate Social e Pensiones es responsabile del direction e tutela del entidades gestoras e servicios commun del Securitate Social. Illo impulsa le regulation juridic del systema, le planification economic e financiari e le coordination del recursos e expensas. Del Secretariato depende le Direction General de Ordination del Securitate Social. Illo ha etiam attachate le Intervention General del Securitate Social e le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social, iste ultime con rango de Direction General desde le modification introducite per le Real Decreto 616/2026. Le Secretariato ha etiam attachate le principal entidades e servicios commun del systema, inter illes le Instituto National del Securitate Social (INSS), le Instituto Social del Marina, le Tesoreria General del Securitate Social, le Gerentia de Informatica del Securitate Social e le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social. === Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes === Le Secretariato de Stato de Migrationes es incaricate de elaborar e disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de extranjeria, immigration e emigration. Del illo depende tres Directiones General: le Direction General de Gestion Migratori, le Direction General de Attention Humanitari e del Systema de Reception de Protection International e le Direction General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior e Politicas de Retorno. Le Direction General de Gestion Migratori coordina le proceduras concernente le autorisationes de immigration e labor, le coordination con le officios de extranjeria e le gestion collective del recrutamento de laboratores in origine. Le Direction General de Attention Humanitari e del Systema de Reception de Protection International gere le programas de attention humanitari, le systema de reception de personas con protection international e le programas special pro refugiates, solicitantes e beneficiarios de protection international. Illo gere etiam le centros de migrationes e le interventions urgente in situationes de emergentia migratori. Le systema include differente typos de centros, inter illes le Centros de Reception de Protection International (CAPI), Centros de Attention, Emergentias e Derivation (CAED), Centros de Reception, Attention e Derivation (CREADE), Centros de Estantia Temporal de Immigrantes (CETI) e Centros de Prime Arrivatas (CPLL). Le Direction General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior e Politicas de Retorno protege le derectos individual e social del citatanos espaniol residente al exterior e del personas retornate, gere programas de adjuta e promove e coordina le retorno de citatanos espaniol. === Secretariato General de Inclusion === Le Secretariato General de Inclusion, con rango de Subsecretariato, es le organo incaricate del elaboration e disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de inclusion. Illo define objective e indicadores de inclusion, coordina evaluationes e estudios e participa in le conception e evaluation del politicas public. Inter su competentias figura le evaluation del politicas e prestaciones desde le perspectiva del inclusion e del reduction del inequality, con special attention al [[Ingreso Minimum Vital]]. Le Secretariato coordina tamben le activitate statistic del Ministerio in su area e collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le Union Europee e organismos international. Del Secretariato General depende le Subdirection General de Objectivos e Indicadores de Inclusion e le Subdirection General de Politicas de Inclusion. Un Gabinete Technic presta supporto directe al titular del Secretariato General. === Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes === Le Subsecretariato de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e dirige su servicios commun. Illo coordina materias como le budgeto, le recursos human, le services general, le technologies del information, le attention al citatanos, le inspection de servicios e le planification organisational. Del Subsecretariato depende directemente le Secretariato General Technic, assi como le Subdirection General de Gestion Economic e Officio Budgetari, le Subdirection General de Recursos Human, le Subdirection General de Servicios e Coordination, le Subdirection General de Technologies del Information e del Communicationes e le Subdirection General de Attention al Citatanos e Inspection de Servicios. == Organismos e entidades attachate == Le Ministerio coordina un grande parte del administration del systema de Securitate Social per medio de su entidades gestoras e servicios commun. Inter le principal organismos attachate se trova le Instituto National del Securitate Social, le Instituto Social del Marina, le Tesoreria General del Securitate Social e le Gerentia de Informatica del Securitate Social. In le campo del migrationes, le Secretariato de Stato coordina diverse organos consultive e de participation, includente le Consilio General del Citatania Espaniol al Exterior, le Commission Interministerial de Extranjeria, le Commission Laboral Tripartite de Immigration e le Foro pro le Integration Social del Immigrantes. Le Ministerio collabora etiam con altere departamentos ministerial, le Communitates Autonome, le Administrationes local e le organismos international in materias que require coordination inter administrationes. Le competentiàs del departamento debe esser exercite sin pregiudicio del competentias attribuite a altere departamentos. == Sede == Le sede principal del Ministerio es situate al calle de José Abascal, 39, 28071 Madrid. Le Ministerio publica iste adresse como su sede institutionale, con un numero telefonic general pro le contacto con le citatanos.<ref name="inclusion"/> == Actualisation de 2026 == Le Real Decreto 616/2026, approbate le 22 de julio e entrate in vigor le 24 de julio 2026, modificava le structura del Ministerio in un puncto specific: le Servicio Juridic del Administration del Securitate Social passava del rango de Subdirection General al rango de Direction General. Le reforma esseva justificate per le extension del competentias juridic del servicio e per su intervention in asuntos concernente plure departamentos ministerial. Le cambio non modificava le areas fundamental de competentia del Ministerio, ma actualisava le organisation del servicios juridic del Administration del Securitate Social. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Securitate social in Espania]] [[Categoria:Immigration in Espania]] q3sxpm82vrxpg4i8d9s7yr9vzhyq8gz 0 61898 702577 2026-10-06T19:43:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Ministerio de Inclusión, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] a [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] 702577 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] fj0ylj56aizzwxe0tjszangh3gxglac 702578 702577 2026-10-06T19:43:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Redirection a [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] removite 702578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 61899 702581 2026-10-06T19:55:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de derectos social e benesser social, familia e diversitate familial, cohesion social, attention al personas dependente o con discapacitate, protection del derectos e benesser del animales, consumo, protection del co...” 702581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de derectos social e benesser social, familia e diversitate familial, cohesion social, attention al personas dependente o con discapacitate, protection del derectos e benesser del animales, consumo, protection del consumidores, regulation del joco e implementation del [[Agenda 2030]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha su sede in [[Madrid]] e es actualmente dirigite per Pablo Bustinduy Amador, qui exerce le cargo de Ministro de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030. Su nomination esseva effectuate per le Real Decreto 835/2023, de 20 de novembre, e le documentos official del 2026 confirma su continuation in le cargo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20815 |titulo=Resolución de 23 de septiembre de 2026, de la Dirección General de Diversidad Familiar y Servicios Sociales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le actual ministerio esseva establite in le quadro del reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre. Le nove organisation del Governamento reuniva in un mesme departamento le competentias estatal concernente al derectos social, le consumption e le Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organica basic esseva establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, e ulteriormente developpate per le Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de februario. Iste ultime norma precisa le distribution del competentias inter le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social, le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco, le Subsecretariato e le Direction General de Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/209 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le formation del ministerio insere se in un evolution plus longe del administration social espaniol, in le qual le competentias relative al services social, discapacitate, familia, consumo e protection del consumidores esseva repartite inter differente departamentos in diverse periodos. == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de derectos social e benesser social, includente le promotion del cohesion social e le attention al personas in situation de dependentia o con discapacitate. Illo es etiam competente in materias de familia e diversitate familial e in le protection del derectos e del benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de consumo, le ministerio propone e executa le politica estatal relative al protection del personas consumidor e usator, le promotion del derectos del consumidores e le cooperation institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha etiam competentias in materia de joco, includente le regulation estatal del joco e le protection del personas in relation con iste activitate. Le Secretaria General de Consumo e Joco coordina le competentias del departamento in iste campo e participa in le cooperation interterritorial, europee e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area es le Agenda 2030 pro le Disveloppamento Sustenibile. Le ministerio impulsa, seque e coordina le implementation in Espania del Agenda 2030 e del su Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, e representa le Stato in le cooperation international concernente iste materias in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in quatro principal organos superior e directorial: * le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social; * le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco; * le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030; * le Direction General de Agenda 2030, que depende directemente del Ministro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social === Le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social es le organo superior incaricate del materias de derectos e benesser social, cohesion social, dependentia e discapacitate, familia e diversitate familial, assi como protection del derectos e benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende tres Direction General: * le Direction General de Derectos del Personas con Discapactate; * le Direction General de Diversitate Familial e Servicios Social; * le Direction General de Derectos del Animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO) es etiam adscripte al ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social. Illo es un entidade gestor del Securitate Social e exerce le competentias que su statuto le attribue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco === Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco es le organo directorial que coordina le politica del ministerio in materia de consumo, protection del consumidores e regulation del joco. De illo depende le Direction General de Consumo e le Direction General de Ordination del Joco. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Consumo es incaricate, inter altere functiones, de proponer le regulation estatal in materia de protection e promotion del derectos del consumidores e usatores, establir instrumentos efficace de protection e promover le information, formation e education del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Ordination del Joco es responsabile del regulation del joco de competencia estatal e del protection del personas participante in iste activitates, secundo le quadro juridic applicabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) es etiam adscripte organicamente al ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco. Su dependentia es functionalmente compartite con le Ministerio del Affaires Interne e con le Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation in le terminos establite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 === Le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 exerce le functiones general previde per le legislation pro le subsecretariatos e coordina le services commun del ministerio e del organos public attachate. Illo representa ordinariemente le ministerio in le relationes institutional e coordina le activitate del servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que provide le supporto juridic, technic e administrative necessari al functionamento del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Direction General de Agenda 2030 === Le Direction General de Agenda 2030 es adscripte directemente al titular del ministerio. Illo impulsa e seque le implementation del Agenda 2030 e del Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, coordina le relationes international del departamento in su areas de competentia e participa al representation international de Espania concernente al implementation del Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos adscripte == Inter le principal organismos adscripte al ministerio se trova le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO), le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad e le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad es un organismo autonome adscripte al ministerio per medio del Ministro e ha le competentias que su statuto le attribue. Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social exerce le Secretariato General del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AESAN es un organismo autonome con competentias in materia de securitate alimentari e nutrition. Su adscription al ministerio es completate per dependentias functional con altere departamentos del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competentias del ministerio debe esser exercite in coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le Ciuitates de Ceuta e Melilla e le Administrationes local, secundo le distribution de competentias previde per le Constitution e le legislation. Le cooperation interterritorial es particularmente importante in le areas de services social, consumo e protection del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco participa in le cooperation institutional interterritorial in materias de su competentia, durante que le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social coopera con le Communitates Autonome in le disveloppamento del politicas social, familiar e de protection del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Affaires Social]] r9se9r9ekkmts1zhqfd1qtj1ybk6y06 702582 702581 2026-10-06T19:56:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 702582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de derectos social e benesser social, familia e diversitate familial, cohesion social, attention al personas dependente o con discapacitate, protection del derectos e benesser del animales, consumo, protection del consumidores, regulation del joco e implementation del [[Agenda 2030]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha su sede in [[Madrid]]. == Historia == Le actual ministerio esseva establite in le quadro del reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre. Le nove organisation del Governamento reuniva in un mesme departamento le competentias estatal concernente al derectos social, le consumption e le Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organica basic esseva establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, e ulteriormente developpate per le Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de februario. Iste ultime norma precisa le distribution del competentias inter le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social, le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco, le Subsecretariato e le Direction General de Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/209 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le formation del ministerio insere se in un evolution plus longe del administration social espaniol, in le qual le competentias relative al services social, discapacitate, familia, consumo e protection del consumidores esseva repartite inter differente departamentos in diverse periodos. == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de derectos social e benesser social, includente le promotion del cohesion social e le attention al personas in situation de dependentia o con discapacitate. Illo es etiam competente in materias de familia e diversitate familial e in le protection del derectos e del benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de consumo, le ministerio propone e executa le politica estatal relative al protection del personas consumidor e usator, le promotion del derectos del consumidores e le cooperation institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha etiam competentias in materia de joco, includente le regulation estatal del joco e le protection del personas in relation con iste activitate. Le Secretaria General de Consumo e Joco coordina le competentias del departamento in iste campo e participa in le cooperation interterritorial, europee e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area es le Agenda 2030 pro le Disveloppamento Sustenibile. Le ministerio impulsa, seque e coordina le implementation in Espania del Agenda 2030 e del su Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, e representa le Stato in le cooperation international concernente iste materias in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in quatro principal organos superior e directorial: * le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social; * le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco; * le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030; * le Direction General de Agenda 2030, que depende directemente del Ministro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social === Le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social es le organo superior incaricate del materias de derectos e benesser social, cohesion social, dependentia e discapacitate, familia e diversitate familial, assi como protection del derectos e benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende tres Direction General: * le Direction General de Derectos del Personas con Discapactate; * le Direction General de Diversitate Familial e Servicios Social; * le Direction General de Derectos del Animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO) es etiam adscripte al ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social. Illo es un entidade gestor del Securitate Social e exerce le competentias que su statuto le attribue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco === Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco es le organo directorial que coordina le politica del ministerio in materia de consumo, protection del consumidores e regulation del joco. De illo depende le Direction General de Consumo e le Direction General de Ordination del Joco. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Consumo es incaricate, inter altere functiones, de proponer le regulation estatal in materia de protection e promotion del derectos del consumidores e usatores, establir instrumentos efficace de protection e promover le information, formation e education del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Ordination del Joco es responsabile del regulation del joco de competencia estatal e del protection del personas participante in iste activitates, secundo le quadro juridic applicabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) es etiam adscripte organicamente al ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco. Su dependentia es functionalmente compartite con le Ministerio del Affaires Interne e con le Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation in le terminos establite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 === Le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 exerce le functiones general previde per le legislation pro le subsecretariatos e coordina le services commun del ministerio e del organos public attachate. Illo representa ordinariemente le ministerio in le relationes institutional e coordina le activitate del servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que provide le supporto juridic, technic e administrative necessari al functionamento del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Direction General de Agenda 2030 === Le Direction General de Agenda 2030 es adscripte directemente al titular del ministerio. Illo impulsa e seque le implementation del Agenda 2030 e del Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, coordina le relationes international del departamento in su areas de competentia e participa al representation international de Espania concernente al implementation del Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos adscripte == Inter le principal organismos adscripte al ministerio se trova le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO), le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad e le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad es un organismo autonome adscripte al ministerio per medio del Ministro e ha le competentias que su statuto le attribue. Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social exerce le Secretariato General del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AESAN es un organismo autonome con competentias in materia de securitate alimentari e nutrition. Su adscription al ministerio es completate per dependentias functional con altere departamentos del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competentias del ministerio debe esser exercite in coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le Ciuitates de Ceuta e Melilla e le Administrationes local, secundo le distribution de competentias previde per le Constitution e le legislation. Le cooperation interterritorial es particularmente importante in le areas de services social, consumo e protection del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco participa in le cooperation institutional interterritorial in materias de su competentia, durante que le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social coopera con le Communitates Autonome in le disveloppamento del politicas social, familiar e de protection del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Affaires Social]] 57axy6n0o1wscwjqh2upwbmwncs9q48 702591 702582 2026-10-06T20:28:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 702591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030''' es un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del [[Governamento de Espania]] in materia de derectos social e benesser social, familia e diversitate familial, cohesion social, attention al personas dependente o con discapacitate, protection del derectos e benesser del animales, consumo, protection del consumidores, regulation del joco e implementation del [[Agenda 2030]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha su sede in [[Madrid]]. == Historia == Le actual ministerio esseva establite in le quadro del reorganisation del departamentos ministerial approbate per le Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de novembre. Le nove organisation del Governamento reuniva in un mesme departamento le competentias estatal concernente al derectos social, le consumption e le Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura organica basic esseva establite per le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, e ulteriormente developpate per le Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de februario. Iste ultime norma precisa le distribution del competentias inter le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social, le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco, le Subsecretariato e le Direction General de Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/209 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le formation del ministerio insere se in un evolution plus longe del administration social espaniol, in le qual le competentias relative al services social, discapacitate, familia, consumo e protection del consumidores esseva repartite inter differente departamentos in diverse periodos. == Competentias == Le ministerio es responsabile del politica del Governamento in materia de derectos social e benesser social, includente le promotion del cohesion social e le attention al personas in situation de dependentia o con discapacitate. Illo es etiam competente in materias de familia e diversitate familial e in le protection del derectos e del benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de consumo, le ministerio propone e executa le politica estatal relative al protection del personas consumidor e usator, le promotion del derectos del consumidores e le cooperation institutional con le Communitates Autonome e le altere administrationes public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio ha etiam competentias in materia de joco, includente le regulation estatal del joco e le protection del personas in relation con iste activitate. Le Secretaria General de Consumo e Joco coordina le competentias del departamento in iste campo e participa in le cooperation interterritorial, europee e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area es le Agenda 2030 pro le Disveloppamento Sustenibile. Le ministerio impulsa, seque e coordina le implementation in Espania del Agenda 2030 e del su Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, e representa le Stato in le cooperation international concernente iste materias in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio se structura in quatro principal organos superior e directorial: * le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social; * le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco; * le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030; * le Direction General de Agenda 2030, que depende directemente del Ministro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social === Le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social es le organo superior incaricate del materias de derectos e benesser social, cohesion social, dependentia e discapacitate, familia e diversitate familial, assi como protection del derectos e benesser del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo depende tres Direction General: * le Direction General de Derectos del Personas con Discapactate; * le Direction General de Diversitate Familial e Servicios Social; * le Direction General de Derectos del Animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO) es etiam adscripte al ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social. Illo es un entidade gestor del Securitate Social e exerce le competentias que su statuto le attribue. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco === Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco es le organo directorial que coordina le politica del ministerio in materia de consumo, protection del consumidores e regulation del joco. De illo depende le Direction General de Consumo e le Direction General de Ordination del Joco. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Consumo es incaricate, inter altere functiones, de proponer le regulation estatal in materia de protection e promotion del derectos del consumidores e usatores, establir instrumentos efficace de protection e promover le information, formation e education del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Ordination del Joco es responsabile del regulation del joco de competencia estatal e del protection del personas participante in iste activitates, secundo le quadro juridic applicabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) es etiam adscripte organicamente al ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco. Su dependentia es functionalmente compartite con le Ministerio del Affaires Interne e con le Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation in le terminos establite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 === Le Subsecretariato de Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030 exerce le functiones general previde per le legislation pro le subsecretariatos e coordina le services commun del ministerio e del organos public attachate. Illo representa ordinariemente le ministerio in le relationes institutional e coordina le activitate del servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato depende le Secretariato General Technic, que provide le supporto juridic, technic e administrative necessari al functionamento del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Direction General de Agenda 2030 === Le Direction General de Agenda 2030 es adscripte directemente al titular del ministerio. Illo impulsa e seque le implementation del Agenda 2030 e del Objectivos de Disveloppamento Sustenibile, coordina le relationes international del departamento in su areas de competentia e participa al representation international de Espania concernente al implementation del Agenda 2030. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos adscripte == Inter le principal organismos adscripte al ministerio se trova le Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO), le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad e le Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.dsca.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion-institucional/organigrama |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Patronato sobre Discapacidad es un organismo autonome adscripte al ministerio per medio del Ministro e ha le competentias que su statuto le attribue. Le titular del Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social exerce le Secretariato General del organismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le AESAN es un organismo autonome con competentias in materia de securitate alimentari e nutrition. Su adscription al ministerio es completate per dependentias functional con altere departamentos del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome == Le competentias del ministerio debe esser exercite in coordination con le Communitates Autonome, le Ciuitates de Ceuta e Melilla e le Administrationes local, secundo le distribution de competentias previde per le Constitution e le legislation. Le cooperation interterritorial es particularmente importante in le areas de services social, consumo e protection del consumidores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Consumo e Joco participa in le cooperation institutional interterritorial in materias de su competentia, durante que le Secretariato de Stato de Derectos Social coopera con le Communitates Autonome in le disveloppamento del politicas social, familiar e de protection del animales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3795 |titulo=Real Decreto 209/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Affaires Social]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] mmcgwl8lovkwejb1hwale1jf57z29lx 14 61900 702584 2026-10-06T19:57:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Disveloppamento Social]] [[Categoria:Discapacitate in Espania]] [[Categoria:Securitate social in Espania]] [[Categoria:Assistentia social]] [[Categoria:Beneficentia]] [[Categoria:Organisationes de disveloppamento durabile]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Equalitate de Espania]]” 702584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Disveloppamento Social]] [[Categoria:Discapacitate in Espania]] [[Categoria:Securitate social in Espania]] [[Categoria:Assistentia social]] [[Categoria:Beneficentia]] [[Categoria:Organisationes de disveloppamento durabile]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Equalitate de Espania]] li85f0gcf8qc08kfre94p4s9xuiiwle 0 61901 702585 2026-10-06T20:12:10Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Equalitate''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de equalitate inter feminas e homines, equalitate de tractamento, non-discrimination e prevention e eradication del violentia contra le feminas. Su competentias include etiam le politicas contra altere formas de discrimination per ration de sexo, origine ra...” 702585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Equalitate''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de equalitate inter feminas e homines, equalitate de tractamento, non-discrimination e prevention e eradication del violentia contra le feminas. Su competentias include etiam le politicas contra altere formas de discrimination per ration de sexo, origine racial o ethnic, religion o credentias, orientation sexual, identitate o expression de genere, characteristicas sexual, etate, handicap o altere circumstantias personal o social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es situate al calle de Alcalá 37, Madrid. In octobre 2026, le titular del departamento es Ana Redondo García. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/ |titulo=Bienvenida al Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Ministerio de Equalitate esseva create pro le prime vice in 2008, durante le IX legislatura, per le Real Decreto 432/2008, de 12 de april, que reorganisava le departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Su creation dava rango ministerial a un departamento specificamente incaricate del politicas de equalitate e de lucta contra le discrimination e le violentia de genere. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-11585 |titulo=Real Decreto 1135/2008, de 4 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura del nove departamento esseva developate per le Real Decreto 1135/2008, que attribueva al Ministerio le preparation e execution del politicas del Governamento in materia de equalitate, elimination del discrimination e eradication del violentia de genere. Le Ministerio habeva etiam competentias in materia de juventute. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-11585 |titulo=Real Decreto 1135/2008, de 4 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2010, le Ministerio esseva supprimite durante un reforma del Governamento. Su competentias esseva integrate in le Ministerio de Sanitate, Politica Social e Equalitate, con un Secretaria de Stato de Equalitate in loco del departamento ministerial independente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-410 |titulo=Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.congreso.es/es/busqueda-de-publicaciones?_publicaciones_id_texto=%28BOCG-10-CG-A-134.CODI.%29&_publicaciones_legislatura=X&_publicaciones_mode=mostrarTextoIntegro&_publicaciones_template=PUWTZDTT.fmt&p_p_id=publicaciones&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&p_p_state=normal](https://www.congreso.es/es/busqueda-de-publicaciones?_publicaciones_id_texto=%28BOCG-10-CG-A-134.CODI.%29&_publicaciones_legislatura=X&_publicaciones_mode=mostrarTextoIntegro&_publicaciones_template=PUWTZDTT.fmt&p_p_id=publicaciones&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=mostrarTextoIntegro) |titulo=Publicaciones del Congreso de los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le departamento esseva restabilite in 2020 per le Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de januario. Le nove Ministerio de Equalitate esseva incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de equalitate e del politicas destinate a facer real e effective le equalitate inter feminas e homines e le eradication de tote forma de discrimination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-410 |titulo=Real Decreto 2/2020, de 12 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura esseva ulteriormente reformate con le reorganisations del departamentos ministerial de 2023 e con le Real Decreto 246/2024, que developpava le structura organic del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirection general e modificava le distribution de su organos directiv. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es responsabile del preparation e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de equalitate e non-discrimination. Su competentias concernent principalmente le equalitate inter feminas e homines, le equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates e le elimination de discriminationes basate super circumstantias personal o social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/funciones/ |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le su functiones se trova le elaboration e disveloppamento de normas, mesuras e actiones pro garantir le equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates, le promotion del participation social e politic del feminas e le prevention e eradication del violentia contra le feminas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/funciones/ |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio coordina etiam actiones in materia de non-discrimination per ration de origine racial o ethnic, religion o credentias, orientation sexual, identitate o expression de genere, characteristicas sexual, etate, handicap e altere circumstantias personal o social. Le exercitio de iste competentias debe esser coordinate con le competentias que le lege attribue a altere departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de violentia contra le feminas, le Ministerio promove le prevention, protection e coordination inter le administrationes public, assi como le disveloppamento del politicas e instrumentos previde per le legislation. Le Delegation del Governamento contra le Violentia de Genere ha un rolo specific in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/sei/ |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Igualdad y para la Erradicación de la Violencia contra las Mujeres |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa etiam al cooperation international in materia de equalitate e non-discrimination, includente le preparation de informes pro institutiones international e le participation de Espania in summites e eventos international concernente iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/sei/ |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Igualdad y para la Erradicación de la Violencia contra las Mujeres |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == In le structura vigente, le Ministerio se divide principalmente in le Secretariato de Stato de Equalitate e pro le Eradication del Violentia contra le Feminas e le Subsecretariato de Equalitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Secretariato de Stato de Equalitate e pro le Eradication del Violentia contra le Feminas depende le sequente organos directiv: * le Delegation del Governamento contra le Violentia de Genere, con rango de Direction General; * le Direction General pro le Equalitate de Tractamento e Non-discrimination e contra le Racismo; * le Direction General pro le Equalitate real e effective del personas LGTBI+. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Instituto de las Mujeres, un organismo autonome, es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato de Stato. Le Consilio de Participation del Personas LGTBI es etiam attachate al Ministerio per iste via. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Subsecretariato de Equalitate depende le Secretariato General Technic. Le Subsecretariato representa ordinariamente le Ministerio e coordina le servicios commun, le administration del personal, le preparation del budget, le gestion economic e le servicios juridic e technic del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/subsecretaria/ |titulo=Subsecretaría |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Secretariato de Stato de Equalitate == Le Secretariato de Stato de Equalitate e pro le Eradication del Violentia contra le Feminas es le principal organo superior del Ministerio pro le preparation e execution del politicas de equalitate. Illo coordina le application transversal del principios de equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates inter feminas e homines e le integration del perspective de genere in le action del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/sei/ |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Igualdad y para la Erradicación de la Violencia contra las Mujeres |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato controla le application e disveloppamento del Lege Organic 3/2007 pro le equalitate effective de feminas e homines e del Lege Organic 1/2004 de Mesuras de Protection Integral contra le Violentia de Genere, e participa in le implementation e sequentia del Pacte de Stato contra le Violentia de Genere. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/sei/ |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Igualdad y para la Erradicación de la Violencia contra las Mujeres |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato coordina etiam le politicas del Administration General del Stato concernente equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates, coopera con le Communitates Autonome e le entitates local e participa al disveloppamento de mesuras de sensibilisation, formation e information. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/sei/ |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Igualdad y para la Erradicación de la Violencia contra las Mujeres |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Delegation del Governamento contra le Violentia de Genere == Le Delegation del Governamento contra le Violentia de Genere ha rango de Direction General e depende del Secretariato de Stato. Illa es responsabile del coordination del politicas del Governamento in materia de prevention e eradication del violentia contra le feminas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Delegation include duo subdirectiones general: le Subdirection General de Coordination Interinstitutional in materia de Violentia contra le Feminas e le Subdirection General de Sensibilisation, Prevention e Studios del Violentia contra le Feminas. Illa exerce etiam le secretariato del Observatorio Estatal del Violentia contra le Femina. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Delegation coordina functionalmente le Unitates de Coordination e le Unitates contra le Violentia contra le Feminas integrate in le Delegationes e Subdelegationes del Governamento e in le Directiones Insular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Equalitate de tractamento e non-discrimination == Le Direction General pro le Equalitate de Tractamento e Non-discrimination e contra le Racismo developpa politicas pro le promotion del equalitate de tractamento e le elimination del discrimination. Su campo include, inter alteres, le discrimination basate super origine racial o ethnic, sexo, religion o credentias, orientation sexual, identitate de genere, etate, handicap e altere circumstantias personal o social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/funciones/ |titulo=Funciones del Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction general coordina politicas de equalitate de tractamento e coopera con le altere administrationes public in le materias de su competentia. Illa es etiam incaricate de politicas contra le racismo e altere formas de discrimination. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Equalitate del personas LGTBI+ == Le Direction General pro le Equalitate real e effective del personas LGTBI+ es responsabile del preparation e execution del politicas destinate a garantir le equalitate real e effective del personas LGTBI+ e a prevenir le discrimination basate super orientation sexual, identitate sexual o de genere, expression de genere e characteristicas sexual. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio ha etiam le Consilio de Participation del Personas LGTBI, que es attachate al departamento per medio del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Instituto de las Mujeres == Le Instituto de las Mujeres es un organismo autonome attachate al Ministerio de Equalitate per medio del Secretariato de Stato. Illo participa al promotion del equalitate inter feminas e homines e al disveloppamento de politicas public in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-4616 |titulo=Real Decreto 246/2024, de 8 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio de Equalitate es al calle de Alcalá 37, 28014 Madrid. Le mesme adresse es indicate per le sito official del Ministerio e per le directorio del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/ |titulo=Bienvenida al Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Ministerio de Igualdad |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/ficha-unidad-organica?selectorServicio=organigramasEstructurasDirectorios&selectorget=E05071601 |titulo=Ficha Unidad Orgánica – Ministerio de Igualdad |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)| ]] 2xmnnbawnok9phd54fruw2fg9gm2g9b 0 61902 702588 2026-10-06T20:26:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Cultura''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. Su competentias include le promotion, protection e diffusion del patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal, le artes, le libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, le activitates cinematographic e audiovisual, e le libros e biblioth...” 702588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Cultura''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. Su competentias include le promotion, protection e diffusion del patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal, le artes, le libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, le activitates cinematographic e audiovisual, e le libros e bibliothecas statal. Illo promove etiam le cultura in espaniol, le cooperation cultural e, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Exterior, Union Europee e Cooperation, le relationes international in materia cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le sede del Ministerio se trova al Plaza del Rey, 1, Madrid, in le edificio historic appellate Casa de las Siete Chimeneas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le actual Ministerio de Cultura ha su origine in le reorganisation del Administration General del Stato durante le transition democratic. Le Ministerio de Cultura y Bienestar esseva create per le Real Decreto 1961/1977, de 29 de julio, e le denomination Ministerio de Cultura esseva establite definitivamente per le Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, que defineva su structura organic e su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/167396 |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y Bienestar / Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove departamento reuniva unitates que ante esseva repartite inter altere departamentos, includente le direction general concernente al patrimonio artistic e cultural, unitates del Ministerio de Information e Turismo e organos relative al familia, juventute e deporte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Ministerio marca un nove quadro institutional pro le politica cultural estatal post le establimento del systema democratic. Inter le nove competentias esseva le protection del patrimonio historic-artistic, le archivos, le museos, le libro e bibliothecas, le musica, le teatro, le cinematographia e le diffusion cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/bellasartes/historia/proyectos-web-bellas-artes/bellas-artes-y-la-constitucion/bellas-artes-1978.html |titulo=Bellas Artes en 1978 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1983, le sede del Ministerio esseva transferite al actual edificio del Plaza del Rey, 1, in Madrid. Le edificio historic, cognoscite como Casa de las Siete Chimeneas, deveniva assi le sede principal del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio esseva mantenite como departamento autonome usque a 1996, quando un nove reorganisation del Governamento lo integrate con le education in le Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. In 2000 le denomination deveniva Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/50798 |titulo=España. Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le politica cultural recuperava un Ministerio proprie con le creation del Ministerio de Cultura e le elevation del Secretariato de Stato de Cultura al rango de departamento ministerial. Ulteriormente, le competentias cultural esseva integrate de novo in le Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte inter 2011 e 2018. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://censoarchivos.cultura.gob.es/CensoGuia/productordetail.htm?id=50798 |titulo=España. Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=Censo-Guía de Archivos de España e Iberoamérica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2018, le cultura reveniva a esser gestionate per un Ministerio de Cultura proprie. Post le reorganisation ministerial de 2023, le Ministerio de Cultura esseva mantenite como departamento autonome del Governamento. Le actual structura organic es regulate principalmente per le Real Decreto 323/2024, ulteriormente modificate in 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento concernente al patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal e le artes. Iste competentias include le protection, conservation, restauration, investigation e diffusion del patrimonio cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de libro e lectura, le Ministerio promove le industria del libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, e coordina le politica statal concernente le bibliothecas statal. Desde 2025, iste dominio include explicitemente le promotion del libro e del comic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es competente etiam in le derectos cultural, includente le promotion e garantia del accesso del citatanos al cultura e le protection del pluralitate del expressiones cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |titulo=Funciones y competencias |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del cinematographia e del sector audiovisual es exercite principalmente per le Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales, organismo autonome adscripte al Ministerio. Le Ministerio promove le cinematographia e le creation audiovisual e participa in le elaboration e execution del politica public in iste sectores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/cine/inicio.html |titulo=Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es responsabile etiam de le artes scenic e le musica, includente lor protection, promotion e diffusion. Iste competentias es actualmente coordinate per le Direction General de Artes Escenicas e Musica e per le Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa etiam in le cooperation cultural con le Communitates Autonome e in le relationes cultural international de Espania, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Exterior, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio de Cultura es sub le superior direction del Ministro e se structura principalmente in le Secretariato de Stato de Cultura e le Subsecretariato de Cultura. Le Secretariato de Stato es le organo superior del departamento incaricate del impulsion, disveloppamento e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Cultura === Le Secretariato de Stato de Cultura ha le responsabilitate superior pro le impulsion e execution del politica cultural. Su competentias include le libro, le comic, le lectura, le derectos cultural, le proprietate intellectual, le cooperation cultural, le patrimonio historic, le museos, le archivos, le bibliothecas statal, le artes visual e le artes scenic e musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministro/secretaria-estado-cultura.html |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Secretariato de Stato depende le sequente directiones general: * le Direction General del Libro, del Comic e del Lectura; * le Direction General del Derectos Cultural; * le Direction General del Patrimonio Cultural e Belle Artes; * le Direction General del Artes Scenicas e Musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama.html |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato dispone etiam de un Gabinet, con nivello organic de subdirection general, que provide assistentia immediate al Secretario de Stato. Le actual Secretario de Stato de Cultura es Jordi Martí Grau. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministro/secretaria-estado-cultura.html |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Cultura === Le Subsecretariato de Cultura es le altere organo superior del departamento e ha sub su dependentia le Secretariato General Technic. Illo exerce le functiones de coordination e supporto administrative general del Ministerio, conforme al legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama.html |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos attachate == Le Ministerio coordina un insimul de organismos public e institutions cultural attachate, inter le quales se trova le Bibliotheca National de Espania, le Gerentia de Infrastructure e Equipamentos de Cultura, le Instituto de le Cinematographia e del Artes Audiovisual, le Instituto National del Artes Scenicas e del Musica, le Museo National Centro de Arte Reina Sofía e le Museo del Prado. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio ha etiam relationes con diverse fundationes del sector public, inter le quales le Instituto de Cultura Gitana, le Fundación Colección Thyssen-Bornemisza, le Fundación del Teatro Real e le Fundación Festival Internacional de Teatro Clásico de Almagro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio es al Plaza del Rey, 1, Madrid. Le edificio, cognoscite como Casa de las Siete Chimeneas, esseva occupate per le Ministerio desde 1983, quando le departamento esseva transferite desde le anterior sede del Paseo de la Castellana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Casa de las Siete Chimeneas es un edificio historic del centro de Madrid e constitui le sede institutional del departamento. Le adresse official del Ministerio es Plaza del Rey, 1, 28004 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome == Le Constitution espaniol attribue al Stato competentias legislative e de coordination in differente materias cultural, durante que le Communitates Autonome exerce important competentias de administration e protection cultural secundo lor Statutos de Autonomia. Le Ministerio participa in iste systema per le cooperation cultural territorial e le coordination con le administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cooperation con le Communitates Autonome es particularmente relevante pro le patrimonio historic, le museos, le archivos, le bibliothecas e le promotion del derectos cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |titulo=Funciones y competencias |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Ministros de Cultura de Espania]] alz41gi840rj6rosb9m5mxbopts7vez 702590 702588 2026-10-06T20:28:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 702590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Cultura''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. Su competentias include le promotion, protection e diffusion del patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal, le artes, le libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, le activitates cinematographic e audiovisual, e le libros e bibliothecas statal. Illo promove etiam le cultura in espaniol, le cooperation cultural e, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Exterior, Union Europee e Cooperation, le relationes international in materia cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le sede del Ministerio se trova al Plaza del Rey, 1, Madrid, in le edificio historic appellate Casa de las Siete Chimeneas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le actual Ministerio de Cultura ha su origine in le reorganisation del Administration General del Stato durante le transition democratic. Le Ministerio de Cultura y Bienestar esseva create per le Real Decreto 1961/1977, de 29 de julio, e le denomination Ministerio de Cultura esseva establite definitivamente per le Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, que defineva su structura organic e su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/167396 |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y Bienestar / Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove departamento reuniva unitates que ante esseva repartite inter altere departamentos, includente le direction general concernente al patrimonio artistic e cultural, unitates del Ministerio de Information e Turismo e organos relative al familia, juventute e deporte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del Ministerio marca un nove quadro institutional pro le politica cultural estatal post le establimento del systema democratic. Inter le nove competentias esseva le protection del patrimonio historic-artistic, le archivos, le museos, le libro e bibliothecas, le musica, le teatro, le cinematographia e le diffusion cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/bellasartes/historia/proyectos-web-bellas-artes/bellas-artes-y-la-constitucion/bellas-artes-1978.html |titulo=Bellas Artes en 1978 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1983, le sede del Ministerio esseva transferite al actual edificio del Plaza del Rey, 1, in Madrid. Le edificio historic, cognoscite como Casa de las Siete Chimeneas, deveniva assi le sede principal del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio esseva mantenite como departamento autonome usque a 1996, quando un nove reorganisation del Governamento lo integrate con le education in le Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. In 2000 le denomination deveniva Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/50798 |titulo=España. Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2004, le politica cultural recuperava un Ministerio proprie con le creation del Ministerio de Cultura e le elevation del Secretariato de Stato de Cultura al rango de departamento ministerial. Ulteriormente, le competentias cultural esseva integrate de novo in le Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte inter 2011 e 2018. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://censoarchivos.cultura.gob.es/CensoGuia/productordetail.htm?id=50798 |titulo=España. Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=Censo-Guía de Archivos de España e Iberoamérica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2018, le cultura reveniva a esser gestionate per un Ministerio de Cultura proprie. Post le reorganisation ministerial de 2023, le Ministerio de Cultura esseva mantenite como departamento autonome del Governamento. Le actual structura organic es regulate principalmente per le Real Decreto 323/2024, ulteriormente modificate in 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento concernente al patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal e le artes. Iste competentias include le protection, conservation, restauration, investigation e diffusion del patrimonio cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de libro e lectura, le Ministerio promove le industria del libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, e coordina le politica statal concernente le bibliothecas statal. Desde 2025, iste dominio include explicitemente le promotion del libro e del comic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es competente etiam in le derectos cultural, includente le promotion e garantia del accesso del citatanos al cultura e le protection del pluralitate del expressiones cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |titulo=Funciones y competencias |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del cinematographia e del sector audiovisual es exercite principalmente per le Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales, organismo autonome adscripte al Ministerio. Le Ministerio promove le cinematographia e le creation audiovisual e participa in le elaboration e execution del politica public in iste sectores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/cine/inicio.html |titulo=Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es responsabile etiam de le artes scenic e le musica, includente lor protection, promotion e diffusion. Iste competentias es actualmente coordinate per le Direction General de Artes Escenicas e Musica e per le Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa etiam in le cooperation cultural con le Communitates Autonome e in le relationes cultural international de Espania, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Exterior, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio de Cultura es sub le superior direction del Ministro e se structura principalmente in le Secretariato de Stato de Cultura e le Subsecretariato de Cultura. Le Secretariato de Stato es le organo superior del departamento incaricate del impulsion, disveloppamento e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Cultura === Le Secretariato de Stato de Cultura ha le responsabilitate superior pro le impulsion e execution del politica cultural. Su competentias include le libro, le comic, le lectura, le derectos cultural, le proprietate intellectual, le cooperation cultural, le patrimonio historic, le museos, le archivos, le bibliothecas statal, le artes visual e le artes scenic e musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministro/secretaria-estado-cultura.html |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Secretariato de Stato depende le sequente directiones general: * le Direction General del Libro, del Comic e del Lectura; * le Direction General del Derectos Cultural; * le Direction General del Patrimonio Cultural e Belle Artes; * le Direction General del Artes Scenicas e Musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama.html |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato dispone etiam de un Gabinet, con nivello organic de subdirection general, que provide assistentia immediate al Secretario de Stato. Le actual Secretario de Stato de Cultura es Jordi Martí Grau. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministro/secretaria-estado-cultura.html |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Cultura === Le Subsecretariato de Cultura es le altere organo superior del departamento e ha sub su dependentia le Secretariato General Technic. Illo exerce le functiones de coordination e supporto administrative general del Ministerio, conforme al legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama.html |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos attachate == Le Ministerio coordina un insimul de organismos public e institutions cultural attachate, inter le quales se trova le Bibliotheca National de Espania, le Gerentia de Infrastructure e Equipamentos de Cultura, le Instituto de le Cinematographia e del Artes Audiovisual, le Instituto National del Artes Scenicas e del Musica, le Museo National Centro de Arte Reina Sofía e le Museo del Prado. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio ha etiam relationes con diverse fundationes del sector public, inter le quales le Instituto de Cultura Gitana, le Fundación Colección Thyssen-Bornemisza, le Fundación del Teatro Real e le Fundación Festival Internacional de Teatro Clásico de Almagro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio es al Plaza del Rey, 1, Madrid. Le edificio, cognoscite como Casa de las Siete Chimeneas, esseva occupate per le Ministerio desde 1983, quando le departamento esseva transferite desde le anterior sede del Paseo de la Castellana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Casa de las Siete Chimeneas es un edificio historic del centro de Madrid e constitui le sede institutional del departamento. Le adresse official del Ministerio es Plaza del Rey, 1, 28004 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome == Le Constitution espaniol attribue al Stato competentias legislative e de coordination in differente materias cultural, durante que le Communitates Autonome exerce important competentias de administration e protection cultural secundo lor Statutos de Autonomia. Le Ministerio participa in iste systema per le cooperation cultural territorial e le coordination con le administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cooperation con le Communitates Autonome es particularmente relevante pro le patrimonio historic, le museos, le archivos, le bibliothecas e le promotion del derectos cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |titulo=Funciones y competencias |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] m4onk6dhb1lc6vyga38l8dhu29pmmj2 14 61903 702592 2026-10-06T20:33:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Ministerios de Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Sport de Espania]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sport in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes sportive de Espania]] [[Categoria:Tauromachia de Espania]]” 702592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ministerios de Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Sport de Espania]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sport in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes sportive de Espania]] [[Categoria:Tauromachia de Espania]] o5fnp15nxks3i56qgf8oh3h2649p3xq 702593 702592 2026-10-06T20:34:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 702593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ministerios de Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Sport de Espania]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Sport in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes sportive de Espania]] [[Categoria:Tauromachia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] 53m03frqpjafd69bx51ak98nt7fqzy2 0 61904 702595 2026-10-06T20:52:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Un '''ministerio''' es, in le systema administrative de [[Espania]], un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] incaricate de un o plure sectores functionalmente homogenee del activitate administrative. Le ministerios constitue le principal parte del organisation central del Stato e es dirigite per ministros, qui es membros del [[Governamento de Espania]]. Le numero, le denomination e le ambito de competentia de cata ministe...” 702595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Un '''ministerio''' es, in le systema administrative de [[Espania]], un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] incaricate de un o plure sectores functionalmente homogenee del activitate administrative. Le ministerios constitue le principal parte del organisation central del Stato e es dirigite per ministros, qui es membros del [[Governamento de Espania]]. Le numero, le denomination e le ambito de competentia de cata ministerio es determinate per [[Real Decreto]] del Presidente del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Ley 50/1997 del Governamento]] establi que le Governamento es componite del Presidente, del Vicepresidentes, si existe, e del Ministros. Le Ministros, como titulares de lor departamentos, ha le competentia e responsabilitate super le esfera specific de lor activitate e debe disveloppar le action del Governamento in le ambito de lor ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura e position in le Stato == Le ministerios forma parte del organisation central del Administration General del Stato. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue iste organisation central del organisation territorial e del Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le organisation central include le ministerios e lor servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cata ministerio comprende uno o plure sectores de activitate administrative que presenta un grado de homogeneitate functional. Un ministerio pote haber sub su dependentia organos directivos, organos consultive o de supporto e organismos public que le legislation adscribe al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un organo administrative e non un organo constitutional distincte del Governamento. Su titular, le Ministro, es al mesme tempore membro del Governamento e chefe superior del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation, modification e suppression == Le Presidente del Governamento ha le competentia de crear, modificar e supprimir le departamentos ministerial e le Secretariatos de Stato mediante Real Decreto. Isto permitte adaptar le organisation del Administration General del Stato al programma e al priorities del Governamento in function. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation o modification del departamentos ministerial es effectuate per Real Decreto e publicate in le [[Boletin Official del Stato]] (BOE). Le decreto establi le denomination e le competentias general de cata departamento e, quando es necessari, su organos superior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estructura organic basic de cata ministerio es ulteriormente developpate per altere Reales Decretos. Le principal norma general del actual legislatura es le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi le structura basic del departamentos ministerial e ha essite modificate ulteriormente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation interne == Le Lege 40/2015 establi le principal categorias de organos que pote formar le structura de un ministerio. Inter illos se trova le Secretariatos de Stato, le Secretariatos General, le Subsecretariato, le Secretariato General Technic, le Directiones General e le Subdirectiones General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 57–68 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato gere un sector de activitate del ministerio e depende del Ministro. Illo es un organo superior del Administration General del Stato. Non tote le ministerios ha le mesme numero de Secretariatos de Stato; lor existentia e competentias depende del structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General pote esser establite pro dirigir un sector specific del activitate administrative. Su titular ha categoria de Subsecretario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 64 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato existe in tote le ministerios. Le Subsecretario es le representation ordinari del ministerio e dirige le servicios commun, includente le gestion del personal, le administration general, le budget e altere functiones interne secundo le structura de cata departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 63 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub le Subsecretariato se trova le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter altere materias le production normative, le assistentia juridic e le publicationes del departamento. Le Secretariato General Technic ha categoria de Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 65 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es le organo de gestion de un o plure areas functionalmente homogenee. Le Directiones General es divide in Subdirectiones General, que distribue le competentias, executa le activitates e attribue objectives e responsabilitates administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 58 e 66–67 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministro == Le Ministro es le titular del ministerio e le chefe superior del departamento. Ille dirige le sectores de activitate administrative integrate in su ministerio e assume le responsabilitate associate al direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal functiones del Ministro se trova le exercitio del potestate regulamentari in le materias del departamento, le fixation del objectives e planos de action, le allocation del recursos intra le limites budgetari e le evaluation del activitate del organos superior e directivo del ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministros es nominate e separate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento. Il pote haber etiam Ministros sin portafolio, a qui es attribuite determinate functiones governamental sin un departamento ministerial proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Consilio de Ministros == Le ministros es membros del Consilio de Ministros, que es le organo collegial del Governamento. Le Consilio approba inter altere le projectos de lege, le projectos del Budget General del Stato, le Reales Decretos-lege, le Reales Decretos Legislative e le regulamentationes que require su approbation. Illo pote etiam crear, modificar e supprimir organos directivo del departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerios es dunque le principal unidades sectorial del Governamento, durante que le Consilio de Ministros coordina le action general del Governamento e adopta le decisiones que require deliberation collegial. == Ministerios actual == Al septembre–octobre 2026, le Administration General del Stato ha 22 ministerios. Le portal official del Stato lista le sequente departamentos ministerial: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pagFront/espanaAdmon/directorioOrganigrama/gobiernoEstado/gobiernoEstadoOrganismos.htm |titulo=Gobierno del Estado – Directorio y organigramas |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ministerios del Administration General del Stato === # [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Extere, Union Europee e Cooperation]] # [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)|Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]] # [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Cultura]] # [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio del Defensa]] # [[Ministerio de Derectos Social|Ministerio del Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030]] # [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)|Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Empresa]] # [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sports]] # [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)|Ministerio del Financias]] # [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Equalitate]] # [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] # [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)|Ministerio de Industria e Turismo]] # [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia|Ministerio de Juventute e Infantes]] # [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] # [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] # [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Sanitate]] # [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)|Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social]] # [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] # [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)|Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio del Affaires Interne]] # [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital|Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e le Function Public]] # [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] Le denominationes official e le repartition del competentias pote esser modificate per le Governamento mediante nove Reales Decretos. Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica actualmente iste 22 departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/directorios-ministerios |titulo=Directorios Ministerios |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura del actual systema ministerial == Le actual organisation ministerial deriva principalemente del Real Decreto 829/2023, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento, e del Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi lor structura organic basic. Iste normas ha essite ulteriormente modificate pro adaptar le administration al evolution del competentias e del organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica que le actual legislatura es le XV legislatura e que le quadro normativ principal del organisation ministerial comprende le Real Decreto 829/2023, le Real Decreto 1009/2023 e lor modificationes ulterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/estructura/normativa-aplicacion-xv-legislatura |titulo=Normativa general de la XV legislatura |sitioweb=Portal de Transparencia del Gobierno de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Servicios commun e organismos attachate == Non tote le activitate administrative de un ministerio es effectuate directemente per le organos del departamento. Le ministerios pote haber sub lor dependentia organismos public e altere entitates del sector public estatal, quando le legislation establi iste relation. Le administration official distingui le ministerios, lor organogrammas e le organismos vinculates o dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/atencionCiudadana/SedesElectronicas-y-Webs-Publicas/websPublicas/AGE-Ministerios/ |titulo=Portales de internet públicos de la Administración General del Estado |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le servicios commun de un ministerio es gerite principalmente per le Subsecretariato e include materias como le organisation, le personal, le budget, le services juridic e le publicationes. Le detalios varia secundo le structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution historic == Le systema del ministerios espaniol ha evolvite conforme al transformation del Stato e del administration public. Le denominationes, le numero e le repartition del competentias ha cambiate frequentemente, con fusion de departamentos, division de competentias e creation de nove ministerios. In le periodo contemporanee, le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial es devenite un instrumento ordinari pro adaptar le structure del Governamento. Le Real Decreto 829/2023, per exemplo, supprimiva o transformava plure departamentos del precedente organisation e establi le quadro ministerial del XV legislatura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual systema reflecte iste flexibilitate: le ministerios non ha un numero o denomination permanente, ma lor existence e competentias depende del organisation del Governamento establite per le Presidente e formalizate per Real Decreto. == Relation con le altere nivellos del Administration == Le ministerios forma parte del Administration General del Stato e exerce le competentias del Stato secundo le Constitution e le legislation. Illos non substitue le [[Communitates Autonome]] ni le [[Administration local]], que dispone de lor proprie competentias e organos. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue explicitemente inter le organisation central, le organisation territorial e le Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le Delegationes del Governamento in le Communitates Autonome e le Subdelegationes del Governamento in le provincias forma parte del organisation territorial del Stato, non del structura interne ordinari de un ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 55 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania| ]] 65q8aeyrc8xbfwvgsdgpsk6ulx236hc 702596 702595 2026-10-06T20:52:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 702596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Un '''ministerio''' es, in le systema administrative de [[Espania]], un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] incaricate de un o plure sectores functionalmente homogenee del activitate administrative. Le ministerios constitue le principal parte del organisation central del Stato e es dirigite per ministros, qui es membros del [[Governamento de Espania]]. Le numero, le denomination e le ambito de competentia de cata ministerio es determinate per [[Regal Decreto]] del Presidente del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Ley 50/1997 del Governamento]] establi que le Governamento es componite del Presidente, del Vicepresidentes, si existe, e del Ministros. Le Ministros, como titulares de lor departamentos, ha le competentia e responsabilitate super le esfera specific de lor activitate e debe disveloppar le action del Governamento in le ambito de lor ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura e position in le Stato == Le ministerios forma parte del organisation central del Administration General del Stato. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue iste organisation central del organisation territorial e del Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le organisation central include le ministerios e lor servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cata ministerio comprende uno o plure sectores de activitate administrative que presenta un grado de homogeneitate functional. Un ministerio pote haber sub su dependentia organos directivos, organos consultive o de supporto e organismos public que le legislation adscribe al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un organo administrative e non un organo constitutional distincte del Governamento. Su titular, le Ministro, es al mesme tempore membro del Governamento e chefe superior del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation, modification e suppression == Le Presidente del Governamento ha le competentia de crear, modificar e supprimir le departamentos ministerial e le Secretariatos de Stato mediante Real Decreto. Isto permitte adaptar le organisation del Administration General del Stato al programma e al priorities del Governamento in function. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation o modification del departamentos ministerial es effectuate per Real Decreto e publicate in le [[Boletin Official del Stato]] (BOE). Le decreto establi le denomination e le competentias general de cata departamento e, quando es necessari, su organos superior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estructura organic basic de cata ministerio es ulteriormente developpate per altere Reales Decretos. Le principal norma general del actual legislatura es le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi le structura basic del departamentos ministerial e ha essite modificate ulteriormente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation interne == Le Lege 40/2015 establi le principal categorias de organos que pote formar le structura de un ministerio. Inter illos se trova le Secretariatos de Stato, le Secretariatos General, le Subsecretariato, le Secretariato General Technic, le Directiones General e le Subdirectiones General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 57–68 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato gere un sector de activitate del ministerio e depende del Ministro. Illo es un organo superior del Administration General del Stato. Non tote le ministerios ha le mesme numero de Secretariatos de Stato; lor existentia e competentias depende del structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General pote esser establite pro dirigir un sector specific del activitate administrative. Su titular ha categoria de Subsecretario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 64 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato existe in tote le ministerios. Le Subsecretario es le representation ordinari del ministerio e dirige le servicios commun, includente le gestion del personal, le administration general, le budget e altere functiones interne secundo le structura de cata departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 63 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub le Subsecretariato se trova le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter altere materias le production normative, le assistentia juridic e le publicationes del departamento. Le Secretariato General Technic ha categoria de Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 65 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es le organo de gestion de un o plure areas functionalmente homogenee. Le Directiones General es divide in Subdirectiones General, que distribue le competentias, executa le activitates e attribue objectives e responsabilitates administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 58 e 66–67 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministro == Le Ministro es le titular del ministerio e le chefe superior del departamento. Ille dirige le sectores de activitate administrative integrate in su ministerio e assume le responsabilitate associate al direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal functiones del Ministro se trova le exercitio del potestate regulamentari in le materias del departamento, le fixation del objectives e planos de action, le allocation del recursos intra le limites budgetari e le evaluation del activitate del organos superior e directivo del ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministros es nominate e separate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento. Il pote haber etiam Ministros sin portafolio, a qui es attribuite determinate functiones governamental sin un departamento ministerial proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Consilio de Ministros == Le ministros es membros del Consilio de Ministros, que es le organo collegial del Governamento. Le Consilio approba inter altere le projectos de lege, le projectos del Budget General del Stato, le Reales Decretos-lege, le Reales Decretos Legislative e le regulamentationes que require su approbation. Illo pote etiam crear, modificar e supprimir organos directivo del departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerios es dunque le principal unidades sectorial del Governamento, durante que le Consilio de Ministros coordina le action general del Governamento e adopta le decisiones que require deliberation collegial. == Ministerios actual == Al septembre–octobre 2026, le Administration General del Stato ha 22 ministerios. Le portal official del Stato lista le sequente departamentos ministerial: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pagFront/espanaAdmon/directorioOrganigrama/gobiernoEstado/gobiernoEstadoOrganismos.htm |titulo=Gobierno del Estado – Directorio y organigramas |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ministerios del Administration General del Stato === # [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Extere, Union Europee e Cooperation]] # [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)|Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]] # [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Cultura]] # [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio del Defensa]] # [[Ministerio de Derectos Social|Ministerio del Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030]] # [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)|Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Empresa]] # [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sports]] # [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)|Ministerio del Financias]] # [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Equalitate]] # [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] # [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)|Ministerio de Industria e Turismo]] # [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia|Ministerio de Juventute e Infantes]] # [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] # [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] # [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Sanitate]] # [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)|Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social]] # [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] # [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)|Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio del Affaires Interne]] # [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital|Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e le Function Public]] # [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] Le denominationes official e le repartition del competentias pote esser modificate per le Governamento mediante nove Reales Decretos. Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica actualmente iste 22 departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/directorios-ministerios |titulo=Directorios Ministerios |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura del actual systema ministerial == Le actual organisation ministerial deriva principalemente del Real Decreto 829/2023, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento, e del Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi lor structura organic basic. Iste normas ha essite ulteriormente modificate pro adaptar le administration al evolution del competentias e del organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica que le actual legislatura es le XV legislatura e que le quadro normativ principal del organisation ministerial comprende le Real Decreto 829/2023, le Real Decreto 1009/2023 e lor modificationes ulterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/estructura/normativa-aplicacion-xv-legislatura |titulo=Normativa general de la XV legislatura |sitioweb=Portal de Transparencia del Gobierno de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Servicios commun e organismos attachate == Non tote le activitate administrative de un ministerio es effectuate directemente per le organos del departamento. Le ministerios pote haber sub lor dependentia organismos public e altere entitates del sector public estatal, quando le legislation establi iste relation. Le administration official distingui le ministerios, lor organogrammas e le organismos vinculates o dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/atencionCiudadana/SedesElectronicas-y-Webs-Publicas/websPublicas/AGE-Ministerios/ |titulo=Portales de internet públicos de la Administración General del Estado |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le servicios commun de un ministerio es gerite principalmente per le Subsecretariato e include materias como le organisation, le personal, le budget, le services juridic e le publicationes. Le detalios varia secundo le structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution historic == Le systema del ministerios espaniol ha evolvite conforme al transformation del Stato e del administration public. Le denominationes, le numero e le repartition del competentias ha cambiate frequentemente, con fusion de departamentos, division de competentias e creation de nove ministerios. In le periodo contemporanee, le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial es devenite un instrumento ordinari pro adaptar le structure del Governamento. Le Real Decreto 829/2023, per exemplo, supprimiva o transformava plure departamentos del precedente organisation e establi le quadro ministerial del XV legislatura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual systema reflecte iste flexibilitate: le ministerios non ha un numero o denomination permanente, ma lor existence e competentias depende del organisation del Governamento establite per le Presidente e formalizate per Real Decreto. == Relation con le altere nivellos del Administration == Le ministerios forma parte del Administration General del Stato e exerce le competentias del Stato secundo le Constitution e le legislation. Illos non substitue le [[Communitates Autonome]] ni le [[Administration local]], que dispone de lor proprie competentias e organos. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue explicitemente inter le organisation central, le organisation territorial e le Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le Delegationes del Governamento in le Communitates Autonome e le Subdelegationes del Governamento in le provincias forma parte del organisation territorial del Stato, non del structura interne ordinari de un ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 55 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania| ]] csxavhsbq3ooag75qb7hzsd8e3nle0n 702597 702596 2026-10-06T20:53:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 702597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Un '''ministerio''' es, in le systema administrative de [[Espania]], un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] incaricate de un o plure sectores functionalmente homogenee del activitate administrative. Le ministerios constitue le principal parte del organisation central del Stato e es dirigite per ministros, qui es membros del [[Governamento de Espania]]. Le numero, le denomination e le ambito de competentia de cata ministerio es determinate per [[Regal Decreto]] del Presidente del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ley 50/1997 del Governamento establi que le Governamento es componite del Presidente, del Vicepresidentes, si existe, e del Ministros. Le Ministros, como titulares de lor departamentos, ha le competentia e responsabilitate super le esfera specific de lor activitate e debe disveloppar le action del Governamento in le ambito de lor ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura e position in le Stato == Le ministerios forma parte del organisation central del Administration General del Stato. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue iste organisation central del organisation territorial e del Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le organisation central include le ministerios e lor servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cata ministerio comprende uno o plure sectores de activitate administrative que presenta un grado de homogeneitate functional. Un ministerio pote haber sub su dependentia organos directivos, organos consultive o de supporto e organismos public que le legislation adscribe al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un organo administrative e non un organo constitutional distincte del Governamento. Su titular, le Ministro, es al mesme tempore membro del Governamento e chefe superior del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation, modification e suppression == Le Presidente del Governamento ha le competentia de crear, modificar e supprimir le departamentos ministerial e le Secretariatos de Stato mediante Real Decreto. Isto permitte adaptar le organisation del Administration General del Stato al programma e al priorities del Governamento in function. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation o modification del departamentos ministerial es effectuate per Real Decreto e publicate in le [[Boletin Official del Stato]] (BOE). Le decreto establi le denomination e le competentias general de cata departamento e, quando es necessari, su organos superior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estructura organic basic de cata ministerio es ulteriormente developpate per altere Reales Decretos. Le principal norma general del actual legislatura es le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi le structura basic del departamentos ministerial e ha essite modificate ulteriormente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation interne == Le Lege 40/2015 establi le principal categorias de organos que pote formar le structura de un ministerio. Inter illos se trova le Secretariatos de Stato, le Secretariatos General, le Subsecretariato, le Secretariato General Technic, le Directiones General e le Subdirectiones General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 57–68 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato gere un sector de activitate del ministerio e depende del Ministro. Illo es un organo superior del Administration General del Stato. Non tote le ministerios ha le mesme numero de Secretariatos de Stato; lor existentia e competentias depende del structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General pote esser establite pro dirigir un sector specific del activitate administrative. Su titular ha categoria de Subsecretario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 64 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato existe in tote le ministerios. Le Subsecretario es le representation ordinari del ministerio e dirige le servicios commun, includente le gestion del personal, le administration general, le budget e altere functiones interne secundo le structura de cata departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 63 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub le Subsecretariato se trova le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter altere materias le production normative, le assistentia juridic e le publicationes del departamento. Le Secretariato General Technic ha categoria de Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 65 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es le organo de gestion de un o plure areas functionalmente homogenee. Le Directiones General es divide in Subdirectiones General, que distribue le competentias, executa le activitates e attribue objectives e responsabilitates administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 58 e 66–67 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministro == Le Ministro es le titular del ministerio e le chefe superior del departamento. Ille dirige le sectores de activitate administrative integrate in su ministerio e assume le responsabilitate associate al direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal functiones del Ministro se trova le exercitio del potestate regulamentari in le materias del departamento, le fixation del objectives e planos de action, le allocation del recursos intra le limites budgetari e le evaluation del activitate del organos superior e directivo del ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministros es nominate e separate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento. Il pote haber etiam Ministros sin portafolio, a qui es attribuite determinate functiones governamental sin un departamento ministerial proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Consilio de Ministros == Le ministros es membros del Consilio de Ministros, que es le organo collegial del Governamento. Le Consilio approba inter altere le projectos de lege, le projectos del Budget General del Stato, le Reales Decretos-lege, le Reales Decretos Legislative e le regulamentationes que require su approbation. Illo pote etiam crear, modificar e supprimir organos directivo del departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerios es dunque le principal unidades sectorial del Governamento, durante que le Consilio de Ministros coordina le action general del Governamento e adopta le decisiones que require deliberation collegial. == Ministerios actual == Al septembre–octobre 2026, le Administration General del Stato ha 22 ministerios. Le portal official del Stato lista le sequente departamentos ministerial: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pagFront/espanaAdmon/directorioOrganigrama/gobiernoEstado/gobiernoEstadoOrganismos.htm |titulo=Gobierno del Estado – Directorio y organigramas |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ministerios del Administration General del Stato === # [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Extere, Union Europee e Cooperation]] # [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)|Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]] # [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Cultura]] # [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio del Defensa]] # [[Ministerio de Derectos Social|Ministerio del Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030]] # [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)|Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Empresa]] # [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sports]] # [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)|Ministerio del Financias]] # [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Equalitate]] # [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] # [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)|Ministerio de Industria e Turismo]] # [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia|Ministerio de Juventute e Infantes]] # [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] # [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] # [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Sanitate]] # [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)|Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social]] # [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] # [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)|Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio del Affaires Interne]] # [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital|Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e le Function Public]] # [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] Le denominationes official e le repartition del competentias pote esser modificate per le Governamento mediante nove Reales Decretos. Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica actualmente iste 22 departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/directorios-ministerios |titulo=Directorios Ministerios |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura del actual systema ministerial == Le actual organisation ministerial deriva principalemente del Real Decreto 829/2023, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento, e del Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi lor structura organic basic. Iste normas ha essite ulteriormente modificate pro adaptar le administration al evolution del competentias e del organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica que le actual legislatura es le XV legislatura e que le quadro normativ principal del organisation ministerial comprende le Real Decreto 829/2023, le Real Decreto 1009/2023 e lor modificationes ulterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/estructura/normativa-aplicacion-xv-legislatura |titulo=Normativa general de la XV legislatura |sitioweb=Portal de Transparencia del Gobierno de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Servicios commun e organismos attachate == Non tote le activitate administrative de un ministerio es effectuate directemente per le organos del departamento. Le ministerios pote haber sub lor dependentia organismos public e altere entitates del sector public estatal, quando le legislation establi iste relation. Le administration official distingui le ministerios, lor organogrammas e le organismos vinculates o dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/atencionCiudadana/SedesElectronicas-y-Webs-Publicas/websPublicas/AGE-Ministerios/ |titulo=Portales de internet públicos de la Administración General del Estado |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le servicios commun de un ministerio es gerite principalmente per le Subsecretariato e include materias como le organisation, le personal, le budget, le services juridic e le publicationes. Le detalios varia secundo le structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution historic == Le systema del ministerios espaniol ha evolvite conforme al transformation del Stato e del administration public. Le denominationes, le numero e le repartition del competentias ha cambiate frequentemente, con fusion de departamentos, division de competentias e creation de nove ministerios. In le periodo contemporanee, le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial es devenite un instrumento ordinari pro adaptar le structure del Governamento. Le Real Decreto 829/2023, per exemplo, supprimiva o transformava plure departamentos del precedente organisation e establi le quadro ministerial del XV legislatura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual systema reflecte iste flexibilitate: le ministerios non ha un numero o denomination permanente, ma lor existence e competentias depende del organisation del Governamento establite per le Presidente e formalizate per Real Decreto. == Relation con le altere nivellos del Administration == Le ministerios forma parte del Administration General del Stato e exerce le competentias del Stato secundo le Constitution e le legislation. Illos non substitue le [[Communitates Autonome]] ni le [[Administration local]], que dispone de lor proprie competentias e organos. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue explicitemente inter le organisation central, le organisation territorial e le Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le Delegationes del Governamento in le Communitates Autonome e le Subdelegationes del Governamento in le provincias forma parte del organisation territorial del Stato, non del structura interne ordinari de un ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 55 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania| ]] 4f06gqw326587v73b0i8m7x0nf01v5p 702599 702597 2026-10-06T20:55:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Relation con le altere nivellos del Administration */ 702599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Un '''ministerio''' es, in le systema administrative de [[Espania]], un departamento del [[Administration General del Stato]] incaricate de un o plure sectores functionalmente homogenee del activitate administrative. Le ministerios constitue le principal parte del organisation central del Stato e es dirigite per ministros, qui es membros del [[Governamento de Espania]]. Le numero, le denomination e le ambito de competentia de cata ministerio es determinate per [[Regal Decreto]] del Presidente del Governamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ley 50/1997 del Governamento establi que le Governamento es componite del Presidente, del Vicepresidentes, si existe, e del Ministros. Le Ministros, como titulares de lor departamentos, ha le competentia e responsabilitate super le esfera specific de lor activitate e debe disveloppar le action del Governamento in le ambito de lor ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura e position in le Stato == Le ministerios forma parte del organisation central del Administration General del Stato. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue iste organisation central del organisation territorial e del Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le organisation central include le ministerios e lor servicios commun. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cata ministerio comprende uno o plure sectores de activitate administrative que presenta un grado de homogeneitate functional. Un ministerio pote haber sub su dependentia organos directivos, organos consultive o de supporto e organismos public que le legislation adscribe al departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerio es un organo administrative e non un organo constitutional distincte del Governamento. Su titular, le Ministro, es al mesme tempore membro del Governamento e chefe superior del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation, modification e suppression == Le Presidente del Governamento ha le competentia de crear, modificar e supprimir le departamentos ministerial e le Secretariatos de Stato mediante Real Decreto. Isto permitte adaptar le organisation del Administration General del Stato al programma e al priorities del Governamento in function. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation o modification del departamentos ministerial es effectuate per Real Decreto e publicate in le [[Boletin Official del Stato]] (BOE). Le decreto establi le denomination e le competentias general de cata departamento e, quando es necessari, su organos superior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estructura organic basic de cata ministerio es ulteriormente developpate per altere Reales Decretos. Le principal norma general del actual legislatura es le Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi le structura basic del departamentos ministerial e ha essite modificate ulteriormente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation interne == Le Lege 40/2015 establi le principal categorias de organos que pote formar le structura de un ministerio. Inter illos se trova le Secretariatos de Stato, le Secretariatos General, le Subsecretariato, le Secretariato General Technic, le Directiones General e le Subdirectiones General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 57–68 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato gere un sector de activitate del ministerio e depende del Ministro. Illo es un organo superior del Administration General del Stato. Non tote le ministerios ha le mesme numero de Secretariatos de Stato; lor existentia e competentias depende del structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General pote esser establite pro dirigir un sector specific del activitate administrative. Su titular ha categoria de Subsecretario. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 64 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato existe in tote le ministerios. Le Subsecretario es le representation ordinari del ministerio e dirige le servicios commun, includente le gestion del personal, le administration general, le budget e altere functiones interne secundo le structura de cata departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 63 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub le Subsecretariato se trova le Secretariato General Technic, que tracta inter altere materias le production normative, le assistentia juridic e le publicationes del departamento. Le Secretariato General Technic ha categoria de Direction General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 65 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General es le organo de gestion de un o plure areas functionalmente homogenee. Le Directiones General es divide in Subdirectiones General, que distribue le competentias, executa le activitates e attribue objectives e responsabilitates administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulos 58 e 66–67 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ministro == Le Ministro es le titular del ministerio e le chefe superior del departamento. Ille dirige le sectores de activitate administrative integrate in su ministerio e assume le responsabilitate associate al direction del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal functiones del Ministro se trova le exercitio del potestate regulamentari in le materias del departamento, le fixation del objectives e planos de action, le allocation del recursos intra le limites budgetari e le evaluation del activitate del organos superior e directivo del ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 61 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministros es nominate e separate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento. Il pote haber etiam Ministros sin portafolio, a qui es attribuite determinate functiones governamental sin un departamento ministerial proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Consilio de Ministros == Le ministros es membros del Consilio de Ministros, que es le organo collegial del Governamento. Le Consilio approba inter altere le projectos de lege, le projectos del Budget General del Stato, le Reales Decretos-lege, le Reales Decretos Legislative e le regulamentationes que require su approbation. Illo pote etiam crear, modificar e supprimir organos directivo del departamentos ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25336 |titulo=Ley 50/1997, de 27 de noviembre, del Gobierno, articulo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ministerios es dunque le principal unidades sectorial del Governamento, durante que le Consilio de Ministros coordina le action general del Governamento e adopta le decisiones que require deliberation collegial. == Ministerios actual == Al septembre–octobre 2026, le Administration General del Stato ha 22 ministerios. Le portal official del Stato lista le sequente departamentos ministerial: <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pagFront/espanaAdmon/directorioOrganigrama/gobiernoEstado/gobiernoEstadoOrganismos.htm |titulo=Gobierno del Estado – Directorio y organigramas |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ministerios del Administration General del Stato === # [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca e Alimentation]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)|Ministerio de Affaires Extere, Union Europee e Cooperation]] # [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)|Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]] # [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)|Ministerio de Cultura]] # [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio del Defensa]] # [[Ministerio de Derectos Social|Ministerio del Derectos Social, Consumo e Agenda 2030]] # [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)|Ministerio de Economia, Commercio e Empresa]] # [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)|Ministerio de Education, Formation Professional e Sports]] # [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)|Ministerio del Financias]] # [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Equalitate]] # [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] # [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)|Ministerio de Industria e Turismo]] # [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia|Ministerio de Juventute e Infantes]] # [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] # [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] # [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)|Ministerio de Sanitate]] # [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)|Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social]] # [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] # [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)|Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] # [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)|Ministerio del Affaires Interne]] # [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital|Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital e le Function Public]] # [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] Le denominationes official e le repartition del competentias pote esser modificate per le Governamento mediante nove Reales Decretos. Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica actualmente iste 22 departamentos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/espanaadmon/quienesquien/directorios-ministerios |titulo=Directorios Ministerios |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura del actual systema ministerial == Le actual organisation ministerial deriva principalemente del Real Decreto 829/2023, que restructured le departamentos ministerial del Governamento, e del Real Decreto 1009/2023, que establi lor structura organic basic. Iste normas ha essite ulteriormente modificate pro adaptar le administration al evolution del competentias e del organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le portal official del Administration General del Stato indica que le actual legislatura es le XV legislatura e que le quadro normativ principal del organisation ministerial comprende le Real Decreto 829/2023, le Real Decreto 1009/2023 e lor modificationes ulterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/estructura/normativa-aplicacion-xv-legislatura |titulo=Normativa general de la XV legislatura |sitioweb=Portal de Transparencia del Gobierno de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Servicios commun e organismos attachate == Non tote le activitate administrative de un ministerio es effectuate directemente per le organos del departamento. Le ministerios pote haber sub lor dependentia organismos public e altere entitates del sector public estatal, quando le legislation establi iste relation. Le administration official distingui le ministerios, lor organogrammas e le organismos vinculates o dependente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/atencionCiudadana/SedesElectronicas-y-Webs-Publicas/websPublicas/AGE-Ministerios/ |titulo=Portales de internet públicos de la Administración General del Estado |sitioweb=Punto de Acceso General |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le servicios commun de un ministerio es gerite principalmente per le Subsecretariato e include materias como le organisation, le personal, le budget, le services juridic e le publicationes. Le detalios varia secundo le structura del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution historic == Le systema del ministerios espaniol ha evolvite conforme al transformation del Stato e del administration public. Le denominationes, le numero e le repartition del competentias ha cambiate frequentemente, con fusion de departamentos, division de competentias e creation de nove ministerios. In le periodo contemporanee, le reorganisation del departamentos ministerial es devenite un instrumento ordinari pro adaptar le structure del Governamento. Le Real Decreto 829/2023, per exemplo, supprimiva o transformava plure departamentos del precedente organisation e establi le quadro ministerial del XV legislatura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual systema reflecte iste flexibilitate: le ministerios non ha un numero o denomination permanente, ma lor existence e competentias depende del organisation del Governamento establite per le Presidente e formalizate per Real Decreto. == Relation con le altere nivellos del Administration == Le ministerios forma parte del Administration General del Stato e exerce le competentias del Stato secundo le Constitution e le legislation. Illos non substitue le [[Communitates autonome de Espania|Communitates Autonome]] ni le [[Administration local (Espania)|Administration local]], que dispone de lor proprie competentias e organos. Le Lege 40/2015 distingue explicitemente inter le organisation central, le organisation territorial e le Administration General del Stato al exterior. Le Delegationes del Governamento in le Communitates Autonome e le Subdelegationes del Governamento in le provincias forma parte del organisation territorial del Stato, non del structura interne ordinari de un ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-10566 |titulo=Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público, articulo 55 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania| ]] onz2kmj764c9gy95madx62b37na7rlk 14 61905 702600 2026-10-06T20:58:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Directorio General de Espania]]” 702600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Directorio General de Espania]] bjc2b9gl5yh2xde2dkt1hkaf3femkab 702601 702600 2026-10-06T20:58:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 702601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] 7kh5z8o3t4e1ppusmx4wyl8erz4rnx6 14 61906 702602 2026-10-06T20:59:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Organisation central del Administration General del Stato]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]]” 702602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Organisation central del Administration General del Stato]] [[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]] bmr1ixnyrzpsrwc4uasdh1rlrdr6m27 0 61907 702608 2026-10-06T21:01:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] a [[Directorio General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] 702608 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Directorio General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] 0fj7x1ohi94fo6zsyz7m53kwhde94e0 0 61908 702610 2026-10-06T21:01:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] a [[Directorio General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] 702610 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Directorio General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] 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'''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisboa]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un bacino...” 702653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisboa]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un bacino de circa 80 600 km².<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Curso == Le Tago nasce a un altitude de circa 1 593 metros in le area del Montes Universales, in le sector occidental del Systema Iberic. Durante su curso espaniol, illo passa per le territorios de [[Aragon]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]], [[Madrid]] e [[Extremadura]]. Le citates de [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo]] e [[Talavera de la Reina]] es inter le principal centros urban situate super su curso o in su valle.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> Le fluvio entra postea in Portugal e passa per le regiones de Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo e Estremadura. Inter le cidades importante del valle portuguese se trova [[Abrantes]], [[Santarém]] e [[Lisboa]]. Al fin del curso, le Tago forma un grande estuario ante de attinger le Atlantic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Frontera international == In un section de su curso, le Tago constitue le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le area transfrontalier es cognoscite como Tajo-Tejo International e forma le axe natural de un territorio protegite communemente per le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> Le Reserva de Biosfera Tajo-Tejo Internacional esseva declarate le 18 de martio 2016. Illa comprende circa 260 267 hectares in Espania e 168 533 hectares in Portugal, e include le Parques Natural del Tajo Internacional e del Tejo Internacional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Bacino hydrographic == Le bacino del Tago es le plus grande bacino hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic in population e un del plus importante in extension. Le territorio del bacino comprende grande areas de Espania e Portugal e include le areas metropolitan de Madrid e Lisboa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> In Espania, le administration del bacino corresponde al ''Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo'', organismo del Ministerio pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic. Le gestion del aqua comprende le regulation del curso, le conservation del ecosistemas aquatic, le uso agricole e urban del aqua e le coordination international con Portugal.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Reservoirs e gestion del aqua == Le curso del Tago es regulate per un rete de reservoirs e dams, que permitte administrar le recursos hydric, garantir le supply de aqua e supportar le production de energia hydroelectric. Le gestion del aqua del fluvio ha etiam un dimension international, perque Espania e Portugal coordina le regime del caudales transfrontalier secundo le Convention de Albufeira.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> Le regime international del caudales usa inter alteres le barrage de Cedillo, in Espania, como section de controlo del aqua que entra in Portugal. Le Agencia Portuguesa del Ambiente explica que le Convention de Albufeira establi le conditiones pro le verification del obligationes de Espania concernente le caudales del Tago.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Protection del natura == Plure sectiones del valle del Tago ha un importante valor ecologic. Le alto curso include areas protegite del [[Alte Tago]], durante que le curso extremeñan e transfrontalier comprende ecosistemas protegite e areas de grande biodiversitate. Le Tajo-Tejo Internacional constitue un del principal espacios transfrontalier de conservation del natura in le peninsula.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Importanta cultural e historic == Le Tago ha un rol important in le historia de plure citates iberic. [[Toledo]], construite super un peninsula formate per le meandro del fluvio, ha su historia urban e defensive intimemente ligate al Tago. In Portugal, le fluvio es central al geographia e al historia de Lisboa, ubi su estuario forma un del principal paisages del citate. Le fluvio ha essite etiam un importante axe de communication, agricultura, irrigation, navigation e production energetic in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. == Nome == Le nom espaniol ''Tajo'' deriva del nom latin ''Tagus''. In portugese le fluvio es appellate Tejo. Le differentia de nom reflecte le evolution linguistic del latino in le duo linguas roman del Peninsula Iberic. == Situation actual == Le Tago remane un del principal cursos de aqua del Peninsula Iberic e un recurso strategic pro Espania e Portugal. Su gestion combina le usos human del aqua con le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial e le cooperation international inter le duo Statos. {{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] 5jmbrvtc87bx2jqq3pzobgi6os0ryby 702654 702653 2026-10-06T21:27:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Frontera international */ 702654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisboa]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un bacino de circa 80 600 km².<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Curso == Le Tago nasce a un altitude de circa 1 593 metros in le area del Montes Universales, in le sector occidental del Systema Iberic. Durante su curso espaniol, illo passa per le territorios de [[Aragon]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]], [[Madrid]] e [[Extremadura]]. Le citates de [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo]] e [[Talavera de la Reina]] es inter le principal centros urban situate super su curso o in su valle.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> Le fluvio entra postea in Portugal e passa per le regiones de Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo e Estremadura. Inter le cidades importante del valle portuguese se trova [[Abrantes]], [[Santarém]] e [[Lisboa]]. Al fin del curso, le Tago forma un grande estuario ante de attinger le Atlantic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Frontera international == In un section de su curso, le Tago constitue le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le area transfrontalier es cognoscite como Tajo-Tejo International e forma le axe natural de un territorio protegite communemente per le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> Le Reserva de Biosfera Tajo-Tejo Internacional esseva declarate le 18 de martio 2016. Illa comprende circa 260 267 hectares in Espania e 168 533 hectares in Portugal, e include le Parques Natural del Tajo Internacional e del Tejo Internacional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Bacino hydrographic == Le bacino del Tago es le plus grande bacino hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic in population e un del plus importante in extension. Le territorio del bacino comprende grande areas de Espania e Portugal e include le areas metropolitan de Madrid e Lisboa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> In Espania, le administration del bacino corresponde al ''Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo'', organismo del Ministerio pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic. Le gestion del aqua comprende le regulation del curso, le conservation del ecosistemas aquatic, le uso agricole e urban del aqua e le coordination international con Portugal.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Reservoirs e gestion del aqua == Le curso del Tago es regulate per un rete de reservoirs e dams, que permitte administrar le recursos hydric, garantir le supply de aqua e supportar le production de energia hydroelectric. Le gestion del aqua del fluvio ha etiam un dimension international, perque Espania e Portugal coordina le regime del caudales transfrontalier secundo le Convention de Albufeira.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> Le regime international del caudales usa inter alteres le barrage de Cedillo, in Espania, como section de controlo del aqua que entra in Portugal. Le Agencia Portuguesa del Ambiente explica que le Convention de Albufeira establi le conditiones pro le verification del obligationes de Espania concernente le caudales del Tago.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Protection del natura == Plure sectiones del valle del Tago ha un importante valor ecologic. Le alto curso include areas protegite del [[Alte Tago]], durante que le curso extremeñan e transfrontalier comprende ecosistemas protegite e areas de grande biodiversitate. Le Tajo-Tejo Internacional constitue un del principal espacios transfrontalier de conservation del natura in le peninsula.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}<ref/> == Importanta cultural e historic == Le Tago ha un rol important in le historia de plure citates iberic. [[Toledo]], construite super un peninsula formate per le meandro del fluvio, ha su historia urban e defensive intimemente ligate al Tago. In Portugal, le fluvio es central al geographia e al historia de Lisboa, ubi su estuario forma un del principal paisages del citate. Le fluvio ha essite etiam un importante axe de communication, agricultura, irrigation, navigation e production energetic in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. == Nome == Le nom espaniol ''Tajo'' deriva del nom latin ''Tagus''. In portugese le fluvio es appellate Tejo. Le differentia de nom reflecte le evolution linguistic del latino in le duo linguas roman del Peninsula Iberic. == Situation actual == Le Tago remane un del principal cursos de aqua del Peninsula Iberic e un recurso strategic pro Espania e Portugal. Su gestion combina le usos human del aqua con le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial e le cooperation international inter le duo Statos. {{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}} {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] 0jiwx5ap66it7gkvm89oithaywd1qqi 702655 702654 2026-10-06T21:29:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 702655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisboa]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un bacino de circa 80 600 km².<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso == Le Tago nasce a un altitude de circa 1 593 metros in le area del Montes Universales, in le sector occidental del Systema Iberic. Durante su curso espaniol, illo passa per le territorios de [[Aragon]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]], [[Madrid]] e [[Extremadura]]. Le citates de [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo]] e [[Talavera de la Reina]] es inter le principal centros urban situate super su curso o in su valle.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le fluvio entra postea in Portugal e passa per le regiones de Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo e Estremadura. Inter le cidades importante del valle portuguese se trova [[Abrantes]], [[Santarém]] e [[Lisboa]]. Al fin del curso, le Tago forma un grande estuario ante de attinger le Atlantic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Frontera international == In un section de su curso, le Tago constitue le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le area transfrontalier es cognoscite como Tajo-Tejo International e forma le axe natural de un territorio protegite communemente per le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Reserva de Biosfera Tajo-Tejo Internacional esseva declarate le 18 de martio 2016. Illa comprende circa 260 267 hectares in Espania e 168 533 hectares in Portugal, e include le Parques Natural del Tajo Internacional e del Tejo Internacional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bacino hydrographic == Le bacino del Tago es le plus grande bacino hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic in population e un del plus importante in extension. Le territorio del bacino comprende grande areas de Espania e Portugal e include le areas metropolitan de Madrid e Lisboa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Espania, le administration del bacino corresponde al ''Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo'', organismo del Ministerio pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic. Le gestion del aqua comprende le regulation del curso, le conservation del ecosistemas aquatic, le uso agricole e urban del aqua e le coordination international con Portugal.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Reservoirs e gestion del aqua == Le curso del Tago es regulate per un rete de reservoirs e dams, que permitte administrar le recursos hydric, garantir le supply de aqua e supportar le production de energia hydroelectric. Le gestion del aqua del fluvio ha etiam un dimension international, perque Espania e Portugal coordina le regime del caudales transfrontalier secundo le Convention de Albufeira.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime international del caudales usa inter alteres le barrage de Cedillo, in Espania, como section de controlo del aqua que entra in Portugal. Le Agencia Portuguesa del Ambiente explica que le Convention de Albufeira establi le conditiones pro le verification del obligationes de Espania concernente le caudales del Tago.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protection del natura == Plure sectiones del valle del Tago ha un importante valor ecologic. Le alto curso include areas protegite del [[Alte Tago]], durante que le curso extremeñan e transfrontalier comprende ecosistemas protegite e areas de grande biodiversitate. Le Tajo-Tejo Internacional constitue un del principal espacios transfrontalier de conservation del natura in le peninsula.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Importanta cultural e historic == Le Tago ha un rol important in le historia de plure citates iberic. [[Toledo]], construite super un peninsula formate per le meandro del fluvio, ha su historia urban e defensive intimemente ligate al Tago. In Portugal, le fluvio es central al geographia e al historia de Lisboa, ubi su estuario forma un del principal paisages del citate. Le fluvio ha essite etiam un importante axe de communication, agricultura, irrigation, navigation e production energetic in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. == Nome == Le nom espaniol ''Tajo'' deriva del nom latin ''Tagus''. In portugese le fluvio es appellate Tejo. Le differentia de nom reflecte le evolution linguistic del latino in le duo linguas roman del Peninsula Iberic. == Situation actual == Le Tago remane un del principal cursos de aqua del Peninsula Iberic e un recurso strategic pro Espania e Portugal. Su gestion combina le usos human del aqua con le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial e le cooperation international inter le duo Statos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] ecifsbxpm79lmi06lvgc7lqv4zcbr6b 702656 702655 2026-10-06T21:31:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 702656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisbona]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un bacino de circa 80 600 km².<ref name="mtc">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso == Le Tago nasce a un altitude de circa 1 593 metros in le area del Montes Universales, in le sector occidental del Systema Iberic. Durante su curso espaniol, illo passa per le territorios de [[Aragon]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]], [[Madrid]] e [[Extremadura]]. Le citates de [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo]] e [[Talavera de la Reina]] es inter le principal centros urban situate super su curso o in su valle.<ref name="mtc"/> Le fluvio entra postea in Portugal e passa per le regiones de Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo e Estremadura. Inter le cidades importante del valle portuguese se trova [[Abrantes]], [[Santarém]] e [[Lisbona]]. Al fin del curso, le Tago forma un grande estuario ante de attinger le Atlantic.<ref name="apambiente">{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Frontera international == In un section de su curso, le Tago constitue le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le area transfrontalier es cognoscite como Tajo-Tejo International e forma le axe natural de un territorio protegite communemente per le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Reserva de Biosfera Tajo-Tejo Internacional esseva declarate le 18 de martio 2016. Illa comprende circa 260 267 hectares in Espania e 168 533 hectares in Portugal, e include le Parques Natural del Tajo Internacional e del Tejo Internacional.<ref name="parques">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bacino hydrographic == Le bacino del Tago es le plus grande bacino hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic in population e un del plus importante in extension. Le territorio del bacino comprende grande areas de Espania e Portugal e include le areas metropolitan de Madrid e Lisbona.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Espania, le administration del bacino corresponde al ''Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo'', organismo del Ministerio pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic. Le gestion del aqua comprende le regulation del curso, le conservation del ecosistemas aquatic, le uso agricole e urban del aqua e le coordination international con Portugal.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Reservoirs e gestion del aqua == Le curso del Tago es regulate per un rete de reservoirs e dams, que permitte administrar le recursos hydric, garantir le supply de aqua e supportar le production de energia hydroelectric. Le gestion del aqua del fluvio ha etiam un dimension international, perque Espania e Portugal coordina le regime del caudales transfrontalier secundo le Convention de Albufeira.<ref name="apambiente"/> Le regime international del caudales usa inter alteres le barrage de Cedillo, in Espania, como section de controlo del aqua que entra in Portugal. Le Agencia Portuguesa del Ambiente explica que le Convention de Albufeira establi le conditiones pro le verification del obligationes de Espania concernente le caudales del Tago.<ref name="apambiente"/> == Protection del natura == Plure sectiones del valle del Tago ha un importante valor ecologic. Le alto curso include areas protegite del [[Alte Tago]], durante que le curso extremeñan e transfrontalier comprende ecosistemas protegite e areas de grande biodiversitate. Le Tajo-Tejo Internacional constitue un del principal espacios transfrontalier de conservation del natura in le peninsula.<ref name="parques"/> == Importanta cultural e historic == Le Tago ha un rol important in le historia de plure citates iberic. [[Toledo]], construite super un peninsula formate per le meandro del fluvio, ha su historia urban e defensive intimemente ligate al Tago. In Portugal, le fluvio es central al geographia e al historia de Lisbona, ubi su estuario forma un del principal paisages del citate. Le fluvio ha essite etiam un importante axe de communication, agricultura, irrigation, navigation e production energetic in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. == Nome == Le nom espaniol ''Tajo'' deriva del nom latin ''Tagus''. In portugese le fluvio es appellate Tejo. Le differentia de nom reflecte le evolution linguistic del latino in le duo linguas roman del Peninsula Iberic. == Situation actual == Le Tago remane un del principal cursos de aqua del Peninsula Iberic e un recurso strategic pro Espania e Portugal. Su gestion combina le usos human del aqua con le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial e le cooperation international inter le duo Statos.<ref name="apambiente"/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] csb5gupdca9qtgh04m3sw2kqi29grzm 702657 702656 2026-10-06T21:33:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 702657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisbona]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un [[Bassino hydrographic|bassino]] de circa 80 600 km².<ref name="mtc">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso == Le Tago nasce a un altitude de circa 1 593 metros in le area del Montes Universales, in le sector occidental del Systema Iberic. Durante su curso espaniol, illo passa per le territorios de [[Aragon]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]], [[Madrid]] e [[Extremadura]]. Le citates de [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo]] e [[Talavera de la Reina]] es inter le principal centros urban situate super su curso o in su valle.<ref name="mtc"/> Le fluvio entra postea in Portugal e passa per le regiones de Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo e Estremadura. Inter le cidades importante del valle portuguese se trova [[Abrantes]], [[Santarém]] e [[Lisbona]]. Al fin del curso, le Tago forma un grande estuario ante de attinger le Atlantic.<ref name="apambiente">{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Frontera international == In un section de su curso, le Tago constitue le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le area transfrontalier es cognoscite como Tajo-Tejo International e forma le axe natural de un territorio protegite communemente per le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Reserva de Biosfera Tajo-Tejo Internacional esseva declarate le 18 de martio 2016. Illa comprende circa 260 267 hectares in Espania e 168 533 hectares in Portugal, e include le Parques Natural del Tajo Internacional e del Tejo Internacional.<ref name="parques">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bassino hydrographic == {{AP|Bassino hydrographic}} Le bassino del Tago es le plus grande bassino hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic in population e un del plus importante in extension. Le territorio del bassino comprende grande areas de Espania e Portugal e include le areas metropolitan de Madrid e Lisbona.<ref name="cuencas">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Espania, le administration del bassino corresponde al ''Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo'', organismo del Ministerio pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic. Le gestion del aqua comprende le regulation del curso, le conservation del ecosistemas aquatic, le uso agricole e urban del aqua e le coordination international con Portugal.<ref name="cuencas"/> == Reservoirs e gestion del aqua == Le curso del Tago es regulate per un rete de reservoirs e dams, que permitte administrar le recursos hydric, garantir le supply de aqua e supportar le production de energia hydroelectric. Le gestion del aqua del fluvio ha etiam un dimension international, perque Espania e Portugal coordina le regime del caudales transfrontalier secundo le Convention de Albufeira.<ref name="apambiente"/> Le regime international del caudales usa inter alteres le barrage de Cedillo, in Espania, como section de controlo del aqua que entra in Portugal. Le Agencia Portuguesa del Ambiente explica que le Convention de Albufeira establi le conditiones pro le verification del obligationes de Espania concernente le caudales del Tago.<ref name="apambiente"/> == Protection del natura == Plure sectiones del valle del Tago ha un importante valor ecologic. Le alto curso include areas protegite del [[Alte Tago]], durante que le curso extremeñan e transfrontalier comprende ecosistemas protegite e areas de grande biodiversitate. Le Tajo-Tejo Internacional constitue un del principal espacios transfrontalier de conservation del natura in le peninsula.<ref name="parques"/> == Importanta cultural e historic == Le Tago ha un rol important in le historia de plure citates iberic. [[Toledo]], construite super un peninsula formate per le meandro del fluvio, ha su historia urban e defensive intimemente ligate al Tago. In Portugal, le fluvio es central al geographia e al historia de Lisbona, ubi su estuario forma un del principal paisages del citate. Le fluvio ha essite etiam un importante axe de communication, agricultura, irrigation, navigation e production energetic in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. == Nome == Le nom espaniol ''Tajo'' deriva del nom latin ''Tagus''. In portugese le fluvio es appellate Tejo. Le differentia de nom reflecte le evolution linguistic del latino in le duo linguas roman del Peninsula Iberic. == Situation actual == Le Tago remane un del principal cursos de aqua del Peninsula Iberic e un recurso strategic pro Espania e Portugal. Su gestion combina le usos human del aqua con le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial e le cooperation international inter le duo Statos.<ref name="apambiente"/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] aril08ep6wcnqyam7upy1ubu7q60gx4 702670 702657 2026-10-07T06:27:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 702670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Tago''' es le plus longe fluvio del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Illo nasce in le montes del systema Iberic in le provincia de [[Teruel]], traversa le centro de [[Espania]] e le occidental del [[Portugal]], e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]] per le grande estuario de [[Lisbona]]. In Portugal le fluvio es appellate Tejo, e in le fontes antique latin illo es cognoscite como Tagus. Le Tago ha un longitude total de circa 1 006 km e un [[Bassino hydrographic|bassino]] de circa 80 600 km².<ref name="mtc">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/informacion-ambiental-indicadores-ambientales/eps2007_chap1_tcm30-185466.pdf |titulo=Environmental Profile of Spain – Data on the Peninsula’s main rivers |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nom == Le nom espaniol ''Tajo'' deriva del nom latin ''Tagus''. In portugese le fluvio es appellate Tejo. Le differentia de nom reflecte le evolution linguistic del latino in le duo linguas roman del Peninsula Iberic. == Curso == Le Tago nasce a un altitude de circa 1 593 metros in le area del Montes Universales, in le sector occidental del Systema Iberic. Durante su curso espaniol, illo passa per le territorios de [[Aragon]], [[Castilla-La Mancha]], [[Madrid]] e [[Extremadura]]. Le citates de [[Aranjuez]], [[Toledo]] e [[Talavera de la Reina]] es inter le principal centros urban situate super su curso o in su valle.<ref name="mtc"/> Le fluvio entra postea in Portugal e passa per le regiones de Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo e Estremadura. Inter le citates importante del valle portuguese se trova [[Abrantes]], [[Santarém]] e [[Lisbona]]. Al fin del curso, le Tago forma un grande estuario ante de attinger le Atlantic.<ref name="apambiente">{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/destaque2/esclarecimento-apa-sobre-os-caudais-do-rio-tejo |titulo=Esclarecimento APA sobre os caudais do rio Tejo |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Frontera international == In un section de su curso, le Tago constitue le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le area transfrontalier es cognoscite como Tajo-Tejo International e forma le axe natural de un territorio protegite communemente per le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Reserva de Biosfera Tajo-Tejo Internacional esseva declarate le 18 de martio 2016. Illa comprende circa 260 267 hectares in Espania e 168 533 hectares in Portugal, e include le Parques Natural del Tajo Internacional e del Tejo Internacional.<ref name="parques">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/reservas-biosfera-mab/programa-mab-espana/nuestras-reservas-de-la-biosfera/tajo-tejointernacional.html |titulo=Tajo-Tejo Internacional |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bassino hydrographic == {{AP|Bassino hydrographic}} Le bassino del Tago es le plus grande bassino hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic in population e un del plus importante in extension. Le territorio del bassino comprende grande areas de Espania e Portugal e include le areas metropolitan de Madrid e Lisbona.<ref name="cuencas">{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig/ide/descargas/agua/cuencas-y-subcuencas.html |titulo=Cuencas y subcuencas hidrográficas |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Espania, le administration del bassino corresponde al ''Confederación Hidrográfica del Tajo'', organismo del Ministerio pro le Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic. Le gestion del aqua comprende le regulation del curso, le conservation del ecosistemas aquatic, le uso agricole e urban del aqua e le coordination international con Portugal.<ref name="cuencas"/> == Reservoirs e gestion del aqua == Le curso del Tago es regulate per un rete de reservoirs e dams, que permitte administrar le recursos hydric, garantir le supply de aqua e supportar le production de energia hydroelectric. Le gestion del aqua del fluvio ha etiam un dimension international, perque Espania e Portugal coordina le regime del caudales transfrontalier secundo le Convention de Albufeira.<ref name="apambiente"/> Le regime international del caudales usa inter alteres le barrage de Cedillo, in Espania, como section de controlo del aqua que entra in Portugal. Le Agencia Portuguesa del Ambiente explica que le Convention de Albufeira establi le conditiones pro le verification del obligationes de Espania concernente le caudales del Tago.<ref name="apambiente"/> == Protection del natura == Plure sectiones del valle del Tago ha un importante valor ecologic. Le alto curso include areas protegite del [[Alte Tago]], durante que le curso extremeñan e transfrontalier comprende ecosistemas protegite e areas de grande biodiversitate. Le Tajo-Tejo Internacional constitue un del principal espacios transfrontalier de conservation del natura in le peninsula.<ref name="parques"/> == Importanta cultural e historic == Le Tago ha un rol important in le historia de plure citates iberic. [[Toledo]], construite super un peninsula formate per le meandro del fluvio, ha su historia urban e defensive intimemente ligate al Tago. In Portugal, le fluvio es central al geographia e al historia de Lisbona, ubi su estuario forma un del principal paisages del citate. Le fluvio ha essite etiam un importante axe de communication, agricultura, irrigation, navigation e production energetic in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. == Situation actual == Le Tago remane un del principal cursos de aqua del Peninsula Iberic e un recurso strategic pro Espania e Portugal. Su gestion combina le usos human del aqua con le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial e le cooperation international inter le duo Statos.<ref name="apambiente"/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] soildkysd6atni6bpr5enue49krzllj 0 61920 702661 2026-10-06T21:46:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Directorio General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] a [[Directorio General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril]] 702661 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Directorio General de Transporto per Strata e Ferrocarril]] 3qvu30qf05i5x6fjjmki74jakarev30 0 61921 702671 2026-10-07T06:35:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le disoccupation technologic es un forma de [[disoccupation structural]] causate, totalemente o partialmente, per cambios technologic que modifica le demandanda de labor, le organisation del production o le competentias necessari pro le empleo. Illo pote resultar del substitution de labor human per machinas, software o altere tecnologias, ma le effectos del cambio technologic non es limitate al destruction de postos de labor: le technolog...” 702671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le disoccupation technologic es un forma de [[disoccupation structural]] causate, totalemente o partialmente, per cambios technologic que modifica le demandanda de labor, le organisation del production o le competentias necessari pro le empleo. Illo pote resultar del substitution de labor human per machinas, software o altere tecnologias, ma le effectos del cambio technologic non es limitate al destruction de postos de labor: le technologia pote etiam augmentar le productivitate del trabajadores, crear nove occupationes e generar nove activitates economic. Le relation inter technologia e labor es generalmente studiate in terminos de cargas. Un cambio technologic pote augmentar le productivitate del labor in cargas existente, transferer cargas del trabajadores al capital, o crear nove cargas in le quales le labor human ha un avantage comparative. Per iste ration, le effecto total super le empleo depende del combination de iste mecanismos e del reaction del demanda e del economia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Definition e concepto == Le disoccupation technologic es generalmente associate con le situation in le qual un persona perde su empleo o trova plus difficile obtener un empleo perque un nove technologia ha reducite le demanda pro le labor que illa provideva. Le fenomeno es un forma de disoccupation structural, perque le problema pote resultar del discordantia inter le competentias del trabajadores e le nove structura del demanda de labor. Le automation es un del principal mecanismos per le qual le technologia pote producer disoccupation technologic. Quando un machina o un systema pote executar un task anteriormente realisate per un persona, le parte del production attribuite al labor pote diminuer. Secundo le modello de cargas, iste effecto pote esser compensate per le creation de nove cargas o per un augmento del production e del demanda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disoccupation technologic debe dunque esser distinguite del simple changement technologic. Un technologia pote transformar le maniera in le qual un empleo es executate sin eliminar le empleo ipse. Le International Labour Organization ha sublineate iste distinction in su analyse recente del intelligentia artificial generative, indicando que pro multe occupationes le technologia es plus probabile transformar le contento del labor que supprimer completemente le posto de labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-2025-update |titulo=Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le timores concernente le effectos del technologia super le labor existe desde le introduction del machinas industrial. Durante le [[Revolution Industrial]], le mechanisation transformava le production e reduseva le besonio de certe formas de labor manual, provocante opposition al introduction de machinas in varie industrias. Le movimento del [[Luddismo]] in le initio del 19e seculo es un exemplo historic de iste opposition. Le disveloppamento del machinas non resultava tamen in un elimination general del empleo. Le industrialisation etiam creava nove industrias, occupationes e mercatos. In le longe termino, le employment total cresceva, ben que certe gruppos de trabajadores e certe regiones poteva suffrer dislocationes e periodos de disoccupation. Le debatte inter le possibilitate de destruction del emprego e le creation de nove formas de labor ha continuate durante le industrialisation, le mechanisation, le introduction del electricitate, le automation e le digitalisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.oitcinterfor.org/en/node/8397 |titulo=Technological unemployment |sitioweb=ILO/Cinterfor |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le 20e seculo, le expression disoccupation technologic esseva associate specialmente con le discussiones super le mechanisation e le automation. Le economista [[John Maynard Keynes]] popularisava le expression ''technological unemployment'' in su essayo de 1930 super le perspectivas economic, ubi ille considerava le possibilitate que le disveloppamento technologic producer un reduction del besonio de labor plus rapide que le capacitate del economia de crear nove occupationes. Durante le secunde medietate del 20e seculo, le introduction de computers, robots industrial e sistemas automatizate reavivava le debatte. Le question deveniva non solmente si le machinas poteva eliminar postos de labor, ma etiam qual tipos de cargas esseva plus susceptibile al automation e como le trabajadores se redistribueria inter sectores. == Automation e substitution del labor == Le automation pote esser definite como le transferimento de cargas anteriormente executate per trabajadores verso machinas, software o altere formas de capital. In le modello de cargas developpate per economistas como Daron Acemoglu e Pascual Restrepo, le automation produce un effecto de displacement, perque le labor perde parte del cargas que illo anteriormente executava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le automation non significa necessariemente un diminution del employment total. Si le nove technologia augmenta le productivitate e reduce le costo del production, le precio del productos pote diminuer e le demanda pote augmentar. Le augmento del production pote generar nove postos de labor, mesmo si le numero de trabajadores necessari pro un unitate de production ha diminuite. Le technologia pote etiam crear nove productos e nove mercados. Le nove activitates pote demandar trabajadores con competentias que non existeva o esseva minormente importante ante le innovation technologic. == Creation de nove cargas == Un del principal mecanismos que pote compensar le displacement technologic es le creation de nove cargas. Quando nove technologias es introducite, illas pote generar cargas que require le intervention human e in le qual le labor ha un avantage comparative super le capital. Acemoglu e Restrepo describe iste processo como un effecto de reinstalation del labor (''reinstatement effect''). Le creation de nove cargas modifica le composition del production in favor del labor e pote compensar parte del effecto de displacement causate per le automation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove cargas pote includer occupationes technic, scientific, managerial e creative, ma etiam numerose occupationes de services create per le expansion de nove mercatos. Le development del technologia digital, per exemplo, ha create demandanda pro software engineers, especialistas in securitate informatic, administratores de sistemas, especialistas in datos e numerose altere professiones. == Effetos de compensation == Le effectos del cambio technologic super le empleo pote esser compensate per plure mecanismos. * Le prime es le augmentation del productivitate. Si un technologia permitte a un trabalhador producer plus in le mesme tempore, le costo unitari pote diminuer e le production pote crescer. * Le secunde es le augmento del demanda. Un diminution del precio pote facer un producto plus accessible e augmentar le quantitate demandate, creando demanda pro labor in le mesme industria o in industrias associate. * Le tertie es le creation de nove productos e services. Le innovation pote generar mercatos que non existeva ante le innovation e crear nove fontes de empleo. * Le quarte es le creation de nove cargas in le processo productive ipse. Un nove technologia pote eliminar certe cargas ma generar altere cargas pro su conception, implementation, maintenance, supervision e utilisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le resultato final depende del combination de iste effectos e del velocitate con le qual le trabajadores pote transitar verso nove occupationes. == Revolutiones technologic == === Mechanisation agricole === Le mechanisation del agricultura reduceva le besonio de labor manual in numerosas operationes agricole. Tractores, machinas de recolta e altere equipamentos permitteva a un numero plus parve de trabajadores producer quantitates plus grande de alimentos. Le reduction del empleo agricole esseva accompaniate per un movemento del labor verso industria e services. Iste processo es un del principal transformationes structural del labor in le economias industrialisate. === Mechanisation industrial === Le [[Revolution Industrial]] introducerea machinas que substitueva certe formas de labor manual. Le production industrial poteva esser organisate a un scala plus grande e con un productivitate plus alte. Le transformation non affectava tote le occupationes in le mesme maniera. Le demanda pro certe competentias manual diminuiva, durante que le industria generava demanda pro operadores de machinas, technicos, ingenieros e altere trabajadores. === Automation industrial === Durante le 20e seculo, le automation industrial introduceva sistemas de controlo automatic, robots e machinas programmable. Le sectores industrial deveniva capabile de producer plus con minus trabajadores in certe processus. Le effectos super le empleo esseva specialmente importante pro occupationes con cargas repetitive e standardisabile. Le analyse moderne del automation trova que le effectos pote esser concentrate in specific industrias, occupationes e regiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Digitalisation === Le introduction del computers e del technologies digital transforma numerose occupationes administrative, financial, industrial e communicative. Cargas como le calculation, le traitement de documentos e certe formas de communication esseva partialmente automatizate. In altere occupationes, le computers augmentava le productivitate del trabajadores sin eliminar le posto de labor. Le digitalisation pote dunque esser simultaneemente un instrumento de substitution e de augmentation del labor. === Intelligentia artificial === {{AP|Intelligentia artificial}} Le disveloppamento recente del intelligentia artificial (IA) ha expandite le possibilitates de automation verso cargas cognitive e linguistic que anteriormente esseva considerate plus difficile a automatizar. Le IA generative pote producer texto, imagines, codice, audio e altere formas de contento. Le effecto super le emprego depende del natura del occupation e del combination de cargas que le trabajadores executa. Secundo le ILO, in 2025 circa un quarto del trabajadores in le mundo esseva occupate in occupationes con alcun grado de exposition al IA generative. Circa 3,3 pro cento del empleo global cadeva in le categoria de plus alte exposition. Le occupationes clerical remaneva le plus exponite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure |titulo=Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ILO concludeva que, malgrado le exposition technic de multe occupationes, le majoritate del postos de labor es plus probabile esser transformate que completemente eliminate, perque multe cargas continua a require input human. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-2025-update |titulo=Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Effectos super le salarios e le inegalitate == Le cambio technologic pote influentiar le distribution del salarios. Le automation de cargas routinari pote reducir le demanda pro trabajadores qui executa iste cargas e augmentar le demanda pro trabajadores con competentias complementari al nove technologia. Studios super le mercado del labor statounitense ha trovate un relation inter le acceleration del automation e le cambiamentos in le distribution del salarios. Acemoglu e Restrepo concludeva que le displacement de trabajadores per le automation pote esser un factor importante in le evolution del salario relative inter gruppos de trabajadores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w28920 |titulo=Tasks, Automation, and the Rise in US Wage Inequality |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos non es uniformemente distribuite. Le resultado pote depender del industria, del occupation, del nivello de education, del region e del capacitate del trabajadores de cambiar verso nove cargas. == Education e competentias == Le adoption de nove technologias modifica le competentias demandate per le mercato del labor. Le trabajadores pote haber besonio de nove qualificationes pro usar le nove technologia o pro transitar verso occupationes create per illo. Le education initial e le formation continue pote dunque haber un rol importante in le adaptation al cambio technologic. Le necessitate de formation non concerne solmente le professiones technic: le expansion del IA e del digitalisation modifica etiam le competentias demandate in administration, services, communication e altere occupationes. Le World Bank ha sublineate que nove technologias pote displaciar, augmentar o crear cargas e que le education e le acquisition de competentias es central pro le adaptation del trabajadores al cambio technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eap/publication/future-jobs |titulo=Future Jobs: Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Platforms in East Asia and Pacific |sitioweb=World Bank |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politicas public == Le politicas public concernente le disoccupation technologic pote concentrar se super plure areas. * Le prime es le education e formation professional, pro facilitar le transition del trabajadores verso occupationes con demanda crescente. * Le secunde es le protection social, que pote provide un supporto de revenu durante periodos de transition professional. * Le tertie es le creation de empleo, per medio de politicas que favorisa le innovation, le interprenditorato e le investmento. * Le quarte es le adaptation del institutiones del labor, includente le regulation del nove formas de employmento e le protection del derectos del trabajadores. Le ILO ha sublineate in su analyse del IA generative le importantia del dialogo social e del participation del trabajadores e interprisas in le gestion del transition technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-2025-update |titulo=Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mesuration del disoccupation technologic == Le mesuration del disoccupation technologic es difficile perque le numero de postos de labor eliminate per technologia non es equal al effecto net super le employment. Un nove technologia pote eliminar cargas in un interprisa, ma le reduction del costos pote augmentar le production e le demanda, o le interprisa pote crear nove cargas. Le trabajadores qui perde lor empleo pote etiam trovar nove occupationes in altere sectores. Per iste ration, le analyse economic moderne studia non solmente le numero de postos eliminate, ma le cambiamentos in le task contento del occupationes, le creation de nove cargas, le productivitate, le salarios e le movementos inter sectores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee == In le prime decennio del 21e seculo, le digitalisation e le automation ha continuate a transformar le mercato del labor. Le introduction de sistemas automatizate e de robotica ha affectate specialmente occupationes con cargas repetitive, durante que le technologies digital ha create nove occupationes e nove formas de production. In le annos 2020, le intelligentia artificial generative ha introducite nove possibilitates de automation de cargas cognitive, linguistic e creative. Le effectos super le employment remane dependente del adoption del technologia, del evolution del modelos de IA, del organisation del interprisas e del reaction del trabajadores e del institutiones. Le ILO indicava in 2026 que le mercatos del labor mundial remaneva relativemente stabile in terminos de disoccupation general, ma que le cambios technologic constitueva un del factores que pote modificar le perspectivas del employment e le qualitate del labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/employment-and-social-trends-2026 |titulo=Employment and Social Trends 2026 |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reporto del ILO projectava un tasso de disoccupation mundial de circa 4,9 pro cento in 2026 e sublineava que le adoption accelerate del IA e altere technologias pote constituir un fonte de incertitude pro le mercato del labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/employment-and-social-trends-2026 |titulo=Employment and Social Trends 2026 |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Debatte economic == Le disoccupation technologic es un subjecto de debatte inter economistas. Un perspective accentua le capacitate del technologia de displaciar labor e de reducir le demanda pro certe categorias de trabajadores. Un altere perspective accentua le creation de nove cargas, nove productos, nove sectores e nove fontes de demanda. Le modelo de cargas permitte reconciliar iste perspectives in parte, per distinguer inter technologies que substitue labor e technologies que augmenta le productivitate del labor o crea nove cargas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le question non es dunque solmente si le technologia “elimina empregos”, ma como le technologia redistribue le cargas inter labor e capital, qual nove cargas appare, e como le trabajadores pote transitar verso illos. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Disoccupation]] [[Categoria:Cambio technologic]] [[Categoria:Impacto del automatisation]] 5cs8no2vv8gy0gu1y12e22pzhb0i6sk 702672 702671 2026-10-07T06:35:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 702672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''disoccupation technologic''' es un forma de [[disoccupation structural]] causate, totalemente o partialmente, per cambios technologic que modifica le demandanda de labor, le organisation del production o le competentias necessari pro le empleo. Illo pote resultar del substitution de labor human per machinas, software o altere tecnologias, ma le effectos del cambio technologic non es limitate al destruction de postos de labor: le technologia pote etiam augmentar le productivitate del trabajadores, crear nove occupationes e generar nove activitates economic. Le relation inter technologia e labor es generalmente studiate in terminos de cargas. Un cambio technologic pote augmentar le productivitate del labor in cargas existente, transferer cargas del trabajadores al capital, o crear nove cargas in le quales le labor human ha un avantage comparative. Per iste ration, le effecto total super le empleo depende del combination de iste mecanismos e del reaction del demanda e del economia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Definition e concepto == Le disoccupation technologic es generalmente associate con le situation in le qual un persona perde su empleo o trova plus difficile obtener un empleo perque un nove technologia ha reducite le demanda pro le labor que illa provideva. Le fenomeno es un forma de disoccupation structural, perque le problema pote resultar del discordantia inter le competentias del trabajadores e le nove structura del demanda de labor. Le automation es un del principal mecanismos per le qual le technologia pote producer disoccupation technologic. Quando un machina o un systema pote executar un task anteriormente realisate per un persona, le parte del production attribuite al labor pote diminuer. Secundo le modello de cargas, iste effecto pote esser compensate per le creation de nove cargas o per un augmento del production e del demanda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le disoccupation technologic debe dunque esser distinguite del simple changement technologic. Un technologia pote transformar le maniera in le qual un empleo es executate sin eliminar le empleo ipse. Le International Labour Organization ha sublineate iste distinction in su analyse recente del intelligentia artificial generative, indicando que pro multe occupationes le technologia es plus probabile transformar le contento del labor que supprimer completemente le posto de labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-2025-update |titulo=Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le timores concernente le effectos del technologia super le labor existe desde le introduction del machinas industrial. Durante le [[Revolution Industrial]], le mechanisation transformava le production e reduseva le besonio de certe formas de labor manual, provocante opposition al introduction de machinas in varie industrias. Le movimento del [[Luddismo]] in le initio del 19e seculo es un exemplo historic de iste opposition. Le disveloppamento del machinas non resultava tamen in un elimination general del empleo. Le industrialisation etiam creava nove industrias, occupationes e mercatos. In le longe termino, le employment total cresceva, ben que certe gruppos de trabajadores e certe regiones poteva suffrer dislocationes e periodos de disoccupation. Le debatte inter le possibilitate de destruction del emprego e le creation de nove formas de labor ha continuate durante le industrialisation, le mechanisation, le introduction del electricitate, le automation e le digitalisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.oitcinterfor.org/en/node/8397 |titulo=Technological unemployment |sitioweb=ILO/Cinterfor |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le 20e seculo, le expression disoccupation technologic esseva associate specialmente con le discussiones super le mechanisation e le automation. Le economista [[John Maynard Keynes]] popularisava le expression ''technological unemployment'' in su essayo de 1930 super le perspectivas economic, ubi ille considerava le possibilitate que le disveloppamento technologic producer un reduction del besonio de labor plus rapide que le capacitate del economia de crear nove occupationes. Durante le secunde medietate del 20e seculo, le introduction de computers, robots industrial e sistemas automatizate reavivava le debatte. Le question deveniva non solmente si le machinas poteva eliminar postos de labor, ma etiam qual tipos de cargas esseva plus susceptibile al automation e como le trabajadores se redistribueria inter sectores. == Automation e substitution del labor == Le automation pote esser definite como le transferimento de cargas anteriormente executate per trabajadores verso machinas, software o altere formas de capital. In le modello de cargas developpate per economistas como Daron Acemoglu e Pascual Restrepo, le automation produce un effecto de displacement, perque le labor perde parte del cargas que illo anteriormente executava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le automation non significa necessariemente un diminution del employment total. Si le nove technologia augmenta le productivitate e reduce le costo del production, le precio del productos pote diminuer e le demanda pote augmentar. Le augmento del production pote generar nove postos de labor, mesmo si le numero de trabajadores necessari pro un unitate de production ha diminuite. Le technologia pote etiam crear nove productos e nove mercados. Le nove activitates pote demandar trabajadores con competentias que non existeva o esseva minormente importante ante le innovation technologic. == Creation de nove cargas == Un del principal mecanismos que pote compensar le displacement technologic es le creation de nove cargas. Quando nove technologias es introducite, illas pote generar cargas que require le intervention human e in le qual le labor ha un avantage comparative super le capital. Acemoglu e Restrepo describe iste processo como un effecto de reinstalation del labor (''reinstatement effect''). Le creation de nove cargas modifica le composition del production in favor del labor e pote compensar parte del effecto de displacement causate per le automation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove cargas pote includer occupationes technic, scientific, managerial e creative, ma etiam numerose occupationes de services create per le expansion de nove mercatos. Le development del technologia digital, per exemplo, ha create demandanda pro software engineers, especialistas in securitate informatic, administratores de sistemas, especialistas in datos e numerose altere professiones. == Effetos de compensation == Le effectos del cambio technologic super le empleo pote esser compensate per plure mecanismos. * Le prime es le augmentation del productivitate. Si un technologia permitte a un trabalhador producer plus in le mesme tempore, le costo unitari pote diminuer e le production pote crescer. * Le secunde es le augmento del demanda. Un diminution del precio pote facer un producto plus accessible e augmentar le quantitate demandate, creando demanda pro labor in le mesme industria o in industrias associate. * Le tertie es le creation de nove productos e services. Le innovation pote generar mercatos que non existeva ante le innovation e crear nove fontes de empleo. * Le quarte es le creation de nove cargas in le processo productive ipse. Un nove technologia pote eliminar certe cargas ma generar altere cargas pro su conception, implementation, maintenance, supervision e utilisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le resultato final depende del combination de iste effectos e del velocitate con le qual le trabajadores pote transitar verso nove occupationes. == Revolutiones technologic == === Mechanisation agricole === Le mechanisation del agricultura reduceva le besonio de labor manual in numerosas operationes agricole. Tractores, machinas de recolta e altere equipamentos permitteva a un numero plus parve de trabajadores producer quantitates plus grande de alimentos. Le reduction del empleo agricole esseva accompaniate per un movemento del labor verso industria e services. Iste processo es un del principal transformationes structural del labor in le economias industrialisate. === Mechanisation industrial === Le [[Revolution Industrial]] introducerea machinas que substitueva certe formas de labor manual. Le production industrial poteva esser organisate a un scala plus grande e con un productivitate plus alte. Le transformation non affectava tote le occupationes in le mesme maniera. Le demanda pro certe competentias manual diminuiva, durante que le industria generava demanda pro operadores de machinas, technicos, ingenieros e altere trabajadores. === Automation industrial === Durante le 20e seculo, le automation industrial introduceva sistemas de controlo automatic, robots e machinas programmable. Le sectores industrial deveniva capabile de producer plus con minus trabajadores in certe processus. Le effectos super le empleo esseva specialmente importante pro occupationes con cargas repetitive e standardisabile. Le analyse moderne del automation trova que le effectos pote esser concentrate in specific industrias, occupationes e regiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25684 |titulo=Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Digitalisation === Le introduction del computers e del technologies digital transforma numerose occupationes administrative, financial, industrial e communicative. Cargas como le calculation, le traitement de documentos e certe formas de communication esseva partialmente automatizate. In altere occupationes, le computers augmentava le productivitate del trabajadores sin eliminar le posto de labor. Le digitalisation pote dunque esser simultaneemente un instrumento de substitution e de augmentation del labor. === Intelligentia artificial === {{AP|Intelligentia artificial}} Le disveloppamento recente del intelligentia artificial (IA) ha expandite le possibilitates de automation verso cargas cognitive e linguistic que anteriormente esseva considerate plus difficile a automatizar. Le IA generative pote producer texto, imagines, codice, audio e altere formas de contento. Le effecto super le emprego depende del natura del occupation e del combination de cargas que le trabajadores executa. Secundo le ILO, in 2025 circa un quarto del trabajadores in le mundo esseva occupate in occupationes con alcun grado de exposition al IA generative. Circa 3,3 pro cento del empleo global cadeva in le categoria de plus alte exposition. Le occupationes clerical remaneva le plus exponite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure |titulo=Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ILO concludeva que, malgrado le exposition technic de multe occupationes, le majoritate del postos de labor es plus probabile esser transformate que completemente eliminate, perque multe cargas continua a require input human. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-2025-update |titulo=Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Effectos super le salarios e le inegalitate == Le cambio technologic pote influentiar le distribution del salarios. Le automation de cargas routinari pote reducir le demanda pro trabajadores qui executa iste cargas e augmentar le demanda pro trabajadores con competentias complementari al nove technologia. Studios super le mercado del labor statounitense ha trovate un relation inter le acceleration del automation e le cambiamentos in le distribution del salarios. Acemoglu e Restrepo concludeva que le displacement de trabajadores per le automation pote esser un factor importante in le evolution del salario relative inter gruppos de trabajadores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w28920 |titulo=Tasks, Automation, and the Rise in US Wage Inequality |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos non es uniformemente distribuite. Le resultado pote depender del industria, del occupation, del nivello de education, del region e del capacitate del trabajadores de cambiar verso nove cargas. == Education e competentias == Le adoption de nove technologias modifica le competentias demandate per le mercato del labor. Le trabajadores pote haber besonio de nove qualificationes pro usar le nove technologia o pro transitar verso occupationes create per illo. Le education initial e le formation continue pote dunque haber un rol importante in le adaptation al cambio technologic. Le necessitate de formation non concerne solmente le professiones technic: le expansion del IA e del digitalisation modifica etiam le competentias demandate in administration, services, communication e altere occupationes. Le World Bank ha sublineate que nove technologias pote displaciar, augmentar o crear cargas e que le education e le acquisition de competentias es central pro le adaptation del trabajadores al cambio technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eap/publication/future-jobs |titulo=Future Jobs: Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Platforms in East Asia and Pacific |sitioweb=World Bank |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politicas public == Le politicas public concernente le disoccupation technologic pote concentrar se super plure areas. * Le prime es le education e formation professional, pro facilitar le transition del trabajadores verso occupationes con demanda crescente. * Le secunde es le protection social, que pote provide un supporto de revenu durante periodos de transition professional. * Le tertie es le creation de empleo, per medio de politicas que favorisa le innovation, le interprenditorato e le investmento. * Le quarte es le adaptation del institutiones del labor, includente le regulation del nove formas de employmento e le protection del derectos del trabajadores. Le ILO ha sublineate in su analyse del IA generative le importantia del dialogo social e del participation del trabajadores e interprisas in le gestion del transition technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-2025-update |titulo=Generative AI and jobs: A 2025 update |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Mesuration del disoccupation technologic == Le mesuration del disoccupation technologic es difficile perque le numero de postos de labor eliminate per technologia non es equal al effecto net super le employment. Un nove technologia pote eliminar cargas in un interprisa, ma le reduction del costos pote augmentar le production e le demanda, o le interprisa pote crear nove cargas. Le trabajadores qui perde lor empleo pote etiam trovar nove occupationes in altere sectores. Per iste ration, le analyse economic moderne studia non solmente le numero de postos eliminate, ma le cambiamentos in le task contento del occupationes, le creation de nove cargas, le productivitate, le salarios e le movementos inter sectores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee == In le prime decennio del 21e seculo, le digitalisation e le automation ha continuate a transformar le mercato del labor. Le introduction de sistemas automatizate e de robotica ha affectate specialmente occupationes con cargas repetitive, durante que le technologies digital ha create nove occupationes e nove formas de production. In le annos 2020, le intelligentia artificial generative ha introducite nove possibilitates de automation de cargas cognitive, linguistic e creative. Le effectos super le employment remane dependente del adoption del technologia, del evolution del modelos de IA, del organisation del interprisas e del reaction del trabajadores e del institutiones. Le ILO indicava in 2026 que le mercatos del labor mundial remaneva relativemente stabile in terminos de disoccupation general, ma que le cambios technologic constitueva un del factores que pote modificar le perspectivas del employment e le qualitate del labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/employment-and-social-trends-2026 |titulo=Employment and Social Trends 2026 |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reporto del ILO projectava un tasso de disoccupation mundial de circa 4,9 pro cento in 2026 e sublineava que le adoption accelerate del IA e altere technologias pote constituir un fonte de incertitude pro le mercato del labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/employment-and-social-trends-2026 |titulo=Employment and Social Trends 2026 |sitioweb=International Labour Organization |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Debatte economic == Le disoccupation technologic es un subjecto de debatte inter economistas. Un perspective accentua le capacitate del technologia de displaciar labor e de reducir le demanda pro certe categorias de trabajadores. Un altere perspective accentua le creation de nove cargas, nove productos, nove sectores e nove fontes de demanda. Le modelo de cargas permitte reconciliar iste perspectives in parte, per distinguer inter technologies que substitue labor e technologies que augmenta le productivitate del labor o crea nove cargas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32872 |titulo=Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand |sitioweb=National Bureau of Economic Research |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le question non es dunque solmente si le technologia “elimina empregos”, ma como le technologia redistribue le cargas inter labor e capital, qual nove cargas appare, e como le trabajadores pote transitar verso illos. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Disoccupation]] [[Categoria:Cambio technologic]] [[Categoria:Impacto del automatisation]] cfgrngfhs19wrijx5okol3nyvs07vgz 0 61922 702674 2026-10-07T06:44:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “¿Por qué será que Estados Unidos está metido en todas las guerras? {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Ebro es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in ...” 702674 wikitext text/x-wiki ¿Por qué será que Estados Unidos está metido en todas las guerras? {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Ebro es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in [[Catalonia]]. Le rio ha un longitude de circa 910 kilometros e su cuenca hydrographic ha un superficie de circa 85 500 km². Le Ebro es le principal curso de aqua del nord-est de Espania. Su cuenca include territorios de numerose [[Communitates Autonome]] e, in certe zonas, etiam de [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]]. Le cuenca es delimitate al nord per le [[Pireneos]] e le montes Cantabric, al sud-est per le [[Systema Iberic]] e al est per le cordillera Costero-Catalana. == Geographia == Le Ebro nasce in [[Cantabria]], in le zona del [[Fontibre]], al pede del montes Cantabric. Desde su curso superior, le rio dirige se verso le sud-est e entra in le grande depression del Ebro. In su curso, le Ebro passa o se trova proxime a numerose citates e localitates importante, inter illes [[Reinosa]], [[Miranda de Ebro]], [[Haro]], [[Logroño]], [[Calahorra]], [[Tudela]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Caspe]] e [[Tortosa]]. Su valle forma un importante axe geographic e economic del nord-est de Espania. Post Zaragoza, le rio continua verso le sud-est per le territorio de Aragon. In le parte basse de su curso, illo entra in Catalonia e traversa le area del Terres de l'Ebre ante de attinger le Mediterranee. Le Ebro desemboca in le mar per medio del Delta del Ebro, un grande ambiente humide formate per le accumulation de sedimentos transportate per le rio. == Cuenca hydrographic == Le cuenca del Ebro es le plus extensive cuenca hydrographic de Espania, con un superficie de circa 85 534 km² secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Illa representa circa 17 pro cento del territorio peninsular espaniol. Le cuenca es un grande depression circumdate per zonas montuose. Al nord se trova le montes Cantabric e le Pireneos; al sud e sud-west le Systema Iberic; e al est le cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. Iste configuration explica le forma general del reticulo hydrographic e le concentration de grande tributarios in le parte septentrional del cuenca. Le territorio del cuenca non se limita al curso principal del Ebro. Illo include un vaste rete de rios, torrentes, reservoirs, zonas humide e aquas subterranee. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro identifica circa 12 000 kilometros de rete fluvial principal in le territorio del cuenca. == Tributarios == Le Ebro recipe aquas de numerose tributarios proveniente principalmente del Pireneos, del montes Cantabric e del Systema Iberic. Inter le plus importante tributarios del margine sinistre se trova le [[Ega]], le [[Aragon]], le [[Arga]], le [[Gallego]], le [[Cinca]] e le [[Segre]]. Le rios del margine sinistre es generalmente plus importante in terminos de apporto de aqua, specialmente illes que nasce in le Pireneos. Inter le principal tributarios del margine dextere se trova le [[Oja]], le [[Iregua]], le [[Jalón]], le [[Huerva]], le [[Martin]], le [[Guadalope]] e le [[Matarraña]]. Un grande parte de iste rios nasce in le Systema Iberic e ha generalmente un regime plus irregular. Le confluencia con le Segre es particularmente importante pro le curso inferior del Ebro, perque le Segre e su tributarios aporta un grande parte del aqua proveniente del Pireneos. == Regime del rio == Le regime del Ebro es influentiate per le pluviositate, le neves del Pireneos, le contributiones del tributarios e le interventiones human in le cuenca. Le apporto del zonas montuose del Pireneos es particularmente importante durante le primavera, quando le fusion del neve pote augmentar le debit del tributarios septentrional. Le variationes del debit es etiam influentiate per le numerosos reservoirs e sistemas de irrigation construite in le cuenca. Le gestion del aqua es un del principal aspectos del administration del cuenca hydrographic. == Uso del aqua == Le aqua del Ebro es utilisate pro le [[irrigation]], le production de [[electricitate hydroelectric]], le approvisionnement urban e industrial e altere usos. Le agricultura ha un rol historic importante in le valle del Ebro. Le irrigation es practicante desde le antiquitate e esseva expandite durante le periodo musulman e postea per le construction de canals e altere infrastructuras hydraulic. Inter le principal infrastructuras historic se trova le Canal Imperial de Aragon, construite e expandite in differente periodos pro transportar aqua del Ebro verso areas agricole. Le canal ha habite tamben un function de navigation in certe periodos. Le systema moderne de reservoirs, canals e centrales hydroelectric ha transformate le regime del aqua e permittite le utilisation de un parte importante del ressources del cuenca pro agricultura, production energetic e consumption human. == Citates e importance historic == Le Ebro ha habite un rol importante in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. Le nom del rio es ligate al nom antique Hiberus o Iberus, del qual deriva le termino *Iberia*, usate in le fontes grec e roman pro designar le peninsula e le populationes iberic. Durante le periodo roman, le Ebro esseva un importante axe geographic e economic. Le valle del rio connectava le regiones del interior con le zonas costal del Mediterranee. Durante le periodo musulman, le irrigation esseva expandite e le utilisation agricultural del aqua del Ebro deveniva plus extensive. Le systemas de canals e de distribution del aqua contribueva al transformation del agricultura in le valle. Le citates situate al margines del rio, specialmente [[Zaragoza]] e [[Logroño]], ha mantenite un relation historic importante con le Ebro. == Navigation == Le Ebro ha essite utilisate pro navigation in differente periodos historic, ma le navigation fluvial esseva limitate per le configuration del curso, le variationes del debit e le obstaculos natural e artificial. Historicamente, le navigation commercial esseva possibile in certe partes del curso inferior e medie. Le construction de canals, specialmente le Canal Imperial de Aragon, createva etiam nove possibilitates pro le transporto de personas e mercantias. In le actualitate, le navigation non constitue un del principal functiones economic del rio. Le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua e le production hydroelectric ha un importantia plus grande. == Delta del Ebro == Le Delta del Ebro es le grande zona humide formate al desembocadura del rio in le Mediterranee. Illo es un del ambientes natural plus importante del litoral mediterranee de Espania. Le delta comprende aquas costal basse, playas, dunas, lagunas salin, paludes de aqua dulce, canales e areas agricole. Le ambiente es fortemente influentiate per le regime del rio e per le interventiones human, specialmente le cultivation de [[ris]]. Le Delta del Ebro es inscribite in le Lista de Zonas Humide de Importantie International sub le [[Convention de Ramsar]]. Le sitio ha un superficie de circa 7 736 hectares e esseva designate como sito Ramsar le 10 de septembre 1993. Le zonas basse del delta es importante pro le aves aquatic e migratori. Le sitio supporta numerosas species de aves e ha etiam un importantia pro le reproduction e alimentation de species de pisces, molluscos e crustaceos. Le agricultura, specialmente le production de ris, es un del principal activitates economic del delta. Le regime natural del inundation es in grande parte regulate pro permitter le cultivation agricole. == Ecologia == Le cuenca del Ebro contine un grande diversitate de ambientes natural. Illos include le ecosistemas montuose del Pireneos e del montes Cantabric, le valle mediterranee del centro del cuenca, le zonas semiaride del interior de Aragon e le ambientes humide del delta. Le rete fluvial es importante pro le biodiversitate aquatic e pro le conservation de species ligate al aquas dulce. Le reservoirs e le altere infrastructuras hydraulic ha tamen modificate le regime natural del aqua in multe partes del cuenca. Le Delta del Ebro ha un valor particular pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le combination de lagunas, paludes, aquas basse e ambientes costal provide habitat pro un grande numero de species, specialmente aves aquatic e migratori. == Problemas ambiental == Le gestion del Ebro presenta diverse problemas ambiental, inter le quales se trova le reduction del fluxos de aqua, le modification del sedimento, le contamination, le pression agricultural, le alteration del habitats e le conservation del delta. Le reservoirs retene parte del sedimentos que naturalmente essereva transportate verso le parte basse del rio. Le reduction del transporto sedimentari pote contribuer al erosion e al transformation del Delta del Ebro. Le cambio climatic pote tamben affectar le disponibilitate de aqua, le regime del precipitation e le frequency del periodos de siccitate. Iste problemas face necessari un gestion integrate del ressources aquatic in tote le cuenca. == Gestion del cuenca == Le administration del parte principal del cuenca es exercite per le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, un organismo de cuenca del Stato espaniol. Le Confederación participa in le planification hydrographic, le gestion del ressources de aqua, le controlo del qualitate del aqua, le protection del dominio public hydraulic e le coordination interadministrative. Le planification hydrographic del cuenca es integrate in le quadro del legislation espaniol e europee super le aquas. Le Plan Hidrologic del Ebro define le marco pro le administration e protection del ressources aquatic e del ecosistemas associate. Le cuenca ha un character interregional e transnational. Le gestion del aqua require coordination inter le differente Communitates Autonome e, in le areas concernite, con Francia e Andorra. == Importanta economic == Le Ebro ha un importantia economic major pro le nord-est de Espania. Su aqua supporta agricultura irrigate, production de energia, industrias, approvisionnement urban e diverse activitates associate al turismo e al recreation. Le valle del Ebro es un del principal corredores economic del nord-est del Peninsula Iberic. Citates como Zaragoza, Logroño e altere centros urban se ha developpate in relation con le valle e le vias de communication que lo traversa. Le agriculture irrigate del valle e del delta depende in parte del ressources del cuenca. In le delta, le cultivation de ris es intimemente ligate al regime hydraulic del territorio. == In cultura == Le Ebro occupa un loco important in le historia e le cultura del regiones que illo traversa. Le rio es representate in le litteratura, le cartographia historic e le iconographia del citates del valle. Su nom ha etiam un importantia linguistic e historic per su relation con le antique termino *Iberus*, del qual deriva le nom del peninsula iberic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Rios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios del Mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia del Pais Basc]] [[Categoria:Geographia de La Rioja]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Cordillera Cantabric]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mar Mediterraneo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Mediterraneo de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo del Pais Basco]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Alava]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Burgos]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Lerida]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Tarragona]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Saragossa]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassin del Ebro]] 1nxuj49jad2ccek1spnm39ojw68kudn 702675 702674 2026-10-07T06:45:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 702675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ebro''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in [[Catalonia]]. Le rio ha un longitude de circa 910 kilometros e su cuenca hydrographic ha un superficie de circa 85 500 km². Le Ebro es le principal curso de aqua del nord-est de Espania. Su cuenca include territorios de numerose [[Communitates Autonome]] e, in certe zonas, etiam de [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]]. Le cuenca es delimitate al nord per le [[Pireneos]] e le montes Cantabric, al sud-est per le [[Systema Iberic]] e al est per le cordillera Costero-Catalana. == Geographia == Le Ebro nasce in [[Cantabria]], in le zona del [[Fontibre]], al pede del montes Cantabric. Desde su curso superior, le rio dirige se verso le sud-est e entra in le grande depression del Ebro. In su curso, le Ebro passa o se trova proxime a numerose citates e localitates importante, inter illes [[Reinosa]], [[Miranda de Ebro]], [[Haro]], [[Logroño]], [[Calahorra]], [[Tudela]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Caspe]] e [[Tortosa]]. Su valle forma un importante axe geographic e economic del nord-est de Espania. Post Zaragoza, le rio continua verso le sud-est per le territorio de Aragon. In le parte basse de su curso, illo entra in Catalonia e traversa le area del Terres de l'Ebre ante de attinger le Mediterranee. Le Ebro desemboca in le mar per medio del Delta del Ebro, un grande ambiente humide formate per le accumulation de sedimentos transportate per le rio. == Cuenca hydrographic == Le cuenca del Ebro es le plus extensive cuenca hydrographic de Espania, con un superficie de circa 85 534 km² secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Illa representa circa 17 pro cento del territorio peninsular espaniol. Le cuenca es un grande depression circumdate per zonas montuose. Al nord se trova le montes Cantabric e le Pireneos; al sud e sud-west le Systema Iberic; e al est le cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. Iste configuration explica le forma general del reticulo hydrographic e le concentration de grande tributarios in le parte septentrional del cuenca. Le territorio del cuenca non se limita al curso principal del Ebro. Illo include un vaste rete de rios, torrentes, reservoirs, zonas humide e aquas subterranee. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro identifica circa 12 000 kilometros de rete fluvial principal in le territorio del cuenca. == Tributarios == Le Ebro recipe aquas de numerose tributarios proveniente principalmente del Pireneos, del montes Cantabric e del Systema Iberic. Inter le plus importante tributarios del margine sinistre se trova le [[Ega]], le [[Aragon]], le [[Arga]], le [[Gallego]], le [[Cinca]] e le [[Segre]]. Le rios del margine sinistre es generalmente plus importante in terminos de apporto de aqua, specialmente illes que nasce in le Pireneos. Inter le principal tributarios del margine dextere se trova le [[Oja]], le [[Iregua]], le [[Jalón]], le [[Huerva]], le [[Martin]], le [[Guadalope]] e le [[Matarraña]]. Un grande parte de iste rios nasce in le Systema Iberic e ha generalmente un regime plus irregular. Le confluencia con le Segre es particularmente importante pro le curso inferior del Ebro, perque le Segre e su tributarios aporta un grande parte del aqua proveniente del Pireneos. == Regime del rio == Le regime del Ebro es influentiate per le pluviositate, le neves del Pireneos, le contributiones del tributarios e le interventiones human in le cuenca. Le apporto del zonas montuose del Pireneos es particularmente importante durante le primavera, quando le fusion del neve pote augmentar le debit del tributarios septentrional. Le variationes del debit es etiam influentiate per le numerosos reservoirs e sistemas de irrigation construite in le cuenca. Le gestion del aqua es un del principal aspectos del administration del cuenca hydrographic. == Uso del aqua == Le aqua del Ebro es utilisate pro le [[irrigation]], le production de [[electricitate hydroelectric]], le approvisionnement urban e industrial e altere usos. Le agricultura ha un rol historic importante in le valle del Ebro. Le irrigation es practicante desde le antiquitate e esseva expandite durante le periodo musulman e postea per le construction de canals e altere infrastructuras hydraulic. Inter le principal infrastructuras historic se trova le Canal Imperial de Aragon, construite e expandite in differente periodos pro transportar aqua del Ebro verso areas agricole. Le canal ha habite tamben un function de navigation in certe periodos. Le systema moderne de reservoirs, canals e centrales hydroelectric ha transformate le regime del aqua e permittite le utilisation de un parte importante del ressources del cuenca pro agricultura, production energetic e consumption human. == Citates e importance historic == Le Ebro ha habite un rol importante in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. Le nom del rio es ligate al nom antique Hiberus o Iberus, del qual deriva le termino *Iberia*, usate in le fontes grec e roman pro designar le peninsula e le populationes iberic. Durante le periodo roman, le Ebro esseva un importante axe geographic e economic. Le valle del rio connectava le regiones del interior con le zonas costal del Mediterranee. Durante le periodo musulman, le irrigation esseva expandite e le utilisation agricultural del aqua del Ebro deveniva plus extensive. Le systemas de canals e de distribution del aqua contribueva al transformation del agricultura in le valle. Le citates situate al margines del rio, specialmente [[Zaragoza]] e [[Logroño]], ha mantenite un relation historic importante con le Ebro. == Navigation == Le Ebro ha essite utilisate pro navigation in differente periodos historic, ma le navigation fluvial esseva limitate per le configuration del curso, le variationes del debit e le obstaculos natural e artificial. Historicamente, le navigation commercial esseva possibile in certe partes del curso inferior e medie. Le construction de canals, specialmente le Canal Imperial de Aragon, createva etiam nove possibilitates pro le transporto de personas e mercantias. In le actualitate, le navigation non constitue un del principal functiones economic del rio. Le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua e le production hydroelectric ha un importantia plus grande. == Delta del Ebro == Le Delta del Ebro es le grande zona humide formate al desembocadura del rio in le Mediterranee. Illo es un del ambientes natural plus importante del litoral mediterranee de Espania. Le delta comprende aquas costal basse, playas, dunas, lagunas salin, paludes de aqua dulce, canales e areas agricole. Le ambiente es fortemente influentiate per le regime del rio e per le interventiones human, specialmente le cultivation de [[ris]]. Le Delta del Ebro es inscribite in le Lista de Zonas Humide de Importantie International sub le [[Convention de Ramsar]]. Le sitio ha un superficie de circa 7 736 hectares e esseva designate como sito Ramsar le 10 de septembre 1993. Le zonas basse del delta es importante pro le aves aquatic e migratori. Le sitio supporta numerosas species de aves e ha etiam un importantia pro le reproduction e alimentation de species de pisces, molluscos e crustaceos. Le agricultura, specialmente le production de ris, es un del principal activitates economic del delta. Le regime natural del inundation es in grande parte regulate pro permitter le cultivation agricole. == Ecologia == Le cuenca del Ebro contine un grande diversitate de ambientes natural. Illos include le ecosistemas montuose del Pireneos e del montes Cantabric, le valle mediterranee del centro del cuenca, le zonas semiaride del interior de Aragon e le ambientes humide del delta. Le rete fluvial es importante pro le biodiversitate aquatic e pro le conservation de species ligate al aquas dulce. Le reservoirs e le altere infrastructuras hydraulic ha tamen modificate le regime natural del aqua in multe partes del cuenca. Le Delta del Ebro ha un valor particular pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le combination de lagunas, paludes, aquas basse e ambientes costal provide habitat pro un grande numero de species, specialmente aves aquatic e migratori. == Problemas ambiental == Le gestion del Ebro presenta diverse problemas ambiental, inter le quales se trova le reduction del fluxos de aqua, le modification del sedimento, le contamination, le pression agricultural, le alteration del habitats e le conservation del delta. Le reservoirs retene parte del sedimentos que naturalmente essereva transportate verso le parte basse del rio. Le reduction del transporto sedimentari pote contribuer al erosion e al transformation del Delta del Ebro. Le cambio climatic pote tamben affectar le disponibilitate de aqua, le regime del precipitation e le frequency del periodos de siccitate. Iste problemas face necessari un gestion integrate del ressources aquatic in tote le cuenca. == Gestion del cuenca == Le administration del parte principal del cuenca es exercite per le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, un organismo de cuenca del Stato espaniol. Le Confederación participa in le planification hydrographic, le gestion del ressources de aqua, le controlo del qualitate del aqua, le protection del dominio public hydraulic e le coordination interadministrative. Le planification hydrographic del cuenca es integrate in le quadro del legislation espaniol e europee super le aquas. Le Plan Hidrologic del Ebro define le marco pro le administration e protection del ressources aquatic e del ecosistemas associate. Le cuenca ha un character interregional e transnational. Le gestion del aqua require coordination inter le differente Communitates Autonome e, in le areas concernite, con Francia e Andorra. == Importanta economic == Le Ebro ha un importantia economic major pro le nord-est de Espania. Su aqua supporta agricultura irrigate, production de energia, industrias, approvisionnement urban e diverse activitates associate al turismo e al recreation. Le valle del Ebro es un del principal corredores economic del nord-est del Peninsula Iberic. Citates como Zaragoza, Logroño e altere centros urban se ha developpate in relation con le valle e le vias de communication que lo traversa. Le agriculture irrigate del valle e del delta depende in parte del ressources del cuenca. In le delta, le cultivation de ris es intimemente ligate al regime hydraulic del territorio. == In cultura == Le Ebro occupa un loco important in le historia e le cultura del regiones que illo traversa. Le rio es representate in le litteratura, le cartographia historic e le iconographia del citates del valle. Su nom ha etiam un importantia linguistic e historic per su relation con le antique termino *Iberus*, del qual deriva le nom del peninsula iberic. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Rios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios del Mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia del Pais Basc]] [[Categoria:Geographia de La Rioja]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Cordillera Cantabric]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mar Mediterraneo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Mediterraneo de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo del Pais Basco]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Alava]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Burgos]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Lerida]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Tarragona]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Saragossa]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassin del Ebro]] 25p469x9e7m2399cqrfwv9806qd1vit 702676 702675 2026-10-07T06:46:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 702676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ebro''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in [[Catalonia]]. Le rio ha un longitude de circa 910 kilometros e su cuenca hydrographic ha un superficie de circa 85 500 km².<ref name="CHE-cuenca">{{Cite web |url=https://itebro.chebro.es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-ebro |title=La cuenca del Ebro |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le Ebro es le principal curso de aqua del nord-est de Espania. Su cuenca include territorios de numerose [[Communitates Autonome]] e, in certe zonas, etiam de [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]]. Le cuenca es delimitate al nord per le [[Pireneos]] e le montes Cantabric, al sud-est per le [[Systema Iberic]] e al est per le cordillera Costero-Catalana.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> == Geographia == Le Ebro nasce in [[Cantabria]], in le zona del [[Fontibre]], al pede del montes Cantabric. Desde su curso superior, le rio dirige se verso le sud-est e entra in le grande depression del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red">{{Cite web |url=https://www.chebro.es/fr/web/guest/capitulo-segundo |title=Aspectos geofisiográficos: red fluvial y su régimen |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> In su curso, le Ebro passa o se trova proxime a numerose citates e localitates importante, inter illes [[Reinosa]], [[Miranda de Ebro]], [[Haro]], [[Logroño]], [[Calahorra]], [[Tudela]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Caspe]] e [[Tortosa]]. Su valle forma un importante axe geographic e economic del nord-est de Espania. Post Zaragoza, le rio continua verso le sud-est per le territorio de Aragon. In le parte basse de su curso, illo entra in Catalonia e traversa le area del Terres de l'Ebre ante de attinger le Mediterranee. Le Ebro desemboca in le mar per medio del Delta del Ebro, un grande ambiente humide formate per le accumulation de sedimentos transportate per le rio.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Spain.pdf |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Spain |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Cuenca hydrographic == Le cuenca del Ebro es le plus extensive cuenca hydrographic de Espania, con un superficie de circa 85 534 km² secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Illa representa circa 17 pro cento del territorio peninsular espaniol.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le cuenca es un grande depression circumdate per zonas montuose. Al nord se trova le montes Cantabric e le Pireneos; al sud e sud-west le Systema Iberic; e al est le cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. Iste configuration explica le forma general del reticulo hydrographic e le concentration de grande tributarios in le parte septentrional del cuenca.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le territorio del cuenca non se limita al curso principal del Ebro. Illo include un vaste rete de rios, torrentes, reservoirs, zonas humide e aquas subterranee. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro identifica circa 12 000 kilometros de rete fluvial principal in le territorio del cuenca, de quales circa 910,5 kilometros corresponde al curso principal del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red"/> == Tributarios == Le Ebro recipe aquas de numerose tributarios proveniente principalmente del Pireneos, del montes Cantabric e del Systema Iberic.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le plus importante tributarios del margine sinistre se trova le [[Ega]], le [[Aragon]], le [[Arga]], le [[Gallego]], le [[Cinca]] e le [[Segre]]. Le rios del margine sinistre es generalmente plus importante in terminos de apporto de aqua, specialmente illes que nasce in le Pireneos.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le principal tributarios del margine dextere se trova le [[Oja]], le [[Iregua]], le [[Jalón]], le [[Huerva]], le [[Martin]], le [[Guadalope]] e le [[Matarraña]]. Un grande parte de iste rios nasce in le Systema Iberic e ha generalmente un regime plus irregular.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le confluencia con le Segre es particularmente importante pro le curso inferior del Ebro, perque le Segre e su tributarios aporta un grande parte del aqua proveniente del Pireneos. == Regime del rio == Le regime del Ebro es influentiate per le pluviositate, le neves del Pireneos, le contributiones del tributarios e le interventiones human in le cuenca. Le apporto del zonas montuose del Pireneos es particularmente importante durante le primavera, quando le fusion del neve pote augmentar le debit del tributarios septentrional. Le variationes del debit es etiam influentiate per le numerosos reservoirs e sistemas de irrigation construite in le cuenca. Le gestion del aqua es un del principal aspectos del administration del cuenca hydrographic.<ref name="MITECO-regime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mesa_regulacion_caudales.html |title=Mesa de trabajo sobre la alteración de los regímenes de caudales de los ríos |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Uso del aqua == Le aqua del Ebro es utilisate pro le [[irrigation]], le production de [[electricitate hydroelectric]], le approvisionnement urban e industrial e altere usos.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le agricultura ha un rol historic importante in le valle del Ebro. Le irrigation es practicante desde le antiquitate e esseva expandite durante le periodo musulman e postea per le construction de canals e altere infrastructuras hydraulic. Inter le principal infrastructuras historic se trova le Canal Imperial de Aragon, construite e expandite in differente periodos pro transportar aqua del Ebro verso areas agricole. Le canal ha habite tamben un function de navigation in certe periodos. Le Canal Imperial discurre parallel al Ebro sur circa 108 kilometros e include obras de navigation con esclusas.<ref name="CanalImperial">{{Cite web |url=https://servicios-integra.chebro.es/web/guest/canal-imperial-de-aragon |title=Canal Imperial de Aragón |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le systema moderne de reservoirs, canals e centrales hydroelectric ha transformate le regime del aqua e permittite le utilisation de un parte importante del ressources del cuenca pro agricultura, production energetic e consumption human.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> == Citates e importance historic == Le Ebro ha habite un rol importante in le historia del Peninsula Iberic. Le nom del rio es ligate al nom antique Hiberus o Iberus, del qual deriva le termino *Iberia*, usate in le fontes grec e roman pro designar le peninsula e le populationes iberic. Durante le periodo roman, le Ebro esseva un importante axe geographic e economic. Le valle del rio connectava le regiones del interior con le zonas costal del Mediterranee. Durante le periodo musulman, le irrigation esseva expandite e le utilisation agricultural del aqua del Ebro deveniva plus extensive. Le systemas de canals e de distribution del aqua contribueva al transformation del agricultura in le valle. Le citates situate al margines del rio, specialmente [[Zaragoza]] e [[Logroño]], ha mantenite un relation historic importante con le Ebro. == Navigation == Le Ebro ha essite utilisate pro navigation in differente periodos historic, ma le navigation fluvial esseva limitate per le configuration del curso, le variationes del debit e le obstaculos natural e artificial. Historicamente, le navigation commercial esseva possibile in certe partes del curso inferior e medie. Le construction de canals, specialmente le Canal Imperial de Aragon, createva etiam nove possibilitates pro le transporto de personas e mercantias.<ref name="CanalImperial"/> In le actualitate, le navigation non constitue un del principal functiones economic del rio. Le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua e le production hydroelectric ha un importantia plus grande. == Delta del Ebro == Le Delta del Ebro es le grande zona humide formate al desembocadura del rio in le Mediterranee. Illo es un del ambientes natural plus importante del litoral mediterranee de Espania.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le delta comprende aquas costal basse, playas, dunas, lagunas salin, paludes de aqua dulce, canales e areas agricole. Le ambiente es fortemente influentiate per le regime del rio e per le interventiones human, specialmente le cultivation de [[ris]].<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le Delta del Ebro es inscribite in le Lista de Zonas Humide de Importantie International sub le [[Convention de Ramsar]]. Le sito ha un superficie de circa 7 736 hectares e esseva designate como sito Ramsar le 10 de septembre 1993.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le zonas basse del delta es importante pro le aves aquatic e migratori. Le sito supporta numerosas species de aves e ha etiam un importantia pro le reproduction e alimentation de species de pisces, molluscos e crustaceos.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le agricultura, specialmente le production de ris, es un del principal activitates economic del delta. Le regime natural del inundation es in grande parte regulate pro permitter le cultivation agricole.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Ecologia == Le cuenca del Ebro contine un grande diversitate de ambientes natural. Illos include le ecosistemas montuose del Pireneos e del montes Cantabric, le valle mediterranee del centro del cuenca, le zonas semiaride del interior de Aragon e le ambientes humide del delta.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le rete fluvial es importante pro le biodiversitate aquatic e pro le conservation de species ligate al aquas dulce. Le reservoirs e le altere infrastructuras hydraulic ha tamen modificate le regime natural del aqua in multe partes del cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le Delta del Ebro ha un valor particular pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le combination de lagunas, paludes, aquas basse e ambientes costal provide habitat pro un grande numero de species, specialmente aves aquatic e migratori.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Problemas ambiental == Le gestion del Ebro presenta diverse problemas ambiental, inter le quales se trova le reduction del fluxos de aqua, le modification del sedimento, le contamination, le pression agricultural, le alteration del habitats e le conservation del delta.<ref name="MITECO-delta">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/ministerio/servicios/ayudas-subvenciones/ayudas-subvenciones-antes-de-migracion/proyectos_life+_%202013_env_tcm30-87669.pdf |title=Adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change in the Ebro Delta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le reservoirs retene parte del sedimentos que naturalmente essereva transportate verso le parte basse del rio. Le reduction del transporto sedimentari pote contribuer al erosion e al transformation del Delta del Ebro.<ref name="MITECO-sedimentos">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/ca/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mequinenza-xerta-ebro.html |title=Proyecto de mejora de la dinámica sedimentaria en el Río Ebro. Tramo Mequinenza-Xerta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote tamben affectar le disponibilitate de aqua, le regime del precipitation e le frequency del periodos de siccitate. Iste problemas face necessari un gestion integrate del ressources aquatic in tote le cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-delta"/> == Gestion del cuenca == Le administration del parte principal del cuenca es exercite per le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, un organismo de cuenca del Stato espaniol. Le Confederación participa in le planification hydrographic, le gestion del ressources de aqua, le controlo del qualitate del aqua, le protection del dominio public hydraulic e le coordination interadministrative.<ref name="CHE-plan">{{Cite web |url=https://portal.chebro.es/eu/plan-hidrologico-2022-2027 |title=Plan Hidrológico 2022-2027 |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le planification hydrographic del cuenca es integrate in le quadro del legislation espaniol e europee super le aquas. Le Plan Hidrologic del Ebro define le marco pro le administration e protection del ressources aquatic e del ecosistemas associate.<ref name="CHE-plan"/> Le cuenca ha un character interregional e transnational. Le gestion del aqua require coordination inter le differente Communitates Autonome e, in le areas concernite, con Francia e Andorra. == Importanta economic == Le Ebro ha un importantia economic major pro le nord-est de Espania. Su aqua supporta agricultura irrigate, production de energia, industrias, approvisionnement urban e diverse activitates associate al turismo e al recreation.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le valle del Ebro es un del principal corredores economic del nord-est del Peninsula Iberic. Citates como Zaragoza, Logroño e altere centros urban se ha developpate in relation con le valle e le vias de communication que lo traversa. Le agriculture irrigate del valle e del delta depende in parte del ressources del cuenca. In le delta, le cultivation de ris es intimemente ligate al regime hydraulic del territorio.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == In cultura == Le Ebro occupa un loco important in le historia e le cultura del regiones que illo traversa. Le rio es representate in le litteratura, le cartographia historic e le iconographia del citates del valle. Su nom ha etiam un importantia linguistic e historic per su relation con le antique termino *Iberus*, del qual deriva le nom del peninsula iberic. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Rios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios del Mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia del Pais Basc]] [[Categoria:Geographia de La Rioja]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Cordillera Cantabric]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mar Mediterraneo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Mediterraneo de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo del Pais Basco]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Alava]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Burgos]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Lerida]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Tarragona]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Saragossa]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassin del Ebro]] cg216ii38ilm7ce60ogxva1ynhh2jag 702678 702676 2026-10-07T06:49:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 702678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ebro''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in [[Catalonia]]. Le rio ha un longitude de circa 910 kilometros e su cuenca hydrographic ha un superficie de circa 85 500 km².<ref name="CHE-cuenca">{{Cite web |url=https://itebro.chebro.es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-ebro |title=La cuenca del Ebro |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le Ebro es le principal curso de aqua del nord-est de Espania. Su cuenca include territorios de numerose [[Communitates Autonome]] e, in certe zonas, etiam de [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]]. Le cuenca es delimitate al nord per le [[Pireneos]] e le montes Cantabric, al sud-est per le [[Systema Iberic]] e al est per le cordillera Costero-Catalana.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> == Geographia == Le Ebro nasce in [[Cantabria]], in le zona del [[Fontibre]], al pede del montes Cantabric. Desde su curso superior, le rio dirige se verso le sud-est e entra in le grande depression del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red">{{Cite web |url=https://www.chebro.es/fr/web/guest/capitulo-segundo |title=Aspectos geofisiográficos: red fluvial y su régimen |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> In su curso, le Ebro passa o se trova proxime a numerose citates e localitates importante, inter illes [[Reinosa]], [[Miranda de Ebro]], [[Haro]], [[Logroño]], [[Calahorra]], [[Tudela]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Caspe]] e [[Tortosa]]. Su valle forma un importante axe geographic e economic del nord-est de Espania. Post Zaragoza, le rio continua verso le sud-est per le territorio de Aragon. In le parte basse de su curso, illo entra in Catalonia e traversa le area del Terres de l'Ebre ante de attinger le Mediterranee. Le Ebro desemboca in le mar per medio del Delta del Ebro, un grande ambiente humide formate per le accumulation de sedimentos transportate per le rio.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Spain.pdf |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Spain |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Cuenca hydrographic == Le cuenca del Ebro es le plus extensive [[bassino hydrographic]] de Espania, con un superficie de circa 85 534 km² secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Illa representa circa 17 pro cento del territorio peninsular espaniol.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le cuenca es un grande depression circumdate per zonas montuose. Al nord se trova le montes Cantabric e le Pireneos; al sud e sud-west le Systema Iberic; e al est le cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. Iste configuration explica le forma general del reticulo hydrographic e le concentration de grande tributarios in le parte septentrional del cuenca.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le territorio del cuenca non se limita al curso principal del Ebro. Illo include un vaste rete de rios, torrentes, reservoirs, zonas humide e aquas subterranee. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro identifica circa 12 000 kilometros de rete fluvial principal in le territorio del cuenca, de quales circa 910,5 kilometros corresponde al curso principal del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red"/> == Tributarios == Le Ebro recipe aquas de numerose tributarios proveniente principalmente del Pireneos, del montes Cantabric e del Systema Iberic.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le plus importante tributarios del margine sinistre se trova le [[Ega]], le [[Aragon]], le [[Arga]], le [[Gallego]], le [[Cinca]] e le [[Segre]]. Le rios del margine sinistre es generalmente plus importante in terminos de apporto de aqua, specialmente illes que nasce in le Pireneos.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le principal tributarios del margine dextere se trova le [[Oja]], le [[Iregua]], le [[Jalón]], le [[Huerva]], le [[Martin]], le [[Guadalope]] e le [[Matarraña]]. Un grande parte de iste rios nasce in le Systema Iberic e ha generalmente un regime plus irregular.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le confluencia con le Segre es particularmente importante pro le curso inferior del Ebro, perque le Segre e su tributarios aporta un grande parte del aqua proveniente del Pireneos. == Regime del rio == Le regime del Ebro es influentiate per le pluviositate, le neves del Pireneos, le contributiones del tributarios e le interventiones human in le cuenca. Le apporto del zonas montuose del Pireneos es particularmente importante durante le primavera, quando le fusion del neve pote augmentar le debit del tributarios septentrional. Le variationes del debit es etiam influentiate per le numerosos reservoirs e sistemas de irrigation construite in le cuenca. Le gestion del aqua es un del principal aspectos del administration del cuenca hydrographic.<ref name="MITECO-regime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mesa_regulacion_caudales.html |title=Mesa de trabajo sobre la alteración de los regímenes de caudales de los ríos |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Uso del aqua == Le aqua del Ebro es utilisate pro le [[irrigation]], le production de [[electricitate hydroelectric]], le approvisionnement urban e industrial e altere usos.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le agricultura ha un rol historic importante in le valle del Ebro. Le irrigation es practicante desde le antiquitate e esseva expandite durante le periodo musulman e postea per le construction de canals e altere infrastructuras hydraulic. Inter le principal infrastructuras historic se trova le Canal Imperial de Aragon, construite e expandite in differente periodos pro transportar aqua del Ebro verso areas agricole. Le canal ha habite tamben un function de navigation in certe periodos. Le Canal Imperial discurre parallel al Ebro sur circa 108 kilometros e include obras de navigation con esclusas.<ref name="CanalImperial">{{Cite web |url=https://servicios-integra.chebro.es/web/guest/canal-imperial-de-aragon |title=Canal Imperial de Aragón |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le systema moderne de reservoirs, canals e centrales hydroelectric ha transformate le regime del aqua e permittite le utilisation de un parte importante del ressources del cuenca pro agricultura, production energetic e consumption human.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> == Citates e importance historic == Le Ebro ha habite un rol importante in le historia del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Le nom del rio es ligate al nom antique Hiberus o Iberus, del qual deriva le termino ''Iberia'', usate in le fontes grec e roman pro designar le peninsula e le populationes iberic. Durante le periodo roman, le Ebro esseva un importante axe geographic e economic. Le valle del rio connectava le regiones del interior con le zonas costal del Mediterranee. Durante le periodo musulman, le irrigation esseva expandite e le utilisation agricultural del aqua del Ebro deveniva plus extensive. Le systemas de canals e de distribution del aqua contribueva al transformation del agricultura in le valle. Le citates situate al margines del rio, specialmente [[Zaragoza]] e [[Logroño]], ha mantenite un relation historic importante con le Ebro. == Navigation == Le Ebro ha essite utilisate pro navigation in differente periodos historic, ma le navigation fluvial esseva limitate per le configuration del curso, le variationes del debit e le obstaculos natural e artificial. Historicamente, le navigation commercial esseva possibile in certe partes del curso inferior e medie. Le construction de canals, specialmente le Canal Imperial de Aragon, createva etiam nove possibilitates pro le transporto de personas e mercantias.<ref name="CanalImperial"/> In le actualitate, le navigation non constitue un del principal functiones economic del rio. Le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua e le production hydroelectric ha un importantia plus grande. == Delta del Ebro == Le Delta del Ebro es le grande zona humide formate al desembocadura del rio in le Mediterranee. Illo es un del ambientes natural plus importante del litoral mediterranee de Espania.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le delta comprende aquas costal basse, playas, dunas, lagunas salin, paludes de aqua dulce, canales e areas agricole. Le ambiente es fortemente influentiate per le regime del rio e per le interventiones human, specialmente le cultivation de [[ris]].<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le Delta del Ebro es inscribite in le Lista de Zonas Humide de Importantie International sub le [[Convention de Ramsar]]. Le sito ha un superficie de circa 7 736 hectares e esseva designate como sito Ramsar le 10 de septembre 1993.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le zonas basse del delta es importante pro le aves aquatic e migratori. Le sito supporta numerosas species de aves e ha etiam un importantia pro le reproduction e alimentation de species de pisces, molluscos e crustaceos.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le agricultura, specialmente le production de ris, es un del principal activitates economic del delta. Le regime natural del inundation es in grande parte regulate pro permitter le cultivation agricole.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Ecologia == Le cuenca del Ebro contine un grande diversitate de ambientes natural. Illos include le ecosistemas montuose del Pireneos e del montes Cantabric, le valle mediterranee del centro del cuenca, le zonas semiaride del interior de Aragon e le ambientes humide del delta.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le rete fluvial es importante pro le biodiversitate aquatic e pro le conservation de species ligate al aquas dulce. Le reservoirs e le altere infrastructuras hydraulic ha tamen modificate le regime natural del aqua in multe partes del cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le Delta del Ebro ha un valor particular pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le combination de lagunas, paludes, aquas basse e ambientes costal provide habitat pro un grande numero de species, specialmente aves aquatic e migratori.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Problemas ambiental == Le gestion del Ebro presenta diverse problemas ambiental, inter le quales se trova le reduction del fluxos de aqua, le modification del sedimento, le contamination, le pression agricultural, le alteration del habitats e le conservation del delta.<ref name="MITECO-delta">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/ministerio/servicios/ayudas-subvenciones/ayudas-subvenciones-antes-de-migracion/proyectos_life+_%202013_env_tcm30-87669.pdf |title=Adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change in the Ebro Delta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le reservoirs retene parte del sedimentos que naturalmente essereva transportate verso le parte basse del rio. Le reduction del transporto sedimentari pote contribuer al erosion e al transformation del Delta del Ebro.<ref name="MITECO-sedimentos">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/ca/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mequinenza-xerta-ebro.html |title=Proyecto de mejora de la dinámica sedimentaria en el Río Ebro. Tramo Mequinenza-Xerta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote tamben affectar le disponibilitate de aqua, le regime del precipitation e le frequency del periodos de siccitate. Iste problemas face necessari un gestion integrate del ressources aquatic in tote le cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-delta"/> == Gestion del cuenca == Le administration del parte principal del cuenca es exercite per le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, un organismo de cuenca del Stato espaniol. Le Confederación participa in le planification hydrographic, le gestion del ressources de aqua, le controlo del qualitate del aqua, le protection del dominio public hydraulic e le coordination interadministrative.<ref name="CHE-plan">{{Cite web |url=https://portal.chebro.es/eu/plan-hidrologico-2022-2027 |title=Plan Hidrológico 2022-2027 |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le planification hydrographic del cuenca es integrate in le quadro del legislation espaniol e europee super le aquas. Le Plan Hidrologic del Ebro define le marco pro le administration e protection del ressources aquatic e del ecosistemas associate.<ref name="CHE-plan"/> Le cuenca ha un character interregional e transnational. Le gestion del aqua require coordination inter le differente Communitates Autonome e, in le areas concernite, con Francia e Andorra. == Importanta economic == Le Ebro ha un importantia economic major pro le nord-est de Espania. Su aqua supporta agricultura irrigate, production de energia, industrias, approvisionnement urban e diverse activitates associate al turismo e al recreation.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le valle del Ebro es un del principal corredores economic del nord-est del Peninsula Iberic. Citates como Zaragoza, Logroño e altere centros urban se ha developpate in relation con le valle e le vias de communication que lo traversa. Le agriculture irrigate del valle e del delta depende in parte del ressources del cuenca. In le delta, le cultivation de ris es intimemente ligate al regime hydraulic del territorio.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == In cultura == Le Ebro occupa un loco important in le historia e le cultura del regiones que illo traversa. Le rio es representate in le litteratura, le cartographia historic e le iconographia del citates del valle. Su nom ha etiam un importantia linguistic e historic per su relation con le antique termino ''Iberus'', del qual deriva le nom del peninsula iberic. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios del Mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia del Pais Basc]] [[Categoria:Geographia de La Rioja]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Cordillera Cantabric]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mar Mediterraneo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Mediterraneo de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo del Pais Basco]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Alava]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Burgos]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Lerida]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Tarragona]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Saragossa]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassin del Ebro]] 4xt8dvq7jj7xott6hfvnlep4uvcvwgg 702680 702678 2026-10-07T06:51:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 702680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ebro''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus longe rio cuje curso se trova completemente in [[Espania]]. Illo nasce in le parte septentrional del peninsula, in le montes Cantabric, traversa le nord e nord-est del pais in direction sud-est e desemboca in le [[Mar Mediterranee]], ubi forma le [[Delta del Ebro]] in le provincia de Tarragona, in [[Catalonia]]. Le rio ha un longitude de circa 910 kilometros e su cuenca hydrographic ha un superficie de circa 85 500 km².<ref name="CHE-cuenca">{{Cite web |url=https://itebro.chebro.es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-ebro |title=La cuenca del Ebro |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le Ebro es le principal curso de aqua del nord-est de Espania. Su cuenca include territorios de numerose [[Communitates Autonome]] e, in certe zonas, etiam de [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]]. Le cuenca es delimitate al nord per le [[Pyreneos]] e le montes Cantabric, al sud-est per le [[Systema Iberic]] e al est per le cordillera Costero-Catalana.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> == Geographia == Le Ebro nasce in [[Cantabria]], in le zona del [[Fontibre]], al pede del montes Cantabric. Desde su curso superior, le rio dirige se verso le sud-est e entra in le grande depression del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red">{{Cite web |url=https://www.chebro.es/fr/web/guest/capitulo-segundo |title=Aspectos geofisiográficos: red fluvial y su régimen |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> In su curso, le Ebro passa o se trova proxime a numerose citates e localitates importante, inter illes [[Reinosa]], [[Miranda de Ebro]], [[Haro]], [[Logroño]], [[Calahorra]], [[Tudela]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Caspe]] e [[Tortosa]]. Su valle forma un importante axe geographic e economic del nord-est de Espania. Post Zaragoza, le rio continua verso le sud-est per le territorio de Aragon. In le parte basse de su curso, illo entra in Catalonia e traversa le area del Terres de l'Ebre ante de attinger le Mediterranee. Le Ebro desemboca in le mar per medio del Delta del Ebro, un grande ambiente humide formate per le accumulation de sedimentos transportate per le rio.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Spain.pdf |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Spain |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Cuenca hydrographic == Le cuenca del Ebro es le plus extensive [[bassino hydrographic]] de Espania, con un superficie de circa 85 534 km² secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Illa representa circa 17 pro cento del territorio peninsular espaniol.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le cuenca es un grande depression circumdate per zonas montuose. Al nord se trova le montes Cantabric e le Pyreneos; al sud e sud-west le Systema Iberic; e al est le cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. Iste configuration explica le forma general del reticulo hydrographic e le concentration de grande tributarios in le parte septentrional del cuenca.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le territorio del cuenca non se limita al curso principal del Ebro. Illo include un vaste rete de rios, torrentes, reservoirs, zonas humide e aquas subterranee. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro identifica circa 12 000 kilometros de rete fluvial principal in le territorio del cuenca, de quales circa 910,5 kilometros corresponde al curso principal del Ebro.<ref name="CHE-red"/> == Tributarios == Le Ebro recipe aquas de numerose tributarios proveniente principalmente del Pyreneos, del montes Cantabric e del Systema Iberic.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le plus importante tributarios del margine sinistre se trova le [[Ega]], le [[Aragon]], le [[Arga]], le [[Gallego]], le [[Cinca]] e le [[Segre]]. Le rios del margine sinistre es generalmente plus importante in terminos de apporto de aqua, specialmente illes que nasce in le Pyreneos.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Inter le principal tributarios del margine dextere se trova le [[Oja]], le [[Iregua]], le [[Jalón]], le [[Huerva]], le [[Martin]], le [[Guadalope]] e le [[Matarraña]]. Un grande parte de iste rios nasce in le Systema Iberic e ha generalmente un regime plus irregular.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le confluencia con le Segre es particularmente importante pro le curso inferior del Ebro, perque le Segre e su tributarios aporta un grande parte del aqua proveniente del Pyreneos. == Regime del rio == Le regime del Ebro es influentiate per le pluviositate, le neves del Pyreneos, le contributiones del tributarios e le interventiones human in le cuenca. Le apporto del zonas montaniose del Pyreneos es particularmente importante durante le primavera, quando le fusion del neve pote augmentar le debit del tributarios septentrional. Le variationes del debit es etiam influentiate per le numerosos reservoirs e sistemas de irrigation construite in le cuenca. Le gestion del aqua es un del principal aspectos del administration del cuenca hydrographic.<ref name="MITECO-regime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mesa_regulacion_caudales.html |title=Mesa de trabajo sobre la alteración de los regímenes de caudales de los ríos |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> == Uso del aqua == Le aqua del Ebro es utilisate pro le [[irrigation]], le production de [[electricitate hydroelectric]], le approvisionnement urban e industrial e altere usos.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le agricultura ha un rol historic importante in le valle del Ebro. Le irrigation es practicante desde le antiquitate e esseva expandite durante le periodo musulman e postea per le construction de canals e altere infrastructuras hydraulic. Inter le principal infrastructuras historic se trova le Canal Imperial de Aragon, construite e expandite in differente periodos pro transportar aqua del Ebro verso areas agricole. Le canal ha habite tamben un function de navigation in certe periodos. Le Canal Imperial discurre parallel al Ebro sur circa 108 kilometros e include obras de navigation con esclusas.<ref name="CanalImperial">{{Cite web |url=https://servicios-integra.chebro.es/web/guest/canal-imperial-de-aragon |title=Canal Imperial de Aragón |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le systema moderne de reservoirs, canals e centrales hydroelectric ha transformate le regime del aqua e permittite le utilisation de un parte importante del ressources del cuenca pro agricultura, production energetic e consumption human.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> == Citates e importance historic == Le Ebro ha habite un rol importante in le historia del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Le nom del rio es ligate al nom antique Hiberus o Iberus, del qual deriva le termino ''Iberia'', usate in le fontes grec e roman pro designar le peninsula e le populationes iberic. Durante le periodo roman, le Ebro esseva un importante axe geographic e economic. Le valle del rio connectava le regiones del interior con le zonas costal del Mediterranee. Durante le periodo musulman, le irrigation esseva expandite e le utilisation agricultural del aqua del Ebro deveniva plus extensive. Le systemas de canals e de distribution del aqua contribueva al transformation del agricultura in le valle. Le citates situate al margines del rio, specialmente [[Zaragoza]] e [[Logroño]], ha mantenite un relation historic importante con le Ebro. == Navigation == Le Ebro ha essite utilisate pro navigation in differente periodos historic, ma le navigation fluvial esseva limitate per le configuration del curso, le variationes del debit e le obstaculos natural e artificial. Historicamente, le navigation commercial esseva possibile in certe partes del curso inferior e medie. Le construction de canals, specialmente le Canal Imperial de Aragon, createva etiam nove possibilitates pro le transporto de personas e mercantias.<ref name="CanalImperial"/> In le actualitate, le navigation non constitue un del principal functiones economic del rio. Le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua e le production hydroelectric ha un importantia plus grande. == Delta del Ebro == Le Delta del Ebro es le grande zona humide formate al desembocadura del rio in le Mediterranee. Illo es un del ambientes natural plus importante del litoral mediterranee de Espania.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le delta comprende aquas costal basse, playas, dunas, lagunas salin, paludes de aqua dulce, canales e areas agricole. Le ambiente es fortemente influentiate per le regime del rio e per le interventiones human, specialmente le cultivation de [[ris]].<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le Delta del Ebro es inscribite in le Lista de Zonas Humide de Importantie International sub le [[Convention de Ramsar]]. Le sito ha un superficie de circa 7 736 hectares e esseva designate como sito Ramsar le 10 de septembre 1993.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le zonas basse del delta es importante pro le aves aquatic e migratori. Le sito supporta numerosas species de aves e ha etiam un importantia pro le reproduction e alimentation de species de pisces, molluscos e crustaceos.<ref name="Ramsar"/> Le agricultura, specialmente le production de ris, es un del principal activitates economic del delta. Le regime natural del inundation es in grande parte regulate pro permitter le cultivation agricole.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Ecologia == Le cuenca del Ebro contine un grande diversitate de ambientes natural. Illos include le ecosistemas montaniose del Pyreneose del montes Cantabric, le valle mediterranee del centro del cuenca, le zonas semiaride del interior de Aragon e le ambientes humide del delta.<ref name="CHE-cuenca"/> Le rete fluvial es importante pro le biodiversitate aquatic e pro le conservation de species ligate al aquas dulce. Le reservoirs e le altere infrastructuras hydraulic ha tamen modificate le regime natural del aqua in multe partes del cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le Delta del Ebro ha un valor particular pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le combination de lagunas, paludes, aquas basse e ambientes costal provide habitat pro un grande numero de species, specialmente aves aquatic e migratori.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == Problemas ambiental == Le gestion del Ebro presenta diverse problemas ambiental, inter le quales se trova le reduction del fluxos de aqua, le modification del sedimento, le contamination, le pression agricultural, le alteration del habitats e le conservation del delta.<ref name="MITECO-delta">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/ministerio/servicios/ayudas-subvenciones/ayudas-subvenciones-antes-de-migracion/proyectos_life+_%202013_env_tcm30-87669.pdf |title=Adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change in the Ebro Delta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le reservoirs retene parte del sedimentos que naturalmente essereva transportate verso le parte basse del rio. Le reduction del transporto sedimentari pote contribuer al erosion e al transformation del Delta del Ebro.<ref name="MITECO-sedimentos">{{Cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/ca/agua/temas/delimitacion-y-restauracion-del-dominio-publico-hidraulico/estrategia-nacional-restauracion-rios/mequinenza-xerta-ebro.html |title=Proyecto de mejora de la dinámica sedimentaria en el Río Ebro. Tramo Mequinenza-Xerta |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote tamben affectar le disponibilitate de aqua, le regime del precipitation e le frequency del periodos de siccitate. Iste problemas face necessari un gestion integrate del ressources aquatic in tote le cuenca.<ref name="MITECO-delta"/> == Gestion del cuenca == Le administration del parte principal del cuenca es exercite per le Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro, un organismo de cuenca del Stato espaniol. Le Confederación participa in le planification hydrographic, le gestion del ressources de aqua, le controlo del qualitate del aqua, le protection del dominio public hydraulic e le coordination interadministrative.<ref name="CHE-plan">{{Cite web |url=https://portal.chebro.es/eu/plan-hidrologico-2022-2027 |title=Plan Hidrológico 2022-2027 |publisher=Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro |access-date=2026-10-07 }}</ref> Le planification hydrographic del cuenca es integrate in le quadro del legislation espaniol e europee super le aquas. Le Plan Hidrologic del Ebro define le marco pro le administration e protection del ressources aquatic e del ecosistemas associate.<ref name="CHE-plan"/> Le cuenca ha un character interregional e transnational. Le gestion del aqua require coordination inter le differente Communitates Autonome e, in le areas concernite, con Francia e Andorra. == Importanta economic == Le Ebro ha un importantia economic major pro le nord-est de Espania. Su aqua supporta agricultura irrigate, production de energia, industrias, approvisionnement urban e diverse activitates associate al turismo e al recreation.<ref name="MITECO-regime"/> Le valle del Ebro es un del principal corredores economic del nord-est del Peninsula Iberic. Citates como Zaragoza, Logroño e altere centros urban se ha developpate in relation con le valle e le vias de communication que lo traversa. Le agriculture irrigate del valle e del delta depende in parte del ressources del cuenca. In le delta, le cultivation de ris es intimemente ligate al regime hydraulic del territorio.<ref name="Ramsar"/> == In cultura == Le Ebro occupa un loco important in le historia e le cultura del regiones que illo traversa. Le rio es representate in le litteratura, le cartographia historic e le iconographia del citates del valle. Su nom ha etiam un importantia linguistic e historic per su relation con le antique termino ''Iberus'', del qual deriva le nom del peninsula iberic. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios del Mediterranee]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia del Pais Basc]] [[Categoria:Geographia de La Rioja]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Cordillera Cantabric]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mar Mediterraneo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Mediterraneo de Aragon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Cantabria]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo del Pais Basco]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Mediterraneo de Navarra]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Catalonia]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Alava]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Burgos]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Lerida]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Tarragona]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Saragossa]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassin del Ebro]] kg2x7a09usrks1ktasm48iroeg9s07l 0 61923 702679 2026-10-07T06:50:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Communitates autonome de Espania]] 702679 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Communitates autonome de Espania]] g0q2gjrte3gordejy7mc9gwihx9wsaa 0 61924 702681 2026-10-07T06:59:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Duero''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus importante curso fluvial del nord-west de Espania e del nord de Portugal. In Portugal, le rio es cognoscite como Douro. Illo nasce in le [[Picos de Urbión]], in le provincia de Soria, traversa le [[Castilia e Leon]] e entra in Portugal, ubi continua verso le west usque al [[Oceano Atlantic]]. Le rio desemboca in le area de [[Porto]], formando le estuario del Dou...” 702681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Duero''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus importante curso fluvial del nord-west de Espania e del nord de Portugal. In Portugal, le rio es cognoscite como Douro. Illo nasce in le [[Picos de Urbión]], in le provincia de Soria, traversa le [[Castilia e Leon]] e entra in Portugal, ubi continua verso le west usque al [[Oceano Atlantic]]. Le rio desemboca in le area de [[Porto]], formando le [[estuario del Douro]]. Su longitude es de circa 897 kilometros e su bassino international ha un superficie de circa 98 073 km². <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le bassino del Duero es le plus grande demarcation hydrographic del [[Peninsula Iberic]], con circa 80 pro cento de su superficie in Espania e 20 pro cento in Portugal. Le parte espaniol de le demarcation ha un superficie de 78 859 km² e include principalmente le territorio de Castilia e Leon, con parve partes de altere Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nomine == Le nom espaniol Duero e le nom portugese Douro deriva del antique nom latin Durius. Le hydronymo es anterior al formation del linguas romance moderne e ha essite transmitte per le tradition geographic e linguistic del peninsula. Le relation del nom del rio con le antique geographia roman es etiam visible in le uso de *Durius* in fontes classic. == Historia e cultura == Le Duero ha un importantia historic desde le antiquitate. Le [[Roma antique|Romanos]] cognosceva le rio como Durius. Le nom moderne deriva del antique hydronymo. Durante le periodo medieval, le Duero esseva un importante elemento geographic in le historia del regnos del nord e centro del Peninsula Iberic. In certe periodos, le curso del rio e su valles esseva associate al frontieras politic e al processos de colonisation e repopulation del territorio. Le rio remane un elemento central del identitate geographic e cultural de Castilia e Leon e del nord de Portugal. == Geographia == Le Duero nasce al pede del [[Pico Urbión]], in le [[Systema Iberic]], al nord-west del provincia de Soria. Le curso superior del rio se dirige inicialmente verso le sud e postea verso le west, traversante le grande altipiano del nord del Peninsula Iberic. In Espania, le rio passa per le provincias de [[Soria]], [[Burgos]], [[Valladolid]], [[Zamora]] e [[Salamanca]]. Le valle del Duero traversa un territorio in le qual le agricultura, le viticulture e le centros urban ha habite un rol importante in le historia economic del region. Inter le citates plus intimemente associate con le curso del rio se trova [[Soria]], [[Aranda de Duero]], [[Tordesillas]], [[Zamora]] e [[Toro]]. Post le passage per le territorio de Salamanca e Zamora, le Duero attinge le frontiera con Portugal. == Curso international == Le Duero deveni un rio international in le section ubi illo forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le curso frontaliero traversa un paisage de valles profunde e paredes rocheose cognoscite como arribes. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero indica que le section international del rio es parte de un zona ubi le course fluvial crea un grande canyon, particularmente impressionante in le area del [[Arribes del Duero]]. Iste section constitue un del principal paisages natural del bassino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le rio continua per le region del nord e passa per le valle del Douro ante de attinger le area de [[Porto]] e le Oceano Atlantic. == Tributarios == Le bassino del Duero ha un vaste rete de tributarios. Le rios del margen septentrional recipe generalmente aqua del [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], durante que altere tributarios nasce in le [[Systema Central]] o le [[Systema Iberic]]. Inter le principal tributarios del Duero se trova le [[Esla]], [[Pisuerga]], [[Tormes]], [[Adaja]], [[Eresma]], [[Duratón]], [[Riaza]], [[Águeda]], [[Arlanza]] e [[Arlanzón]]. Le Esla es un del plus importante tributarios del Duero e aporta un quantitativo importante de aqua al curso principal. Le Pisuerga es etiam un importante tributario del margine dextere e passa per Valladolid ante su confluencia con le Duero. Le tributarios del margine sinistre, includente le Tormes e le Águeda, contribue al systema fluvial del parte meridional del bassino. == Bassino hydrographic == Le bassino international del Duero ha un superficie de circa 98 073 km². Circa 80 pro cento del superficie se trova in Espania e circa 20 pro cento in Portugal. Le parte espaniol, que corresponde al territorio administrative del Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero, ha 78 859 km². <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le bassino es circumdate per un importante conjunto de sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Systema Iberic]], al sud le [[Systema Central]] e al west le continuation del bassino verso Portugal. In le territorio espaniol, le bassino del Duero se extende principalmente per Castilia e Leon, ma le demarcation hydrographic include etiam parve partes de Galicia, Cantabria, La Rioja, Madrid, Castilia-La Mancha, Extremadura e Asturias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Regime del aqua == Le regime del Duero es influentiate per le distribution del precipitation, le altitude, le neves in le zonas montuose e le contribution del tributarios. Le montes que circumda le bassino recipe generalmente plus precipitation que le areas central del altipiano. Iste contrasto explica le importantia del tributarios proveniente del Cordillera Cantabrica e del Systema Central. Le debit natural del rio ha variationes saisonal, ma le numerose reservoirs construite in le bassino modifica le distribution temporal del aqua. Le regulation del debit es ligate al irrigation, al production hydroelectric e al gestion del ressources aquatic. == Reservoirs e infrastructura hydraulic == Le bassino del Duero ha un grande numero de reservoirs destinate al stockage e regulation del aqua. Illes serve pro le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua, le production hydroelectric e le gestion del recursos in periodos de differentia disponibilitate. Le construction de barrages ha transformate le regime del rio e de su tributarios. In le section international, plure barrages ha etiam permittite le navigation de embarcationes e le exploitation hydroelectric. Le gestion del infrastructures es un del competentias del systema de administration hydrographic del bassino. == Agricultura e irrigation == Le agriculture es un del principal usatores del aqua del bassino del Duero. Le grande superficie agricole de Castilia e Leon include cultivos de cereales, mais, betarraba, girasol e altere productos, con importantes areas de agricultura irrigate. Le irrigation depende del reservoirs, canals e altere infrastructuras que regula le distribution del aqua. Le gestion del irrigation es un del principal questiones del planification hydrographic, specialmente in periodos de siccitate. Le valle del Duero es etiam un importante region viticole. Inter le denominationes de origine plus cognoscite se trova Ribera del Duero, Rueda, Toro e Arribes. == Viticultura == Le viticultura ha un rol economic e cultural importante in le bassino del Duero. In le parte espaniol, le valle es associate con plure regiones viticole que produce vinos de differente character. Le denomination de origine Ribera del Duero es un del principal zonas viticole del Espania interior. Le combination de altitude, clima continental e solos diverse ha contribuite al formation de un paisage agricole caracteristic. In Portugal, le valle del Douro es specialmente cognoscite per le production de vino de Porto e altere vinos del Douro. Le region viticole del Alto Douro es un paisage cultural de importantia international. == Valle del Douro e patrimonio mondial == Le Region viticole del Alto Douro in Portugal esseva inscribite in le [[Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 2001 como paisage cultural. Le territorio representa un paisage viticole historic formate per seculos de cultivation del vite e adaptation del terreno al production vinicola. Le valle portugese es caracterisate per le versantes abrupte, le terraces agricole e le relation inter le rio, le viticulture e le settlements human. Le patrimonio cultural del valle es intimemente ligate al transporto historic del vino per le rio verso Porto. == Parque Natural del Duero International == Le section del Duero que forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal ha un grande valor natural. In le parte portugese se trova le Parque Natural do Douro Internacional, establite in 1998. Le parque include partes del municipios de [[Miranda do Douro]], [[Mogadouro]], [[Freixo de Espada à Cinta]] e [[Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo]]. Illo se extende per circa 122 kilometros lungo le section frontaliero del Duero e le parte inferior del Águeda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/156080 |titulo=Parque Natural do Douro Internacional |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le valles profunde e le paredes rocheose del parque provide sitios de nidification pro diverse species de aves, includente le [[vulture egyptian]]. Le paisage combina ambientes natural con areas de agricultura e viticulture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto-regulamentar/8-1998-516735 |titulo=Decreto Regulamentar n.º 8/98, de 11 de maio |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le parte espaniol se trova le [[Parque Natural de Arribes del Duero]], que protege le paisage de canyon del section international del rio. == Fauna e flora == Le bassino del Duero presenta un grande diversitate de habitats, desde le montes humides del nord usque al paisages plus sec del altipiano e le valles profunde del curso international. Le section del Duero International es particularimente importante pro le aves de rapina e altere species ligate al habitats rocheose. Le parque portugese mentiona inter le species plus representative le vulture egyptian, que nidifica in le paredes del valle. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/156080 |titulo=Parque Natural do Douro Internacional |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial es ligate al qualitate del aqua, al regime del debit, al conservation del ripas e al gestion del habitats. Le modification del cours per barrages e altere infrastructuras pote influentiar le movemento del aqua, le transporto de sedimentos e le habitats aquatic. == Navigation == Le navigation del Duero ha un longe historia. In le curso superior e medie, le navigation esseva limitate per le variationes del debit, le rapidos e le topographia. In Portugal, le construction de barrages con eclusas ha permittite le navigation fluvial per un grande parte del curso inferior e medie. Le navigation moderne include servicios turistic e transporto fluvial. Le tradition del barcos rabelos, usate historicamente pro transportar barricas de vino desde le valle del Douro verso Porto, es un elemento importante del patrimonio cultural del rio. == Relation con le citates == Le Duero es intimemente ligate al development del citates e settlements del nord del Peninsula Iberic. In Espania, [[Soria]], [[Aranda de Duero]], [[Valladolid]], [[Toro]] e [[Zamora]] ha relationes historic e geographic con le rio. Valladolid es situate proxime al confluencia del Pisuerga con le Duero, durante que Zamora se trova super le curso del rio. In Portugal, le valle del Douro passa per importante centros del nord e finalmente attinge Porto. Le relation inter le rio e le citates ha essite importante pro agricultura, transporto, commercio e production vinicola. == Gestion del bassino == Le administration del parte espaniol del bassino es responsabilitate del Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero, un organismo de bassino del Stato espaniol. Le organismo esseva formalmente constituite per le Real Decreto 929/1989 e ha su sede in Valladolid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1989-17839 |titulo=Real Decreto 929/1989, de 21 de julio, por el que se constituye el Organismo de cuenca Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Confederación exerce functiones de planification hydrographic, gestion del ressources aquatic, protection del dominio public hydraulic, controlo del qualitate del aqua e administration del usationes del aqua secundo le legislation vigente. Le bassino international require coordination inter Espania e Portugal. Le cooperation concerne le gestion del aqua, le qualitate del aquas, le infrastructures, le prevention del pollution e le protection del ecosistemas transfrontaliero. == Problemas ambiental == Le bassino del Duero face diverse pressiones ambiental. Inter le principal se trova le contamination del aquas, le extraction de aqua pro irrigation, le modification del habitats fluvial, le altero del regime natural per reservoirs e le effectos del cambio climatic. Le variationes in le precipitation e le augmento possibile del periodos de siccitate pote reducer le disponibilitate del aqua. Le gestion del bassino debe dunque conciliar le besonios del agricultura, del citates, del industria, del production energetic e del conservation del ecosistemas. Le section international e le zones de canyon ha un valor natural particular e require medidas de protection pro preservar le habitats e le paisages. == Importanta economic == Le Duero es un del principal ressources natural del nord-occidental Peninsula Iberic. Su aqua supporta agricultura, production hydroelectric, industria, approvisionnement urban e tourism. Le viticulture es specialmente importante in le partes espaniol e portugese del valle. Le paisages viticole del Ribera del Duero e del Alto Douro es associate al production de vinos con forte valor economic e cultural. Le rio ha etiam un importantia pro le tourism natural e cultural, specialmente in le zones del Arribes del Duero, del Parque Natural do Douro Internacional e del valle del Douro. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Rios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Rios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Rios del Oceano Atlantic]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Portugal]] [[Categoria: Bassino del Duero]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio natural de Espania]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio natural de Portugal]] rwxvrlzfuihb7rm9ygzcxzgcitbfxwm 702682 702681 2026-10-07T07:00:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 702682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Duero''' es un del principal rios del [[Peninsula Iberic]] e le plus importante curso fluvial del nord-west de Espania e del nord de Portugal. In Portugal, le rio es cognoscite como Douro. Illo nasce in le [[Picos de Urbión]], in le provincia de Soria, traversa le [[Castilia e Leon]] e entra in Portugal, ubi continua verso le west usque al [[Oceano Atlantic]]. Le rio desemboca in le area de [[Porto]], formando le [[estuario del Douro]]. Su longitude es de circa 897 kilometros e su bassino international ha un superficie de circa 98 073 km². <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le bassino del Duero es le plus grande demarcation hydrographic del [[Peninsula Iberic]], con circa 80 pro cento de su superficie in Espania e 20 pro cento in Portugal. Le parte espaniol de le demarcation ha un superficie de 78 859 km² e include principalmente le territorio de Castilia e Leon, con parve partes de altere Communitates Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nomine == Le nom espaniol Duero e le nom portugese Douro deriva del antique nom latin Durius. Le hydronymo es anterior al formation del linguas romance moderne e ha essite transmitte per le tradition geographic e linguistic del peninsula. Le relation del nom del rio con le antique geographia roman es etiam visible in le uso de *Durius* in fontes classic. == Historia e cultura == Le Duero ha un importantia historic desde le antiquitate. Le [[Roma antique|Romanos]] cognosceva le rio como Durius. Le nom moderne deriva del antique hydronymo. Durante le periodo medieval, le Duero esseva un importante elemento geographic in le historia del regnos del nord e centro del Peninsula Iberic. In certe periodos, le curso del rio e su valles esseva associate al frontieras politic e al processos de colonisation e repopulation del territorio. Le rio remane un elemento central del identitate geographic e cultural de Castilia e Leon e del nord de Portugal. == Geographia == Le Duero nasce al pede del [[Pico Urbión]], in le [[Systema Iberic]], al nord-west del provincia de Soria. Le curso superior del rio se dirige inicialmente verso le sud e postea verso le west, traversante le grande altipiano del nord del Peninsula Iberic. In Espania, le rio passa per le provincias de [[Soria]], [[Burgos]], [[Valladolid]], [[Zamora]] e [[Salamanca]]. Le valle del Duero traversa un territorio in le qual le agricultura, le viticulture e le centros urban ha habite un rol importante in le historia economic del region. Inter le citates plus intimemente associate con le curso del rio se trova [[Soria]], [[Aranda de Duero]], [[Tordesillas]], [[Zamora]] e [[Toro]]. Post le passage per le territorio de Salamanca e Zamora, le Duero attinge le frontiera con Portugal. == Curso international == Le Duero deveni un rio international in le section ubi illo forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le curso frontaliero traversa un paisage de valles profunde e paredes rocheose cognoscite como arribes. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero indica que le section international del rio es parte de un zona ubi le course fluvial crea un grande canyon, particularmente impressionante in le area del [[Arribes del Duero]]. Iste section constitue un del principal paisages natural del bassino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le rio continua per le region del nord e passa per le valle del Douro ante de attinger le area de [[Porto]] e le Oceano Atlantic. == Tributarios == Le bassino del Duero ha un vaste rete de tributarios. Le rios del margen septentrional recipe generalmente aqua del [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], durante que altere tributarios nasce in le [[Systema Central]] o le [[Systema Iberic]]. Inter le principal tributarios del Duero se trova le [[Esla]], [[Pisuerga]], [[Tormes]], [[Adaja]], [[Eresma]], [[Duratón]], [[Riaza]], [[Águeda]], [[Arlanza]] e [[Arlanzón]]. Le Esla es un del plus importante tributarios del Duero e aporta un quantitativo importante de aqua al curso principal. Le Pisuerga es etiam un importante tributario del margine dextere e passa per Valladolid ante su confluencia con le Duero. Le tributarios del margine sinistre, includente le Tormes e le Águeda, contribue al systema fluvial del parte meridional del bassino. == Bassino hydrographic == Le bassino international del Duero ha un superficie de circa 98 073 km². Circa 80 pro cento del superficie se trova in Espania e circa 20 pro cento in Portugal. Le parte espaniol, que corresponde al territorio administrative del Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero, ha 78 859 km². <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le bassino es circumdate per un importante conjunto de sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Systema Iberic]], al sud le [[Systema Central]] e al west le continuation del bassino verso Portugal. In le territorio espaniol, le bassino del Duero se extende principalmente per Castilia e Leon, ma le demarcation hydrographic include etiam parve partes de Galicia, Cantabria, La Rioja, Madrid, Castilia-La Mancha, Extremadura e Asturias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chduero.es/es/web/guest/la-cuenca-del-duero |titulo=La cuenca del Duero |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Regime del aqua == Le regime del Duero es influentiate per le distribution del precipitation, le altitude, le neves in le zonas montuose e le contribution del tributarios. Le montes que circumda le bassino recipe generalmente plus precipitation que le areas central del altipiano. Iste contrasto explica le importantia del tributarios proveniente del Cordillera Cantabrica e del Systema Central. Le debit natural del rio ha variationes saisonal, ma le numerose reservoirs construite in le bassino modifica le distribution temporal del aqua. Le regulation del debit es ligate al irrigation, al production hydroelectric e al gestion del ressources aquatic. == Reservoirs e infrastructura hydraulic == Le bassino del Duero ha un grande numero de reservoirs destinate al stockage e regulation del aqua. Illes serve pro le irrigation, le approvisionnement de aqua, le production hydroelectric e le gestion del recursos in periodos de differentia disponibilitate. Le construction de barrages ha transformate le regime del rio e de su tributarios. In le section international, plure barrages ha etiam permittite le navigation de embarcationes e le exploitation hydroelectric. Le gestion del infrastructures es un del competentias del systema de administration hydrographic del bassino. == Agricultura e irrigation == Le agriculture es un del principal usatores del aqua del bassino del Duero. Le grande superficie agricole de Castilia e Leon include cultivos de cereales, mais, betarraba, girasol e altere productos, con importantes areas de agricultura irrigate. Le irrigation depende del reservoirs, canals e altere infrastructuras que regula le distribution del aqua. Le gestion del irrigation es un del principal questiones del planification hydrographic, specialmente in periodos de siccitate. Le valle del Duero es etiam un importante region viticole. Inter le denominationes de origine plus cognoscite se trova Ribera del Duero, Rueda, Toro e Arribes. == Viticultura == Le viticultura ha un rol economic e cultural importante in le bassino del Duero. In le parte espaniol, le valle es associate con plure regiones viticole que produce vinos de differente character. Le denomination de origine Ribera del Duero es un del principal zonas viticole del Espania interior. Le combination de altitude, clima continental e solos diverse ha contribuite al formation de un paisage agricole caracteristic. In Portugal, le valle del Douro es specialmente cognoscite per le production de vino de Porto e altere vinos del Douro. Le region viticole del Alto Douro es un paisage cultural de importantia international. == Valle del Douro e patrimonio mondial == Le Region viticole del Alto Douro in Portugal esseva inscribite in le [[Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 2001 como paisage cultural. Le territorio representa un paisage viticole historic formate per seculos de cultivation del vite e adaptation del terreno al production vinicola. Le valle portugese es caracterisate per le versantes abrupte, le terraces agricole e le relation inter le rio, le viticulture e le settlements human. Le patrimonio cultural del valle es intimemente ligate al transporto historic del vino per le rio verso Porto. == Parque Natural del Duero International == Le section del Duero que forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal ha un grande valor natural. In le parte portugese se trova le Parque Natural do Douro Internacional, establite in 1998. Le parque include partes del municipios de [[Miranda do Douro]], [[Mogadouro]], [[Freixo de Espada à Cinta]] e [[Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo]]. Illo se extende per circa 122 kilometros lungo le section frontaliero del Duero e le parte inferior del Águeda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/156080 |titulo=Parque Natural do Douro Internacional |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le valles profunde e le paredes rocheose del parque provide sitios de nidification pro diverse species de aves, includente le [[vulture egyptian]]. Le paisage combina ambientes natural con areas de agricultura e viticulture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto-regulamentar/8-1998-516735 |titulo=Decreto Regulamentar n.º 8/98, de 11 de maio |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le parte espaniol se trova le [[Parque Natural de Arribes del Duero]], que protege le paisage de canyon del section international del rio. == Fauna e flora == Le bassino del Duero presenta un grande diversitate de habitats, desde le montes humides del nord usque al paisages plus sec del altipiano e le valles profunde del curso international. Le section del Duero International es particularimente importante pro le aves de rapina e altere species ligate al habitats rocheose. Le parque portugese mentiona inter le species plus representative le vulture egyptian, que nidifica in le paredes del valle. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/156080 |titulo=Parque Natural do Douro Internacional |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conservation del ecosistemas fluvial es ligate al qualitate del aqua, al regime del debit, al conservation del ripas e al gestion del habitats. Le modification del cours per barrages e altere infrastructuras pote influentiar le movemento del aqua, le transporto de sedimentos e le habitats aquatic. == Navigation == Le navigation del Duero ha un longe historia. In le curso superior e medie, le navigation esseva limitate per le variationes del debit, le rapidos e le topographia. In Portugal, le construction de barrages con eclusas ha permittite le navigation fluvial per un grande parte del curso inferior e medie. Le navigation moderne include servicios turistic e transporto fluvial. Le tradition del barcos rabelos, usate historicamente pro transportar barricas de vino desde le valle del Douro verso Porto, es un elemento importante del patrimonio cultural del rio. == Relation con le citates == Le Duero es intimemente ligate al development del citates e settlements del nord del Peninsula Iberic. In Espania, [[Soria]], [[Aranda de Duero]], [[Valladolid]], [[Toro]] e [[Zamora]] ha relationes historic e geographic con le rio. Valladolid es situate proxime al confluencia del Pisuerga con le Duero, durante que Zamora se trova super le curso del rio. In Portugal, le valle del Douro passa per importante centros del nord e finalmente attinge Porto. Le relation inter le rio e le citates ha essite importante pro agricultura, transporto, commercio e production vinicola. == Gestion del bassino == Le administration del parte espaniol del bassino es responsabilitate del Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero, un organismo de bassino del Stato espaniol. Le organismo esseva formalmente constituite per le Real Decreto 929/1989 e ha su sede in Valladolid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1989-17839 |titulo=Real Decreto 929/1989, de 21 de julio, por el que se constituye el Organismo de cuenca Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Confederación exerce functiones de planification hydrographic, gestion del ressources aquatic, protection del dominio public hydraulic, controlo del qualitate del aqua e administration del usationes del aqua secundo le legislation vigente. Le bassino international require coordination inter Espania e Portugal. Le cooperation concerne le gestion del aqua, le qualitate del aquas, le infrastructures, le prevention del pollution e le protection del ecosistemas transfrontaliero. == Problemas ambiental == Le bassino del Duero face diverse pressiones ambiental. Inter le principal se trova le contamination del aquas, le extraction de aqua pro irrigation, le modification del habitats fluvial, le altero del regime natural per reservoirs e le effectos del cambio climatic. Le variationes in le precipitation e le augmento possibile del periodos de siccitate pote reducer le disponibilitate del aqua. Le gestion del bassino debe dunque conciliar le besonios del agricultura, del citates, del industria, del production energetic e del conservation del ecosistemas. Le section international e le zones de canyon ha un valor natural particular e require medidas de protection pro preservar le habitats e le paisages. == Importanta economic == Le Duero es un del principal ressources natural del nord-occidental Peninsula Iberic. Su aqua supporta agricultura, production hydroelectric, industria, approvisionnement urban e tourism. Le viticulture es specialmente importante in le partes espaniol e portugese del valle. Le paisages viticole del Ribera del Duero e del Alto Douro es associate al production de vinos con forte valor economic e cultural. Le rio ha etiam un importantia pro le tourism natural e cultural, specialmente in le zones del Arribes del Duero, del Parque Natural do Douro Internacional e del valle del Douro. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del Oceano Atlantic]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia e Leon]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Portugal]] [[Categoria: Bassino del Duero]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio natural de Espania]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio natural de Portugal]] mykolzhk7pbe670ypllzx7dfbdhq7y9 0 61925 702686 2026-10-07T08:40:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guadiana''' es un importante rio international del [[Peninsula Iberic]] que traversa [[Espania]] e [[Portugal]] e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]], in le [[Golfo de Cadiz]], inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le rio es un del principal cursos fluvial del sud-occidente del peninsula e forma, in su curso inferior, parte del frontiera inter le duo paises. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográf...” 702686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guadiana''' es un importante rio international del [[Peninsula Iberic]] que traversa [[Espania]] e [[Portugal]] e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]], in le [[Golfo de Cadiz]], inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le rio es un del principal cursos fluvial del sud-occidente del peninsula e forma, in su curso inferior, parte del frontiera inter le duo paises. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le cuenca del Guadiana ha un superficie total de circa 67 129 km², con 55 508 km² in le parte espaniol e 11 621 km² in le parte portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le longitude attribuite al Guadiana varia secundo le methodo usate pro definir su origine e le segmento initial del curso. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana usa circa 818 km pro le curso del rio, durante que documentation international ibero-portugese indica un percurso de plus de 860 km desde le sistema de su origine usque al mar. Le differentias deriva in parte del tractamento del curso superior e del relation inter le Guadiana e le systema de las [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] e del [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/servicio-al-ciudadano/educacion-ambiental/otras-actividades/otros-contenidos |titulo=Otros contenidos: La Gota del Guadiana |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Le Guadiana ha un curso general de est verso west in su curso superior e medie. Post [[Badajoz]], le rio cambia direction verso le sud e continua per le territorio de Extremadura, Portugal e le sud-occidente de Espania ante de attinger le Atlantico. In su parte inferior, le rio forma un limite international inter Espania e Portugal in plure sectiones. In Espania, le cuenca del Guadiana se extende principalmente per [[Castilia-La Mancha]], [[Extremadura]] e partes de [[Andalusia]]. Le demarcation hydrographic espaniol ha un superficie de 55 508,28 km² e include partes del provincias de [[Ciudad Real]], [[Cuenca]], [[Toledo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Caceres]], [[Cordoba]] e [[Huelva]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le cuenca continua per le regiones del [[Alentejo]] e del [[Algarve]]. Le curso inferior passa per localitates como [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]]. In le ultime section, le estuario del Guadiana es influentiate per le mareas del Atlantico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e curso superior == Le origine del Guadiana es un subjecto de discussion inter hydrologos e geographos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana recognosce que le question del naissance del rio ha essite discutite perque le systema fluvial del curso superior comprende le [[Lagunas de Ruidera]], le [[Guadiana Viejo]] e le [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/el-organismo/bienvenida |titulo=Bienvenida |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le systema del Lagunas de Ruidera se trova in le provincia de Ciudad Real e constitue un complexe de lagunas alimentate per aquas superficial e subterranee. Le aqua del Guadiana Viejo se dirige verso le west e, in le area calcaree de La Mancha, parte del aqua pote infiltrar se in le subterraneo. Plus al west, le aquas subterranee emergeva historicamente per le Ojos del Guadiana, in le territorio de [[Villarrubia de los Ojos]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime del Ojos del Guadiana ha essite fortemente affectate per le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation. Le historica diminution del aquas subterranee modificava le contribution natural del systema al curso superficial del Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel: El clima y la geomorfología condicionan la biodiversidad |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso medie == Post le zona del Alto Guadiana, le rio entra in le grande planitie de La Mancha e continua verso west. Le curso traversa un territorio caracterisate per agricultura, centros urban e un complexe rete de aquas superficial e subterranee. Le [[Tablas de Daimiel]] es situate in iste parte del cuenca. Illo es un humedal formate per le confluencia del Guadiana e del [[Cigüela]]. Le escasse pendentia del terreno permitte le formation de un grande planitie inundabile, in qual le aquas superficial e subterranee interage. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/eu/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tablas de Daimiel representa un del plus importante humides interior del Peninsula Iberic. Le sitio es etiam un [[Ramsar]] wetland e un importante area pro aves aquatic e migratori. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Plus al west, le Guadiana entra in Extremadura. Le rio e su tributarios forma un grande systema de cursos de aqua e reservoirs que supporta agricultura, production hydroelectric, approvisionnement e altere usos. == Tributarios == Le systema del Guadiana ha un grande numero de tributarios. Inter le plus importante se trova le [[Cigüela]], [[Záncara]], [[Jabalón]], [[Bullaque]], [[Zújar]], [[Matachel]], [[Ardila]], [[Gévora]] e [[Chanza]]. Le tributarios del Alto Guadiana contribue al systema de La Mancha e al formation del humides del curso superior. Le Zújar, que nasce in le area del Sierra de Tudia e travesa partes de Extremadura, es un del plus importante tributarios del Guadiana in su curso medie. Le Matachel es un altere importante tributario in Extremadura. Illo conflue con le Guadiana in le area de [[Mérida]] e contribue al ressources aquatic del parte medie del cuenca. Le Gévora nasce in [[Espania]] e entra in Portugal? No: illo conflue con le Guadiana in le area de Badajoz, proxime al frontiera, e su cuenca es partim transfrontaliere. Le Chanza es un del principal tributarios del curso inferior e es ligate al systema hydrographic del sud-west espaniol. == Reservoirs == Le cuenca del Guadiana ha un grande numero de reservoirs. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le parte espaniol del cuenca ha 66 reservoirs con un capacitate superior a 1 hm³, con un capacitate total que supera 9 500 hm³. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le reservoirs plus importante se trova le embalse de Orellana, le embalse de La Serena, le embalse de Cijara, le embalse de García de Sola, le embalse de Alange e le systemas associate al [[Zújar]] e al Guadiana. In Portugal, le Alqueva es un del plus grande reservoirs artificial de Europa occidental. Le systema del Alqueva es usate pro irrigation, approvisionnement, production de energia e altere usos economic. Le reservoir es situate super le Guadiana in le Alentejo. == Agricultura e irrigation == Le aqua del Guadiana es un recurso importante pro le agricultura de La Mancha, Extremadura e le Alentejo. Le irrigation ha un importantia special in le production de cereales, olivos, vite, horticultura e altere cultivos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana identifica un grande numero de zonas irrigate in le parte espaniol del cuenca. Inter le principal se trova Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar, La Mancha, Vicario e Penarroya. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Alto Guadiana, le irrigation ha habite un effecto importante super le aquas subterranee. Le exploitation del aquifero ha contribuite a le reduction del nivellos de aqua e al deterioration del hydrologic functionamento del systema del Ojos del Guadiana e del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Course inferior e frontiera international == In le parte occidental del peninsula, le Guadiana deveni un rio international in senso geographic e politic. In plure sectiones, le curso del rio forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le documentation del cooperation hydrographic ibero-portugese indica que circa 600 km del curso se trova in Espania, circa 260 km in Portugal, e que un section de circa 110 km forma frontiera inter le duo paises. Le valores de longitude total varia secundo le definition del course considerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le section frontaliero traversa un paisage de valles, colles e zones de vegetation mediterranee. Localitates como [[Alcoutim]] in Portugal e [[Sanlúcar de Guadiana]] in Espania es situate al margines del rio. == Parque Natural del Valle del Guadiana == In Portugal, le Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana protege un vaste territorio associate con le valle del curso inferior del rio. Le parque include ambientes fluvial, zonas rocheose, areas agricole e paisages mediterranee. Le Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas define le parque como un area con regime de protection e regulation de activitates secundo le valores natural del territorio. Le plan de ordenamento include dispositiones concernente protection partial, conservation e actividades de turismo de natura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/84c4dc2d01242731 |titulo=Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana: Plano de Ordenamento |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le valle del Guadiana es etiam parte de areas del rete [[Natura 2000]]. Le [[Zona de Protection Special Vale do Guadiana]] ha un superficie de circa 76 547 hectares e es designate principalmente pro le conservation de habitats e aves. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Estuario e disimbuccatura == Le curso final del Guadiana attinge le Atlantico inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le estuario es influentiate per le mareas e forma areas de palude e marisma. Le [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] es situate proxime al desembocadura. Le aqua del estuario e le marismas es importante pro le reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos e pro numerose aves aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estuario del Guadiana ha etiam un importantia economic historic. Le rio esseva un via de transporte e commercio e le localitate de Vila Real de Santo António esseva planificate in le seculo XVIII in parte pro controlar le commercio que entrava per le Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Biodiversitate == Le cuenca del Guadiana include un grande varietate de habitats, desde le humides de La Mancha usque al boscos mediterranee e le valles del curso inferior. Le Tablas de Daimiel es un importante sito pro aves aquatic e migratori. Le humed es recognoscite como Zona Humide de Importantie International sub le Convention de Ramsar e es etiam un Parque National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le valle portugese, le biodiversitate include species adaptate al ecosistemas mediterranee e al ambientes fluvial. Le Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana e le ZPE del valle include areas de protection pro numerose species de aves e altere fauna. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le area del estuario, le marismas e zonas salin de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António provide habitat pro aves como fenicotteros, cigonias e altere species aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Gestion del aqua == Le gestion del cuenca del Guadiana es un responsabilitate compartite inter Espania e Portugal. In Espania, le organismo de cuenca es le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, que exerce functiones de planification, gestion del ressources, protection del dominio public hydraulic e controlo del qualitate del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Confederación gestiona le parte espaniol del cuenca in le quadro del legislation national e del [[Directive-cadro super le aqua]] del Union Europee. Le planification hydrographic include mesuras concernente le quantitate e qualitate del aqua, le protection del ecosistemas e le prevention del riscos de inundation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le gestion es integrate in le quadro del [[Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente]] e del Planes de Gestion del Region Hydrographic del Guadiana. Le cooperation inter le duo paises es particularmente importante pro le sectiones transfrontaliero e pro le coordination del regime del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2022-2027/PTRH7/PGRH_3_RH7_Parte2_VolumeA.pdf |titulo=Plano de Gestão de Região Hidrográfica do Guadiana |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Problemas ambiental == Le cuenca del Guadiana face pressiones concernente le disponibilitate de aqua, le extraction pro irrigation, le modification del habitats, le pollution e le effectos del cambio climatic. In le Alto Guadiana, le exploitation del aquas subterranee ha essite un del principal factores affectante le humides e le systema del Ojos del Guadiana. Le Ministero espaniol del ambiente describe le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation como un factor importante in le degradation del hydrologic functionamento del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote augmentar le pression super le ressources aquatic per medio de alterationes del precipitation, augmento del evaporation e frequentia de periodos de siccitate. Le planification hydrographic del cuenca include dunque mesuras pro le adaptation e pro le protection del aquas e del ecosistemas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Navigation == Le Guadiana ha essite usate como via de navigation e transporte in diverse periodos historic. Le navigation esseva importante specialmente in le curso inferior, ubi le rio conecta le interior del Alentejo e del sud-west espaniol con le Atlantico. In le actualitate, le navigation recreational e turistic es presente in plure sectiones del rio. Le [[Grande Route del Guadiana]] in le Algarve, per exemplo, accompania le rio inter Vila Real de Santo António e Alcoutim per un percurso de circa 65 kilometros, usabile a pede o in bicycletta. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/content/la-gran-ruta-del-guadiana |titulo=La Gran Ruta del Guadiana |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Guadiana es etiam utilisate pro activitates nautic in le zona del reservoirs e del curso inferior, subjecte al regulationes del autoritates del aqua e del areas protegite. == Importance economic == Le Guadiana supporta numerose activitates economic. Le plus importante es le agricultura irrigate, ma le aqua del cuenca es usate etiam pro consumption urban, industria, production hydroelectric e turismo. In le parte espaniol del cuenca existe plure grande zonas irrigate, con un superficie significative dedicate al agricultura. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana reporta zonas irrigate como Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar e La Mancha inter le principal areas de utilisation del aqua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reservoirs es importante pro le production de energia e pro le regulation del aqua. In Portugal, le systema de Alqueva ha un rol central in le agricultura irrigate del Alentejo e in le gestion del ressources aquatic. Le estuario ha etiam un importantia economic pro le pesca, le marisqueo, le turismo e le navigation. Le marismas del estuario supporta reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e cultura == Le Guadiana ha un importantia historic in le relationes inter le communitates del sud-occidental Peninsula Iberic. Su position como via de communication e, in certe periodos, como limite politic ha influentiate le formation del settlements e del fortificationes del territorio. In le curso inferior, le relation inter Espania e Portugal ha essite particularmente importante. Citates como [[Badajoz]], [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]], [[Ayamonte]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] ha habite relationes historic con le commercio e le transporto fluvial. Vila Real de Santo António esseva construite in le seculo XVIII in un position strategic al moutha del Guadiana. Le plano urban esseva associate al necessitate de controlar le commercio fluvial e maritime e le activitate piscatori del zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nomine == Le nom Guadiana ha origine arabe. Le forma actual es generalmente explicate como un adaptation del arabe *Wadi Ana*, con *wadi* significante « valle » o « curso de aqua » e *Ana* associate al nom antique del rio. Le nom latin del rio esseva Anas o Anas flumen. Le elemento arabe *wadi* esseva adjungite al hydronymo durante le periodo musulman, producendo le forma que deveniva le moderne Guadiana. Le nom portugese es etiam Guadiana. == Importance del Guadiana == Le Guadiana es un del principal sistemas fluvial del sud-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Su importance deriva non solmente del curso del rio, ma del grande cuenca international que illo alimenta. Le systema include humides de grande valor ecologic como le Tablas de Daimiel, vaste areas agricole irrigate, reservoirs, valles protegite e un estuario international. Le gestion del cuenca require cooperation inter Espania e Portugal e coordination inter le usos agricole, urban, energetic e ambiental del aqua. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Rios del Oceano Atlantic]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia-La Mancha]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Extremadura]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Andalusia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Cuenca del Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Rios international]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino atlantic de Andalusia|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Atlantico de Castilia-La Mancha|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Extremadura|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Ciudad Real|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Badajoz|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Huelva|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Guadiana|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Districto de Beja]] [[Categoria:Districto de Faro]] [[Categoria:Districto de Evora]] [[Categoria:Locos de importantia comunitari de Portugal]] mcth9cudg47a48m2u88ezh1wfihcx8b 702687 702686 2026-10-07T08:43:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 702687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guadiana''' es un importante fluvio international del [[Peninsula Iberic]] que traversa [[Espania]] e [[Portugal]] e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]], in le [[Golfo de Cadiz]], inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le rio es un del principal cursos fluvial del sud-occidente del peninsula e forma, in su curso inferior, parte del frontiera inter le duo paises. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le cuenca del Guadiana ha un superficie total de circa 67 129 km², con 55 508 km² in le parte espaniol e 11 621 km² in le parte portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le longitude attribuite al Guadiana varia secundo le methodo usate pro definir su origine e le segmento initial del curso. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana usa circa 818 km pro le curso del rio, durante que documentation international ibero-portugese indica un percurso de plus de 860 km desde le systema de su origine usque al mar. Le differentias deriva in parte del tractamento del curso superior e del relation inter le Guadiana e le systema del [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] e del [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/servicio-al-ciudadano/educacion-ambiental/otras-actividades/otros-contenidos |titulo=Otros contenidos: La Gota del Guadiana |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nomine == Le nomine ''Guadiana'' ha origine arabe. Le forma actual es generalmente explicate como un adaptation del arabe ''Wadi Ana'', con ''wadi'' significante « valle » o « curso de aqua » e ''Ana'' associate al nom antique del rio. Le nom latin del rio esseva ''Anas'' o ''Anas flumen''. Le elemento arabe ''wadi'' esseva adjungite al hydronymo durante le periodo musulman, producendo le forma que deveniva le moderne Guadiana. Le nom portugese es etiam ''Guadiana''. == Historia e cultura == Le Guadiana ha un importantia historic in le relationes inter le communitates del sud-occidental Peninsula Iberic. Su position como via de communication e, in certe periodos, como limite politic ha influentiate le formation del settlements e del fortificationes del territorio. In le curso inferior, le relation inter Espania e Portugal ha essite particularmente importante. Citates como [[Badajoz]], [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]], [[Ayamonte]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] ha habite relationes historic con le commercio e le transporto fluvial. Vila Real de Santo António esseva construite in le seculo XVIII in un position strategic al moutha del Guadiana. Le plano urban esseva associate al necessitate de controlar le commercio fluvial e maritime e le activitate piscatori del zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Le Guadiana ha un curso general de est a west in su curso superior e medie. Post [[Badajoz]], le rio cambia de direction verso le sud e continua per Extremadura, Portugal e le sud-occidente de Espania ante de attinger le Atlantico. In su parte inferior, le rio forma un limite international inter Espania e Portugal in plure sectiones. In Espania, le cuenca del Guadiana se extende principalmente per [[Castilia-La Mancha]], [[Extremadura]] e partes de [[Andalusia]]. Le demarcation hydrographic espaniol ha un superficie de 55 508,28 km² e include partes del provincias de [[Ciudad Real]], [[Cuenca]], [[Toledo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Cordoba]] e [[Huelva]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le cuenca continua per le regiones del [[Alentejo]] e del [[Algarve]]. Le curso inferior passa per localitates como [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]]. In le ultime section, le estuario del Guadiana es influentiate per le mareas del Atlantico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e curso superior == Le origine del Guadiana es un subjecto de discussion inter hydrologos e geographos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana recognosce que le question del origine del rio ha essite discutite perque le systema fluvial del curso superior comprende le [[Lagunas de Ruidera]], le [[Guadiana Viejo]] e le [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/el-organismo/bienvenida |titulo=Bienvenida |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le systema del Lagunas de Ruidera se trova in le provincia de Ciudad Real e constitue un complexe de lagunas alimentate per aquas superficial e subterranee. Le aqua del Guadiana Viejo se dirige verso le west e, in le area calcaree de La Mancha, parte del aqua pote infiltrar se in le subterraneo. Plus al west, le aquas subterranee emergeva historicamente per le Ojos del Guadiana, in le territorio de [[Villarrubia de los Ojos]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime del Ojos del Guadiana ha essite fortemente affectate per le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation. Le diminution historic del aquas subterranee ha modificate le contribution natural del systema al curso superficial del Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel: El clima y la geomorfología condicionan la biodiversidad |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso medie == Post le zona del Alto Guadiana, le rio entra in le grande planitie de La Mancha e continua verso west. Le curso traversa un territorio caracterisate per agricultura, centros urban e un complexe rete de aquas superficial e subterranee. Le [[Tablas de Daimiel]] es situate in iste parte del cuenca. Illo es un humedal formate per le confluencia del Guadiana e del [[Cigüela]]. Le escasse pendentia del terreno permitte le formation de un grande planitie inundabile, in le qual le aquas superficial e subterranee interage. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/eu/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tablas de Daimiel representa un del plus importante humides interior del Peninsula Iberic. Le sito es etiam un [[Ramsar|zona humide Ramsar]] e un importante area pro aves aquatic e migratori. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Plus al west, le Guadiana entra in Extremadura. Le rio e su tributarios forma un grande systema de cursos de aqua e reservoirs que supporta agricultura, production hydroelectric, approvisionnement e altere usos. == Tributarios == Le systema del Guadiana ha un grande numero de tributarios. Inter le plus importante se trova le [[Cigüela]], [[Záncara]], [[Jabalón]], [[Bullaque]], [[Zújar]], [[Matachel]], [[Ardila]], [[Gévora]] e [[Chanza]]. Le tributarios del Alto Guadiana contribue al systema de La Mancha e al formation del humides del curso superior. Le Zújar, que nasce in le area del Sierra de Tudia e traversa partes de Extremadura, es un del plus importante tributarios del Guadiana in su curso medie. Le Matachel es un altere importante tributario in Extremadura. Illo conflue con le Guadiana in le area de [[Mérida]] e contribue al ressources aquatic del parte medie del cuenca. Le Gévora nasce in [[Espania]] e conflue con le Guadiana in le area de Badajoz, proxime al frontiera. Le Chanza es un del principal tributarios del curso inferior e es ligate al systema hydrographic del sud-west espaniol. == Reservoirs == Le cuenca del Guadiana ha un grande numero de reservoirs. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le parte espaniol del cuenca ha 66 reservoirs con un capacitate superior a 1 hm³, con un capacitate total que supera 9 500 hm³. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le reservoirs plus importante se trova le embalse de Orellana, le embalse de La Serena, le embalse de Cijara, le embalse de García de Sola, le embalse de Alange e le systemas associate al [[Zújar]] e al Guadiana. In Portugal, le [[Alqueva]] es un del plus grande reservoirs artificial de Europa occidental. Le systema del Alqueva es usate pro irrigation, approvisionnement, production de energia e altere usos economic. Le reservoir es situate super le Guadiana in le Alentejo. == Agricultura e irrigation == Le aqua del Guadiana es un recurso importante pro le agricultura de La Mancha, Extremadura e le Alentejo. Le irrigation ha un importantia special in le production de cereales, olivos, vite, horticultura e altere cultivos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana identifica un grande numero de zonas irrigate in le parte espaniol del cuenca. Inter le principal se trova Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar, La Mancha, Vicario e Peñarroya. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Alto Guadiana, le irrigation ha habite un effecto importante super le aquas subterranee. Le exploitation del aquifero ha contribuite al reduction del nivellos de aqua e al deterioration del functionamento hydrologic del systema del Ojos del Guadiana e del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso inferior e frontiera international == In le parte occidental del peninsula, le Guadiana deveni un rio international in senso geographic e politic. In plure sectiones, le curso del rio forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le documentation del cooperation hydrographic ibero-portugese indica que circa 600 km del curso se trova in Espania, circa 260 km in Portugal, e que un section de circa 110 km forma frontiera inter le duo paises. Le valores del longitude total varia secundo le definition del curso considerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le section frontaliero traversa un paisage de valles, colles e zonas de vegetation mediterranee. Localitates como [[Alcoutim]] in Portugal e [[Sanlúcar de Guadiana]] in Espania es situate al margines del rio. == Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana == In Portugal, le [[Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana]] protege un vaste territorio associate con le valle del curso inferior del rio. Le parque include ambientes fluvial, zonas rocheose, areas agricole e paisages mediterranee. Le Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas define le parque como un area con regime de protection e regulation de activitates secundo le valores natural del territorio. Le plan de ordenamento include dispositiones concernente protection partial, conservation e actividades de turismo de natura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/84c4dc2d01242731 |titulo=Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana: Plano de Ordenamento |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le valle del Guadiana es etiam parte de areas del rete [[Natura 2000]]. Le [[Zona de Protection Special Vale do Guadiana]] ha un superficie de circa 76 547 hectares e es designate principalmente pro le conservation de habitats e aves. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Estuario e disimboccatura == Le curso final del Guadiana attinge le Atlantico inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le estuario es influentiate per le mareas e forma areas de palude e marisma. Le [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] es situate proxime al desembocadura. Le aqua del estuario e le marismas es importante pro le reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos e pro numerose aves aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estuario del Guadiana ha etiam un importantia economic historic. Le rio esseva un via de transporte e commercio e le localitate de Vila Real de Santo António esseva planificate in le seculo XVIII in parte pro controlar le commercio que entrava per le Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Biodiversitate == Le cuenca del Guadiana include un grande varietate de habitats, desde le humides de La Mancha usque al boscos mediterranee e le valles del curso inferior. Le Tablas de Daimiel es un importante sito pro aves aquatic e migratori. Le humedal es recognoscite como Zona Humide de Importantie International sub le Convention de Ramsar e es etiam un Parque National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le valle portugese, le biodiversitate include species adaptate al ecosistemas mediterranee e al ambientes fluvial. Le Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana e le ZPE del valle include areas de protection pro numerose species de aves e altere fauna. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le area del estuario, le marismas e zonas salin de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António provide habitat pro aves como fenicotteros, cigonias e altere species aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Gestion del aqua == Le gestion del cuenca del Guadiana es un responsabilitate compartite inter Espania e Portugal. In Espania, le organismo de cuenca es le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, que exerce functiones de planification, gestion del ressources, protection del dominio public hydraulic e controlo del qualitate del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Confederación gestiona le parte espaniol del cuenca in le quadro del legislation national e del [[Directive-cadro super le aqua]] del Union Europee. Le planification hydrographic include mesuras concernente le quantitate e qualitate del aqua, le protection del ecosistemas e le prevention del riscos de inundation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le gestion es integrate in le quadro del [[Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente]] e del Planes de Gestion del Region Hydrographic del Guadiana. Le cooperation inter le duo paises es particularmente importante pro le sectiones transfrontaliero e pro le coordination del regime del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2022-2027/PTRH7/PGRH_3_RH7_Parte2_VolumeA.pdf |titulo=Plano de Gestão de Região Hidrográfica do Guadiana |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Problemas ambiental == Le cuenca del Guadiana face pressiones concernente le disponibilitate de aqua, le extraction pro irrigation, le modification del habitats, le pollution e le effectos del cambio climatic. In le Alto Guadiana, le exploitation del aquas subterranee ha essite un del principal factores affectante le humides e le systema del Ojos del Guadiana. Le Ministero espaniol del ambiente describe le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation como un factor importante in le degradation del functionamento hydrologic del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote augmentar le pression super le ressources aquatic per medio de alterationes del precipitation, augmento del evaporation e frequentia de periodos de siccitate. Le planification hydrographic del cuenca include dunque mesuras pro le adaptation e pro le protection del aquas e del ecosistemas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Navigation == Le Guadiana ha essite usate como via de navigation e transporte in diverse periodos historic. Le navigation esseva importante specialmente in le curso inferior, ubi le rio connecte le interior del Alentejo e del sud-west espaniol con le Atlantico. In le actualitate, le navigation recreational e turistic es presente in plure sectiones del rio. Le [[Grande Route del Guadiana]] in le Algarve, per exemplo, accompania le rio inter Vila Real de Santo António e Alcoutim per un percurso de circa 65 kilometros, usabile a pede o in bicycletta. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/content/la-gran-ruta-del-guadiana |titulo=La Gran Ruta del Guadiana |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Guadiana es etiam utilisate pro activitates nautic in le zona del reservoirs e del curso inferior, subjecte al regulationes del autoritates del aqua e del areas protegite. == Importantia economic == Le Guadiana supporta numerose activitates economic. Le plus importante es le agricultura irrigate, ma le aqua del cuenca es usate etiam pro consumption urban, industria, production hydroelectric e turismo. In le parte espaniol del cuenca existe plure grande zonas irrigate, con un superficie significative dedicate al agricultura. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana reporta zonas irrigate como Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar e La Mancha inter le principal areas de utilisation del aqua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reservoirs es importante pro le production de energia e pro le regulation del aqua. In Portugal, le systema de Alqueva ha un rol central in le agricultura irrigate del Alentejo e in le gestion del ressources aquatic. Le estuario ha etiam un importantia economic pro le pesca, le marisqueo, le turismo e le navigation. Le marismas del estuario supporta reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Guadiana Viejo]] * [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] * [[Ojos del Guadiana]] * [[Tablas de Daimiel]] * [[Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana]] * [[Alqueva]] * [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Rios del Oceano Atlantic]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia-La Mancha]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Extremadura]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Andalusia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Cuenca del Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Rios international]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino atlantic de Andalusia|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Atlantico de Castilia-La Mancha|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Extremadura|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Ciudad Real|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Badajoz|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Huelva|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Guadiana|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Districto de Beja]] [[Categoria:Districto de Faro]] [[Categoria:Districto de Evora]] [[Categoria:Locos de importantia comunitari de Portugal]] 05e7zrsf3ydyiwp1ho8fqjmmcx7yqlw 702688 702687 2026-10-07T08:43:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 702688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guadiana''' es un importante fluvio international del [[Peninsula Iberic]] que traversa [[Espania]] e [[Portugal]] e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]], in le [[Golfo de Cadiz]], inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le rio es un del principal cursos fluvial del sud-occidente del peninsula e forma, in su curso inferior, parte del frontiera inter le duo paises. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le cuenca del Guadiana ha un superficie total de circa 67 129 km², con 55 508 km² in le parte espaniol e 11 621 km² in le parte portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le longitude attribuite al Guadiana varia secundo le methodo usate pro definir su origine e le segmento initial del curso. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana usa circa 818 km pro le curso del rio, durante que documentation international ibero-portugese indica un percurso de plus de 860 km desde le systema de su origine usque al mar. Le differentias deriva in parte del tractamento del curso superior e del relation inter le Guadiana e le systema del [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] e del [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/servicio-al-ciudadano/educacion-ambiental/otras-actividades/otros-contenidos |titulo=Otros contenidos: La Gota del Guadiana |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nomine == Le nomine ''Guadiana'' ha origine arabe. Le forma actual es generalmente explicate como un adaptation del arabe ''Wadi Ana'', con ''wadi'' significante « valle » o « curso de aqua » e ''Ana'' associate al nom antique del rio. Le nom latin del rio esseva ''Anas'' o ''Anas flumen''. Le elemento arabe ''wadi'' esseva adjungite al hydronymo durante le periodo musulman, producendo le forma que deveniva le moderne Guadiana. Le nom portugese es etiam ''Guadiana''. == Historia e cultura == Le Guadiana ha un importantia historic in le relationes inter le communitates del sud-occidental Peninsula Iberic. Su position como via de communication e, in certe periodos, como limite politic ha influentiate le formation del settlements e del fortificationes del territorio. In le curso inferior, le relation inter Espania e Portugal ha essite particularmente importante. Citates como [[Badajoz]], [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]], [[Ayamonte]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] ha habite relationes historic con le commercio e le transporto fluvial. Vila Real de Santo António esseva construite in le seculo XVIII in un position strategic al moutha del Guadiana. Le plano urban esseva associate al necessitate de controlar le commercio fluvial e maritime e le activitate piscatori del zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Le Guadiana ha un curso general de est a west in su curso superior e medie. Post [[Badajoz]], le rio cambia de direction verso le sud e continua per Extremadura, Portugal e le sud-occidente de Espania ante de attinger le Atlantico. In su parte inferior, le rio forma un limite international inter Espania e Portugal in plure sectiones. In Espania, le cuenca del Guadiana se extende principalmente per [[Castilia-La Mancha]], [[Extremadura]] e partes de [[Andalusia]]. Le demarcation hydrographic espaniol ha un superficie de 55 508,28 km² e include partes del provincias de [[Ciudad Real]], [[Cuenca]], [[Toledo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Cordoba]] e [[Huelva]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le cuenca continua per le regiones del [[Alentejo]] e del [[Algarve]]. Le curso inferior passa per localitates como [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]]. In le ultime section, le estuario del Guadiana es influentiate per le mareas del Atlantico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e curso superior == Le origine del Guadiana es un subjecto de discussion inter hydrologos e geographos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana recognosce que le question del origine del rio ha essite discutite perque le systema fluvial del curso superior comprende le [[Lagunas de Ruidera]], le [[Guadiana Viejo]] e le [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/el-organismo/bienvenida |titulo=Bienvenida |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le systema del Lagunas de Ruidera se trova in le provincia de Ciudad Real e constitue un complexe de lagunas alimentate per aquas superficial e subterranee. Le aqua del Guadiana Viejo se dirige verso le west e, in le area calcaree de La Mancha, parte del aqua pote infiltrar se in le subterraneo. Plus al west, le aquas subterranee emergeva historicamente per le Ojos del Guadiana, in le territorio de [[Villarrubia de los Ojos]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime del Ojos del Guadiana ha essite fortemente affectate per le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation. Le diminution historic del aquas subterranee ha modificate le contribution natural del systema al curso superficial del Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel: El clima y la geomorfología condicionan la biodiversidad |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso medie == Post le zona del Alto Guadiana, le rio entra in le grande planitie de La Mancha e continua verso west. Le curso traversa un territorio caracterisate per agricultura, centros urban e un complexe rete de aquas superficial e subterranee. Le [[Tablas de Daimiel]] es situate in iste parte del cuenca. Illo es un humedal formate per le confluencia del Guadiana e del [[Cigüela]]. Le escasse pendentia del terreno permitte le formation de un grande planitie inundabile, in le qual le aquas superficial e subterranee interage. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/eu/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tablas de Daimiel representa un del plus importante humides interior del Peninsula Iberic. Le sito es etiam un [[Ramsar|zona humide Ramsar]] e un importante area pro aves aquatic e migratori. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Plus al west, le Guadiana entra in Extremadura. Le rio e su tributarios forma un grande systema de cursos de aqua e reservoirs que supporta agricultura, production hydroelectric, approvisionnement e altere usos. == Tributarios == Le systema del Guadiana ha un grande numero de tributarios. Inter le plus importante se trova le [[Cigüela]], [[Záncara]], [[Jabalón]], [[Bullaque]], [[Zújar]], [[Matachel]], [[Ardila]], [[Gévora]] e [[Chanza]]. Le tributarios del Alto Guadiana contribue al systema de La Mancha e al formation del humides del curso superior. Le Zújar, que nasce in le area del Sierra de Tudia e traversa partes de Extremadura, es un del plus importante tributarios del Guadiana in su curso medie. Le Matachel es un altere importante tributario in Extremadura. Illo conflue con le Guadiana in le area de [[Mérida]] e contribue al ressources aquatic del parte medie del cuenca. Le Gévora nasce in [[Espania]] e conflue con le Guadiana in le area de Badajoz, proxime al frontiera. Le Chanza es un del principal tributarios del curso inferior e es ligate al systema hydrographic del sud-west espaniol. == Reservoirs == Le cuenca del Guadiana ha un grande numero de reservoirs. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le parte espaniol del cuenca ha 66 reservoirs con un capacitate superior a 1 hm³, con un capacitate total que supera 9 500 hm³. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le reservoirs plus importante se trova le embalse de Orellana, le embalse de La Serena, le embalse de Cijara, le embalse de García de Sola, le embalse de Alange e le systemas associate al [[Zújar]] e al Guadiana. In Portugal, le [[Alqueva]] es un del plus grande reservoirs artificial de Europa occidental. Le systema del Alqueva es usate pro irrigation, approvisionnement, production de energia e altere usos economic. Le reservoir es situate super le Guadiana in le Alentejo. == Agricultura e irrigation == Le aqua del Guadiana es un recurso importante pro le agricultura de La Mancha, Extremadura e le Alentejo. Le irrigation ha un importantia special in le production de cereales, olivos, vite, horticultura e altere cultivos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana identifica un grande numero de zonas irrigate in le parte espaniol del cuenca. Inter le principal se trova Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar, La Mancha, Vicario e Peñarroya. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Alto Guadiana, le irrigation ha habite un effecto importante super le aquas subterranee. Le exploitation del aquifero ha contribuite al reduction del nivellos de aqua e al deterioration del functionamento hydrologic del systema del Ojos del Guadiana e del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso inferior e frontiera international == In le parte occidental del peninsula, le Guadiana deveni un rio international in senso geographic e politic. In plure sectiones, le curso del rio forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le documentation del cooperation hydrographic ibero-portugese indica que circa 600 km del curso se trova in Espania, circa 260 km in Portugal, e que un section de circa 110 km forma frontiera inter le duo paises. Le valores del longitude total varia secundo le definition del curso considerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le section frontaliero traversa un paisage de valles, colles e zonas de vegetation mediterranee. Localitates como [[Alcoutim]] in Portugal e [[Sanlúcar de Guadiana]] in Espania es situate al margines del rio. == Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana == In Portugal, le [[Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana]] protege un vaste territorio associate con le valle del curso inferior del rio. Le parque include ambientes fluvial, zonas rocheose, areas agricole e paisages mediterranee. Le Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas define le parque como un area con regime de protection e regulation de activitates secundo le valores natural del territorio. Le plan de ordenamento include dispositiones concernente protection partial, conservation e actividades de turismo de natura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/84c4dc2d01242731 |titulo=Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana: Plano de Ordenamento |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le valle del Guadiana es etiam parte de areas del rete [[Natura 2000]]. Le [[Zona de Protection Special Vale do Guadiana]] ha un superficie de circa 76 547 hectares e es designate principalmente pro le conservation de habitats e aves. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Estuario e disimboccatura == Le curso final del Guadiana attinge le Atlantico inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le estuario es influentiate per le mareas e forma areas de palude e marisma. Le [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] es situate proxime al desembocadura. Le aqua del estuario e le marismas es importante pro le reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos e pro numerose aves aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estuario del Guadiana ha etiam un importantia economic historic. Le rio esseva un via de transporte e commercio e le localitate de Vila Real de Santo António esseva planificate in le seculo XVIII in parte pro controlar le commercio que entrava per le Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Biodiversitate == Le cuenca del Guadiana include un grande varietate de habitats, desde le humides de La Mancha usque al boscos mediterranee e le valles del curso inferior. Le Tablas de Daimiel es un importante sito pro aves aquatic e migratori. Le humedal es recognoscite como Zona Humide de Importantie International sub le Convention de Ramsar e es etiam un Parque National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le valle portugese, le biodiversitate include species adaptate al ecosistemas mediterranee e al ambientes fluvial. Le Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana e le ZPE del valle include areas de protection pro numerose species de aves e altere fauna. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le area del estuario, le marismas e zonas salin de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António provide habitat pro aves como fenicotteros, cigonias e altere species aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Gestion del aqua == Le gestion del cuenca del Guadiana es un responsabilitate compartite inter Espania e Portugal. In Espania, le organismo de cuenca es le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, que exerce functiones de planification, gestion del ressources, protection del dominio public hydraulic e controlo del qualitate del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Confederación gestiona le parte espaniol del cuenca in le quadro del legislation national e del [[Directive-cadro super le aqua]] del Union Europee. Le planification hydrographic include mesuras concernente le quantitate e qualitate del aqua, le protection del ecosistemas e le prevention del riscos de inundation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le gestion es integrate in le quadro del [[Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente]] e del Planes de Gestion del Region Hydrographic del Guadiana. Le cooperation inter le duo paises es particularmente importante pro le sectiones transfrontaliero e pro le coordination del regime del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2022-2027/PTRH7/PGRH_3_RH7_Parte2_VolumeA.pdf |titulo=Plano de Gestão de Região Hidrográfica do Guadiana |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Problemas ambiental == Le cuenca del Guadiana face pressiones concernente le disponibilitate de aqua, le extraction pro irrigation, le modification del habitats, le pollution e le effectos del cambio climatic. In le Alto Guadiana, le exploitation del aquas subterranee ha essite un del principal factores affectante le humides e le systema del Ojos del Guadiana. Le Ministero espaniol del ambiente describe le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation como un factor importante in le degradation del functionamento hydrologic del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote augmentar le pression super le ressources aquatic per medio de alterationes del precipitation, augmento del evaporation e frequentia de periodos de siccitate. Le planification hydrographic del cuenca include dunque mesuras pro le adaptation e pro le protection del aquas e del ecosistemas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Navigation == Le Guadiana ha essite usate como via de navigation e transporte in diverse periodos historic. Le navigation esseva importante specialmente in le curso inferior, ubi le rio connecte le interior del Alentejo e del sud-west espaniol con le Atlantico. In le actualitate, le navigation recreational e turistic es presente in plure sectiones del rio. Le [[Grande Route del Guadiana]] in le Algarve, per exemplo, accompania le rio inter Vila Real de Santo António e Alcoutim per un percurso de circa 65 kilometros, usabile a pede o in bicycletta. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/content/la-gran-ruta-del-guadiana |titulo=La Gran Ruta del Guadiana |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Guadiana es etiam utilisate pro activitates nautic in le zona del reservoirs e del curso inferior, subjecte al regulationes del autoritates del aqua e del areas protegite. == Importantia economic == Le Guadiana supporta numerose activitates economic. Le plus importante es le agricultura irrigate, ma le aqua del cuenca es usate etiam pro consumption urban, industria, production hydroelectric e turismo. In le parte espaniol del cuenca existe plure grande zonas irrigate, con un superficie significative dedicate al agricultura. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana reporta zonas irrigate como Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar e La Mancha inter le principal areas de utilisation del aqua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reservoirs es importante pro le production de energia e pro le regulation del aqua. In Portugal, le systema de Alqueva ha un rol central in le agricultura irrigate del Alentejo e in le gestion del ressources aquatic. Le estuario ha etiam un importantia economic pro le pesca, le marisqueo, le turismo e le navigation. Le marismas del estuario supporta reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Guadiana Viejo]] * [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] * [[Ojos del Guadiana]] * [[Tablas de Daimiel]] * [[Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana]] * [[Alqueva]] * [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Rios del Oceano Atlantic]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia-La Mancha]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Extremadura]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Andalusia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Cuenca del Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Rios international]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino atlantic de Andalusia|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Atlantico de Castilia-La Mancha|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Extremadura|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Ciudad Real|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Badajoz|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Huelva|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Guadiana|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Districto de Beja]] [[Categoria:Districto de Faro]] [[Categoria:Districto de Evora]] [[Categoria:Locos de importantia comunitari de Portugal]] ft1kdstoelzr5p7se2yxbayx2805t4w 0 61926 702692 2026-10-07T09:00:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]]. Illo es directemente responsabile, sub le direction del titular del Ministerio, del definition, proposition e execution del politica del Governamento concernente al accesso al allogiamento, le solo e le architecture, le innovation, le qualitate e le sostenibilitate del construction, e le pol...” 702692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]]. Illo es directemente responsabile, sub le direction del titular del Ministerio, del definition, proposition e execution del politica del Governamento concernente al accesso al allogiamento, le solo e le architecture, le innovation, le qualitate e le sostenibilitate del construction, e le politicas de disveloppamento urban sostenibile in le quadro del Agenda 2030 e del agendas urban international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato depende del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] e constitue le principal organo superior del departamento. Su structura actual esseva establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024, que developpa le organisation del Ministerio create in 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Secretaria de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban es Leire Iglesias Santiago, nominate per le Real Decreto 716/2026, de 1 de septembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18443 |titulo=Real Decreto 716/2026, de 1 de septiembre, por el que se nombra Secretaria de Estado de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana a doña Leire Iglesias Santiago |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le antecedente immediate del actual Secretariato de Stato remonta al Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Actiones Urban, create in 2010 in le quadro de un reorganisation del departamentos ministerial. Le Real Decreto 1313/2010 restructurava le Administration General del Stato e transferiva le competentias del anterior Ministerio de Allogiamento al [[Ministerio de Fomento]], con un nove Secretariato de Stato dedicate al allogiamento e al actiones urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/20/1313/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1313/2010, de 20 de octubre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime e unic titular del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Actiones Urban esseva Beatriz Corredor Sierra, nominate le 22 de octobre 2010. Illa exerceva le cargo durante 2011 e signava actos administrative concernente al politica estatal de allogiamento, como le application del ''Plan Estatal de Vivienda'' e Rehabilitación 2009–2012. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-16157 |titulo=Real Decreto 1342/2010, de 22 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2011/04/25/pdfs/BOE-A-2011-7327.pdf |titulo=Resolución de 15 de marzo de 2011, de la Secretaría de Estado de Vivienda y Actuaciones Urbanas |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In decembre 2011, le nove Governo restructured le departamentos ministerial. Le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Actiones Urban esseva supprimite e le competentias del allogiamento esseva integrate in le [[Ministerio de Fomento]], que disponeva del nove Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Allogiamento. Beatriz Corredor esseva formalmente cessate como Secretaria de Stato le 23 de decembre 2011. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-20136 |titulo=Real Decreto 1857/2011, de 23 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination e le organisation del competentias de allogiamento esseva ulteriormente integrate in differente structuras del Administration General del Stato, usque al recreation de un Ministerio specific de allogiamento in 2023. In novembre 2023, le Real Decreto 829/2023 recreava le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban como departamento ministerial independente e establite le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban como su organo superior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/11/20/829/con |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 28 de novembre 2023, Francisco David Lucas Parrón esseva nominate Secretario de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Ille occupava le cargo desde le recreation del organo usque a 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24295 |titulo=Real Decreto 976/2023, de 28 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In septembre 2026, Leire Iglesias Santiago esseva nominate Secretaria de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Le nomination esseva effectuate per le Rege a proposition del Ministra de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e previo deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18443 |titulo=Real Decreto 716/2026, de 1 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Secretariato de Stato es le organo responsabile del definition e execution del principal politicas estatal in materia de allogiamento e agenda urban. Le Real Decreto 208/2024 attribue a illo competentias concernente le accesso al allogiamento, le solo, le architecture, le rehabilitation del edificios, le qualitate del construction e le disveloppamento urban sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal competentias se trova le desinio e execution del politica estatal de accesso al allogiamento. Isto include le preparation de instrumentos de politica public, le coordination inter administrationes e le elaboration de mesuras concernente le accessibilitate al allogiamento in le quadro del competentias del Stato. Le Secretariato es etiam responsabile del formulation, revision e sequimento del planification strategic pro le rehabilitation del parco construite. Le rehabilitation es ligate al improvemento del qualitate del edificios e al integration de criterios de efficacitate energetic e sostenibilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area es le architecture. Le Secretariato participa al diffusion, promotion e investigation in materia de architecture e exerce competentias concernente le projects e actiones de interesse architectonic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato promove tamben le sostenibilitate, innovation e qualitate in le politicas urban e in le construction. Illo exerce le competentias del Stato in materia de edification, includente le disveloppamento del normativa basic del construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa tamben al application del politicas de Agenda Urban e del Agenda 2030 in le ambito estatal, assi como al implementation de agendas urban international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le competentias del Secretariato figura tamben le regulation del regime del solo e del valorisationes, assi como le establimento del conditiones basic que garanti le equalitate de tote le espanioles in le accesso al allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Secretariato de Stato es integrate in le organisation superior del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. De illo depende le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture, que ha rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De iste Secretariato General depende tres organos directorial: * le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture; * le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo; * le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture tracta le materias concernente al development urban, le architecture, le innovation e le qualitate e sostenibilitate del construction. Le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo exerce le competentias estatal in materia de allogiamento e solo. Le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation participa al planification, coordination e evaluation del politicas del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Secretariato dispone de un Gabinet como organo de supporto e assistentia immediate. Le Gabinet ha nivello organic de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Oficina Technic del PERTE de Industrialisation del Allogiamento == In 2025 esseva create le Oficina Technic del PERTE de Industrialisation del Allogiamento, un division administrative dependente directemente del titular del Secretariato de Stato. Le Oficina esseva create per le Ordine VAU/540/2025 post le approbation del PERTE de Industrialisation del Allogiamento per le Consilio de Ministros le 6 de maio 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2025/05/29/vau540 |titulo=Orden VAU/540/2025, de 29 de mayo, por la que se crea la Oficina Técnica del PERTE para la Industrialización de la Vivienda |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Oficina Technic ha como mission principal le design, implementation, monitorisation e evaluation del instrumentos previde per le PERTE. Su areas de activitate include le financiation, le digitalisation, le normativa e formation, le development del industrialisation del construction e le coordination de projectos pilot. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-10687 |titulo=Orden VAU/540/2025, de 29 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Entitates attachate == Le Secretariato de Stato exerce le direction strategic, evaluation e controlo del resultatos del CASA 47 Entitate Public Empresarial. Le entitate esseva anteriorimente cognoscite como SEPES Entitate Public Empresarial de Solo, ma su denomination esseva cambiate in decembre 2025 per le Real Decreto 1123/2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1999-20006 |titulo=Real Decreto 1525/1999, de 1 de octubre, por el que se aprueba el Estatuto de la Entidad Pública Empresarial de Suelo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CASA 47 es attachate al Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban per medio del Secretariato de Stato, a qui corresponde le direction strategic e le evaluation del resultatos de su activitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1999-20006 |titulo=Estatuto de CASA 47 Entidad Pública Empresarial |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 CASA 47 participa in le implementation del politicas del parco estatal de allogiamento e in le promotion de allogiamentos destinate al alquiler accessibile o social. Le BOE documenta, per exemplo, su convocatorias pro le acquisition de allogiamentos destinate al parco estatal de allogiamento in regime de alquiler accessibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-7707 |titulo=Resolución de 10 de marzo de 2026 de la Presidencia de CASA 47 Entidad Pública Empresarial |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban == Le Secretariato de Stato es un organo superior del Ministerio e opera sub le direction del titular del departamento. Le Ministro define le orientationes politic general del Ministerio, durante que le Secretariato de Stato ha le responsabilitate directe del definition, proposition e execution del politicas que le lege attribue a illo. Le Secretariato exerce tamben, respecto al unitates que depende de illo, le competentias previde per le articulo 62 del Lege 40/2015 del Regime Juridic del Sector Public. Isto include le direction e coordination del organos dependente e le management del competentias attribuite per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Secretariato pote celebra contratos concernente le asuntos de su area e convenios que non es reserve al titular del Ministerio. Ille pote tamben conceder subvenciones e adjutas con cargo al credites de su Secretariato, con le limites establite per le Ministro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania del IX Legislatura|Habitation]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Urbanismo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] fctef3dsqxwpf6iafd69qqsee5qfxch 0 61927 702694 2026-10-07T09:07:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General' de Allogiamento''' esseva un organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que exerceva competentias estatal in materia de [[vivienda]], [[architecture]], [[construction]], [[solo]] e [[politicas urban]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos del organisation del Administration, specialmente in le [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] create in 2004 e ulteriormente in le Minis...” 702694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General' de Allogiamento''' esseva un organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que exerceva competentias estatal in materia de [[vivienda]], [[architecture]], [[construction]], [[solo]] e [[politicas urban]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos del organisation del Administration, specialmente in le [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] create in 2004 e ulteriormente in le [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo esseva successivemente reorganisate, supprimite e recreate sub denominationes differente. Le actual organo que continua iste linea institutional es le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture, dependente del [[Secretariato de Stato de Vivienda e Agenda Urban]] del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Secretariato General de Vivienda non corresponde dunque al actual organisation administrative. Illo es usate principalmente pro referer al organo existente in differente periodos inter 2004 e 2011 e, nove vices, al organo recreate in 2018. In 2020 le denomination deveniva Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda, e in 2023 esseva modificate in Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation in le Ministerio de Vivienda == Le prime Secretariato General de Vivienda del periodo contemporanee esseva establite in 2004, post le creation del [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] per le Real Decreto 553/2004, de 17 de april. Le nove Ministerio esseva incaricate del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al vivienda, sia in proprietate sia in alquiler, edification, urbanismo, solo e architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite le Secretariato General de Vivienda con rango de subsecretariato. Illo dependeva directemente del Ministro de Vivienda e dirigeva e coordinava le designo e le disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al vivienda, architecture, edification, solo e urbanismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda e le Direction General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le Secretariato assumeva etiam le representation del Ministerio in le Commission de coordination financiari de actiones immobiliari e patrimonial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Javier Eugenio Ramos Guallart, nominate Secretario General de Vivienda, con cargo de subsecretariato, le 1 de octobre 2004. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2004-17024 |titulo=Real Decreto 1997/2004, de 1 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones e competentias in le periodo 2004–2011 == Durante le periodo in le Ministerio de Vivienda, le Secretariato General coordinava le principal politicas estatal in materia de allogiamento. Su competentias includeva le elaboration del politica estatal de vivienda, le relationes con entidades financiari, le preparation de estudios e statisticas e le gestion economic e financiari del adjutas previde in le planos de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participava etiam al gestion de conventiones con le Communitates Autonome e con altere entitates territorial pro le execution del politicas de vivienda e pro le rehabilitation de barrios. Le Direction General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda assumeva un parte importante de iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del Ministerio includeva tamben le promotion del innovation e del qualitate in le construction. In 2007, le Ministerio approbava bases pro subvenciones destinate a projectos de investigation, disveloppamento e innovation technologic in le campo del construction e del vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-15477 |titulo=Orden VIV/2494/2007, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere institution ligate al Secretariato esseva le SEPES Entitate Public Empresarial de Solo, que esseva adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Vivienda. Le presidente de SEPES esseva designate inter le titulars del organos superior e directorial del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Integration in le Ministerio de Fomento == In 2010, le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento esseva reformate e le competentias estatal in materia de vivienda, edification, urbanismo, solo e architecture esseva reorganisate. Le Real Decreto 1366/2010 establite le Secretariato de Stato de Vivienda e Actiones Urban, de que dependeva le Secretariato General de Vivienda con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Vivienda dependeva alora del nove Secretariato de Stato e manteneva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda e le Direction General de Solo e Politicas Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Secretariato General esseva Anunciación Romero González, nominate le 5 de novembre 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-17072 |titulo=Real Decreto 1467/2010, de 5 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In decembre 2011, le nove organisation del Governamento integra le politica del vivienda in le Ministerio de Fomento e reducie le numero de organos superior e directorial. Le Secretariato General de Vivienda esseva supprimite como organo distincte. Anunciación Romero González esseva cessate le 30 de decembre 2011. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-20743 |titulo=Real Decreto 1969/2011, de 30 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Periodo 2012–2017 == Post le suppression del Secretariato General de Vivienda in 2011, le competentias concernente al vivienda remaneva in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 establite un Direction General de Architecture, Vivienda e Solo dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Vivienda, in vice de un Secretariato General de Vivienda distincte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation representava un reduction del nivello directorial dedicate specificamente al vivienda: le competentias esseva concentrate in un direction general que tractava insimul architecture, vivienda e solo. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 mentiona explicitemente le reduction del numero de subdirectiones in le area de architecture e vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Recreation in 2018 == Le denomination Secretariato General de Vivienda esseva recreate in 2018 in le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 595/2018 introduceva un nove Secretariato General de Vivienda e le Real Decreto 953/2018 developpava su structura usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le Secretariato General habeva rango de subsecretariato e dependeva del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Vivienda. Illo coordinava le planification, promotion, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva le Secretariato del Conferentia Sectorial de Vivienda, Urbanismo e Solo, un mechanismo de cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome. De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architecture, Vivienda e Solo. Un Gabinet Technic provideva coordination, supporto e assistentia immediate al Secretario General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Transformation in 2020 == Con le creation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in januario 2020, le organisation del area esseva modificate. Le Real Decreto 139/2020 supprimiva le Secretariato General de Vivienda e establite in su loco le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda, con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove organo manteneva le principal competentias concernente al vivienda, ma includeva explicitemente le Agenda Urban e le coordination del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Illo habeva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture e le Direction General de Vivienda e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Francisco David Lucas Parrón esseva nominate Secretario General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda le 11 de februario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2042 |titulo=Real Decreto 354/2020, de 11 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cambio de denomination in 2023 == In april 2023, le Real Decreto 250/2023 cambiava le denomination del organo a Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le Governo justificava le cambio per dar plus de visibilitate al competentias ja attribuite al organo in materia de architecture e edification, includente le application del [[Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architecture]] e le promotion del edification sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio non esseva un nove creation institutionale, ma un modification del denomination e del description del competentias del organo existente. Le nove denomination accentuava le relation inter politicas de vivienda, Agenda Urban, architecture e edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Reorganisation de 2024 == Le recreation del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban in novembre 2023 menava a un nove quadro organisation. Le Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de februario, establite le actual structura del Ministerio e confermava le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo depende del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e coordina le directiones general que participa al execution del politica del Ministerio. Le actual structura include tres directiones general: Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo e Direction General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha tamben un Gabinet Technic con nivello organic de subdirection general. Su titular exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato del [[Casa del Architecture]] e le presidientia de su Commission Permanente. Le Secretariato es etiam le secretariato del conferentias sectorial concernente le competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias actual == Le actual Secretariato General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al vivienda, architecture, edification, politicas urban e solo. Illo coordina le Directiones General dependente e propone lor objectivos, strategias e planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le controlo del execution de projectos de investimento, le direction strategic e evaluation del resultatos del directiones general, e le supervision del programas plurianual. Le Secretariato participa tamben al elaboration del anteprojecto de budgetos del directiones general e organos que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es incaricate de coordinare le politicas de Agenda Urban, includente le disveloppamento, implementation, diffusion, sequimento e evaluation del [[Agenda Urban Espaniol]] e su alliniamento con le Agenda 2030 e le agendas urban international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato coordina etiam le politicas concernente le architecture e le edification. Isto include le diffusion e promotion del architecture, le cooperation con institutiones academic e professional, le innovation in le construction e le rehabilitation del edificios con attention al efficacitate energetic, al sostenibilitate e al reutilisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation actual == De le Secretariato General depende tres directiones general: * le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, competente in politicas urban, architecture, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate del construction; * le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo, competente in politicas de vivienda, rehabilitation, regeneration e renovation urban, solo, information e evaluation; * le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation, incaricate del planification, coordination e evaluation del politicas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato es etiam ligate al Casa del Architecture, que es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. Le titular del Secretariato exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato e le presidientia del Commission Permanente del Casa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General participa tamben in le Consilio Consultive de Vivienda e in altere organos de cooperation interadministrative concernente al politicas de vivienda, urbanismo e solo. Le regulamento del Consilio Consultive establi que le titular del Secretariato pote esser designate como substituto del titular del Secretariato de Stato in certe circumstantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2025/09/12/vau1022 |titulo=Orden VAU/1022/2025, de 12 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con le altere administrationes == Le Secretariato General exerce un importante function de coordination interadministrative. Le politicas de vivienda e urbanismo involve le Communitates Autonome e le Administrationes Local, perque lor competentias proprie es regolate per le Constitution, le Statutos de Autonomia e le legislation sectorial. In le quadro estatal, le Secretariato coordina le relationes con le administrationes territorial in le preparation e execution del planos e politicas de vivienda e in le development del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Le conferentias sectorial constitue un importante instrumento de iste cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato pote tamben participar al cooperation international e europee in materia de vivienda, architecture, urbanismo e solo. Le regulation del 2023 attribue a illo le assistentia al Secretariato de Stato in le relationes con organismos international e del Union Europee concernente le Agenda 2030, agendas urban international, vivienda, edification, architecture e politicas urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architecture e qualitate del construction == Le inclusion del architecture in le denomination del organo deveniva explicit in 2023. Le change reflecteva le expansion del competentias del organo verso le architecture como materia de politica public, includente le qualitate del architecture e del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architecture establi un quadro juridic pro le promotion del qualitate del architecture e introduce instrumentos de cooperation e recognition del architecture. Le Secretariato General participa al implementation de iste politicas per medio del organos e instrumentos del Ministerio, inter illes le Casa del Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/06/14/9 |titulo=Ley 9/2022, de 14 de junio, de Calidad de la Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio super le Qualitate del Architecture, regulate per le Real Decreto 918/2025, ha como presidente del Pleno le titular del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le organo include etiam un section dedicate al sostenibilitate e innovation, presedite per le mesme titular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20695 |titulo=Real Decreto 918/2025, de 15 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titular actual == Le actual titular del Secretariato General es José Ignacio “Iñaqui” Carnicero Alonso-Colmenares. Ille esseva nominate per le Real Decreto 295/2023, de 18 de april 2023, e continua a apparer como Secretario General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture in actos official del Ministerio publicate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-9151](https://www.boe.es/diario_boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-9151) |titulo=Real Decreto 295/2023, de 18 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Carnicero exerce tamben functiones institutional ligate al architecture e al Casa del Architecture. In le actos official del 2026, ille representa le Secretariato General in conventiones e operationes concernente rehabilitation, architecture e cooperation con altere institutiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978](https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php) |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == A octobre 2026, le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture es le organo directorial con rango de subsecretariato que coordina le competentias del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban in materia de vivienda, architecture, edification, politicas urban e solo. Illo es le continuation institutional del organos que esseva cognoscite in differente periodos como Secretariato General de Vivienda e Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es active in 2026 in le administration del Ministerio e participa in conventiones, projectos de rehabilitation, initiatives concernente le architecture e le implementation del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Le BOE documenta su participation in contratos e conventiones durante 2026, includente actiones de rehabilitation de edificios e cooperation con institutiones architectonic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-30085 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Secretaría General de Agenda Urbana, Vivienda y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978](https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php) |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos general de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 2004]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] fglqppus14cuea7okqf6cuv4fwkr5uq 702695 702694 2026-10-07T09:08:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 702695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General' de Allogiamento''' esseva un organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que exerceva competentias estatal in materia de [[vivienda]], [[architecture]], [[construction]], [[solo]] e [[politicas urban]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos del organisation del Administration, specialmente in le [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] create in 2004 e ulteriormente in le [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo esseva successivemente reorganisate, supprimite e recreate sub denominationes differente. Le actual organo que continua iste linea institutional es le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture, dependente del [[Secretariato de Stato de Vivienda e Agenda Urban]] del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Secretariato General de Vivienda non corresponde dunque al actual organisation administrative. Illo es usate principalmente pro referer al organo existente in differente periodos inter 2004 e 2011 e, nove vices, al organo recreate in 2018. In 2020 le denomination deveniva Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda, e in 2023 esseva modificate in Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Creation in le Ministerio de Vivienda === Le prime Secretariato General de Vivienda del periodo contemporanee esseva establite in 2004, post le creation del [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] per le Real Decreto 553/2004, de 17 de april. Le nove Ministerio esseva incaricate del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al vivienda, sia in proprietate sia in alquiler, edification, urbanismo, solo e architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite le Secretariato General de Vivienda con rango de subsecretariato. Illo dependeva directemente del Ministro de Vivienda e dirigeva e coordinava le designo e le disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al vivienda, architecture, edification, solo e urbanismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda e le Direction General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le Secretariato assumeva etiam le representation del Ministerio in le Commission de coordination financiari de actiones immobiliari e patrimonial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Javier Eugenio Ramos Guallart, nominate Secretario General de Vivienda, con cargo de subsecretariato, le 1 de octobre 2004. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2004-17024 |titulo=Real Decreto 1997/2004, de 1 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Functiones e competentias in le periodo 2004–2011 === Durante le periodo in le Ministerio de Vivienda, le Secretariato General coordinava le principal politicas estatal in materia de allogiamento. Su competentias includeva le elaboration del politica estatal de vivienda, le relationes con entidades financiari, le preparation de estudios e statisticas e le gestion economic e financiari del adjutas previde in le planos de vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participava etiam al gestion de conventiones con le Communitates Autonome e con altere entitates territorial pro le execution del politicas de vivienda e pro le rehabilitation de barrios. Le Direction General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda assumeva un parte importante de iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del Ministerio includeva tamben le promotion del innovation e del qualitate in le construction. In 2007, le Ministerio approbava bases pro subvenciones destinate a projectos de investigation, disveloppamento e innovation technologic in le campo del construction e del vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-15477 |titulo=Orden VIV/2494/2007, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere institution ligate al Secretariato esseva le SEPES Entitate Public Empresarial de Solo, que esseva adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Vivienda. Le presidente de SEPES esseva designate inter le titulars del organos superior e directorial del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Integration in le Ministerio de Fomento === In 2010, le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento esseva reformate e le competentias estatal in materia de vivienda, edification, urbanismo, solo e architecture esseva reorganisate. Le Real Decreto 1366/2010 establite le Secretariato de Stato de Vivienda e Actiones Urban, de que dependeva le Secretariato General de Vivienda con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Vivienda dependeva alora del nove Secretariato de Stato e manteneva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda e le Direction General de Solo e Politicas Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Secretariato General esseva Anunciación Romero González, nominate le 5 de novembre 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-17072 |titulo=Real Decreto 1467/2010, de 5 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In decembre 2011, le nove organisation del Governamento integra le politica del vivienda in le Ministerio de Fomento e reducie le numero de organos superior e directorial. Le Secretariato General de Vivienda esseva supprimite como organo distincte. Anunciación Romero González esseva cessate le 30 de decembre 2011. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-20743 |titulo=Real Decreto 1969/2011, de 30 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Periodo 2012–2017 === Post le suppression del Secretariato General de Vivienda in 2011, le competentias concernente al vivienda remaneva in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 establite un Direction General de Architecture, Vivienda e Solo dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Vivienda, in vice de un Secretariato General de Vivienda distincte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation representava un reduction del nivello directorial dedicate specificamente al vivienda: le competentias esseva concentrate in un direction general que tractava insimul architecture, vivienda e solo. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 mentiona explicitemente le reduction del numero de subdirectiones in le area de architecture e vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Recreation in 2018 === Le denomination Secretariato General de Vivienda esseva recreate in 2018 in le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 595/2018 introduceva un nove Secretariato General de Vivienda e le Real Decreto 953/2018 developpava su structura usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le Secretariato General habeva rango de subsecretariato e dependeva del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Vivienda. Illo coordinava le planification, promotion, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al vivienda. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva le Secretariato del Conferentia Sectorial de Vivienda, Urbanismo e Solo, un mechanismo de cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome. De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architecture, Vivienda e Solo. Un Gabinet Technic provideva coordination, supporto e assistentia immediate al Secretario General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Transformation in 2020 === Con le creation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in januario 2020, le organisation del area esseva modificate. Le Real Decreto 139/2020 supprimiva le Secretariato General de Vivienda e establite in su loco le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda, con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove organo manteneva le principal competentias concernente al vivienda, ma includeva explicitemente le Agenda Urban e le coordination del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Illo habeva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture e le Direction General de Vivienda e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Francisco David Lucas Parrón esseva nominate Secretario General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda le 11 de februario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2042 |titulo=Real Decreto 354/2020, de 11 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Cambio de denomination in 2023 === In april 2023, le Real Decreto 250/2023 cambiava le denomination del organo a Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le Governo justificava le cambio per dar plus de visibilitate al competentias ja attribuite al organo in materia de architecture e edification, includente le application del [[Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architecture]] e le promotion del edification sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio non esseva un nove creation institutionale, ma un modification del denomination e del description del competentias del organo existente. Le nove denomination accentuava le relation inter politicas de vivienda, Agenda Urban, architecture e edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation de 2024 === Le recreation del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban in novembre 2023 menava a un nove quadro organisation. Le Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de februario, establite le actual structura del Ministerio e confermava le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo depende del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e coordina le directiones general que participa al execution del politica del Ministerio. Le actual structura include tres directiones general: Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo e Direction General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha tamben un Gabinet Technic con nivello organic de subdirection general. Su titular exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato del [[Casa del Architecture]] e le presidientia de su Commission Permanente. Le Secretariato es etiam le secretariato del conferentias sectorial concernente le competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Competentias actual === Le actual Secretariato General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al vivienda, architecture, edification, politicas urban e solo. Illo coordina le Directiones General dependente e propone lor objectivos, strategias e planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le controlo del execution de projectos de investimento, le direction strategic e evaluation del resultatos del directiones general, e le supervision del programas plurianual. Le Secretariato participa tamben al elaboration del anteprojecto de budgetos del directiones general e organos que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es incaricate de coordinare le politicas de Agenda Urban, includente le disveloppamento, implementation, diffusion, sequimento e evaluation del [[Agenda Urban Espaniol]] e su alliniamento con le Agenda 2030 e le agendas urban international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato coordina etiam le politicas concernente le architecture e le edification. Isto include le diffusion e promotion del architecture, le cooperation con institutiones academic e professional, le innovation in le construction e le rehabilitation del edificios con attention al efficacitate energetic, al sostenibilitate e al reutilisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation actual == De le Secretariato General depende tres directiones general: * le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, competente in politicas urban, architecture, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate del construction; * le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo, competente in politicas de vivienda, rehabilitation, regeneration e renovation urban, solo, information e evaluation; * le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation, incaricate del planification, coordination e evaluation del politicas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato es etiam ligate al Casa del Architecture, que es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. Le titular del Secretariato exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato e le presidientia del Commission Permanente del Casa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General participa tamben in le Consilio Consultive de Vivienda e in altere organos de cooperation interadministrative concernente al politicas de vivienda, urbanismo e solo. Le regulamento del Consilio Consultive establi que le titular del Secretariato pote esser designate como substituto del titular del Secretariato de Stato in certe circumstantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2025/09/12/vau1022 |titulo=Orden VAU/1022/2025, de 12 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con le altere administrationes == Le Secretariato General exerce un importante function de coordination interadministrative. Le politicas de vivienda e urbanismo involve le Communitates Autonome e le Administrationes Local, perque lor competentias proprie es regolate per le Constitution, le Statutos de Autonomia e le legislation sectorial. In le quadro estatal, le Secretariato coordina le relationes con le administrationes territorial in le preparation e execution del planos e politicas de vivienda e in le development del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Le conferentias sectorial constitue un importante instrumento de iste cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato pote tamben participar al cooperation international e europee in materia de vivienda, architecture, urbanismo e solo. Le regulation del 2023 attribue a illo le assistentia al Secretariato de Stato in le relationes con organismos international e del Union Europee concernente le Agenda 2030, agendas urban international, vivienda, edification, architecture e politicas urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architectura e qualitate del construction == Le inclusion del architecture in le denomination del organo deveniva explicit in 2023. Le change reflecteva le expansion del competentias del organo verso le architecture como materia de politica public, includente le qualitate del architecture e del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architecture establi un quadro juridic pro le promotion del qualitate del architecture e introduce instrumentos de cooperation e recognition del architecture. Le Secretariato General participa al implementation de iste politicas per medio del organos e instrumentos del Ministerio, inter illes le Casa del Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/06/14/9 |titulo=Ley 9/2022, de 14 de junio, de Calidad de la Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio super le Qualitate del Architecture, regulate per le Real Decreto 918/2025, ha como presidente del Pleno le titular del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le organo include etiam un section dedicate al sostenibilitate e innovation, presedite per le mesme titular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20695 |titulo=Real Decreto 918/2025, de 15 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos general de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 2004]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] nl78upc5uaxyev8e5p67o8904ixlwhe 702696 702695 2026-10-07T09:12:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 702696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General' de Allogiamento''' esseva un organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que exerceva competentias estatal in materia de [[allogiamento]], [[architectura]], [[construction]], [[solo]] e [[politicas urban]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos del organisation del Administration, specialmente in le [[Ministerio de Allogiamento]] create in 2004 e ulteriormente in le [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo esseva successivemente reorganisate, supprimite e recreate sub denominationes differente. Le actual organo que continua iste linea institutional es le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture, dependente del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Secretariato General de Allogiamento non corresponde dunque al actual organisation administrative. Illo es usate principalmente pro referer al organo existente in differente periodos inter 2004 e 2011 e, nove vices, al organo recreate in 2018. In 2020 le denomination deveniva Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento, e in 2023 esseva modificate in Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Creation in le Ministerio de Allogiamento === Le prime Secretariato General de Allogiamento del periodo contemporanee esseva establite in 2004, post le creation del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento ]] per le Real Decreto 553/2004, de 17 de april. Le nove Ministerio esseva incaricate del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al allogiamento, sia in proprietate sia in alquiler, edification, urbanismo, solo e architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite le Secretariato General de Allogiamento con rango de subsecretariato. Illo dependeva directemente del Ministro de Allogiamento e dirigeva e coordinava le designo e le disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al allogiamento, architecture, edification, solo e urbanismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e le Direction General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le Secretariato assumeva etiam le representation del Ministerio in le Commission de coordination financiari de actiones immobiliari e patrimonial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Javier Eugenio Ramos Guallart, nominate Secretario General de Allogiamento, con cargo de subsecretariato, le 1 de octobre 2004. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2004-17024 |titulo=Real Decreto 1997/2004, de 1 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Functiones e competentias in le periodo 2004–2011 === Durante le periodo in le Ministerio de Allogiamento, le Secretariato General coordinava le principal politicas estatal in materia de allogiamento. Su competentias includeva le elaboration del politica estatal de allogiamento, le relationes con entidades financiari, le preparation de estudios e statisticas e le gestion economic e financiari del adjutas previde in le planos de allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participava etiam al gestion de conventiones con le Communitates Autonome e con altere entitates territorial pro le execution del politicas de allogiamento e pro le rehabilitation de barrios. Le Direction General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento assumeva un parte importante de iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del Ministerio includeva tamben le promotion del innovation e del qualitate in le construction. In 2007, le Ministerio approbava bases pro subvenciones destinate a projectos de investigation, disveloppamento e innovation technologic in le campo del construction e del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-15477 |titulo=Orden VIV/2494/2007, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere institution ligate al Secretariato esseva le SEPES Entitate Public Empresarial de Solo, que esseva adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Allogiamento. Le presidente de SEPES esseva designate inter le titulars del organos superior e directorial del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Integration in le Ministerio de Fomento === In 2010, le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento esseva reformate e le competentias estatal in materia de allogiamento, edification, urbanismo, solo e architectura esseva reorganisate. Le Real Decreto 1366/2010 establite le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Actiones Urban, de que dependeva le Secretariato General de Allogiamento con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Allogiamento dependeva alora del nove Secretariato de Stato e manteneva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e le Direction General de Solo e Politicas Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Secretariato General esseva Anunciación Romero González, nominate le 5 de novembre 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-17072 |titulo=Real Decreto 1467/2010, de 5 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In decembre 2011, le nove organisation del Governamento integra le politica del allogiamento in le Ministerio de Fomento e reducie le numero de organos superior e directorial. Le Secretariato General de Allogiamento esseva supprimite como organo distincte. Anunciación Romero González esseva cessate le 30 de decembre 2011. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-20743 |titulo=Real Decreto 1969/2011, de 30 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Periodo 2012–2017 === Post le suppression del Secretariato General de Allogiamento in 2011, le competentias concernente al allogiamentoremaneva in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 establite un Direction General de Architecture, Allogiamento e Solo dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Allogiamento, in vice de un Secretariato General de Allogiamento distincte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation representava un reduction del nivello directorial dedicate specificamente al allogiamento: le competentias esseva concentrate in un direction general que tractava insimul architecture, allogiamento e solo. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 mentiona explicitemente le reduction del numero de subdirectiones in le area de architectura e allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Recreation in 2018 === Le denomination Secretariato General de Allogiamento esseva recreate in 2018 in le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 595/2018 introduceva un nove Secretariato General de Allogiamento e le Real Decreto 953/2018 developpava su structura usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le Secretariato General habeva rango de subsecretariato e dependeva del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Allogiamento. Illo coordinava le planification, promotion, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva le Secretariato del Conferentia Sectorial de Allogiamento, Urbanismo e Solo, un mechanismo de cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome. De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architecture, Allogiamento e Solo. Un Gabinet Technic provideva coordination, supporto e assistentia immediate al Secretario General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Transformation in 2020 === Con le creation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in januario 2020, le organisation del area esseva modificate. Le Real Decreto 139/2020 supprimiva le Secretariato General de Allogiamento e establite in su loco le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento, con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove organo manteneva le principal competentias concernente al allogiamento, ma includeva explicitemente le Agenda Urban e le coordination del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Illo habeva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Francisco David Lucas Parrón esseva nominate Secretario General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento le 11 de februario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2042 |titulo=Real Decreto 354/2020, de 11 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Cambio de denomination in 2023 === In april 2023, le Real Decreto 250/2023 cambiava le denomination del organo a Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le Governo justificava le cambio per dar plus de visibilitate al competentias ja attribuite al organo in materia de architectura e edification, includente le application del [[Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architecture]] e le promotion del edification sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio non esseva un nove creation institutionale, ma un modification del denomination e del description del competentias del organo existente. Le nove denomination accentuava le relation inter politicas de allogiamento, Agenda Urban, architectura e edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation de 2024 === Le recreation del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban in novembre 2023 menava a un nove quadro organisation. Le Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de februario, establite le actual structura del Ministerio e confermava le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo depende del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e coordina le directiones general que participa al execution del politica del Ministerio. Le actual structura include tres directiones general: Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo e Direction General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha tamben un Gabinet Technic con nivello organic de subdirection general. Su titular exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato del [[Casa del Architecture]] e le presidientia de su Commission Permanente. Le Secretariato es etiam le secretariato del conferentias sectorial concernente le competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Competentias actual === Le actual Secretariato General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al allogiamento, architecture, edification, politicas urban e solo. Illo coordina le Directiones General dependente e propone lor objectivos, strategias e planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le controlo del execution de projectos de investimento, le direction strategic e evaluation del resultatos del directiones general, e le supervision del programas plurianual. Le Secretariato participa tamben al elaboration del anteprojecto de budgetos del directiones general e organos que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es incaricate de coordinare le politicas de Agenda Urban, includente le disveloppamento, implementation, diffusion, sequimento e evaluation del [[Agenda Urban Espaniol]] e su alliniamento con le Agenda 2030 e le agendas urban international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato coordina etiam le politicas concernente le architectura e le edification. Isto include le diffusion e promotion del architecture, le cooperation con institutiones academic e professional, le innovation in le construction e le rehabilitation del edificios con attention al efficacitate energetic, al sostenibilitate e al reutilisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation actual == De le Secretariato General depende tres directiones general: * le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, competente in politicas urban, architecture, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate del construction; * le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo, competente in politicas de allogiamento, rehabilitation, regeneration e renovation urban, solo, information e evaluation; * le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation, incaricate del planification, coordination e evaluation del politicas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato es etiam ligate al Casa del Architecture, que es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. Le titular del Secretariato exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato e le presidientia del Commission Permanente del Casa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General participa tamben in le Consilio Consultive de Allogiamento e in altere organos de cooperation interadministrative concernente al politicas de allogiamento, urbanismo e solo. Le regulamento del Consilio Consultive establi que le titular del Secretariato pote esser designate como substituto del titular del Secretariato de Stato in certe circumstantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2025/09/12/vau1022 |titulo=Orden VAU/1022/2025, de 12 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con le altere administrationes == Le Secretariato General exerce un importante function de coordination interadministrative. Le politicas de allogiamento e urbanismo involve le Communitates Autonome e le Administrationes Local, perque lor competentias proprie es regolate per le Constitution, le Statutos de Autonomia e le legislation sectorial. In le quadro estatal, le Secretariato coordina le relationes con le administrationes territorial in le preparation e execution del planos e politicas de allogiamento e in le development del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Le conferentias sectorial constitue un importante instrumento de iste cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato pote tamben participar al cooperation international e europee in materia de allogiamento, architectura, urbanismo e solo. Le regulation del 2023 attribue a illo le assistentia al Secretariato de Stato in le relationes con organismos international e del Union Europee concernente le Agenda 2030, agendas urban international, allogiamento, edification, architectura e politicas urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architectura e qualitate del construction == Le inclusion del architectura in le denomination del organo deveniva explicit in 2023. Le change reflecteva le expansion del competentias del organo verso le architectura como materia de politica public, includente le qualitate del architectura e del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architectura establi un quadro juridic pro le promotion del qualitate del architectura e introduce instrumentos de cooperation e recognition del architecture. Le Secretariato General participa al implementation de iste politicas per medio del organos e instrumentos del Ministerio, inter illes le Casa del Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/06/14/9 |titulo=Ley 9/2022, de 14 de junio, de Calidad de la Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio super le Qualitate del Architecture, regulate per le Real Decreto 918/2025, ha como presidente del Pleno le titular del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le organo include etiam un section dedicate al sostenibilitate e innovation, presedite per le mesme titular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20695 |titulo=Real Decreto 918/2025, de 15 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos general de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 2004]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] 05ge14hrdmk814xegfqxn1wysv1ota0 702704 702696 2026-10-07T09:41:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 702704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato General de Allogiamento''' esseva un organo directorial del [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] que exerceva competentias estatal in materia de [[allogiamento]], [[architectura]], [[construction]], [[solo]] e [[politicas urban]]. Le denomination esseva usate in differente periodos del organisation del Administration, specialmente in le [[Ministerio de Allogiamento]] create in 2004 e ulteriormente in le [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo esseva successivemente reorganisate, supprimite e recreate sub denominationes differente. Le actual organo que continua iste linea institutional es le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture, dependente del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Secretariato General de Allogiamento non corresponde dunque al actual organisation administrative. Illo es usate principalmente pro referer al organo existente in differente periodos inter 2004 e 2011 e, nove vices, al organo recreate in 2018. In 2020 le denomination deveniva Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento, e in 2023 esseva modificate in Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Creation in le Ministerio de Allogiamento === Le prime Secretariato General de Allogiamento del periodo contemporanee esseva establite in 2004, post le creation del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento ]] per le Real Decreto 553/2004, de 17 de april. Le nove Ministerio esseva incaricate del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al allogiamento, sia in proprietate sia in alquiler, edification, urbanismo, solo e architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite le Secretariato General de Allogiamento con rango de subsecretariato. Illo dependeva directemente del Ministro de Allogiamento e dirigeva e coordinava le designo e le disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de accesso al allogiamento, architecture, edification, solo e urbanismo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e le Direction General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le Secretariato assumeva etiam le representation del Ministerio in le Commission de coordination financiari de actiones immobiliari e patrimonial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime titular del cargo esseva Javier Eugenio Ramos Guallart, nominate Secretario General de Allogiamento, con cargo de subsecretariato, le 1 de octobre 2004. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2004-17024 |titulo=Real Decreto 1997/2004, de 1 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Functiones e competentias in le periodo 2004–2011 === Durante le periodo in le Ministerio de Allogiamento, le Secretariato General coordinava le principal politicas estatal in materia de allogiamento. Su competentias includeva le elaboration del politica estatal de allogiamento, le relationes con entidades financiari, le preparation de estudios e statisticas e le gestion economic e financiari del adjutas previde in le planos de allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participava etiam al gestion de conventiones con le Communitates Autonome e con altere entitates territorial pro le execution del politicas de allogiamento e pro le rehabilitation de barrios. Le Direction General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento assumeva un parte importante de iste competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del Ministerio includeva tamben le promotion del innovation e del qualitate in le construction. In 2007, le Ministerio approbava bases pro subvenciones destinate a projectos de investigation, disveloppamento e innovation technologic in le campo del construction e del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-15477 |titulo=Orden VIV/2494/2007, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere institution ligate al Secretariato esseva le SEPES Entitate Public Empresarial de Solo, que esseva adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General de Allogiamento. Le presidente de SEPES esseva designate inter le titulars del organos superior e directorial del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Integration in le Ministerio de Fomento === In 2010, le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento esseva reformate e le competentias estatal in materia de allogiamento, edification, urbanismo, solo e architectura esseva reorganisate. Le Real Decreto 1366/2010 establite le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Actiones Urban, de que dependeva le Secretariato General de Allogiamento con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General de Allogiamento dependeva alora del nove Secretariato de Stato e manteneva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e le Direction General de Solo e Politicas Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2010/10/29/1366 |titulo=Real Decreto 1366/2010, de 29 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le titular del Secretariato General esseva Anunciación Romero González, nominate le 5 de novembre 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2010-17072 |titulo=Real Decreto 1467/2010, de 5 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In decembre 2011, le nove organisation del Governamento integra le politica del allogiamento in le Ministerio de Fomento e reducie le numero de organos superior e directorial. Le Secretariato General de Allogiamento esseva supprimite como organo distincte. Anunciación Romero González esseva cessate le 30 de decembre 2011. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2011/12/21/1823/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1823/2011, de 21 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-20743 |titulo=Real Decreto 1969/2011, de 30 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Periodo 2012–2017 === Post le suppression del Secretariato General de Allogiamento in 2011, le competentias concernente al allogiamentoremaneva in le Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 establite un Direction General de Architecture, Allogiamento e Solo dependente del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Allogiamento, in vice de un Secretariato General de Allogiamento distincte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste organisation representava un reduction del nivello directorial dedicate specificamente al allogiamento: le competentias esseva concentrate in un direction general que tractava insimul architecture, allogiamento e solo. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 mentiona explicitemente le reduction del numero de subdirectiones in le area de architectura e allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Recreation in 2018 === Le denomination Secretariato General de Allogiamento esseva recreate in 2018 in le organisation del Ministerio de Fomento. Le Real Decreto 595/2018 introduceva un nove Secretariato General de Allogiamento e le Real Decreto 953/2018 developpava su structura usque al nivello de subdirection general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le Secretariato General habeva rango de subsecretariato e dependeva del Secretariato de Stato de Infrastructuras, Transporto e Allogiamento. Illo coordinava le planification, promotion, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo esseva le Secretariato del Conferentia Sectorial de Allogiamento, Urbanismo e Solo, un mechanismo de cooperation inter le Administration General del Stato e le Communitates Autonome. De illo dependeva le Direction General de Architecture, Allogiamento e Solo. Un Gabinet Technic provideva coordination, supporto e assistentia immediate al Secretario General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Transformation in 2020 === Con le creation del Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban in januario 2020, le organisation del area esseva modificate. Le Real Decreto 139/2020 supprimiva le Secretariato General de Allogiamento e establite in su loco le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento, con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove organo manteneva le principal competentias concernente al allogiamento, ma includeva explicitemente le Agenda Urban e le coordination del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Illo habeva sub su dependentia le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Francisco David Lucas Parrón esseva nominate Secretario General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento le 11 de februario 2020. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2020-2042 |titulo=Real Decreto 354/2020, de 11 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Cambio de denomination in 2023 === In april 2023, le Real Decreto 250/2023 cambiava le denomination del organo a Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le Governo justificava le cambio per dar plus de visibilitate al competentias ja attribuite al organo in materia de architectura e edification, includente le application del [[Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architecture]] e le promotion del edification sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio non esseva un nove creation institutionale, ma un modification del denomination e del description del competentias del organo existente. Le nove denomination accentuava le relation inter politicas de allogiamento, Agenda Urban, architectura e edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Reorganisation de 2024 === Le recreation del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban in novembre 2023 menava a un nove quadro organisation. Le Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de februario, establite le actual structura del Ministerio e confermava le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura con rango de subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo depende del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban e coordina le directiones general que participa al execution del politica del Ministerio. Le actual structura include tres directiones general: Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo e Direction General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General ha tamben un Gabinet Technic con nivello organic de subdirection general. Su titular exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato del [[Casa del Architecture]] e le presidientia de su Commission Permanente. Le Secretariato es etiam le secretariato del conferentias sectorial concernente le competentias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Competentias actual === Le actual Secretariato General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente al allogiamento, architecture, edification, politicas urban e solo. Illo coordina le Directiones General dependente e propone lor objectivos, strategias e planos de action. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova le controlo del execution de projectos de investimento, le direction strategic e evaluation del resultatos del directiones general, e le supervision del programas plurianual. Le Secretariato participa tamben al elaboration del anteprojecto de budgetos del directiones general e organos que depende de illo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&p=20251211&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es incaricate de coordinare le politicas de Agenda Urban, includente le disveloppamento, implementation, diffusion, sequimento e evaluation del [[Agenda Urban Espaniol]] e su alliniamento con le Agenda 2030 e le agendas urban international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato coordina etiam le politicas concernente le architectura e le edification. Isto include le diffusion e promotion del architecture, le cooperation con institutiones academic e professional, le innovation in le construction e le rehabilitation del edificios con attention al efficacitate energetic, al sostenibilitate e al reutilisation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation actual == De le Secretariato General depende tres directiones general: * le Direction General de Agenda Urban e Architecture, competente in politicas urban, architecture, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate del construction; * le Direction General de Allogiamento e Solo, competente in politicas de allogiamento, rehabilitation, regeneration e renovation urban, solo, information e evaluation; * le Direction General de Planification e Evaluation, incaricate del planification, coordination e evaluation del politicas del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato es etiam ligate al Casa del Architecture, que es attachate al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato General. Le titular del Secretariato exerce le vice-presidientia del Patronato e le presidientia del Commission Permanente del Casa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General participa tamben in le Consilio Consultive de Allogiamento e in altere organos de cooperation interadministrative concernente al politicas de allogiamento, urbanismo e solo. Le regulamento del Consilio Consultive establi que le titular del Secretariato pote esser designate como substituto del titular del Secretariato de Stato in certe circumstantias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2025/09/12/vau1022 |titulo=Orden VAU/1022/2025, de 12 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con le altere administrationes == Le Secretariato General exerce un importante function de coordination interadministrative. Le politicas de allogiamento e urbanismo involve le Communitates Autonome e le Administrationes Local, perque lor competentias proprie es regolate per le Constitution, le Statutos de Autonomia e le legislation sectorial. In le quadro estatal, le Secretariato coordina le relationes con le administrationes territorial in le preparation e execution del planos e politicas de allogiamento e in le development del Agenda Urban Espaniol. Le conferentias sectorial constitue un importante instrumento de iste cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2018/07/27/953 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato pote tamben participar al cooperation international e europee in materia de allogiamento, architectura, urbanismo e solo. Le regulation del 2023 attribue a illo le assistentia al Secretariato de Stato in le relationes con organismos international e del Union Europee concernente le Agenda 2030, agendas urban international, allogiamento, edification, architectura e politicas urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/04/04/250 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architectura e qualitate del construction == Le inclusion del architectura in le denomination del organo deveniva explicit in 2023. Le change reflecteva le expansion del competentias del organo verso le architectura como materia de politica public, includente le qualitate del architectura e del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2023-8577 |titulo=Real Decreto 250/2023, de 4 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 9/2022 super le Qualitate del Architectura establi un quadro juridic pro le promotion del qualitate del architectura e introduce instrumentos de cooperation e recognition del architecture. Le Secretariato General participa al implementation de iste politicas per medio del organos e instrumentos del Ministerio, inter illes le Casa del Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/06/14/9 |titulo=Ley 9/2022, de 14 de junio, de Calidad de la Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio super le Qualitate del Architectura, regulate per le Real Decreto 918/2025, ha como presidente del Pleno le titular del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le organo include etiam un section dedicate al sostenibilitate e innovation, presedite per le mesme titular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20695 |titulo=Real Decreto 918/2025, de 15 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos general de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 2004]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] pxwis0xk75qdxfy07jf8wz1dw58u9v4 0 61928 702698 2026-10-07T09:24:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architecture es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture]] e exerce le competentias del departamento in materia de politicas urban, [[architecture]] e [[edification]]. Su competentias include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban, le promotion e diffusion del architecture...” 702698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architecture es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture]] e exerce le competentias del departamento in materia de politicas urban, [[architecture]] e [[edification]]. Su competentias include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban, le promotion e diffusion del architecture, le innovation e le sostenibilitate del construction, le rehabilitation del edificios e le application del normativa technic del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es parte del structura del [[Secretariato de Stato de Vivienda e Agenda Urban]]. Su organisation actual esseva establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024, que attribue a illo le planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente le politicas urban, architecture e edification que corresponde al Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&lang=es&p=20240309&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Directora General de Agenda Urban e Architecture es María Teresa Verdú Martínez. Illa appare como titular del organo in actos official publicate in le *Boletin Official del Stato* in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias que hodie corresponde al Directorio General ha essite repartite inter differente organos del Administration General del Stato. Le antecedentes immediate del organo se trova in le organisation del [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] create in 2004 e in le subsequent reorganisationes del politica de vivienda, urbanismo, solo e architecture. In 2004, le nove Ministerio de Vivienda esseva organise con un Directorio General de Architecture e Politica de Vivienda e un Directorio General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le prime esseva incaricate de materias concernente le politica de vivienda, le rehabilitation, le qualitate del construction e le architecture, durante que le secunde se occupava del urbanismo e del solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite tamben le Secretariato General de Vivienda, con rango de subsecretariato, sub le qual dependeva le duo directiones general. Iste structura constitueva un del principal antecedentes institutional del actual organisation del Ministerio in materia de vivienda e architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2012, post le reorganisation del administration del Stato, le competentias de architecture, vivienda e solo esseva reunite in le Directorio General de Architecture, Vivienda e Solo del [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo assumeva le planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias in materia de vivienda e architecture, assi como le competentias concernente al urbanismo e al politica del solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le periodo 2012–2017 esseva dunque caracterisate per un organisation in le qual le materias de architecture, vivienda e solo esseva concentrate in un mesme directorio general. Le organo interveniva in le preparation del normativa de vivienda, in le relationes con entidades financiari, in le rehabilitation e in le elaboration de studios e statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160&p=20150305&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architecture esseva establite in le quadro del nove organisation ministerial de 2020. Le Real Decreto 139/2020, que developpava le structura basic del departamentos ministerial, divideva le materias del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda inter duo directorios general: le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architecture e le Directorio General de Vivienda e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/01/28/139/con |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 645/2020 developpava iste structura usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e definiva le competentias del nove directorio. Illo attribueva al organo materias concernente al politicas urban, architecture, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le organo esseva integrate in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban, sub le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda. Le separation inter le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architecture e le Directorio General de Vivienda e Solo permitteva distinguer le materias urban e architectonic del politicas plus directemente concernente al allogiamento e al solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias in materia urban == Le Directorio General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias estatal concernente al politicas urban. Isto include le preparation e proposition de normativa relative al regime del solo e al politicas urban e le disveloppamento de instrumentos de coordination del action public in materia urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa al disveloppamento e implementation del Agenda Urban Espaniol, assi como al diffusion de su objectivos e methodologies. Le Agenda Urban Espaniol es le quadro national que adapta le objectivos del agendas urban international al contexto espaniol e promove un disveloppamento urban plus equilibrate e sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General collabora con altere departamentos del Administration General del Stato e con institutiones public e private in materia de politicas urban. Le cooperation pote concernere le diffusion de bon praticas, le elaboration de instrumentos technic e le promotion del innovation in le organisation del territorio urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce etiam le competentias urban del Stato concernente le citates de Ceuta e Melilla in le quadro del legislation vigente. Illo prepara tamben le expedientes de authorization que debe esser submittite al [[Consilio de Ministros]] in le casos previde per le legislation super le solo e rehabilitation urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architecture == Un del principal campos de action del Directorio General es le architecture. Le organo promove le diffusion, promotion e investigation del architecture e collabora con altere departamentos, associationes professional, institutiones, fundationes e organismos national e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General organiza e diffunde le Premio National de Architecture e altere premios de architecture promovite o supportate per le Ministerio. Illo participa tamben al organisation del Biennal Espaniol de Architecture e Urbanismo e del Biennal Iberoamerican de Architecture e Urbanismo e promove le participation espaniol al Biennal International de Architecture de Veneti(a). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continuation de iste activitate es documentate in 2026 per le accordos publicate per le BOE. Le Directorio General ha collaborate con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania pro le organisation del Biennales de Architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura, por la que se publica el Convenio con el Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Directorio General collabora tamben con le Fundation Arquia in le developpamento del TAC! Festival de Architecture Urban, secundo un convenio publicate in le BOE in septembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Innovation e sostenibilitate del edification == Le Directorio General exerce le competentias del departamento concernente al quadro juridic del architecture e del edification. Isto include le disveloppamento e sequimento del normativa super le architecture e le construction, includente le Lege 38/1999 de Ordination del Edification e le Codice Technic del Edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere competentia es le promotion del innovation e qualitate in le edification. Le organo designa, coordina e gere programas e actiones de investigation e disveloppamento destinate a favorisar le evolution technic del construction e le transition verso un edification plus sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General impulsa tamben le rehabilitation del edification, con un approccio integral que considera le efficacitate energetic, le application de criterios de sostenibilitate e le reutilisation del edificios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le normativa attribue al organo etiam competentias concernente le evaluation del qualitate del edification e le cooperation technic con altere administrationes e institutiones professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subdirectorios e organisation interne == Le Directorio General es integrate per organos con nivello organic de subdirectorio general. Le structura establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024 include: * le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban, incaricate del competentias concernente le politicas urban e le materias associate al solo e al Agenda Urban; * le Subdirectorio General de Architecture e Edification, responsabile del competentias concernente al architecture e al edification; * le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification, que participa al innovation, al regulation technic, al qualitate e al promotion del sostenibilitate in le construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&lang=es&p=20240228&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban exerce le principal competentias concernente al elaboration del normativa urban, al politicas urban, al implementation del Agenda Urban e al cooperation con altere administrationes. Le Subdirectorio General de Architecture e Edification tracta le diffusion e promotion del architecture, le organisation de premios e biennales, le cooperation con institutiones professional e le materias technic concernente al architecture e al edification. Le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification es incaricate de aspectos concernente le innovation technologic, le efficacitate energetic, le sostenibilitate, le rehabilitation e le actualisation del normativa technic del construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation e promotion del architecture == Le Directorio General exerce su competentias non solmente per actos normative e administrative, ma etiam per cooperation con le profession architectural e con institutiones cultural e academic. Le organisation del Biennal Espaniol de Architecture e Urbanismo e del Biennal Iberoamerican de Architecture e Urbanismo constitue un del principales instrumentos de diffusion del production architectonic e urban. Le participation al Biennal International de Architecture de Veneti(a) es un altere instrumento de representation international del architecture espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General diffunde tamben publicationes concernente le architecture e le patrimonio del profession architectural e collabora al promotion del bon practic del profession. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le organo participa in le continuation del Biennales de Architecture per medio de un convenio con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania. Le convenio mentiona explicitemente le competentias del Directorio General in materia de diffusion, promotion e investigation del architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio == Le Directorio General es un organo directorial que depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture. Le Secretariato General coordina le directorios general que depende de illo, propone lor objectivos e strategias e controla le execution de lor programas e projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relation inter le Directorio General e le Secretariato General es dunque parte del structura hierarchic del Ministerio. Le Directorio General exerce le competentias technic e administrative attribuite per le normativa, durante que le Secretariato General exerce le coordination superior del area de agenda urban, allogiamento e architecture. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Durante 2026, le Directorio General ha continuate a exercer su competentias in materia de architecture e urbanismo. Le BOE ha publicate, inter altere actos, le convenio con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania pro le organisation del Biennales de Architecture. Le documento es signate in agosto 2026 e publicate in septembre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha tamben formalisate in 2026 contratos concernente interventiones super patrimonio architectonic e edificios de interesse cultural. Un exemplo es le contrato pro le dirctorio facultative del obras de valorisation del Cloacas Romanas de Calahorra, in La Rioja, formalizate in maio 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-19575 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 16 de septembre 2026 esseva signate etiam un convenio con le Fundation Arquia pro le developpamento del TAC! Festival de Architecture Urban, un initiative que include le construction temporari de propositiones architectonic resultante de un convocatoria public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == A octobre 2026, le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architecture es le organo del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban responsabile del politicas urban, architecture e edification. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architecture e es organisate in le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban, le Subdirectorio General de Architecture e Edification e le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Su activitate include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban Espaniol, le promotion del architecture, le organisation de premios e biennales, le innovation in le construction, le actualisation del normativa technic e le promotion del rehabilitation e del edification sostenibile. In 2026, le organo continua a haber un activitate institutional in le campo del architecture e urbanismo per medio de conventiones, programas e interventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Urbanismo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Architectura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] nztn59989q1oh44mornpz7unrha45wi 702699 702698 2026-10-07T09:29:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 702699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e exerce le competentias del departamento in materia de politicas urban, [[architectura]] e [[edification]]. Su competentias include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban, le promotion e diffusion del architectura, le innovation e le sostenibilitate del construction, le rehabilitation del edificios e le application del normativa technic del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es parte del structura del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Su organisation actual esseva establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024, que attribue a illo le planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente le politicas urban, architectura e edification que corresponde al Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&lang=es&p=20240309&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias que hodie corresponde al Directorio General ha essite repartite inter differente organos del Administration General del Stato. Le antecedentes immediate del organo se trova in le organisation del [[Ministerio de Vivienda]] create in 2004 e in le subsequent reorganisationes del politica de vivienda, urbanismo, solo e architectura. In 2004, le nove Ministerio de Allogiamento esseva organise con un Directorio General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e un Directorio General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le prime esseva incaricate de materias concernente le politica de vivienda, le rehabilitation, le qualitate del construction e le architectura, durante que le secunde se occupava del urbanismo e del solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite tamben le Secretariato General de Vivienda, con rango de subsecretariato, sub le qual dependeva le duo directiones general. Iste structura constitueva un del principal antecedentes institutional del actual organisation del Ministerio in materia de vivienda e architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2012, post le reorganisation del administration del Stato, le competentias de architectura, vivienda e solo esseva reunite in le Directorio General de Architectura, Allogiamento e Solo del [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo assumeva le planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias in materia de vivienda e architectura, assi como le competentias concernente al urbanismo e al politica del solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le periodo 2012–2017 esseva dunque caracterisate per un organisation in le qual le materias de architectura, vivienda e solo esseva concentrate in un mesme directorio general. Le organo interveniva in le preparation del normativa de vivienda, in le relationes con entidades financiari, in le rehabilitation e in le elaboration de studios e statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160&p=20150305&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura esseva establite in le quadro del nove organisation ministerial de 2020. Le Real Decreto 139/2020, que developpava le structura basic del departamentos ministerial, divideva le materias del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento inter duo directorios general: le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/01/28/139/con |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 645/2020 developpava iste structura usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e definiva le competentias del nove directorio. Illo attribueva al organo materias concernente al politicas urban, architectura, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le organo esseva integrate in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban, sub le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Vivienda. Le separation inter le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo permitteva distinguer le materias urban e architectonic del politicas plus directemente concernente al allogiamento e al solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias in materia urban == Le Directorio General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias estatal concernente al politicas urban. Isto include le preparation e proposition de normativa relative al regime del solo e al politicas urban e le disveloppamento de instrumentos de coordination del action public in materia urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa al disveloppamento e implementation del Agenda Urban Espaniol, assi como al diffusion de su objectivos e methodologies. Le Agenda Urban Espaniol es le quadro national que adapta le objectivos del agendas urban international al contexto espaniol e promove un disveloppamento urban plus equilibrate e sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General collabora con altere departamentos del Administration General del Stato e con institutiones public e private in materia de politicas urban. Le cooperation pote concernere le diffusion de bon praticas, le elaboration de instrumentos technic e le promotion del innovation in le organisation del territorio urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce etiam le competentias urban del Stato concernente le citates de Ceuta e Melilla in le quadro del legislation vigente. Illo prepara tamben le expedientes de authorization que debe esser submittite al [[Consilio de Ministros]] in le casos previde per le legislation super le solo e rehabilitation urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architectura == Un del principal campos de action del Directorio General es le architectura. Le organo promove le diffusion, promotion e investigation del architectura e collabora con altere departamentos, associationes professional, institutiones, fundationes e organismos national e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General organiza e diffunde le Premio National de Architectura e altere premios de architectura promovite o supportate per le Ministerio. Illo participa tamben al organisation del Biennal Espaniol de Architectura e Urbanismo e del Biennal Iberoamerican de Architectura e Urbanismo e promove le participation espaniol al Biennal International de Architectura de Venetia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continuation de iste activitate es documentate in 2026 per le accordos publicate per le BOE. Le Directorio General ha collaborate con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania pro le organisation del Biennales de Architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura, por la que se publica el Convenio con el Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Directorio General collabora tamben con le Fundation Arquia in le developpamento del TAC! Festival de Architectura Urban, secundo un convenio publicate in le BOE in septembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Innovation e sostenibilitate del edification == Le Directorio General exerce le competentias del departamento concernente al quadro juridic del architectura e del edification. Isto include le disveloppamento e sequimento del normativa super le architectura e le construction, includente le Lege 38/1999 de Ordination del Edification e le Codice Technic del Edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere competentia es le promotion del innovation e qualitate in le edification. Le organo designa, coordina e gere programas e actiones de investigation e disveloppamento destinate a favorisar le evolution technic del construction e le transition verso un edification plus sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General impulsa tamben le rehabilitation del edification, con un approccio integral que considera le efficacitate energetic, le application de criterios de sostenibilitate e le reutilisation del edificios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le normativa attribue al organo etiam competentias concernente le evaluation del qualitate del edification e le cooperation technic con altere administrationes e institutiones professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subdirectorios e organisation interne == Le Directorio General es integrate per organos con nivello organic de subdirectorio general. Le structura establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024 include: * le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban, incaricate del competentias concernente le politicas urban e le materias associate al solo e al Agenda Urban; * le Subdirectorio General de Architectura e Edification, responsabile del competentias concernente al architectura e al edification; * le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification, que participa al innovation, al regulation technic, al qualitate e al promotion del sostenibilitate in le construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&lang=es&p=20240228&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban exerce le principal competentias concernente al elaboration del normativa urban, al politicas urban, al implementation del Agenda Urban e al cooperation con altere administrationes. Le Subdirectorio General de Architectura e Edification tracta le diffusion e promotion del architectura, le organisation de premios e biennales, le cooperation con institutiones professional e le materias technic concernente al architectura e al edification. Le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification es incaricate de aspectos concernente le innovation technologic, le efficacitate energetic, le sostenibilitate, le rehabilitation e le actualisation del normativa technic del construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation e promotion del architectura == Le Directorio General exerce su competentias non solmente per actos normative e administrative, ma etiam per cooperation con le profession architectural e con institutiones cultural e academic. Le organisation del Biennal Espaniol de Architectura e Urbanismo e del Biennal Iberoamerican de Architectura e Urbanismo constitue un del principales instrumentos de diffusion del production architectonic e urban. Le participation al Biennal International de Architectura de Venetia es un altere instrumento de representation international del architectura espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General diffunde tamben publicationes concernente le architectura e le patrimonio del profession architectural e collabora al promotion del bon practic del profession. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le organo participa in le continuation del Biennales de Architectura per medio de un convenio con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania. Le convenio mentiona explicitemente le competentias del Directorio General in materia de diffusion, promotion e investigation del architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio == Le Directorio General es un organo directorial que depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura. Le Secretariato General coordina le directorios general que depende de illo, propone lor objectivos e strategias e controla le execution de lor programas e projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relation inter le Directorio General e le Secretariato General es dunque parte del structura hierarchic del Ministerio. Le Directorio General exerce le competentias technic e administrative attribuite per le normativa, durante que le Secretariato General exerce le coordination superior del area de agenda urban, allogiamento e architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Durante 2026, le Directorio General ha continuate a exercer su competentias in materia de architectura e urbanismo. Le BOE ha publicate, inter altere actos, le convenio con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania pro le organisation del Biennales de Architectura. Le documento es signate in agosto 2026 e publicate in septembre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha tamben formalisate in 2026 contratos concernente interventiones super patrimonio architectonic e edificios de interesse cultural. Un exemplo es le contrato pro le dirctorio facultative del obras de valorisation del Cloacas Romanas de Calahorra, in [[La Rioja]], formalisate in maio 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-19575 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 16 de septembre 2026 esseva signate etiam un convenio con le Fundation Arquia pro le developpamento del TAC! Festival de Architectura Urban, un initiative que include le construction temporari de propositiones architectonic resultante de un convocatoria public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == A octobre 2026, le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura es le organo del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban responsabile del politicas urban, architectura e edification. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura e es organisate in le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban, le Subdirectorio General de Architectura e Edification e le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Su activitate include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban Espaniol, le promotion del architectura, le organisation de premios e biennales, le innovation in le construction, le actualisation del normativa technic e le promotion del rehabilitation e del edification sostenibile. In 2026, le organo continua a haber un activitate institutional in le campo del architectura e urbanismo per medio de conventiones, programas e interventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Urbanismo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Architectura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] 9ptugr3hmyu8c6tktdjjh3jm7nxoq32 702700 702699 2026-10-07T09:30:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 702700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]]. Illo depende del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e exerce le competentias del departamento in materia de politicas urban, [[architectura]] e [[edification]]. Su competentias include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban, le promotion e diffusion del architectura, le innovation e le sostenibilitate del construction, le rehabilitation del edificios e le application del normativa technic del edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es parte del structura del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Su organisation actual esseva establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024, que attribue a illo le planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias concernente le politicas urban, architectura e edification que corresponde al Secretariato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&lang=es&p=20240309&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidato |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias que hodie corresponde al Directorio General ha essite repartite inter differente organos del Administration General del Stato. Le antecedentes immediate del organo se trova in le organisation del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento]] create in 2004 e in le subsequent reorganisationes del politica de allogiamento, urbanismo, solo e architectura. In 2004, le nove Ministerio de Allogiamento esseva organise con un Directorio General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e un Directorio General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. Le prime esseva incaricate de materias concernente le politica de allogiamento, le rehabilitation, le qualitate del construction e le architectura, durante que le secunde se occupava del urbanismo e del solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2004/07/23/1718 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 1718/2004 establite tamben le Secretariato General de Allogiamento, con rango de subsecretariato, sub le qual dependeva le duo directiones general. Iste structura constitueva un del principal antecedentes institutional del actual organisation del Ministerio in materia de allogiamento e architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2012, post le reorganisation del administration del Stato, le competentias de architectura, allogiamento e solo esseva reunite in le Directorio General de Architectura, Allogiamento e Solo del [[Ministerio de Fomento]]. Le organo assumeva le planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias in materia de allogiamento e architectura, assi como le competentias concernente al urbanismo e al politica del solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le periodo 2012–2017 esseva dunque caracterisate per un organisation in le qual le materias de architectura, allogiamento e solo esseva concentrate in un mesme directorio general. Le organo interveniva in le preparation del normativa de allogiamento, in le relationes con entidades financiari, in le rehabilitation e in le elaboration de studios e statisticas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3160&p=20150305&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura esseva establite in le quadro del nove organisation ministerial de 2020. Le Real Decreto 139/2020, que developpava le structura basic del departamentos ministerial, divideva le materias del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento inter duo directorios general: le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/01/28/139/con |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 645/2020 developpava iste structura usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e definiva le competentias del nove directorio. Illo attribueva al organo materias concernente al politicas urban, architectura, edification, innovation e sostenibilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste periodo, le organo esseva integrate in le Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban, sub le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento. Le separation inter le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo permitteva distinguer le materias urban e architectonic del politicas plus directemente concernente al allogiamento e al solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias in materia urban == Le Directorio General es responsabile del planification, impulso, gestion e coordination del competentias estatal concernente al politicas urban. Isto include le preparation e proposition de normativa relative al regime del solo e al politicas urban e le disveloppamento de instrumentos de coordination del action public in materia urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa al disveloppamento e implementation del Agenda Urban Espaniol, assi como al diffusion de su objectivos e methodologies. Le Agenda Urban Espaniol es le quadro national que adapta le objectivos del agendas urban international al contexto espaniol e promove un disveloppamento urban plus equilibrate e sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General collabora con altere departamentos del Administration General del Stato e con institutiones public e private in materia de politicas urban. Le cooperation pote concernere le diffusion de bon praticas, le elaboration de instrumentos technic e le promotion del innovation in le organisation del territorio urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce etiam le competentias urban del Stato concernente le citates de Ceuta e Melilla in le quadro del legislation vigente. Illo prepara tamben le expedientes de authorization que debe esser submittite al [[Consilio de Ministros]] in le casos previde per le legislation super le solo e rehabilitation urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con/20210707 |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, texto consolidate |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architectura == Un del principal campos de action del Directorio General es le architectura. Le organo promove le diffusion, promotion e investigation del architectura e collabora con altere departamentos, associationes professional, institutiones, fundationes e organismos national e international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General organisa e diffunde le Premio National de Architectura e altere premios de architectura promovite o supportate per le Ministerio. Illo participa tamben al organisation del Biennal Espaniol de Architectura e Urbanismo e del Biennal Iberoamerican de Architectura e Urbanismo e promove le participation espaniol al Biennal International de Architectura de Venetia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continuation de iste activitate es documentate in 2026 per le accordos publicate per le BOE. Le Directorio General ha collaborate con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania pro le organisation del Biennales de Architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura, por la que se publica el Convenio con el Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 le Directorio General collabora tamben con le Fundation Arquia in le developpamento del TAC! Festival de Architectura Urban, secundo un convenio publicate in le BOE in septembre 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026, de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Innovation e sostenibilitate del edification == Le Directorio General exerce le competentias del departamento concernente al quadro juridic del architectura e del edification. Isto include le disveloppamento e sequimento del normativa super le architectura e le construction, includente le Lege 38/1999 de Ordination del Edification e le Codice Technic del Edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere competentia es le promotion del innovation e qualitate in le edification. Le organo designa, coordina e gere programas e actiones de investigation e disveloppamento destinate a favorisar le evolution technic del construction e le transition verso un edification plus sostenibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General impulsa tamben le rehabilitation del edification, con un approccio integral que considera le efficacitate energetic, le application de criterios de sostenibilitate e le reutilisation del edificios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le normativa attribue al organo etiam competentias concernente le evaluation del qualitate del edification e le cooperation technic con altere administrationes e institutiones professional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subdirectorios e organisation interne == Le Directorio General es integrate per organos con nivello organic de subdirectorio general. Le structura establite per le Real Decreto 208/2024 include: * le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban, incaricate del competentias concernente le politicas urban e le materias associate al solo e al Agenda Urban; * le Subdirectorio General de Architectura e Edification, responsabile del competentias concernente al architectura e al edification; * le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification, que participa al innovation, al regulation technic, al qualitate e al promotion del sostenibilitate in le construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794&lang=es&p=20240228&tn=0 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban exerce le principal competentias concernente al elaboration del normativa urban, al politicas urban, al implementation del Agenda Urban e al cooperation con altere administrationes. Le Subdirectorio General de Architectura e Edification tracta le diffusion e promotion del architectura, le organisation de premios e biennales, le cooperation con institutiones professional e le materias technic concernente al architectura e al edification. Le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification es incaricate de aspectos concernente le innovation technologic, le efficacitate energetic, le sostenibilitate, le rehabilitation e le actualisation del normativa technic del construction. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation e promotion del architectura == Le Directorio General exerce su competentias non solmente per actos normative e administrative, ma etiam per cooperation con le profession architectural e con institutiones cultural e academic. Le organisation del Biennal Espaniol de Architectura e Urbanismo e del Biennal Iberoamerican de Architectura e Urbanismo constitue un del principales instrumentos de diffusion del production architectonic e urban. Le participation al Biennal International de Architectura de Venetia es un altere instrumento de representation international del architectura espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General diffunde tamben publicationes concernente le architectura e le patrimonio del profession architectural e collabora al promotion del bon practic del profession. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le organo participa in le continuation del Biennales de Architectura per medio de un convenio con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania. Le convenio mentiona explicitemente le competentias del Directorio General in materia de diffusion, promotion e investigation del architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio == Le Directorio General es un organo directorial que depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura. Le Secretariato General coordina le directorios general que depende de illo, propone lor objectivos e strategias e controla le execution de lor programas e projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le relation inter le Directorio General e le Secretariato General es dunque parte del structura hierarchic del Ministerio. Le Directorio General exerce le competentias technic e administrative attribuite per le normativa, durante que le Secretariato General exerce le coordination superior del area de agenda urban, allogiamento e architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == Durante 2026, le Directorio General ha continuate a exercer su competentias in materia de architectura e urbanismo. Le BOE ha publicate, inter altere actos, le convenio con le Consilio Superior del Collegios de Architectos de Espania pro le organisation del Biennales de Architectura. Le documento es signate in agosto 2026 e publicate in septembre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha tamben formalisate in 2026 contratos concernente interventiones super patrimonio architectonic e edificios de interesse cultural. Un exemplo es le contrato pro le dirctorio facultative del obras de valorisation del Cloacas Romanas de Calahorra, in [[La Rioja]], formalisate in maio 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-19575 |titulo=Anuncio de formalización de contratos de la Dirección General de Agenda Urbana y Arquitectura |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 16 de septembre 2026 esseva signate etiam un convenio con le Fundation Arquia pro le developpamento del TAC! Festival de Architectura Urban, un initiative que include le construction temporari de propositiones architectonic resultante de un convocatoria public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == A octobre 2026, le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura es le organo del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban responsabile del politicas urban, architectura e edification. Illo depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura e es organisate in le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban, le Subdirectorio General de Architectura e Edification e le Division de Innovation e Sostenibilitate in le Edification. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Su activitate include le disveloppamento del Agenda Urban Espaniol, le promotion del architectura, le organisation de premios e biennales, le innovation in le construction, le actualisation del normativa technic e le promotion del rehabilitation e del edification sostenibile. In 2026, le organo continua a haber un activitate institutional in le campo del architectura e urbanismo per medio de conventiones, programas e interventiones public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18978 |titulo=Resolución de 31 de agosto de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20140 |titulo=Resolución de 16 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Urbanismo de Espania]] [[Categoria:Architectura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] em4dd3t4kmbrbxw5jxaoktwx9yn8zka 0 61929 702702 2026-10-07T09:32:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] 702702 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] gd4pxtbro8xw6htxyltave5eq9ftl30 0 61930 702703 2026-10-07T09:40:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e, per iste via, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Illo es responsabile del planification, promotion, gestion e coordination del competentias del Stato in materia de [[allogiamento]], r...” 702703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e, per iste via, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Illo es responsabile del planification, promotion, gestion e coordination del competentias del Stato in materia de [[allogiamento]], [[rehabilitation]], regeneration e renovation urban, assi como de diverse materias relative al [[solo]], al information urban e al evaluation del politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General ha un rolo central in le execution del politica estatal de allogiamento e in le coordination con le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local. Su competentias include le preparation de planos statal de adjuta al allogiamento, le gestion economic del programas de allogiamento, le cooperation con le entitates territorial e financiari, le administration de information super le mercato del allogiamento e le solo, e le evaluation del politicas public in iste campos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le competentias del Administration General del Stato in materia de allogiamento, architectura e solo ha essite reorganisate plure vices. Ante le creation del Ministerio de Allogiamento in 2004, un del principal organos esseva le Directorio General del Allogiamento, le Architectura e le Urbanismo, incorporate al precedente Ministerio de Fomento. In 2004, le nove Ministerio de Allogiamento substitueva iste organisation per un Directorio General de Architectura e Politica de Allogiamento e un Directorio General de Urbanismo e Politica de Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-6957 |titulo=Real Decreto 562/2004, de 19 de abril, por el que se aprueba la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2004-13904 |titulo=Real Decreto 1718/2004, de 23 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Vivienda |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, le organisation esseva reunificate e reorganisate. Le Real Decreto 452/2012 establiva le Directorio General de Architectura, Allogiamento e Solo in le Ministerio de Fomento. Iste organo assumeva competentias concernente architectura, edification, allogiamento, politicas urban e solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2012/03/05/452/con |titulo=Real Decreto 452/2012, de 5 de marzo, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Fomento |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le structura esseva mantenite, con modificationes, durante le ultime annos del Ministerio de Fomento. In 2018, le Directorio General de Architectura, Allogiamento e Solo dependeva del Secretariato General de Allogiamento e exerceva competentias concernente architectura, edification, politicas urban e solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10756 |titulo=Real Decreto 953/2018, de 27 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Fomento |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le nove organisation del [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)|Ministerio de Transportos, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban]] divideva le competentias inter le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura e le nove Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo. Le nove organo esseva incorporate al Secretariato General de Agenda Urban e Allogiamento e recipeva le competentias relative al allogiamento, solo, information e evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/07/07/645/con |titulo=Real Decreto 645/2020, de 7 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del 2020 esseva ulteriormente modificate, inter altere per le Real Decreto 308/2022, que adaptava le structura del Ministerio de Transportes, Mobilitate e Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-7187 |titulo=Real Decreto 308/2022, de 3 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2023–2024 esseva create le actual Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023 establiva le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo como un del organos dependente del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura, e le Real Decreto 208/2024 developpava su structura e competentias usque al nivello de subdirectorio general. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Directorio General elabora e propone le normativa sectorial concernente allogiamento, rehabilitation, regeneration e renovation urban, includente le aspectos economic e financiari. Illo participa etiam in le relationes con entitates financiari pro obtener financiamento pro le actiones protegite in materia de allogiamento e solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del functiones principal es le preparation e proposition de planos statal de adjuta al allogiamento, rehabilitation, regeneration e renovation urban e rural. Le Directorio General gere le aspectos economic e financiari del adjutas que corresponde al Ministerio e participa in le execution de iste politicas in cooperation con le altere administrationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General gere etiam convenios con le Communitates Autonome e altere entitates territorial pro le execution de planos e politicas de allogiamento, rehabilitation e regeneration. Illo pote establir accordos specific pro le rehabilitation de ambientes vulnerabile o que require rehabilitation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de solo, le organo exerce le competentias del Secretariato General concernente le uso, cession o alienation de solo in ambientes urban. Illo propone directivas pro le gestion del solo public in relation con le politica de allogiamento e participa al coordination con le administrationes territorial in le promotion de solo public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General es responsabile tamben del Sistema de Information Urban, que recopila e tracta datos statistic super urbanismo e solo in coordination con le altere administrationes competente. Le systema serve pro le evaluation del situation urban e del disponibilitate del solo e pro le supporto al formulation del politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9276 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de abril de 2026, de la Dirección General de Vivienda y Suelo, por la que se publica el Convenio con la Comunidad de Madrid, para el desarrollo del Sistema de Información Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo participa in le Sistema Estatal de Índices de Referencia del Mercato del Location de Allogiamento e in altere instrumentos destinate al observation del mercato del allogiamento e solo. Illo coordina technicemente le disveloppamento de iste systemas e propone indicadores pro le analyse del dinamicas urban e territorial, del uso del solo e del parco de allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce etiam functiones de evaluation del politicas public e de analysis del impacto del politicas de allogiamento, specialmente in relation con le objective de augmentar le offerta de allogiamentos a precios accessibile. Illo contribue al collection e diffusion de information public in le campos de su competentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General gere tamben le programmas financiate per fondos europee que pertine al su ambito, includente lor programmation, sequentia e evaluation, in cooperation con le altere organos competente del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo es un del tres organos directorial que depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura. Le altere es le [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] e le [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 3 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo es dividite in duo subdirectorios general: * le Subdirectorio General de Politica e Adjutas al Allogiamento, incaricate del competentias concernente le politica de allogiamento e le programas de adjuta; * le Subdirectorio General de Solo, Information e Evaluation, incaricate del competentias concernente solo, datos, information urban, indicadores e evaluation. Le Real Decreto 208/2024 attribue al prime subdirectorio le functiones del section de allogiamento e al secunde le functiones relative al solo, information e evaluation. Alcun materias de solo e evaluation es exercite in collaboration con le Subdirectorio General de Politicas Urban del Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General representa tamben le Secretariato de Stato in le Commission de Coordination Financiar de Actiones Immobiliari e Patrimonial, prevista per le articulo 158 del Lege 33/2003 super le patrimonio del Administrationes Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, artículo 5 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Communitates Autonome e le Administration Local == Le Directorio General opera in un quadro in le qual le competentias in materia de allogiamento e urbanismo es repartite inter le Stato, le Communitates Autonome e le administrationes local. Su function es dunque principalmente de regulation, planification, financiamento, coordination e evaluation in le ambito del competentias statal. Le cooperation con le Communitates Autonome es particularmente importante pro le execution de le planos statal de allogiamento e rehabilitation. Le Directorio General establi e gere convenios pro le application territorial de iste politicas e coordina con le administrationes competente le execution e sequentia del programas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo collabora tamben con le administrationes local in le systemas de information e in le collection e evaluation de datos super solo, urbanismo e allogiamento. Le cooperation inter administrationes es parte del modelo de governance del politica de allogiamento e del Agenda Urban Espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9276 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == In 2026, le Directorio General ha continuate a gestionar instrumentos de politica de allogiamento e cooperation con entitates public. In junio 2026, illo publicava le quarte Adenda al convenio con le Entitate Public Empresarial de Solo, actualmente denominate CASA 47 Entitate Public Empresarial, pro le promotion de allogiamentos in regime de alquiler accessibile o social. Le adenda previde un contribution de 260 milliones de euros durante 2026 pro financiar actiones del Plan de Allogiamentos pro le Location Accessibile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-13360 |titulo=Resolución de 12 de junio de 2026, de la Dirección General de Vivienda y Suelo, por la que se publica la cuarta Adenda del Convenio con SEPES |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme anno, le Directorio General publicava un convenio con le Communitate de Madrid pro le disveloppamento del Sistema de Information Urban. Le convenio tracta le competentia del Stato in materia de allogiamento e solo e le cooperation inter le administrationes pro le collection e traitement de datos urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9276 |titulo=Resolución de 17 de abril de 2026, de la Dirección General de Vivienda y Suelo, por la que se publica el Convenio con la Comunidad de Madrid |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In april 2026, Inés Sandoval Tormo esseva nominate Directora General de Allogiamento e Solo per Real Decreto 354/2026. Illa substitueva Francisco Javier Martín Ramiro in le cargo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9215 |titulo=Real Decreto 354/2026, de 27 de abril, por el que se nombra Directora General de Vivienda y Suelo a doña Inés Sandoval Tormo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Directorio General es locate in le sede central del Ministerios ligate al area de allogiamento in Madrid. Le documentation administrative del organo e del su predecessor indica le adresse de Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2018-53813 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General de Arquitectura, Vivienda y Suelo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directorios General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] faj1b5u10gy5rqaqys0r0rle8r5hjae 0 61931 702706 2026-10-07T09:41:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] 702706 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] m470wrfkipn49rjonpbitbmod05o32t 0 61932 702707 2026-10-07T09:51:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e, per iste via, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Su function principal es obtener, gerir e mantener le datos necessari pro le planification e programmation estatal in materia de...” 702707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e, per iste via, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Su function principal es obtener, gerir e mantener le datos necessari pro le planification e programmation estatal in materia de [[allogiamento]], assi como analisar e evaluar le effectos del politicas public de allogiamento e Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General esseva establite in le structura initial del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban sub le denomination Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional per le Real Decreto 1009/2023. Pauc tempore plus tarde, le Real Decreto 208/2024 modificava su denomination in Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation, pro reflecter plus precisamente le competentias attribuite al organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation e evolution == Le organo ha su origine in le structura del nove Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban, create per le Real Decreto 829/2023. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, establite le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio e includeva, sub le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban, le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura e, in parallelo, un Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 208/2024, approbate le 27 de februario 2024, developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e modificava le denomination del organo in Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. Le preambulo del decreto explica que le nove denomination esseva destinate a representar melio le competentias de planification e evaluation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme decreto indica que le functiones del Directorio General require le cooperation del Administration General del Stato, del Communitates Autonome, del entitates local e de altere agentes economic e sectores interessate. Le preambulo mentiona specialmente le gestion de grande volumas de datos, le analyse sectorial, le planification del politicas public, le investigation, le planification economic e le transformation digital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le competentia central del Direction General es le obtention, gestion e mantenimento del datos necessari pro definir le elementos fundamental del planification e programmation estatal in materia de allogiamento. Isto es ligate al objective de facilitar le exercitio del derecto constitutional al allogiamento in tote le territorio national e de garantir le derectos previde per le Lege 12/2023 super le derecto al allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General articula le proceduras e systemas de intercambio de information necessari pro que le administrationes competente comparti le information que illas possede o elabora in materia de allogiamento. Le organo es tamben responsabile de obtener le information que le Lege 12/2023 establi in relation con le servicio de interesse general del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del instrumentos principal es le inventario del parco public de allogiamento, que debe esser elaborate e mantenite actualisate. Le organo es etiam incaricate de le politica de transparentia informative concernente le expensas public in materia de allogiamento, le mapa del allogiamento public e le characteristicas del immobiles correspondente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce functiones de analyse, evaluation e gestion de datos super le impacto del politicas public in le attingimento del objectives in materia de allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Illo pote tamben impulsar le cooperation inter le sector public e le sector private e le expansion europee e international de initiative concernente al allogiamento e al Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo elabora tamben le proposta de budgetos que es gestionate per le Directorio General e le propostas de contractos, sequente lor execution e justification, in coordination con le Subsecretariato e le altere organos del Ministerio que ha competentia super le credites e expensas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura, que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction superior del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. In le structura vigente del Ministerio, le tres directiones general dependente del Secretariato General es le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura, le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo e le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Directorio General depende un sol organo con nivello organic de subdirectorio general: le Subdirectorio General de Planification e Evaluation. Illa exerce le functiones attribuite al Directorio General in materia de intercambio de information, bases de datos, inventario del parco public de allogiamento, transparentia, collaboration e evaluation del politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Data, information e transparentia == Le collection e exploitation del datos es un del elementos central del activitate del organo. Le regulation attribue al Directorio General le functiones necessarie pro establir systemas de intercambio de information inter le administrationes competente in materia de allogiamento e pro crear e mantener bases de datos relevante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General participa tamben al disveloppamento de instruments que permitte un melior observation del mercato del allogiamento e del effectos del politicas public. Le objectivo es provider information que pote esser usate in le planification, evaluation e adoption de decisiones del Administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction del organo ha tamben un dimension de transparentia del gasto public in materia de allogiamento. Le regulation mentiona information concernente le expensas public, le mapa del allogiamento public e le characteristicas del immobiles, in le quadro del obligationes de information previde per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation interadministrative == Le Directorio General opera in un quadro que require le cooperation del Stato con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere entitates public. Le intercambio de information es un del instrumentos pro coordinate le planification del politica de allogiamento e le evaluation de su resultatos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regulation include tamben le possibilitate de impulsar le collaboration inter le sector public e private, con le objectivo de augmentar le escala e le diffusion de initiative in le ambito del allogiamento e del Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == In 2026, le competentias del Directorio General esseva extendite in certe areas de gestion financiari ligate al promotion del allogiamento social. Un adenda al convenio inter le Instituto de Credito Official e le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban establite que le competentias pro le gestion del Facilitate pro le promotion de allogiamento social, anteriormente attribuite al Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo, esseva assumite per le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18676 |titulo=Resolución de 26 de agosto de 2026, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se publica la Adenda de modificación del Convenio entre el Instituto de Crédito Oficial, E.P.E., y el Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove distribution del competentias separa le functiones predominantemente technic, planificatori e evaluatori —concentrate in le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation— del functiones plus relationari e financiari ligate al interaction con operadores private e financiari, que remane principalmente in le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/22/328 |titulo=Real Decreto 328/2026, de 22 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le ''Barometro de Vivienda 2026'', le Directorio General participa como un del organos del Ministerio in le cooperation con le Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas. Le convention esseva signate le 17 de junio 2026 e publica in le BOE in august 2026; le Directorio General es representate in le Commission de Sequentia, Evaluation e Controlo per un vocalia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-16808 |titulo=Resolución de 22 de julio de 2026, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se publica el Convenio con el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas para el estudio Barómetro de Vivienda 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In septembre 2026, le Directorio General figura tamben como organo instructor pro un del subvenciones directe del Real Decreto 726/2026, que include actiones concernente allogiamento e studio del housing in relation con le politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/09/09/726 |titulo=Real Decreto 726/2026, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se regula la concesión directa de subvenciones en materia de vivienda durante el ejercicio presupuestario 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titulares == Le prime titular del organo sub le denomination initial de Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional esseva Ana Berenguer Giménez, nominate in 2024. In octobre 2025, illa esseva substituite per Inés Sandoval Tormo, que esseva nominate Directora General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20596 |titulo=Real Decreto 924/2025, de 14 de octubre, por el que se nombra Directora General de Planificación y Evaluación a doña Inés Sandoval Tormo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In april 2026, le Governamento cessava Inés Sandoval e nominava María Isabel Vergara Sánchez como nova Directora General de Planification e Evaluation. Le cambio esseva effectuate per le Real Decreto 353/2026, de 24 de april, e le Real Decreto 355/2026, de 27 de april. Vergara esseva antea Directora del Oficina Technic del PERTE del Industrialisation del Allogiamento del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9092 |titulo=Real Decreto 353/2026, de 24 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9216 |titulo=Real Decreto 355/2026, de 27 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2026/20260421-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros del 21 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Directorio General ha su sede al Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, adresse que figura in le documentation official del Ministerio e in le conventiones publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18677 |titulo=Resolución de 26 de agosto de 2026, Adenda del Convenio con le Instituto de Credito Official |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Allogiamento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] oe4dmxj0xaulfd07rvx385cmrqzvmg1 702708 702707 2026-10-07T09:51:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 702708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e, per iste via, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Su function principal es obtener, gerir e mantener le datos necessari pro le planification e programmation estatal in materia de [[allogiamento]], assi como analisar e evaluar le effectos del politicas public de allogiamento e Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General esseva establite in le structura initial del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban sub le denomination Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional per le Real Decreto 1009/2023. Pauc tempore plus tarde, le Real Decreto 208/2024 modificava su denomination in Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation, pro reflecter plus precisamente le competentias attribuite al organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation e evolution == Le organo ha su origine in le structura del nove Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban, create per le Real Decreto 829/2023. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, establite le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio e includeva, sub le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban, le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura e, in parallelo, un Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 208/2024, approbate le 27 de februario 2024, developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e modificava le denomination del organo in Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. Le preambulo del decreto explica que le nove denomination esseva destinate a representar melio le competentias de planification e evaluation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme decreto indica que le functiones del Directorio General require le cooperation del Administration General del Stato, del Communitates Autonome, del entitates local e de altere agentes economic e sectores interessate. Le preambulo mentiona specialmente le gestion de grande volumas de datos, le analyse sectorial, le planification del politicas public, le investigation, le planification economic e le transformation digital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le competentia central del Direction General es le obtention, gestion e mantenimento del datos necessari pro definir le elementos fundamental del planification e programmation estatal in materia de allogiamento. Isto es ligate al objective de facilitar le exercitio del derecto constitutional al allogiamento in tote le territorio national e de garantir le derectos previde per le Lege 12/2023 super le derecto al allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General articula le proceduras e systemas de intercambio de information necessari pro que le administrationes competente comparti le information que illas possede o elabora in materia de allogiamento. Le organo es tamben responsabile de obtener le information que le Lege 12/2023 establi in relation con le servicio de interesse general del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del instrumentos principal es le inventario del parco public de allogiamento, que debe esser elaborate e mantenite actualisate. Le organo es etiam incaricate de le politica de transparentia informative concernente le expensas public in materia de allogiamento, le mapa del allogiamento public e le characteristicas del immobiles correspondente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce functiones de analyse, evaluation e gestion de datos super le impacto del politicas public in le attingimento del objectives in materia de allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Illo pote tamben impulsar le cooperation inter le sector public e le sector private e le expansion europee e international de initiative concernente al allogiamento e al Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo elabora tamben le proposta de budgetos que es gestionate per le Directorio General e le propostas de contractos, sequente lor execution e justification, in coordination con le Subsecretariato e le altere organos del Ministerio que ha competentia super le credites e expensas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura, que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction superior del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. In le structura vigente del Ministerio, le tres directiones general dependente del Secretariato General es le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura, le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo e le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Directorio General depende un sol organo con nivello organic de subdirectorio general: le Subdirectorio General de Planification e Evaluation. Illa exerce le functiones attribuite al Directorio General in materia de intercambio de information, bases de datos, inventario del parco public de allogiamento, transparentia, collaboration e evaluation del politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Data, information e transparentia == Le collection e exploitation del datos es un del elementos central del activitate del organo. Le regulation attribue al Directorio General le functiones necessarie pro establir systemas de intercambio de information inter le administrationes competente in materia de allogiamento e pro crear e mantener bases de datos relevante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General participa tamben al disveloppamento de instruments que permitte un melior observation del mercato del allogiamento e del effectos del politicas public. Le objectivo es provider information que pote esser usate in le planification, evaluation e adoption de decisiones del Administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction del organo ha tamben un dimension de transparentia del gasto public in materia de allogiamento. Le regulation mentiona information concernente le expensas public, le mapa del allogiamento public e le characteristicas del immobiles, in le quadro del obligationes de information previde per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation interadministrative == Le Directorio General opera in un quadro que require le cooperation del Stato con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere entitates public. Le intercambio de information es un del instrumentos pro coordinate le planification del politica de allogiamento e le evaluation de su resultatos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regulation include tamben le possibilitate de impulsar le collaboration inter le sector public e private, con le objectivo de augmentar le escala e le diffusion de initiative in le ambito del allogiamento e del Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == In 2026, le competentias del Directorio General esseva extendite in certe areas de gestion financiari ligate al promotion del allogiamento social. Un adenda al convenio inter le Instituto de Credito Official e le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban establite que le competentias pro le gestion del Facilitate pro le promotion de allogiamento social, anteriormente attribuite al Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo, esseva assumite per le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18676 |titulo=Resolución de 26 de agosto de 2026, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se publica la Adenda de modificación del Convenio entre el Instituto de Crédito Oficial, E.P.E., y el Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove distribution del competentias separa le functiones predominantemente technic, planificatori e evaluatori —concentrate in le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation— del functiones plus relationari e financiari ligate al interaction con operadores private e financiari, que remane principalmente in le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/22/328 |titulo=Real Decreto 328/2026, de 22 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le ''Barometro de Vivienda 2026'', le Directorio General participa como un del organos del Ministerio in le cooperation con le Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas. Le convention esseva signate le 17 de junio 2026 e publica in le BOE in august 2026; le Directorio General es representate in le Commission de Sequentia, Evaluation e Controlo per un vocalia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-16808 |titulo=Resolución de 22 de julio de 2026, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se publica el Convenio con el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas para el estudio Barómetro de Vivienda 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In septembre 2026, le Directorio General figura tamben como organo instructor pro un del subvenciones directe del Real Decreto 726/2026, que include actiones concernente allogiamento e studio del housing in relation con le politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/09/09/726 |titulo=Real Decreto 726/2026, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se regula la concesión directa de subvenciones en materia de vivienda durante el ejercicio presupuestario 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titulares == Le prime titular del organo sub le denomination initial de Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional esseva Ana Berenguer Giménez, nominate in 2024. In octobre 2025, illa esseva substituite per Inés Sandoval Tormo, que esseva nominate Directora General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20596 |titulo=Real Decreto 924/2025, de 14 de octubre, por el que se nombra Directora General de Planificación y Evaluación a doña Inés Sandoval Tormo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In april 2026, le Governamento cessava Inés Sandoval e nominava María Isabel Vergara Sánchez como nova Directora General de Planification e Evaluation. Le cambio esseva effectuate per le Real Decreto 353/2026, de 24 de april, e le Real Decreto 355/2026, de 27 de april. Vergara esseva antea Directora del Oficina Technic del PERTE del Industrialisation del Allogiamento del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9092 |titulo=Real Decreto 353/2026, de 24 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9216 |titulo=Real Decreto 355/2026, de 27 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2026/20260421-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros del 21 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Directorio General ha su sede al Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, adresse que figura in le documentation official del Ministerio e in le conventiones publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18677 |titulo=Resolución de 26 de agosto de 2026, Adenda del Convenio con le Instituto de Credito Official |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] kwsj1w5dd3zo4qic0nldvr5ywxycgr9 702709 702708 2026-10-07T09:52:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 702709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation''' es un organo directorial del [[Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]] de [[Espania]], dependente del [[Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura]] e, per iste via, del [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban]]. Su function principal es obtener, gerir e mantener le datos necessari pro le planification e programmation estatal in materia de [[allogiamento]], assi como analisar e evaluar le effectos del politicas public de allogiamento e Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General esseva establite in le structura initial del Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban sub le denomination Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional per le [[Regal Decreto]] 1009/2023. Pauc tempore plus tarde, le Regal Decreto 208/2024 modificava su denomination in Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation, pro reflecter plus precisamente le competentias attribuite al organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Creation e evolution == Le organo ha su origine in le structura del nove Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban, create per le Regal Decreto 829/2023. Le Regal Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de decembre, establite le structura organic basic del nove Ministerio e includeva, sub le Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban, le Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura e, in parallelo, un Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Regal Decreto 208/2024, approbate le 27 de februario 2024, developpava le structura del Ministerio usque al nivello de subdirectorio general e modificava le denomination del organo in Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. Le preambulo del decreto explica que le nove denomination esseva destinate a representar melio le competentias de planification e evaluation del organo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme decreto indica que le functiones del Directorio General require le cooperation del Administration General del Stato, del Communitates Autonome, del entitates local e de altere agentes economic e sectores interessate. Le preambulo mentiona specialmente le gestion de grande volumas de datos, le analyse sectorial, le planification del politicas public, le investigation, le planification economic e le transformation digital. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2024-3794 |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le competentia central del Direction General es le obtention, gestion e mantenimento del datos necessari pro definir le elementos fundamental del planification e programmation estatal in materia de allogiamento. Isto es ligate al objective de facilitar le exercitio del derecto constitutional al allogiamento in tote le territorio national e de garantir le derectos previde per le Lege 12/2023 super le derecto al allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Direction General articula le proceduras e systemas de intercambio de information necessari pro que le administrationes competente comparti le information que illas possede o elabora in materia de allogiamento. Le organo es tamben responsabile de obtener le information que le Lege 12/2023 establi in relation con le servicio de interesse general del allogiamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un del instrumentos principal es le inventario del parco public de allogiamento, que debe esser elaborate e mantenite actualisate. Le organo es etiam incaricate de le politica de transparentia informative concernente le expensas public in materia de allogiamento, le mapa del allogiamento public e le characteristicas del immobiles correspondente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General exerce functiones de analyse, evaluation e gestion de datos super le impacto del politicas public in le attingimento del objectives in materia de allogiamento e Agenda Urban. Illo pote tamben impulsar le cooperation inter le sector public e le sector private e le expansion europee e international de initiative concernente al allogiamento e al Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo elabora tamben le proposta de budgetos que es gestionate per le Directorio General e le propostas de contractos, sequente lor execution e justification, in coordination con le Subsecretariato e le altere organos del Ministerio que ha competentia super le credites e expensas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation depende del Secretariato General de Agenda Urban, Allogiamento e Architectura, que ha rango de subsecretariato e es sub le direction superior del Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban. In le structura vigente del Ministerio, le tres directiones general dependente del Secretariato General es le Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura, le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo e le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Directorio General depende un sol organo con nivello organic de subdirectorio general: le Subdirectorio General de Planification e Evaluation. Illa exerce le functiones attribuite al Directorio General in materia de intercambio de information, bases de datos, inventario del parco public de allogiamento, transparentia, collaboration e evaluation del politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Data, information e transparentia == Le collection e exploitation del datos es un del elementos central del activitate del organo. Le regulation attribue al Directorio General le functiones necessarie pro establir systemas de intercambio de information inter le administrationes competente in materia de allogiamento e pro crear e mantener bases de datos relevante. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General participa tamben al disveloppamento de instruments que permitte un melior observation del mercato del allogiamento e del effectos del politicas public. Le objectivo es provider information que pote esser usate in le planification, evaluation e adoption de decisiones del Administration. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le direction del organo ha tamben un dimension de transparentia del gasto public in materia de allogiamento. Le regulation mentiona information concernente le expensas public, le mapa del allogiamento public e le characteristicas del immobiles, in le quadro del obligationes de information previde per le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation interadministrative == Le Directorio General opera in un quadro que require le cooperation del Stato con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere entitates public. Le intercambio de information es un del instrumentos pro coordinate le planification del politica de allogiamento e le evaluation de su resultatos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regulation include tamben le possibilitate de impulsar le collaboration inter le sector public e private, con le objectivo de augmentar le escala e le diffusion de initiative in le ambito del allogiamento e del Agenda Urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/208/con |titulo=Real Decreto 208/2024, de 27 de febrero, artículo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Activitate recente == In 2026, le competentias del Directorio General esseva extendite in certe areas de gestion financiari ligate al promotion del allogiamento social. Un adenda al convenio inter le Instituto de Credito Official e le Ministerio de Allogiamento e Agenda Urban establite que le competentias pro le gestion del Facilitate pro le promotion de allogiamento social, anteriormente attribuite al Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo, esseva assumite per le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18676 |titulo=Resolución de 26 de agosto de 2026, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se publica la Adenda de modificación del Convenio entre el Instituto de Crédito Oficial, E.P.E., y el Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove distribution del competentias separa le functiones predominantemente technic, planificatori e evaluatori —concentrate in le Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation— del functiones plus relationari e financiari ligate al interaction con operadores private e financiari, que remane principalmente in le Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/04/22/328 |titulo=Real Decreto 328/2026, de 22 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le ''Barometro de Vivienda 2026'', le Directorio General participa como un del organos del Ministerio in le cooperation con le Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas. Le convention esseva signate le 17 de junio 2026 e publica in le BOE in august 2026; le Directorio General es representate in le Commission de Sequentia, Evaluation e Controlo per un vocalia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-16808 |titulo=Resolución de 22 de julio de 2026, de la Subsecretaría, por la que se publica el Convenio con el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas para el estudio Barómetro de Vivienda 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In septembre 2026, le Directorio General figura tamben como organo instructor pro un del subvenciones directe del Regal Decreto 726/2026, que include actiones concernente allogiamento e studio del housing in relation con le politicas public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/09/09/726 |titulo=Real Decreto 726/2026, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se regula la concesión directa de subvenciones en materia de vivienda durante el ejercicio presupuestario 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Titulares == Le prime titular del organo sub le denomination initial de Directorio General de Planification e Relationes Institutional esseva Ana Berenguer Giménez, nominate in 2024. In octobre 2025, illa esseva substituite per Inés Sandoval Tormo, que esseva nominate Directora General de Planification e Evaluation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-20596 |titulo=Real Decreto 924/2025, de 14 de octubre, por el que se nombra Directora General de Planificación y Evaluación a doña Inés Sandoval Tormo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In april 2026, le Governamento cessava Inés Sandoval e nominava María Isabel Vergara Sánchez como nova Directora General de Planification e Evaluation. Le cambio esseva effectuate per le Regal Decreto 353/2026, de 24 de april, e le Regal Decreto 355/2026, de 27 de april. Vergara esseva antea Directora del Oficina Technic del PERTE del Industrialisation del Allogiamento del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9092 |titulo=Real Decreto 353/2026, de 24 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-9216 |titulo=Real Decreto 355/2026, de 27 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/referencias/Paginas/2026/20260421-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx |titulo=Referencia del Consejo de Ministros del 21 de abril de 2026 |sitioweb=La Moncloa |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Directorio General ha su sede al Paseo de la Castellana, 67, 28071 Madrid, adresse que figura in le documentation official del Ministerio e in le conventiones publicate in le BOE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18677 |titulo=Resolución de 26 de agosto de 2026, Adenda del Convenio con le Instituto de Credito Official |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Directiones General de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Allogiamento in Espania]] r4ltzs85doftn8v4soad1mynrrj64gk 0 61933 702711 2026-10-07T09:58:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Travalio''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social]] de [[Espania]], incaricate de developpar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[labor]], relationes laboral, [[emploi]] e labor autonome. Illo es un del organos superior del Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social e ha sub su dependentia diverse organos directorial e organismos public del sector laboral. <ref>{{Cita web...” 702711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Travalio''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social]] de [[Espania]], incaricate de developpar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[labor]], relationes laboral, [[emploi]] e labor autonome. Illo es un del organos superior del Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social e ha sub su dependentia diverse organos directorial e organismos public del sector laboral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Secundo le organisation vigente, del Secretariato de Stato de Travalio depende le Directorio General de Travalio , le Directorio General de Travalio Autonome e le Directorio General de Nove Formas de Emploi. Le Secretariato ha etiam sub su dependentia diverse organismos e consilios del systema laboral espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502/con |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Secretario de Stato de Travalio es Joaquín Pérez Rey, nominate per le Real Decreto 972/2023, de 28 de novembre. Documentos official del 2026 continua a identificar ille como Secretario de Stato de Travalio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24291 |titulo=Real Decreto 972/2023, de 28 de noviembre, por el que se nombra Secretario de Estado de Trabajo a don Joaquín Pérez Rey |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-15923 |titulo=Resolución de 8 de julio de 2026, de la Secretaría de Estado de Trabajo, por la que se publica el Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros de 16 de junio de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le Secretariato de Stato de Travalio es le organo superior al qual corresponde le impulso, direction e disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de relationes laboral individual e collective, conditiones de travalio, protection contra le disoccupation, promotion del emploi, formation occupational e labor autonome. Le Ministerio indica iste materias como parte del campo de action del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/sec_trabajo/index.htm |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Trabajo |sitioweb=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato participa in le elaboration e execution del politicas public concernente le mercato del labor e le relationes inter trabajadores e empleatores. Su competentias comprende tanto le regulation del relationes laboral como le promotion del emploi e le coordination del instrumentos public del politica de labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato exerce etiam competentias concernente le labor autonome e participa al coordination del politicas destinate al personas que exerce un activitate professional per conto proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Del Secretariato de Stato de Travalio depende tres organos directorial: * le Directorio General de Travalio, competente in materia de relationes laboral e conditiones de labor; * le Directorio General de Travalio Autonome, competente in materia de labor autonome; * le Directorio General de Nove Formas de Emploi, incaricate de materias relative al nove formas de organisation e prestation del labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, artículo 2 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Secretariato depende etiam un Gabinet con nivello organic de subdirectorio general, incaricate de supporto e assistentia immediate al titular del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del Secretariato include etiam unitates e organismos que exerce functiones specific in le systema national de emploi, inspection del labor, garantie salarial e securitate e sanitate al labor. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos dependente == Per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Travalio es adscripte al Ministerio diverse organismos public de importantia pro le execution del politica laboral. Inter illes se trova le Organismo Estatal Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, le Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal, le Fondo de Garantía Salarial e le Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato exerce etiam le relation institutional con diverse organos consultive del systema laboral, inter le Consejo General del Sistema Nacional de Empleo, le Comisión Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo e le Consejo del Trabajo Autónomo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Fundación del Servicio Interconfederal de Mediación y Arbitraje es etiam adscripte al Ministerio per medio del Secretariato. Le Secretariato participa in le coordination del Ministerio con le fundationes statal ligate al formation professional e al prevention de riscos laboral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes laboral == Un del campos principal del Secretariato es le politica del relationes laboral. Illo participa in le elaboration del normas concernente le relationes individual e collective de labor, le conditiones de labor e le protection del derectos laboral. Le Directorio General de Travalio, dependente del Secretariato, exerce le principal competentias directorial in iste campo. Le structure vigente del Ministerio reserva al Directorio materias concernente le regulation del relationes laboral e le application del politica laboral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politica de empleo == Le Secretariato es responsabile del disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de emploi. Illo participa al definition del instrumentos de promotion del emploi e al coordination del programas destinate a meliorar le accesso al labor. Le Plan Anual pro le Promotion del Emploi Digne 2026 esseva approbate per le Consilio de Ministros le 16 de junio 2026 e publicate in le BOE per le Secretariato de Stato de Travalio. Le documento define le objectivos, programas, services e instrumentos del politica active de emploi pro le anno 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-15923 |titulo=Resolución de 8 de julio de 2026, de la Secretaría de Estado de Trabajo, por la que se publica el Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros de 16 de junio de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Labor autonome == Le politica del labor autonome forma un del areas explicitemente attribuite al Secretariato. Le Directorio General de Travalio Autonome supporta le elaboration e execution del politicas public concernente le personas que travalia per conto proprie e le promotion del entrepreneurship autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Secretariato continua a publicar convocatorias de subvenciones destinate al promotion del labor autonome. Inter le exemplos se trova le convocatoria pro le anno 2026 pro le activitates de promotion del labor autonome e pro le expensas de functionamento de su entidades representative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-8270 |titulo=Extracto de la Resolución de 13 de marzo de 2026 de la Secretaría de Estado de Trabajo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Nove formas de empleo == Le creation del Directorio General de Nove Formas de Emploi in le organisation del 2023 reflecte le apparition de nove formas de prestation del labor e le necessitate de adaptar le action public a iste evolution. Le organo es dependentemente del Secretariato e ha competentias specific in materia de nove formas de emploi. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste structura replaceva le anterior organisation, in le qual le competentias del empleo e del labor autonome esseva repartite inter un Directorio General de Travalio e altere organos del Ministerio. == Historia == Le institution ha su antecedentes in le organos del Stato incaricate del politica de labor e emploi durante le evolution del Administration laboral espaniol. Le denomination del organo ha variate conforme al structura del departamentos ministerial. In 2017, le Ministerio de Empleo e Securitate Social habeva un Secretariato de Stato de Emploi, del qual dependeva le Directorio General de Emploi e le Directorio General del Labor Autonome, del Economia Social e del Responsabilitate Social del Interpresas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-7979 |titulo=Real Decreto 703/2017, de 7 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2018, le Ministerio de Travalio, Migrationes e Securitate Social esseva restructure e le Secretariato de Stato de Emploi continua a esser le organo superior competente in materia de relationes laboral e emploi. Illo habeva sub su dependentia le Directorio General de Travalio e le Directorio General del Labor Autonome, del Economia Social e del Responsabilitate Social del Interpresas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-10244 |titulo=Real Decreto 903/2018, de 20 de julio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2020, le nove Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social establiva un Secretariato de Stato de Emploi e Economia Social, que assumeva competentias in materia de emploi, relationes laboral, labor autonome, economia social e responsabilitate social del interpresas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-1246 |titulo=Real Decreto 139/2020, de 28 de enero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove structura esseva modificate in 2023. Le Real Decreto 1009/2023 establiva le actual Secretariato de Stato de Travalio e un separate Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social. Le competentias del labor autonome esseva distincte del economia social, e le nove Directorio General de Nove Formas de Emploi esseva incorporate al structura del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2023/12/05/1009/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 502/2024 developpava le structura organic del Ministerio e preciseva le competentias del Secretariato e del su organos directoriales. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Ministerio == Le Secretariato de Stato de Travalio opera sub le superior autoritate del titular del Ministerio de Travalio e Economia Social. Le Ministro dirige le departamento e le Secretariato exerce le competentias que le legislation attribue al organo superior in le campo del labor, relationes laboral, emploi e labor autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato es dunque un organo superior del Ministerio e non un departamento ministerial independente. Su position in le organisation administrative permitte le coordination del politicas concernente le labor e le emploi con le altere areas del Ministerio e con le altere departamentos del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio de Labor (Espania)]] ecp1lmoc6slsgesto5ilz4klxrecltx 0 61934 702713 2026-10-07T10:03:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] 702713 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] tq5n8nh7ucjz19y15foirkgajtivb84 0 61935 702714 2026-10-07T10:26:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Travalio e Economia Social''' es un organo superior e directivo del [[Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social]] de [[Espania]]. Illo exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e le direction de su servicios commun, e coordina le gestion del recursos human, financiari, technologic e material del departamento. Su structura e competentias es actualmente regulate per le [[Real Decreto 502/2024]], de 21 de maio. <r...” 702714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Travalio e Economia Social''' es un organo superior e directivo del [[Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social]] de [[Espania]]. Illo exerce le representation ordinari del Ministerio e le direction de su servicios commun, e coordina le gestion del recursos human, financiari, technologic e material del departamento. Su structura e competentias es actualmente regulate per le [[Real Decreto 502/2024]], de 21 de maio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato depende directemente del titular del Ministerio e forma parte, insimul con le [[Secretariato de Stato de Labor]] e le [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]], del organos superior e directivo per le qual le Ministerio exerce su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 1 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le titular del Subsecretariato es José Ramón del Prado Cortés. Le Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social indica ille como Subsecretario de Labor e Economia Social, con sede al Paseo de la Castellana, 63, Madrid. Su titularitate es confirmate tamben per actos official del Boletin Official del Stato publicate in 2026. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/organizacion/organigrama/subsecretaria/contenido/OM6.htm |titulo=Subsecretario de Trabajo y Economía Social |sitioweb=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-20597 |titulo=Resolución de 24 de septiembre de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le Subsecretariato ha su origine institutional in le creation del [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)|Ministerio de Travalio]] le 8 de maio 1920. Le prime Subsecretario del nove Ministerio esseva José Jorro e Miranda, Conde de Altea. Desde su origine, le Subsecretariato esseva concepite como le organo incaricate de supportar le direction del Ministerio e de coordinar su servicios administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1920/130/A00506-00506.pdf |titulo=Real decreto creando el Ministerio de Trabajo y Real decreto nombrando Subsecretario |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le annos sequente, le competentias del Subsecretariato evolveva conforme al transformation del Ministerio e al incorporation de nove materias al politica de labor e protection social. In 1924, post le suppression del Instituto de Reformas Sociales, parte de su organos e servicios esseva integrate in le Ministerio de Labor, Commercio e Industria e passava a depender del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1924/037/A00619-00620.pdf |titulo=Real decreto sobre organización del Ministerio de Trabajo, Comercio e Industria |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination e le competentias del organo ha variate conforme al cambios del organisation del Administration General del Stato. Durante le periodo 2011–2018, le organo esseva denominate Subsecretariato de Emploi e Securitate Social, in concordantia con le denomination del Ministerio correspondente. Post le creation del Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social in 2020, le organo recipeva le denomination Subsecretariato de Labor e Economia Social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-4765 |titulo=Real Decreto 499/2020, de 28 de abril |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 499/2020 esseva ulteriormente abrogate con effectos del 23 de maio 2024 per le Real Decreto 502/2024, que establiva le actual structura del Ministerio e manteneva le Subsecretariato como uno del su organos superior e directivo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-10238 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura e position institutional == Le Subsecretariato es un organo directivo del Ministerio, con un function principal de administration e coordination interne. Su mission non consiste in definir autonomemente le principal politicas sectorial del Ministerio, que corresponde principalmente al titular del departamento e al Secretariatos de Stato, ma in procurar le organisation e le medios necessari pro lor execution. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato representa ordinariamente le Ministerio e exerce le direction del servicios commun. Illo es etiam le organo incaricate de coordinar e controlar le functiones que esseva desconcentrate o delegate a altere organos del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Inter le principal functiones del Subsecretariato se trova le supporto e consilio technic al titular del Ministerio in le elaboration e approbation del planos de action del departamento. Illo studia le elementos organisational del Ministerio e dirige le projectos organisational de ambito ministerial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato supervisa tamben le fundamento technic e juridic del asuntos del Ministerio e de su organismos public que debe esser submittite al Commission General de Secretarios de Stato e Subsecretarios, al Commissiones Delegate del Governo o al Consilio de Ministros. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere function central es le coordination e gestion del recursos human, financiari, technologic e material del departamento. Le Subsecretariato coordina tamben le materias que le ministerio debe tractar in relation con altere departamentos del Governamento, includente le examino de projectos normativ proveniente de altere Ministerios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato ha etiam competentias concernente le action international del Ministerio, le cooperation international e le coordination del Consejerias de Labor, Migrationes e Securitate Social al exterior, sin pregiudicio del competentias del Ministerio de Affaires Externe, Union Europee e Cooperation e del Ministerios competente in materia de inclusion, securitate social e migrationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Del Subsecretariato depende, con rango de Directorio General, le Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio. Le Secretariato General Technic exerce le competentias previde per le Lege del Governo e le Lege del Regime Juridic del Sector Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulos 9 y 10 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Al Subsecretariato es attachate etiam, con nivello organic de Subdirection General e con le functiones previde per le legislation, le Abogacia del Stato e le Intervention Delegate del Intervention General del Administration del Stato. Illas mantene lor dependentia functional del Ministerios del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes e de Hacienda, respectivemente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organos que depende directemente del Subsecretariato con nivello de Subdirection General es: * le Cabinetto Technic; * le Subdirection General de Administration Financiari e del Officio Budgetari; * le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Inspection de Servicios; * le Officio Major; * le Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Communicationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cabinetto Technic == Le Cabinetto Technic es le organo de supporto e assistentia immediate al titular del Subsecretariato. Illo coordina e seque le activitates del unitates dependente del Subsecretariato. Inter su competentias transversal se trova le promotion del equalitate de tractamento e opportunitates inter feminas e homines in le personal del Ministerio, le supporto al coordination del iniciativas de Governamento Aperte, le coordination del campanias de publicitate institutional, le functionamento del Unitate de Information de Transparientia e le inclusion del personal con disabilitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Administration financiari e budgetari == Le Subdirection General de Administration Financiari e del Officio Budgetari gere le aspectos economic e financiari del servicios commun del Ministerio. Illo coordina le tesoreria, le cassa pagante, le habilitation e pagamentes e le proceduras de subvenciones e contractos que corresponde al Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo prepara le anteprojecto annual del budget del Ministerio, coordina le budgetes del organismos autonome e entitates attachate e seque le execution del budget, includente le eventual modificationes budgetari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Recursos human e inspection == Le Subdirection General de Recursos Human e Inspection de Servicios es responsabile del gestion e administration del personal del Ministerio. Illo prepara le relationes de postos de labor e le planos de emploi, tracta le proceduras de provision de postos, le formation e le action social del personal e le relationes con le organisationes sindical. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le mesme organo coordina e controla le gestion del recursos human del organismos autonome dependente del Ministerio e organise le activitates de controlo e inspection del servicios. Illo participa etiam in le evaluation del politicas public del departamento e exerce le competentias concernente le protection del datos personal e le Delegato de Protection del Datos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Officio Major == Le Officio Major gere le servicios general e le regime interne del Ministerio. Su competentias include le registro general, le gestion e mantenimento del medios material, le inventario del benes mobile e immobile, le edificios del servicios central e del Consejerias al exterior, e le prevention del riscos laboral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officio Major tracta etiam le contractos de obras e servicios professional ligate al edificios del Ministerio, le inversiones in construction e renovation, le patrimonio sindical e le services de information administrative e attention al citatanos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Technologias del information e communicationes == Le Subdirection General de Technologias del Information e Communicationes es responsabile del sistemas informatic e del communicationes del Ministerio. Illo planifica, crea, disveloppa e gere le sistemas de information necessari pro le functionamento del servicios central, interprovincial e al exterior, assi como de le organismos autonome attachate, con le exception del [[Servicio Public de Empleo Estatal]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subdirection gere le retes de communication de telefonia e datos, le sistemas de securitate e confidentialitate, le presentia del Ministerio in Internet e le politicas de administration digital e informatic. Illo realiza etiam auditos de sistemas de information concernente qualitate e securitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 9 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Secretariato General Technic == Le Secretariato General Technic es le principal organo de supporto juridic e technic del Ministerio con rango de Directorio General. Illo provide assistentia al titular del Ministerio e al altere altos cargos in materias non attribuite a altere organos e coordina le elaboration, sequentia e execution del activitate normativ del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 10 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Illo prepara le documentation pro le asuntos que debe esser submittite al Consilio de Ministros e al Commission General de Secretarios de Stato e Subsecretarios, tracta le publication de normas in le Boletin Official del Stato e seque le actos e dispositiones del Communitates Autonome concernente le materias del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 10 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato General Technic coordina etiam le relationes international e europee del Ministerio, le cooperation international e le activitate del Consejerias de Labor, Migrationes e Securitate Social al exterior. Illo tracta le recursos administrative e le questiones de responsabilitate patrimonial e coordina le relationes con le Tribunales in le materias del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 10 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Secretariato General Technic depende tres subdirectiones general: le Vicesecretariato General Technic, le Subdirection General de Relationes International Sociolaboral e le Subdirection General de Reportos, Recursos e Publicationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 10 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Coordination interministerial == Le Subsecretariato participa al coordination del Ministerio con le altere departamentos del Governamento. Inter su functiones se trova le preparation e supervision technic-juridic del asuntos que debe esser examinate per le organos collegial del Governamento, assi como le coordination del position del Ministerio in procedimentos normativ que involve altere Ministerios. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato exerce dunque un function transversal in le organisation del Ministerio: le Secretariatos de Stato concentra su activitate super le politicas sectorial, durante que le Subsecretariato assicura le servicios commun, le recursos, le supporto juridic e technic e le coordination administrative necessari al functionamento del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Subsecretariato se trova al Paseo de la Castellana, 63, 28046 Madrid, in le complex del Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social. Le organigramma official indica etiam un altere adresse de services del Ministerio al Calle Agustín de Bethencourt, 4, 28003 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/organizacion/organigrama/subsecretaria/contenido/OM6.htm |titulo=Subsecretario de Trabajo y Economía Social |sitioweb=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Subsecretariatos de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Labor (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Empleo in Espania]] [[Categoria:Securitate social in Espania]] 7hqvdvhda14v2k91rf2jofxawrdnywx 0 61936 702716 2026-10-07T10:33:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social]] de [[Espania]]. Sub le autoritate superior del titular del Ministerio, illo es incaricate de disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[economia social]] e de [[responsabilitate social del interprisas]]. Le Secretariato es situate in [[Madrid]] e depende directemente del Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social....” 702716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social''' es un organo superior del [[Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social]] de [[Espania]]. Sub le autoritate superior del titular del Ministerio, illo es incaricate de disveloppar le politica del Governamento in materia de [[economia social]] e de [[responsabilitate social del interprisas]]. Le Secretariato es situate in [[Madrid]] e depende directemente del Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/organizacion/organigrama/economia-social/index.htm |titulo=Organigrama de la Secretaría de Estado de Economía Social |sitioweb=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual titular del Secretariato es María Amparo Merino Segovia, nominate per le Real Decreto 973/2023 del 28 de novembre 2023. In 2026, documentos official del Boletin Official del Stato continua a identificar la como Secretaria de Stato de Economia Social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24292 |titulo=Real Decreto 973/2023, de 28 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-22418 |titulo=Resolución de 25 de junio de 2026 de la Secretaría de Estado de Economía Social |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le actual Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social esseva create in novembre 2023 como parte del nove organisation del departamentos ministerial del Governamento. Le [[Real Decreto 829/2023]], de 20 de novembre, establiva le [[Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social]] e crea in su structura duo organos superior: le [[Secretariato de Stato de Labor]] e le Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le creation del nove Secretariato resulta del separation del competentias que ante esseva reunite in le Secretariato de Stato de Emploi e Economia Social. Durante le periodo 2020–2023, iste organo combinava le competentias relative al emploi con le politicas de economia social e responsabilitate social del interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-15756 |titulo=Real Decreto 782/2022, de 27 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le evolution institutional esseva associate al crescente importance attribuite al economia social in le politicas public espaniol e europee. Le organisation del Ministerio esseva adaptate tamben al execution del [[Plan de Recuperation, Transformation e Resilientia]] e del instrumentos europee [[Next Generation EU]]. In 2022, le Governamento crea le Commissario special pro le Economia Social, con rango de Subsecretariato, pro coordinar le [[PERTE Economia Social e del Cura]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-15756 |titulo=Real Decreto 782/2022, de 27 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Secundo le structura organica vigente, le Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social es responsabile del disveloppamento del politica del Governamento in materia de economia social e de responsabilitate social del interprisas. Illo exerce iste competentias sub le superior direction del titular del Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le competentias include le promotion e diffusion del economia social, le elaboration e coordination de politicas public pro le sector, le supporto al entidades representative e le elaboration de instrumentos de promotion del responsabilitate social del interprisas. Le Secretariato participa etiam in le coordination inter le Administration General del Stato e le altere administrationes public in iste materias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Un altere area importante es le gestion del ayudas public pro le promotion del economia social, includente le instrumentos previde in le Strategia Espaniol de Economia Social 2023–2027. Le organo competente participa tamben in le elaboration e evaluation del programas e politicas public in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social ha tres elementos principal de organisation: le Commissario special pro le Economia Social, le Directorio General de Economia Social e de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas e le Gabinet del Secretariato de Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulos 6–8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Commissario special pro le Economia Social ha rango de Subsecretariato e depende del Secretariato de Stato. Su principal responsabilitate es le impulso e coordination del projectos ligate al [[PERTE de Economia Social e del Cura]]. Illo coordina le execution del projectos, promove le collaboration inter administrationes e participa in le relationes international associate al PERTE. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Commissario dispone de un Officio Technic, con nivello organic de Subdirection General, que provide supporto al execution de su functiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General de Economia Social e de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas es le principal organo directivo del Secretariato in le materia de promotion del economia social e responsabilitate social. De illo depende le Subdirection General de Economia Social e de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas e le Delegation Special pro le Impulso al Economia Social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Gabinet del Secretariato de Stato ha nivello organic de Subdirection General e provide le supporto e assistentia immediate al titular del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Directorio General de Economia Social e de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas == Le Directorio General es incaricate del conception e promotion de politicas public pro le economia social e le responsabilitate social del interprisas, con attention particular al parve e medie interprisas. Illo coordina le activitate del Ministerio in iste materias e participa in le elaboration de projectos normativ national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General gere le ayudas public pro le promotion del economia social e le implementation del Strategia Espaniol de Economia Social 2023–2027. Illo ha etiam competentias administrative concernente le Registro de Sociedades Cooperativas e le Registro Administrative de Sociedades Laboral, includente le qualification, inscription e certification del actos que debe esser registrate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo provide etiam supporto technic e administrative al Consilio pro le Promotion del Economia Social e al Consilio Estatal de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas. Illo coordina insimul le Red RETOS, destinate al disveloppamento de Territorios Socialmente Responsabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General representa etiam le Ministerio in le Union Europee e in foros e organismos international concernente le regulation, promotion e diffusion del economia social e del responsabilitate social del interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 8 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Commissario special pro le Economia Social == Le Commissario special pro le Economia Social esseva create in 2022 con rango de Subsecretariato. Su creation esseva ligate al necessitate de coordinar le execution del PERTE de Economia Social e del Cura, un instrumento del Plan de Recuperation, Transformation e Resilientia financiate in parte per le fundos europee Next Generation EU. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-15756 |titulo=Real Decreto 782/2022, de 27 de septiembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Secundo le organisation vigente, le Commissario debe promover e diffunder le projectos del PERTE, coordinar le collaboration interministerial e interadministrative, promover le collaboration public-privat e facilitar le interlocution international concernente le execution del projectos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos attachate == Duo organos consultive es attachate al Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social per medio del Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social: le Consilio pro le Promotion del Economia Social e le Consilio Estatal de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo, articulo 6 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Consilio pro le Promotion del Economia Social es un organo de participation e consultation concernente le politicas public del sector. Le Consilio Estatal de Responsabilitate Social del Interprisas exerce functiones de consultation e promotion in materia de responsabilitate social del interprisas. Le Secretariato provide le supporto technic e administrative necessari al functionamento de ambes organos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Politicas e instrumentos == Le Secretariato participa al execution del Strategia Espaniol de Economia Social 2023–2027, que establi un quadro de politicas public pro le promotion del entidades e activitates del economia social. Le ayudas public gestionate per le Directorio General constitute un del instrumentos del politica public in iste campo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/502 |titulo=Real Decreto 502/2024, de 21 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2025 le Secretariato approbava un convocatoria de subvenciones pro activitates de promotion del economia social e del responsabilitate social del interprisas e pro le functionamento del entidades representative del sector al nivello national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2025-22734 |titulo=Resolución de 27 de mayo de 2025 de la Secretaría de Estado de Economía Social |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026 esseva publicate un nove convocatoria de subvenciones pro projectos de economia social e de responsabilitate social del interprisas e pro le gastos de functionamento de entidades del sector. Le resolution esseva signate le 25 de junio 2026 per María Amparo Merino Segovia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-B-2026-22418 |titulo=Resolución de 25 de junio de 2026 de la Secretaría de Estado de Economía Social |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social es situate in le sede del Ministerio de Labor e Economia Social al Paseo de la Castellana, 63, Madrid. Le organigramma official del Ministerio identifica iste adresse como sede del Secretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/organizacion/organigrama/economia-social/index.htm |titulo=Organigrama de la Secretaría de Estado de Economía Social |sitioweb=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Secretariatos de Stato de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ministerio del Labor (Espania)]] au008iwtuu9ko5munsbxug33v2jq4md 0 61937 702718 2026-10-07T10:34:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] 702718 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] 3dkkwfrqb9mrgobwfj9qgq8tkebb2jf 0 61938 702720 2026-10-07T11:33:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Justitia''' esseva un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Justitia de Espania]], incaricate principalmente de le representation ordinari del Ministerio, le direction de su servicios commun e le coordination del administration interne del departamento. Le organo existite sub iste denomination usque al reorganisation del departamentos ministerial in novembre 2023, quando le Ministerio de Justitia esseva integrate i...” 702720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Subsecretariato de Justitia''' esseva un organo directivo del [[Ministerio de Justitia de Espania]], incaricate principalmente de le representation ordinari del Ministerio, le direction de su servicios commun e le coordination del administration interne del departamento. Le organo existite sub iste denomination usque al reorganisation del departamentos ministerial in novembre 2023, quando le Ministerio de Justitia esseva integrate in le nove [[Ministerio del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] e le Subsecretariato de Justitia esseva supprimite. Su principal functiones esseva assumite per le Subsecretariato del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/204/con |titulo=Real Decreto 204/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato esseva le principal organo de administration commun del Ministerio de Justitia. Inter su functiones se trovava le supporto technic al Ministro, le gestion del personal e del recursos, le administration budgetari, le servicios general, le infrastructura e le technologias del information, assi como le coordination del servicios juridic e administrative del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161&p=20120306&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le historia del Subsecretariato de Justitia se remonta al 1834, quando le institution del Subsecretariato esseva introducite in le departamentos ministerial del Stato. In le Ministerio de Gratia e Justitia, le organo esseva originalmente denominate Subsecretariato de Gratia e Justitia. Le prime titular esseva Joaquín Díaz Caneja, nominate le 17 de junio 1834. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1834/06/19/pdfs/GMD-1834-0124.pdf |titulo=Real decreto nombrando para la Subsecretaría del Ministerio de Gracia y Justicia a D. Joaquín Díaz Caneja |sitioweb=Gaceta de Madrid / Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le seculo XIX, le Subsecretariato participa al coordination del servicios interne del Ministerio e al supervision del differente negotiatos e sectiones. In le 1866, le ministro Lorenzo Arrazola reorganisava le Ministerio e attribueva al Subsecretariato functiones de inspection e coordination de varie areas administrative, includente materias concernente le registro del proprietate, le statistica judicial, le collection legislative e le notariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1866/05/18/pdfs/GMD-1866-138.pdf |titulo=Real decreto sobre la organización del Ministerio de Gracia y Justicia |sitioweb=Gaceta de Madrid / Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1925, durante le Dictatura de Primo de Rivera, le cargos de Subsecretario esseva supprimite in le departamentos ministerial e lor functiones esseva assumite directemente per le ministros. Le institution esseva restaurate in 1930. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1930/02/06/pdfs/GMD-1930-037.pdf |titulo=Disposiciones sobre la organización de los Ministerios |sitioweb=Gaceta de Madrid / Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]], le organo recipeva le denomination Subsecretariato de Justitia. Le prime titular sub iste denomination esseva Justino de Azcárate y Flórez in 1931. Le cargo esseva occupate successivemente per altere titulares e esseva brevemente supprimite inter septembre 1935 e januario 1936, quando su functiones esseva transferite a un Directorio General de Justitia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/gazeta/dias/1931/12/19/pdfs/GMD-1931-353.pdf |titulo=Decreto nombrando Subsecretario de Justicia a D. Leopoldo García Alas y García Argüelles |sitioweb=Gaceta de Madrid / Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]], le Subsecretariato esseva reincorporate al organisation del Ministerio de Justitia e remaneva como uno del su organos directivo principal durante le periodo franquista e le transition democratic. Le denomination, le dependentias e le competentias esseva modificate conforme al reformas del organisation del Administration General del Stato. == Organisation in le periodo contemporanee == Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, le Subsecretariato de Justitia ha functionate como le principal organo incaricate del administration commun del Ministerio. Le transformation del organisation del Ministerio ha successivemente redistribute certe competentias inter le Subsecretariato, le Secretariato General del Administration de Justitia e le Secretariatos de Stato. Un exemplo es le structura establite per le Real Decreto 453/2012, que attribueva al Subsecretariato le representation ordinari del Ministerio e le direction de su servicios commun. Le norma attribueva al organo le supporto e consilio technic al Ministro, le analyse del organisation del Ministerio, le coordination administrative e le direction del servicios dependente del Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161&p=20120306&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation del Ministerio esseva modificate plure vices durante le periodo 2012–2023. Le Subsecretariato manteneva su character de organo de servicios commun, durante que le competentias plus directemente ligate al Administration de Justitia esseva repartite inter le Secretariato de Stato de Justitia, le Secretariato General del Administration de Justitia e altere organos directivo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161 |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le principal function del Subsecretariato esseva le representation ordinari del Ministerio e le direction de su servicios commun. Isto includeva le administration del recursos necessari pro le functionamento quotidian del departamento e le coordination del organos administrative sub su dependentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161&p=20120306&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Subsecretariato provideva supporto e consilio technic al Ministro in le elaboration e approbation del planos de action del departamento. Illo analyseva le functioning e le structura del organos, unitates e organismos dependente del Ministerio e poteva formular propositiones pro meliorar lor organisation e efficacitate administrative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161&p=20120306&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo, articulo 7 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organo exerceva etiam functiones concernente le recursos human, le preparation e execution del budget, le administration economic, le contractos, le patrimonio, le infrastructura, le inspection del servicios e le sistemas de information. Le repartition exacte de iste functiones esseva modificate per le differente reformas del structura del Ministerio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161&p=20161104&tn=2 |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Administration de Justitia == Le Subsecretariato esseva distinguite del organos incaricate directemente del administration del tribunales e del [[Ministerio Fiscal]]. Le Secretariato General del Administration de Justitia, con nivello organic de Subsecretariato in le structura del Ministerio, assumeva le functiones concernente le organisation e modernisation del Administration de Justitia e le gestion de su medios human, material e financiari, con le limites previde per le competentias del Subsecretariato de Justitia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=[https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161&p=20151201&tn=2](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2012-3161& p=20151201&tn=2) |titulo=Real Decreto 453/2012, de 5 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste distinction esseva importante pro le distribution del competentias interne: le Subsecretariato gereva le servicios commun del Ministerio, durante que le Secretariato General del Administration de Justitia tractava le organisation e le operation del Administration de Justitia como servicio public. == Suppression in 2023 == Le Subsecretariato de Justitia esseva supprimite in novembre 2023 como consequentia del reorganisation del departamentos ministerial post le formation del nove Governo. Le Real Decreto 829/2023 establiva le nove Ministerio del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes e reorganisava le organos superior e directivo del nove departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le functiones commun del anterior Ministerio de Justitia esseva reorganisate in le Subsecretariato del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes. Le nove organo esseva establite como un organo directivo del nove Ministerio, con dependentia del Ministro del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-24842 |titulo=Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Real Decreto 204/2024 disveloppa le nove structura usque al nivello de Subdirection General. Le Subsecretariato actual ha inter su dependentias le Secretariato General Technic–Secretariato del Governo, le Directorio General de Servicios e le Directorio General de Libertate Religiose. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/204/con |titulo=Real Decreto 204/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le titular del organo successor es Alberto Herrera Rodríguez. Le Boletin Official del Stato lo identifica como Subsecretario del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes in diverse actos official del anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-13306 |titulo=Orden PJC/616/2026, de 15 de junio |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-10305 |titulo=Resolución de 6 de mayo de 2026 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organos del organo successor == Le actual Subsecretariato del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes ha un structura plus large que le anterior Subsecretariato de Justitia, perque le nove Ministerio combine competentias de presidientia, relationes con le Cortes, justitia e libertate religiose. Le Secretariato General Technic–Secretariato del Governo, con rango de Directorio General, provide supporto juridic e technic, coordina le activitate normative del departamento e assume le functiones del Secretariato del Governo previde per le Lege del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/204/con |titulo=Real Decreto 204/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General de Servicios coordina le servicios commun del Ministerio, includente le recursos human, le administration economic e budgetari, le technologias del information, le infrastructura e le inspection general del servicios. Le structure del Ministerio in 2025 includeva subdirectiones general pro iste areas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mpr.gob.es/mpr/estructura/Documents/ORGANIGRAMA%20MINISTERIO_28_04_2025.pdf |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General de Libertate Religiose tracta le disveloppamento del derecto al libertate religiose e de culto, le relationes con le confessiones religiose e le gestion del Registro de Entitates Religiose. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mpr.gob.es/mpr/subse/libertad-religiosa/paginas/carta-servicios-sgrc.aspx |titulo=Dirección General de Libertad Religiosa |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In plus, le Subsecretariato actual ha sub su ambito le Abogacia del Stato e le Intervention Delegate del Intervention General del Administration del Stato, con lor respective dependentias functional externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/204/con |titulo=Real Decreto 204/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation actual == Le Subsecretariato de Justitia non existe plus como organo autonome del Administration General del Stato. Le denomination e le organo esseva supprimite in 2023. Le competentias administrative general que illo exerceva como parte del Ministerio de Justitia es actualmente integrate principalmente in le Subsecretariato del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537 |titulo=Real Decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/204/con |titulo=Real Decreto 204/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In iste senso, le articulo «Subsecretariato de Justitia» describe principalmente un organo historic del administration espaniol e su evolution usque al su suppression. Le organo actualmente responsabile de un grande parte de su ancian functiones es le Subsecretariato del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mpr.gob.es/mpr/estructura/Paginas/index.aspx |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Subsecretariato de Justitia (Espania)]] 1gz9qobg202vpeur8v7h9w9a1wvzw2z 0 61939 702721 2026-10-07T11:33:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] 702721 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] h3pf8c4bjqi9ogx336toxdqrm7eninu 14 61940 702722 2026-10-07T11:37:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Ministerio de Justitia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Subsecretariatos de Spania]]” 702722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ministerio de Justitia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Subsecretariatos de Spania]] s1gnni1mm9qzt5qc8e03gvq5xw4vdq7 14 61941 702723 2026-10-07T11:38:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]]” 702723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] lbmwuxyvkh3oi4wl80t2oh4q6k0kan6 0 61942 702724 2026-10-07T11:46:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Advocato General del Stato''' es le titular del '''Officina del Advocato General del Stato''' (''Abogacía General del Estado''), le organo del Administration General del Stato de Espania incaricate de le assistentia juridic al Stato e al altere institutiones public. Le Abogado General del Stato dirige e coordina le Officina del Advocato General e exerce le functiones establite per le Lege 52/1997, le Reglamento del Off...” 702724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Advocato General del Stato''' es le titular del '''Officina del Advocato General del Stato''' (''Abogacía General del Estado''), le organo del Administration General del Stato de Espania incaricate de le assistentia juridic al Stato e al altere institutiones public. Le Abogado General del Stato dirige e coordina le Officina del Advocato General e exerce le functiones establite per le Lege 52/1997, le Reglamento del Officina del Advocato General e le altere normas applicabile. Le cargo es de nivello de Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officina del Advocato General del Stato developpa le function de assistentia juridic, que include le consilio juridic e le representation e defense in judicio del Administration General del Stato, de su organismos autonome e del organos constitutional. Secundo le casos e le convenios applicabile, illo pote etiam prestar assistentia juridic al Communitates Autonome, al corporaciones local e al altere entidades del sector public institutional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-21123 |titulo=Real Decreto 1057/2024, de 15 de octubre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Natura del cargo == Le Abogado General del Stato es le superior del Officina del Advocato General del Stato e dirige le organisation e coordination del servicios juridic del Stato. Le organo depende del Ministerio del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes e ha nivello organic de Subsecretariato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/estructura |titulo=Estructura - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le denomination del cargo debe esser distinguite del Fiscal General del Stato, qui dirige le Ministerio Fiscal. Le Abogado General del Stato es le principal autoritate del servicios juridic del Administration del Stato, durante que le Fiscal General del Stato es le chef del Ministerio Fiscal e exerce functiones distincte in le systema de justitia. Le Abogado General es normalmente un membro del Cuerpo de Abogados del Stato e exerce su cargo in le quadro del organisation del Officina del Advocato General. Le regulamento actual establi le relationes hierarchic e functional inter le Abogado General e le organos que compone le institution. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-21123 |titulo=Real Decreto 1057/2024, de 15 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le Abogado General del Stato es responsabile de le direction del assistentia juridic del Stato. Le functiones del Officina del Advocato General include le consilio juridic al Administration General del Stato e al su organismos autonome, assi como, quando le legislation o un convenio lo permitte, al altere entidades del sector public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le principal functiones se trova le emission de opiniones e informes juridic, le formulation de recommendationes super normas e mesuras administrative e le preparation de proyectos normativ quando iste labor es demandate al Officina del Advocato General. Le organo pote etiam esser consultate super le constitutionnalitate de proyectos e anteproyectos que debe esser approbate per le Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officina del Advocato General representa e defende le Stato e le entes que illo assiste ante le differentes ordines jurisdictional, includente le Tribunal Constitutional. Le servicios juridic pote etiam intervenir in proceduras precontenciose, arbitrage, proceduras extrajudicial e altere formas de resolution de disputas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Representation international == Un parte importante del functiones del Officina del Advocato General concerne le representation del Rege de Espania in proceduras international. Le servicios del Officina del Advocato General representa le Stato ante le Corte Europee del Derectos Human, assi como ante altere organos international competente in materia de protection del derectos human. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Officina del Advocato General presta etiam assistentia in materia de Derecto del Union Europee e representa e defende le Rege de Espania ante le organos jurisdictional del Union Europee. Illo pote representar le Stato etiam ante le Corte Penal International e altere tribunales, organos e organismos international o supranational in le quales Espania es parte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation del Officina del Advocato General == Le Abogado General dirige le Officina del Advocato General per medio de un insimul de organos central e territorial. Secundo le organisation vigente, le institution include le Directorio General del Consultive e le Directorio General del Contenciose, le Directorio Adjuncte de Medios Personal e Material, le Subdirectorio General de Affaires Constitutional e Derectos Human, le Subdirectorio General de Affaires del Union Europee e International, le Subdirectorio General de Audita Intern e Gestion del Cognoscentia, le Gabinet Technic del Abogado General del Stato e le Officinas del Advocatos Geneeral del Stato in le Communitates e Citas Autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/estructura |titulo=Estructura - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Directorio General del Consultive coordina le servicios de consilio juridic, durante que le Directorio General del Contenciose coordina le representation e defense in proceduras contenciose. Le Directorio Adjuncte tracta le medios personal e material del institution. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/estructura |titulo=Estructura - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Comité de Direction e le Consilio Territorial de Direction es organos collegial de supporto al Abogado General in le direction e coordination del Officina del Advocato General. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/estructura |titulo=Estructura - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cuerpo de Abogados del Stato == Le Cuerpo de Abogados del Stato es le corpore de funcionarios specialisate in le assistentia juridic al Administration del Stato. Le Abogacia General administra e gere le corpore e exerce le competentias concernente su personal, includente le preparation del proceduras de provision de postos reservate al Abogados del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le formation e selection del Cuerpo de Abogados del Stato se face per un processo selectiv national. Le membros del corpore pote esser destinate al servicios consultive, contenciose, international o al altere unitates del Officina del Advocato General. In martio 2026, le Ministerio del Presidientia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes celebrava le acto de promissa o juramento del cargo del promotion 2025 del Cuerpo de Abogados del Stato. Le nove promotion includeva 25 nove Abogados del Stato, 16 homines e 9 feminas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/Promocion-2025-abogados-y-abogadas-del-Estado |titulo=El ministro Bolaños preside el acto de promesa o jura del cargo de la promoción 2025 de abogados y abogadas del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relation con le Governo == Le Officina del Advocato General es le servicio juridic del Administration del Stato e presta assistentia al Governo e al su membros in le materias que corresponde a su competentia. Le Abogado General pote esser consultate super le constitutionnalitate de anteproyectos e proyectos normativ que debe esser approbate per le Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le institution non es un organo politic ni un organo del Ministerio Fiscal. Su function es juridic e administrative: prestar consilio al Administration e defender le interesses del Stato e del institutiones que recipe su assistentia in le proceduras previde per le lege. Le unitate mantene etiam le principio de unitate de doctrina pro le Abogados del Stato e establi criterios general de assistentia juridic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/funciones |titulo=Funciones - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia del institution == Le moderne systema del assistentia juridic del Stato se developpava progressivemente durante le seculo XIX e le seculo XX. Un antecedente important es le creation del Cuerpo de Abogados del Estado per Real Decreto del 10 de martio 1881, que constitueva un quadro professional national pro le juristas incaricate del defense juridic del interesses del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/ElMinisterio/Organigrama/Documents/anales_2024.pdf |titulo=Anales de la Abogacía General del Estado 2024 |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 52/1997, de 27 de novembre, establi le quadro moderne del assistentia juridic al Stato e al institutiones public. Le lege regula le representation e defense del Stato ante le tribunales e fixa le principios fundamental del Servicio Juridic del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25337 |titulo=Ley 52/1997, de 27 de noviembre, de Asistencia Jurídica al Estado e Instituciones Públicas |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege 52/1997 esseva developpate per le Real Decreto 997/2003, que approbava le Reglamento del Servicio Juridic del Stato. Iste regulation esseva ulteriormente remplaciate per le nove Real Decreto 1057/2024, que approba le Reglamento del Officina del Advocato General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-21123 |titulo=Real Decreto 1057/2024, de 15 de octubre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation moderne esseva etiam developpate per le Real Decreto 1012/2022, que establi le structura organic del Abogacia General, le inspection del servicios e normas concernente su personal. Le quadro esseva ulteriormente adaptate per le Real Decreto 204/2024. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-22686 |titulo=Real Decreto 1040/2022, de 27 de diciembre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sede == Le Officina del Advocato General del Stato es un organo del Administration General del Stato con su services central in Madrid. Le Abogados del Stato es etiam distribuite in le departamentos ministerial, le Communitates e Citas Autonome e altere organismos e entidades public secundo le organisation del servicio juridic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/institucional/organigrama/abogacia-general-estado/estructura |titulo=Estructura - Abogacía General del Estado |sitioweb=Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Denomination == In le legislation e in le administration contemporanee, le institution es designate como Officina del Advocato General del Stato, durante que le titular es le Abogado General del Stato. In documentos anterior, le denomination Officina del Advocato General del Stato-Direction del Servicio Juridic del Stato esseva usate. Le Reglamento del 2024 establi que le referentias anterior a iste denomination debe esser comprendite como referentias al actual Officina del Advocato General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-21123 |titulo=Real Decreto 1057/2024, de 15 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=2 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Justitia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Advocatos General del Stato]] [[Categoria:Subsecretariatos de Espania]] 7qx9nzooy0fxk2eqs42050x8lht3tga