Wikipedia:Modulo

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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Modulo</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>36806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704392</id>
      <parentid>704253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:00:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Testes Lua */ Principle of unit testing</comment>
      <origin>704392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8744" sha1="4x6uvx4eq8059j7emhklfyq53jwjod9" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>4x6uvx4eq8059j7emhklfyq53jwjod9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704393</id>
      <parentid>704392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:10:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Testes Lua */ `self:` vs. `self.`</comment>
      <origin>704393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9161" sha1="7t9jkw6e7s6pjs4vexngk9xnrkp4css" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>7t9jkw6e7s6pjs4vexngk9xnrkp4css</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704398</id>
      <parentid>704393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Testes Lua */ Introducing [[Patrono:collapse top]] showing or hidding region until [[Patrono:collapse bottom]]. Running [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] in debug console</comment>
      <origin>704398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9555" sha1="fb9iegw3418s9e3y2yu33dl8s26fj4z" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


{{collapse bottom}}

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>fb9iegw3418s9e3y2yu33dl8s26fj4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704403</id>
      <parentid>704398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Testes Lua */ Lua Scribunto is the HTML generator to build wiki page. To change the captions, improve [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit/config]]</comment>
      <origin>704403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9922" sha1="6ei8j7txx73g90x6q6xe4jg26prdogr" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
{{collapse bottom}}

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>6ei8j7txx73g90x6q6xe4jg26prdogr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704413</id>
      <parentid>704403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:50:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Testes Lua */ You can run a test in the debug console before creating [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]].</comment>
      <origin>704413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10380" sha1="ccs25vgdi85rww52c2xv6p6frzmz3g4" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>ccs25vgdi85rww52c2xv6p6frzmz3g4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704417</id>
      <parentid>704413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T17:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ Introducing an HTML text-fragment anchor for `Error`: the wikilink [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error]] scrolls to the InfoBox’s Lua error and highlights `Error`.</comment>
      <origin>704417</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10836" sha1="qcfkh8bmjrpwie89l1agcajithggzso" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>qcfkh8bmjrpwie89l1agcajithggzso</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704418</id>
      <parentid>704417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T17:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ Some Wikidata properties, such as `P569`, work, while others, such as `P570`, fail. In some cases, both work; in others, both fail. `|qid=Q43353` has been explicitly added. In the context of the target wikipage, the Lua module is able to retrieve the `|qid=`</comment>
      <origin>704418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11328" sha1="rmmby4mq896yvxxpcfzya5l1g9ntn9o" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>rmmby4mq896yvxxpcfzya5l1g9ntn9o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704430</id>
      <parentid>704418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T17:40:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ +[[Patrono:Ombox]]: [[Modulo:Wikidata]] is deprecated. Use [[Modulo:WikidataIB]] instead.</comment>
      <origin>704430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11526" sha1="5ulk3jbi3qd0t4qkfkbnxigf3k5bt2j" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>5ulk3jbi3qd0t4qkfkbnxigf3k5bt2j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704431</id>
      <parentid>704430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T17:50:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ `|ps=3` → [[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset]]: `args.onlysourced = &quot;yes&quot;` in InfoBox</comment>
      <origin>704431</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11904" sha1="otv9u5ze9kakdobn8imax58k8cidsgm" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>otv9u5ze9kakdobn8imax58k8cidsgm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704432</id>
      <parentid>704431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T18:00:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ WikidataIB works better than legacy Wikidata in InfoBox</comment>
      <origin>704432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12141" sha1="s2nx4ppiyfw014601fn48az6c8y4ftc" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Modulo original obsolescente &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;:

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>s2nx4ppiyfw014601fn48az6c8y4ftc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704433</id>
      <parentid>704432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T18:10:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ Some values of `v` have `v.mainsnak.datavalue` set to `nil`, causing `if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then` to fail.</comment>
      <origin>704433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12719" sha1="tgkwym2legji8o6rfzi7z7j41b2fkkj" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Modulo original obsolescente &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=11&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>tgkwym2legji8o6rfzi7z7j41b2fkkj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704434</id>
      <parentid>704433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T18:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ Instumenting [[Modulo:Wikidata]] is optional. Add `, propertyID` in line 687 for debugging purpose. According to the initial advice, &quot;You do not need to install or save anything.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>704434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13339" sha1="6dgwfjx1he8yvzxps9bail965opzri9" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Modulo original obsolescente &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=11&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Instrumenta [[Modulo:Wikidata]]: '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;NON&lt;/span&gt;''' publica le modificationes.
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=4 copy&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=687&gt;
--                                   ^adder propertyID
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>6dgwfjx1he8yvzxps9bail965opzri9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704435</id>
      <parentid>704434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T18:30:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ `if v.mainsnak.datavalue == nil then` -- generate a customized temporary `error()` to show the context of the error</comment>
      <origin>704435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14335" sha1="kse31xhif3ol38zdxbdj2vnj7t9jnns" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Modulo original obsolescente &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=11&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Instrumenta [[Modulo:Wikidata]]: '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;NON&lt;/span&gt;''' publica le modificationes.
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=4 copy&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=687&gt;
--                                   ^adder propertyID
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=688 highlight=8,23&gt;
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=694 highlight=1,15 copy&gt;
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue == nil then
			local debugLog = {&quot;propertyID: &quot; .. propertyID}
			for key, val in pairs(v) do
				if key == &quot;mainsnak&quot; then
					debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = &quot;key: mainsnak&quot;
					if type(val) == &quot;table&quot; then
						for kVal, vVal in pairs(val) do
							debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = tostring(kVal) .. &quot;: &quot; .. tostring(vVal)
						end
					else
						debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = tostring(val)
					end
				end
			end
			error(table.concat(debugLog, &quot;. &quot;))
		end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=710&gt;
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>kse31xhif3ol38zdxbdj2vnj7t9jnns</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704436</id>
      <parentid>704435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T18:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ You can run the modified, unsaved module in the context of the supplied Wikipedia page, [[Aristophanes]]. The customized error message indicates the contents of Wikidata property P570.</comment>
      <origin>704436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14773" sha1="o3jaec5ikim6eywlhg54ls0bbh7aybw" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Modulo original obsolescente &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=11&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Instrumenta [[Modulo:Wikidata]]: '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;NON&lt;/span&gt;''' publica le modificationes.
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=4 copy&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=687&gt;
--                                   ^adder propertyID
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=688 highlight=8,23&gt;
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=694 highlight=1,15 copy&gt;
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue == nil then
			local debugLog = {&quot;propertyID: &quot; .. propertyID}
			for key, val in pairs(v) do
				if key == &quot;mainsnak&quot; then
					debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = &quot;key: mainsnak&quot;
					if type(val) == &quot;table&quot; then
						for kVal, vVal in pairs(val) do
							debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = tostring(kVal) .. &quot;: &quot; .. tostring(vVal)
						end
					else
						debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = tostring(val)
					end
				end
			end
			error(table.concat(debugLog, &quot;. &quot;))
		end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=710&gt;
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Pagina de previsualisation con iste patrono:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
Aristophanes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.

&lt;blockquote style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;
Decesso	Error de Lua in Modulo:Wikidata al linea 708: propertyID: P570. key: mainsnak. snaktype: somevalue. 
property: P570. datatype: time (Classical Athens)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>o3jaec5ikim6eywlhg54ls0bbh7aybw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704437</id>
      <parentid>704436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T18:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nimmzo</username>
        <id>56738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Depuration de Lua */ +[[Patrono:collapse top]] until [[Patrono:collapse bottom]]: Instrumenting a Lua module for debugging</comment>
      <origin>704437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15127" sha1="rf3f83bj2yvdvtvo7sb48x9a2dfkxl1" xml:space="preserve">Un '''modulo Lua''' es un programma scribite in le linguage de programmation Lua.&lt;br&gt;
Il es collocate in iste wiki sub le [[Wikipedia:Spatio de nomines|spatio de nomines]] &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:NomineDeModulo&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
Un tal programma servi de extender le functionalitate de paginas wiki.

== Salute Mundo! in Lua ==
Effectivemente se tracta de un forma avantiate e extendite de [[Wikipedia:Patrono|patrono]].&lt;br /&gt;
Le forma de appellar un modulo es un poco differente.&lt;br&gt;
In loco de scriber:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{NomineDePatrono|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In pagina de Usator, on debe scriber le nomine sin le prefixo &lt;code&gt;{{ns:828}}:&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|parametro}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Tu pote executar le function denominate '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-10|salute]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in minusculas in [[Modulo:Exemplo]].&lt;br /&gt;
Il non es necessari installar o salvar alcun cosa.
# Modifica tu pagina de usator.
# Colla le sequente appello al initio de un nove linea in tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;Le appello del function &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;salute&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt; es reimplaciate per le sequente:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|salute_a|Livvy}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Clicca &lt;code style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;Cancellar&lt;/code&gt;. Quando demandate, clicca &lt;code&gt;Abandonar&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tu pagina de usator remane '''in'''changiate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Apprender Lua ==
Le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt; de Lua Scribunto es un instrumento secur e interactive pro apprender Lua in Wikipedia.
# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Vider codice-fonte&lt;/code&gt; sur le pagina &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.
# Scrolle verso le fundo del pagina usque al section &lt;code&gt;Consola de debug&lt;/code&gt;.
# Incolla le commento e le appel in le quadro de ingresso &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;blau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#eaecf0;&quot;&gt;clar&lt;/span&gt; (supra le button &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt;).
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
-- Tu prime programma Lua simile a [[Hello World]]--
print(&quot;Benvenite a &quot; .. _VERSION .. &quot;!&quot;) -- Concatena le version de Lua con `..`
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Enter}} un vice pro executar le duo commandos Lua.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Le resultato apparera sub le linea de commando Lua &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;print&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=3&gt;
Benvenite a Lua 5.1!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Pulsa {{key press|Up}} &lt;code&gt;flecha verso alto&lt;/code&gt; pro cyclar inter le commandos Lua precedente.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Optionalmente, clicca &lt;code&gt;Rader&lt;/code&gt; pro vacuar ''solmente'' le &lt;code&gt;Consola de depuration&lt;/code&gt;; le editor Lua supra remanera '''non''' modificate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;


; Generator HTML in le Consola de depuration
Appella le functiones &lt;code&gt;salute&lt;/code&gt; e '''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-27|salute_a]]&lt;/code&gt;''' in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2,5 copy&gt;
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- carga le modulo in le Consola
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modHi.salute()) -- monstra &quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;

local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- quadro
frame.args = {&quot;Livvy&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modHi.salute_a(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Salute Mundo!
2. Salute, Livvy!
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

; Function de identitate
&lt;code&gt;callParserFunction&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##if|#if]]
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3 copy&gt;
-- #if yesno alora retorna su parametro de ingresso
local yesno = require('Modulo:Yesno')
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno(&quot;Si&quot;), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
print(mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction(&quot;#if&quot;, yesno('no'), &quot;Si&quot;, 'no'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=5&gt;
Si
no
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Claude le &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; protegite, que remane '''non''' modificate.

=== Usar argumentos ===
Le argumentos es transmittite al modulos del mesme maniera que illos es transmittite al patronos. Nota, tamen, que le texto post le prime signo de barra vertical es sempre le nomine del function; le prime argumento positional es le texto post le ''secunde'' signo de barra vertical (`|`).

;Argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|key=value&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line&gt;
{{#invoke:NomineDeModulo|function|namedArgument1=value1|namedArgument2=value2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Un altere function in [[Modulo:Exemplo]], nominate &lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo#L-36|conta_fructos]]&lt;/code&gt;, usa le argumentos nominate &lt;code&gt;|bananas=&lt;/code&gt; e &lt;code&gt;|pomos=&lt;/code&gt; pro contar le numero de bananas e pomos que nos ha. Illo pote esser executate cambiando le ordine del argumentos.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|pomos=3|bananas=4}}
# {{#invoke:Exemplo|conta_fructos|bananas=5|pomos=2}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=3,5 copy&gt;
local modFruit = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
frame.args = {pomos=&quot;3&quot;, bananas=&quot;4&quot;}
print(&quot;1. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
frame.args = {bananas=&quot;5&quot;, pomos=&quot;2&quot;}
print(&quot;2. &quot; .. modFruit.conta_fructos(frame))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;text&quot; line start=7&gt;
1. Io ha 4 bananas e 3 pomos
2. Io ha 5 bananas e 2 pomos
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le major parte del modulos ha un pagina de documentation que explica qual argumentos pote esser usate e qual effectos illos producera.

== Testes Lua ==
Un framework de testage unitarie pro scripts Lua sur Wikipedia es disponibile a [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]].&lt;br /&gt;
Illo permitte executar tu script con un certe insimul de valores de entrata e verificar que le resultatos expectate es producite.&lt;br /&gt;
Le testes unitari es particularmente utile pro relevar rapidemente regressiones, in le qual modificationes a un script introduce nove problemas.

Per convention, le testes unitari pro un modulo como [[Modulo:Exemplo]] es placiate in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exemplo&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|testcases]]&lt;/code&gt;'''.&lt;br /&gt;
Illos es executate sur '''&lt;code&gt;[[Discussion Modulo:Exemplo/testcases|Discussion Modulo:]]&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;Exemplo/testcases&lt;/code&gt; con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;.

Sur tu pagina de usator:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
{{#invoke:Exemplo/testcases|run}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Cata methodo de test debe comenciar con &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; inline&gt;p:&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;test_&lt;/code&gt;'''.

Un exemplo de [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]] es monstrate infra.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=4 copy&gt;
--[[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]--
local p = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi = require('Modulo:Exemplo') -- Visita le pagina de discussion pro executar le tests.
function p:test_hi() -- Tests unitari pro [[Modulo:Exemplo]].
    self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute())
end 
return p
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Principio del testage unitarie}}
In le consola de depuration de &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:String|String]]&lt;/code&gt;''':
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=10 copy&gt;
local self = {
    assertEquals = function(_, wikitext, expected)
        local got = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(wikitext)
        print('&quot;' .. expected .. '&quot;: Expectate')
        print('&quot;' .. got      .. '&quot;: Actual')
        return got == expected
    end
}
-- Separator `:` without `self`
print(self:assertEquals(      '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
-- Separator `.` with `self`
print(self.assertEquals(self, '{{#invoke:Exemplo|salute}}', 'Salute Mundo!'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=13&gt;
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Expectate
&quot;Salute Mundo!&quot;: Actual
true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Si le test ha successo, le valor expectate e le valor actual non es monstrate, assi que le tabella de resultatos es plus simple:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:Exemplo/testcases')
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=3&gt;
[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; Tote le tests ha succedite.
{| class=&quot;wikitable scribunto-test-table&quot;
!
! Nomine
! Expectate
! Actual
|-
| [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=check]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;
| test_hi
|
|
|}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Executa [[Modulo:ScribuntoUnit]] pro testar [[Modulo:Exemplo]] sin crear le pagina [[Modulo:Exemplo/testcases]]:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line highlight=1,3 copy&gt;
local modTest = require('Modulo:ScribuntoUnit').new()
local modHi  = require('Modulo:Exemplo')
function modTest:test_hi() self:assertEquals('Salute Mundo!', modHi.salute()) end
print(modTest.run(mw.getCurrentFrame()))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le HTML generate es identic
{{collapse bottom}}

== Depuration de Lua ==
'''I'''nfo'''B'''ox (IB) [[Aristophanes#:~:text=Error|Aristophanes]]

Sur tu pagina de usator: problema con le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
# {{Xmark}} Decesso : {{#invoke:Wikidata|getDateValue|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA|ymd|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Extension del defecto: [[Amedeo III]], [[Zoroastre]], [[Jesus Christo]], [[Mohamet ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]

[[Patrono:infobox]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo]] → [[Patrono:infobox/articulo/persona]] → [[Patrono:Infobox generic]] → [[Modulo:Wikidata]]

{{Ombox|image=[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|40px]]|type=delete|text=&lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt; es obsolescente. Usa &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt; in vice.}}


Sur tu pagina de usator: solution con &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB#:~:text=paraset|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=2 copy&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
# {{tick}} Nascentia: {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P569|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
# {{tick}} Decesso  : {{#invoke:WikidataIB|getValue|P570|ps=3|qid=Q43353}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

{{collapse top|title=Instrumentar un modulo Lua pro le depuration}}
Modulo original obsolescente &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=11&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims = parseInput(frame)
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Instrumenta [[Modulo:Wikidata]]: '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;NON&lt;/span&gt;''' publica le modificationes.
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=684 highlight=4 copy&gt;
p.getDateValue = function(frame)
	local date_format = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-format&quot;])
	local date_addon = mw.text.trim(frame.args[4] or i18n[&quot;datetime&quot;][&quot;default-addon&quot;])
	local go, errorOrentity, claims, propertyID = parseInput(frame)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=687&gt;
--                                   ^adder propertyID
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=688 highlight=8,23&gt;
	if not go then
		return errorOrentity
	end
	local entity = errorOrentity
	local out = {}
	for k, v in pairs(claims) do
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=694 highlight=1,15 copy&gt;
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue == nil then
			local debugLog = {&quot;propertyID: &quot; .. propertyID}
			for key, val in pairs(v) do
				if key == &quot;mainsnak&quot; then
					debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = &quot;key: mainsnak&quot;
					if type(val) == &quot;table&quot; then
						for kVal, vVal in pairs(val) do
							debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = tostring(kVal) .. &quot;: &quot; .. tostring(vVal)
						end
					else
						debugLog[#debugLog + 1] = tostring(val)
					end
				end
			end
			error(table.concat(debugLog, &quot;. &quot;))
		end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot; line start=710&gt;
		if v.mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'time' then
			local timestamp = v.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Pagina de previsualisation con iste patrono:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; line highlight=1 copy&gt;
Aristophanes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

# Clicca &lt;code&gt;Monstrar &lt;/code&gt;'''&lt;code&gt;previsualisation&lt;/code&gt;'''.

&lt;blockquote style=&quot;color:#bf3c2c;&quot;&gt;
Decesso	Error de Lua in Modulo:Wikidata al linea 708: propertyID: P570. key: mainsnak. snaktype: somevalue. 
property: P570. datatype: time (Classical Athens)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;code&gt;datatype: time&lt;/code&gt; existe in &lt;code&gt;Modulo:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[Modulo:WikidataIB|Wikidata'''IB''']]&lt;/code&gt;, ma non al position expectate in le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;.

# Claude le obsolete &lt;s&gt;[[Modulo:Wikidata]]&lt;/s&gt;, que remane '''non''' modificate.
{{collapse bottom}}

== Info ==
* Discoperi [{{fullurl:Special:Tote le paginas|namespace=828}} tote le modulos Lua]
* Le documentation pro le [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto|extension Scribunto]], que permitte tote isto.

[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Mantenentia]]</text>
      <sha1>rf3f83bj2yvdvtvo7sb48x9a2dfkxl1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catto salvage cretese</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704482</id>
      <parentid>585137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T06:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>restaura autopagina.</comment>
      <origin>704482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1356" sha1="ju8neztv4nhqhyg2f3pugxio1x0zdy5" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox/articulo/biota}}
{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|{{#property:P225}}|{{Italic title}}'''''{{PAGENAME}}'''''|Le '''{{lc:{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}''' {{#if:{{#property:P225}}|''({{#property:P225}})''|}}}} es un [[{{#if:{{#property:P105}}|{{#property:P105}} (rango taxonomic){{!}}{{#property:P105}}|taxon}}]]{{#ifeq:{{#property:P31}}|taxon fossile|&amp;#32;extincte}}{{#if:{{#property:P171}}|&amp;#32;de ''[[{{#property:P171}}]]''}}.{{#if:{{#property:P1672}}|&amp;#32;Illo produce {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1672|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}.}}
&lt;!-- Dele iste texto post le prime modification --&gt;
{{Notice|small=yes|Iste articulo pecietta ha essite [[Wikipedia:Autopagina|generate automaticamente]] a base de [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]]. Pro render le pagina modificabile, publica in [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} modo fonte] un prime version con iste linea: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Patrono:Autopagina/articulo/subclasse de biota|Autopagina/articulo/subclasse de biota]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; e retorna postea al modification.}}
[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Autopagina/articulo/subclasse de biota]]
&lt;!-- Fin de &quot;Dele iste texto post le prime modification&quot; --&gt;

{{#if:{{#property:P225|}}|{{#ifexist:Categoria:{{#property:P225}}|[[Categoria:{{#property:P225}}| ]]}}|{{#if:{{#property:P171}}|{{#ifexist:Categoria:{{#property:P171}}|[[Categoria:{{#property:P171}}]]}}|}}}}</text>
      <sha1>ju8neztv4nhqhyg2f3pugxio1x0zdy5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704483</id>
      <parentid>704482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T06:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>restaura autopagina.</comment>
      <origin>704483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="719" sha1="60cawb0ea8fnz3w9geygnyc35j4ojj6" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox/articulo/biota}}
{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|{{#property:P225}}|{{Italic title}}'''''{{PAGENAME}}'''''|Le '''{{lc:{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}''' {{#if:{{#property:P225}}|''({{#property:P225}})''|}}}} es un [[{{#if:{{#property:P105}}|{{#property:P105}} (rango taxonomic){{!}}{{#property:P105}}|taxon}}]]{{#ifeq:{{#property:P31}}|taxon fossile|&amp;#32;extincte}}{{#if:{{#property:P171}}|&amp;#32;de ''[[{{#property:P171}}]]''}}.{{#if:{{#property:P1672}}|&amp;#32;Illo produce {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1672|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}.}}

{{#if:{{#property:P225|}}|{{#ifexist:Categoria:{{#property:P225}}|[[Categoria:{{#property:P225}}| ]]}}|{{#if:{{#property:P171}}|{{#ifexist:Categoria:{{#property:P171}}|[[Categoria:{{#property:P171}}]]}}|}}}}</text>
      <sha1>60cawb0ea8fnz3w9geygnyc35j4ojj6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704487</id>
      <parentid>704483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-15T07:29:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>restaura autopagina; categoría; pecietta.</comment>
      <origin>704487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="197" sha1="lzhdlkisy0oinpqkbzetjep3gc0wf68" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox/articulo/biota}}
Le '''Catto salvage cretese''' es un [[subspecie]] (nomine scientific ''Felis silvestris cretensis'') del [[catto salvage]].

[[Categoria: Felidae]]
{{pecietta|biologia}}</text>
      <sha1>lzhdlkisy0oinpqkbzetjep3gc0wf68</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel del Pace</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>39418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704347</id>
      <parentid>699716</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:33:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>actualisar 2026.</comment>
      <origin>704347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12756" sha1="tq7flk0xg0cxah8ctsos673rsfkbz63" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Anno
!Persona o Organization
!Notitias
|-
| rowspan=2 |1901
|[[Jean Henri Dunant]] (Switza)
|[[Cruce Rubie]] e [[Convention de Geneva]].
|-
| [[Frédéric Passy]] (Francia)
|Arbitration inter nationes
|-
| 1902
| [[Élie Ducommun]] (Switza) e [[Charles Albert Gobat]]
|
|-
|1903
|[[Randal Cremer|Sir William Randal Cremer]] (Regno Unite)
| 
|-
| 1904
|Instituto de justitia international (Gent, Belgica)
|
|-
| 1905
| [[Bertha Sophie Felicitas Baronin von Suttner]] (Austria-Hungaria)
|
|-
| 1906
|[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (USA)
|Initiator del pace post le [[Guerra Russo-Japanese]].
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1907
| [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]] (Italia)
|
|-
| [[Louis Renault]] (France)
|Professor de justitia international
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1908
| [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]] (Svedia)
|Association svedese pro Pace e Arbitration
|-
| [[Fredrik Bajer]] (Danmark)
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1909
| [[Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert]] (Belgica)
|
|-
| [[Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant]] (Francia)
|
|-
| 1910
|Bureau International Permanente del Pace
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1911
| [[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] (Nederlandia)
|
|-
| [[Alfred Hermann Fried]] (Austria-Hungaria)
|Fundator del organisation ”Rende le Armas” [Die Waffen Nieder].
|-
| 1912 
| [[Elihu Root]] (SUA)
|
|-
| 1913
| [[Henri la Fontaine]] (Belgica)
|
|-
| 1914
| Inhibite a causa del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]
| 
|-
| 1915
| Inhibite a causa del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]
| 
|-
| 1916
| Inhibite a causa del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]
| 
|-
| 1917
|[[Cruce Rubie]], Geneva.
|
|-
| 1918
| Inhibite a causa del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]
|
|-
| 1919
|[[Woodrow Wilson]] (SUA)
| Pro le fundation del [[Societate del Nationes]]
|-
| 1920
|[[Leon Victor Auguste Bourgeois|Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois]] (Francia)
|Presidente del consilio del [[Societate del Nationes]].
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1921
|[[Hjalmar Branting]] (Sweden)
|Prime ministro de Svedia, delegato svedese del [[Societate del Nationes]]
|-
| [[Christian Lous Lange]] (Norvega)
|
|-
| 1922
|[[Fridtjof Nansen]] (Norvega)
|Delegato norvegian del [[Societate del Nationes]] , fundator del Passaporto Nansen pro refigiatos
|-
| 1923
| Inhibite
|
|-
| 1924
| Inhibite
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1925
|Sir [[Austen Chamberlain]] (Regno Unite) 
|
|-
| [[Charles Gates Dawes]] (SUA)
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1926
|[[Aristide Briand]] (Francia) 
|
|-
| [[Gustav Stresemann]] (Germania)
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1927
|[[Ferdinand Buisson]] (Francia)
|Fundator e presidente del [[Societate pro Derectos Human]]
|-
| [[Ludwig Quidde]] (Germania)
|
|-
| 1928
|Inhibite
|
|-
| 1929
|[[Frank B. Kellogg]] (USA)
|Pacto Kellogg-Briand
|-
| 1930
|Archiepiscopo svedese  [[Nathan Söderblom|Lars Olof Nathan (Jonathan) Söderblom]] 
|Dirigente del movimento ecumenic.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1931
|[[Jane Addams]] (SUA)
|
|-
| [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] (SUA)
| 
|-
| 1932
|Inhibite
|
|-
| 1933
|[[Norman Angell|Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)]] (Regno Unite)
|
|-
| 1934
|[[Arthur Henderson]] (Regno Unite)
|Conferentia de disarmamento
|-
| 1935
|[[Carl von Ossietzky]] (Germania)
|Pacifista
|-
| 1936
|[[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] (Argentina)
|Arbitrator inter [[Paraguay]] and [[Bolivia]]
|-
| 1937
|[[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood|The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood]]
|founder and president of the [[International Peace Campaign]].
|-
| 1938
|Nansen officio international pro  refugiatos
|
|-
| 1939
| Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
|
|-
| 1940
| Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
|
|-
| 1941
| Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
| 
|-
| 1942
| Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
| 
|-
| 1943
| Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
| 
|-
| 1944
|Comité international del Cruce Rubie (dispensate retroactivemente in 1945)
|
|-
| 1945
|[[Cordell Hull]] (SUA)
|Pro participation in le fundation del [[Nationes Unite]] (NU)
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1946
| [[Emily Greene Balch]] (SUA)
|
|-
| [[John Mott]] (USA)
|Presidente del Alliantia mundial de YMCA (Young Mens Christian Associations) (Association de Juvene Homines Christian)
|-
| 1947
|The [[Friends Service Council]] (UK) and The [[American Friends Service Committee]] (USA)
|Del parte del Quakers.
|-
| 1948
| Non dispensate
| Probabilemente intendite pro [[Mahatma Gandhi]] quei esseva assassinate.
|-
| 1949
| [[John Boyd Orr]] (Regno Unite)
|Director General de FAO[[Food and Agricultural Organization]] ,presidente de [[National Peace Council]], presidente de [[World Union of Peace Organizations]].
|-
| 1950
| [[Ralph Bunche]] (SUA)
|Pro mediation in [[Palestina]] (1948).
|-
| 1951
| [[Leon Jouhaux]] (Francia)
| 
|-
| 1952
|[[Albert Schweitzer]] (Germania)
|Fundator del [[Hospital Lambarene]] in [[Gabon]].
|-
| 1953
|Ministro del externe [[George Catlett Marshall]]
|Pro le [[Plano Marshall]]
|-
| 1954
| Le officio del Commissionario Supreme pro Refugiatos del Nationes Unite
|
|-
| 1955 
| Inhibite
|
|-
| 1956
| Inhibite
|
|-
| 1957
| [[Lester Bowles Pearson]] (Canada)
|Pro participation in le solution del [[Crise de Suez]]
|-
| 1958
| [[Georges Pire]] (Belgica)
|Pro su labor pro refugiatos
|-
| 1959
| [[Philip Noel-Baker]] (Regno Unite)
|Pro su labor continue pro pade e cooperation
|-
| 1960
|[[Albert Lutuli]] (Africa del Sud)
|Presidente del Congresso National African (African National Congress) (ANC) 
|-
| 1961
|[[Dag Hammarskjöld]] (Svedia)
|Secretario General del [[Nationes Unite]] (NU)  (dispensate posthumemente).
|-
| 1962
|[[Linus Pauling]] (SUA)
|Pro su lucta contra experimentos con [[arma nuclear|armas nuclear]].
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1963
|Comité International del [[Cruce Rubie]], Geneva
|
|-
| Alliantia del Societates del Cruce Rubie, Geneva
|
|-
| 1964
|[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] (SUA)
| Pro su campania pro derectos humanitari. [https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/laureates/1964]
|-
| 1965
|[[UNICEF|United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF)]]
|
|-
| 1966 
| Inhibite
|
|-
| 1967 
|Inhibite
|
|-
| 1968
|[[René Cassin]] (Francia)
|Presidente del [[Tribunal Europee de Derectos Human]]
|-
| 1969
|[[International Labour Organization]] (I.L.O.), Geneva.
|
|-
| 1970
| [[Norman Borlaug]] (SUA)
|Pro su recercas al Centro International de Meliorisation de Mais e Tritico (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center).
|-
| 1971
|Cancellero del Confederation [[Willy Brandt]] (Germania del West)
|Pro su nove attitude verso Germania del Est.
|-
| 1972
|Inhibite
|
|-
| 1973
|Ministro del externe [[Henry A. Kissinger]] (SUA) e previe ministro del externe [[Lê Ðức Thọ]] (Vietnam)
|Pro le accordo del pace in [[Vietnam]] 
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1974
| [[Seán MacBride]] (Irlanda)
|
|-
| [[Eisaku Sato]] (佐藤榮作) (Japan)
|prime ministro.
|-
| 1975
|[[Andrei Sakharov|Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov]] (USSR)
|Pro su lucta pro derectos human
|-
| 1976
|[[Betty Williams]] (Irlanda del Nord) e [[Mairead Corrigan]]
|fundatores del Movimento Pacific del [[Irlanda del Nord]] postea appellate Communitate de Pace del Populo
|-
| 1977
|[[Amnesty International]], London
|pro lor lucta contra tortura
|-
| 1978
|Presidente [[Anwar Sadat|Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat]] (Egypto) e  Prime Ministro [[Menachem Begin]] (Israel)
|pro lor negotios de pace inter [[Egypto]] e [[Israel]] .
|-
| 1979
|[[Mother Teresa]] (India)
|Pro su cruciada contra povressa
|-
| 1980
| [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]] (Argentina)
|derectos human
|-
| 1981
|Le Officio del Commissionario Supreme pro Refugiatos del [[Nationes Unite]]
|
|-
| 1982
|[[Alva Myrdal]] (Svedia) e [[Alfonso García Robles]] (Mexico)
|delegatos del Assamblea General pro Disarmamento del  [[Nationes Unite]] 
|-
| 1983
|[[Lech Wałęsa]] (Polonia)
|fundator del organisation [[Solidaritate]]
|-
| 1984
|Episcopo [[Desmond Tutu]] (Africa del Sud)
|Pro su labor contra [[apartheid]]
|-
| 1985
|[[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]], Boston
| Pro information del risicos con guerras nuclear
|-
| 1986
|[[Elie Wiesel]] (SUA)
|Lista de supervivite personas de [[Holocaust survivors|survivor]]
|-
| 1987
|[[Óscar Arias Sánchez]]  (Costa Rica)
|
|-
| 1988
|[[Nationes Unite]] [[United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces|Peace-Keeping Forces]].
| 
|-
| 1989
|[[Tenzin Gyatso]], [[Dalai Lama]] (Tibet).
|Pro su resistentia contra usage de [[violentia]] in le lucta pro libertate pro su populo.
|-
| 1990
| [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mikhail Sergeyevitch Gorbatchev]] (Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв) (USSR)
|&quot;
|-
| 1991
|[[Aung San Suu Kyi]] ([[Myanmar]])
|Pro su lucta paficic pro democratia e derectos human.
|-
| 1992
|[[Rigoberta Menchú]] ([[Guatemala]])
|Pro su labor pro le derectos human del populos indian.
|-
| 1993
|Le Presidente de [[ANC]], [[Nelson Mandela]] ([[Africa del Sud]]) e le presidente [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] ([[Africa del Sud]])
|Pro lor labor finir le regime [[apartheid]] in un maniera pacific
|-
| 1994
| Le presidente del PLO,  [[Yasser Arafat]] (ياسر عرفات) (Palestina), le Ministro del exterior  [[Shimon Peres]] (שמעון פרס) ([[Israel]]) e le Prime Ministro [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (יצחק רבין) (Israel)
|Pro lor effortios  crear pace in le Oriente Medie
|-
| 1995
| [[Joseph Rotblat]] (Polonia) e  le “Conferentia Pugwash de Scientia e Affaires Mundial” (Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs)
|Pro lor labor diminuer le significantia del armas nuclear
|-
| 1996
|[[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]] (Timor del Est) e [[José Ramos Horta]] (Timor del Est)
|Pro lor labor solver le conflicto in Timor del Est
|-
| 1997
|ICBL, Campania pro inhiber minas terrestre e [[Jody Williams]] (SUA)
|
|-
| 1998
|[[John Hume]] e [[David Trimble]] ([[Irlanda del Nord]], [[Regno Unite]]) 
|&quot;Awarded for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland&quot;
|-
| 1999
|[[Medicos sin frontieras]] (Medecins sans frontiers, Francia).
|
|-
| 2000
|Presidente [[Kim Dae Jung]] (김대중) ([[Corea del Sud]])
|Pro su labor pro reconciliation con Corea del Nord
|-
| 2001
|[[Nationes Unite]]e le Secretario General del NU, [[Kofi Annan]], ([[Ghana]])
|
|-
| 2002
|[[Jimmy Carter]] (USA) previe presidente del [[Statos Unite de America]]
|&quot;Pro effortios trovar solutiones pacific de conflictos international
|-
| 2003
|[[Shirin Ebadi]] (شيرين عبادي), ([[Iran]])
|Derectos human, specialmente derectos de feminas e infantes
|-
|2004
|[[Wangari Maathai]] ([[Kenya]])
|
|-
|2005
| [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) e [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] (محمد البرادعي)  ([[Egypto]])
|
|-
|2006
|[[Muhammad Yunus]] (মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস), ([[Bangladesh]]) e  [[Grameen Bank]] (গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক), ([[Bangladesh]])
|
|-
|2007
|[[Al Gore]]  (Statos Unite de America), e  [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC]]. (Nationes Unite)
|
|-
|2008
|[[Martti Ahtisaari]]  ([[Finlandia]])
|
|-
|2009
|[[Barack Obama]]  (Statos Unite de America)
|
|-
|2010   
|[[Liu Xiaobo]]. (China)[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/] (in anglese)
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011   
|[[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], Liberia
|
|-
|[[Leymah Gbowee]], Liberia,
|
|-
|[[Tawakkul Karman]], Yemen &lt;p&gt;[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/] (in anglese)
|
|-
|2012
|[[Union Europee]], (European Union)
|
|-
|2013
|[[Organisation pro le Prohibition de Armas Chimic]], (International)
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]] ([[India]])
|
|-
|[[Malala Yousafzai]] ([[Pakistan]])
|
|-
|2015
|[[Quartetto pro le Dialogo National Tunisian]] ([[Tunisia]])
|
|-
|2016
|[[Juan Manuel Santos]] ([[Colombia]])
|
|-
|2017
|[[Campania International pro Abolir Armas Nuclear]] (International)
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018
| [[Denis Mukwege]] ([[Republica Democratic del Congo]])
|
|-
|[[Nadia Murad]] ([[Irak]])
|
|-
|2019
|[[Abiy Ahmed]] ([[Ethiopia]])
|
|-
|2020
|[[Programma Alimentari Mundial]] ([[Nationes Unite]])
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021
| [[Maria Ressa]] ([[Philippinas]])
|
|-
|[[Dmitri Andreyevich Muratov]] ([[Russia]])
|
|-
|2022
|[[Ales Bialiatski]] ([[Bielorussia]]), [[Memorial]] ([[Russia]]), [[Centro pro Libertates Civil]] ([[Ukraina]])
|[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/summary/]
|-
|2023
|[[Narges Mohammadi]] ([[Iran]])
|[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2023/summary/]
|-
|2024
|[[Nihon Hidankyo]] ([[Japon]])
|[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2024/nihon-hidankyo/facts/]
|-
|2025
|[[Maria Corina Machado]] ([[Venezuela]])
|[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2025/machado/facts/]
|-
|2026
|[[Navi Pillay]] ([[Africa del Sud]])
|[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2026/pillay/facts/]
|}

[[Categoria:Premio Nobel del Pace]]
[[Categoria:Laureatos del Premio Nobel del Pace|~Appendice]]
[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Appendice]]</text>
      <sha1>tq7flk0xg0cxah8ctsos673rsfkbz63</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patrono:Historia de Europa per pais</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>45738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704443</id>
      <parentid>693828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:08:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>704443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2246" sha1="lccnfba7m90oxgfx7gopzp48zrg9os7" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox generic
| name = Historia de Europa per pais
| state = collapsed
| title =[[Historia de Europa]] 
| above =
| groupstyle = text-align:right;
| liststyle = text-align:left;

| group1 = Europa nord
| list1 = [[Historia de Irlanda|Irlanda]] •  [[Historia del Regno Unite|Regno Unite]] •  [[Historia de Islanda|Islanda]] •  [[Historia de Norvegia|Norvegia]] •  [[Historia de Svedia|Svedia]] •  [[Historia de Danmark|Danmark]] •  [[Historia de Finlandia|Finlandia]] •  [[Historia de Estonia|Estonia]] •  [[Historia de Lettonia|Lettonia]] •  [[Historia de Lituania|Lituania]]

| group2 = Europa nord-west
| list2 = [[Historia del Pais Basse|Pais Basse]] •  [[Historia de Belgica|Belgica]] •  [[Historia de Luxemburg|Luxemburg]] •  [[Historia de Germania|Germania]] •  [[Historia de Switza|Switza]] •  [[Historia de Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] •  [[Historia de Austria|Austria]] •  [[Historia de Francia|Francia]] •  [[Historia de Monaco|Monaco]]

| group3 = Europa nord-est
| list3 = [[Historia de Polonia|Polonia]] •  [[Historia del Republic Chec|Republica Chec]] •  [[Historia de Slovachia|Slovachia]] •  [[Historia de Hungaria|Hungaria]] •  [[Historia de Russia|Russia]] •  [[Historia de Bielorussia|Bielorussia]] •  [[Historia de Ukraina|Ukraina]] •  [[Historia de Moldova|Moldova]] •  [[Historia de Romania|Romania]] •  [[Historia de Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]

| group4 = Europa sud-west
| list4 = [[Historia de Portugal|Portugal]] •  [[Historia de Espania|Espania]] •  [[Historia de Andorra|Andorra]] •  [[Historia de Italia|Italia]] •  [[Historia de San Marino|San Marino]] •  [[Historia del Vaticano|Vaticano]] •  [[Historia de Malta|Malta]]

| group5 = Europa sud-est
| list5 = [[Historia de Slovenia|Slovenia]] •  [[Historia de Croatia|Croatia]] •  [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina|Bosnia e Herzegovina]] •  [[Historia de Serbia|Serbia]] •  [[Historia de Kosovo|Kosovo]] •  [[Historia de Montenegro|Montenegro]] •  [[Historia de Albania|Albania]] •  [[Historia de Macedonia|Macedonia]] •  [[Historia de Grecia|Grecia]] •  [[Historia de Turchia|Turchia]] •  [[Historia de Cypro‎|Cypro‎]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Categoria:Patronos de historia]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lccnfba7m90oxgfx7gopzp48zrg9os7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel de Economia</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>46164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704351</id>
      <parentid>699854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T13:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>actualisar 2026.</comment>
      <origin>704351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3812" sha1="m9i609dmxoui6w0not5p8ibac5sbrqz" xml:space="preserve">* [[2026]] [[Robert E. Hall]], [[Michael Woodford]] [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2026/summary/]
* [[2025]] [[Joel Mokyr]], [[Philippe Aghion]], [[Peter Howitt]] [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2025/summary/]
* [[2024]] [[Daron Acemoglu]], [[Simon Johnson]], [[James A. Robinson]] [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2024/summary/]
* [[2023]] [[Claudia Goldin]] [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/summary/]
* [[2022]] [[Ben S. Bernanke]], [[Douglas W. Diamond]], [[Philip H. Dybvig]]
* [[2021]] [[David Card]], [[Joshua D. Angrist]], [[Guido W. Imbens]]  &lt;br /&gt;
* [[2020]] [[Paul Milgrom]], [[Robert B. Wilson]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2019]] [[Abhijit Banerjee]], [[Esther Duflo]], [[Michael Kremer]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2018]] [[William D. Nordhaus]], [[Paul Romer]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2017]] [[Richard Thaler]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2016]] [[Oliver Hart]]
::	[[Bengt R. Holmström]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2015]]	[[Angus Deaton]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2014]]	[[Jean Tirole]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2013]]	[[Eugene F. Fama]] 	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Lars Peter Hansen]] 	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Robert J  Shiller]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2012]]	[[Alvin E. Roth]] 	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Lloyd S. Shapley]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2011]]	[[Thomas J. Sargent]] 	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Christopher A. Sims]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2010]]	[[Peter A. Diamond]]	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Dale T. Mortensen]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Christopher A. Pissarides]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2009]]	[[Elinor Ostrom]], 	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Oliver E. Williamson]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2008]]	[[Paul Krugman]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2007]]	[[Eric S Maskin]], 	 &lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Roger B Myerson]] &lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Leonid Hurwicz]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[2006]]	[[Edmund S. Phelps]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2005]]	[[Robert Aumann]],	 &lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Thomas Schelling]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2004]]	[[Finn E. Kydland]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Edward C. Prescott]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2003]]	[[Robert F. Engle]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Clive W.J. Granger]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2002]]	[[Daniel Kahneman]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Vernon L. Smith]]	 &lt;br /&gt;
* [[2001]]	[[George A. Akerlof]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[A. Michael Spence]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Joseph E Stiglitz]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[2000]]	[[James J. Heckman]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Daniel L. McFadden]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1999]]	[[Robert A. Mundell]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1998]]	[[Amartya Sen]]	 &lt;br /&gt;
* [[1997]]	[[Robert C. Merton]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Myron S. Scholes]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1996]]	[[James A. Mirrlees]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[William Vickrey]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1995]]	[[Robert E. Lucas Jr.]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1994]]	[[John C. Harsanyi]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[John F. Nash]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Reinhard Selten]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1993]]	[[Robert W. Fogel]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Douglass C. North]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1992]]	[[Gary S. Becker]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1991]]	[[Ronald H. Coase]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1990]]	[[Harry M. Markowitz]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Merton H. Miller]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[William F. Sharpe]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1989]]	[[Trygve Haavelmo]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1988]]	[[Maurice Allais]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1987]]	[[Robert M. Solow]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1986]]	[[James M. Buchanan]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1985]]	[[Franco Modigliani]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1984]]	[[Richard Stone]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1983]]	[[Gerard Debreu]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1982]]	[[George J. Stigler]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1981]]	[[James Tobin]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1980]]	[[Lawrence R. Klein]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1979]]	[[Theodore W. Schultz]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Arthur Lewis]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1978]]	[[Herbert A. Simon]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1977]]	[[Bertil Ohlin]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[James E. Meade]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1976]]	[[Milton Friedman]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1975]]	[[Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Tjalling C. Koopmans]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1974]]	[[Gunnar Myrdal]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Friedrich von Hayek]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1973]]	[[Wassily Leontief]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1972]]	[[John R. Hicks]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Kenneth J. Arrow]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1971]]	[[Simon Kuznets]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1970]]	[[Paul A. Samuelson]]	&lt;br /&gt;
* [[1969]]	[[Ragnar Frisch]],	&lt;br /&gt;
::	[[Jan Tinbergen]]	&lt;br /&gt;
[[Categoria:Premio Nobel de Economia]]
[[Categoria:Laureatos del Premio Nobel de Economia|~Appendice]]
[[Categoria:Wikipedia:Appendice]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guillermo Lasso</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704471</id>
      <parentid>702306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:03:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>704471</origin>
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      <text bytes="621" sha1="ktu82bzf832g6wk0dpbrlngeew7sjuj" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox/articulo/persona}}
'''Guillermo Santiago Lasso Mendoza''', melio cognoscite como '''Guillermo Lasso''' ([[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]] le [[16 de novembre]] [[1955]]&amp;nbsp;– ), es un politico [[Ecuador|ecuadorian]] qui es le 47&lt;sup&gt;te&lt;/sup&gt; e currente [[Presidente del Ecuador|presidente]] del [[Ecuador]] desde maio 2021. 

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Lenin Moreno]] |
|title=Presidente del&lt;br /&gt;[[Ecuador]]
|years=[[24 de maio]] [[2021]]– |
|after=non determinate
}}
{{end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lasso, Guillermo}}
[[Categoria:Gente ecuadorian]]
[[Categoria:Politicos]]
[[Categoria:Presidentes de Ecuador]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patrono:Historia de America</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>53508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704412</id>
      <parentid>682710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:37:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>704412</origin>
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      <text bytes="3003" sha1="ckfsvqzsxplhvc5h9lbs13skemxq85r" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
 | name        = Historia de America
 | state       = collapsed
 | title       = [[Historia de America]]
 | bodystyle   = text-align:center;
 | group1 = [[Historia de America del Nord|America del Nord]]
 | list1 = ''[[Historia de Bermuda|Bermuda]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Canada|Canada]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Groenlandia|Groenlandia]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Mexico|Mexico]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Sancte Petro e Miquelon|Sancte Petro e Miquelon]]''{{·}}[[Historia del Statos Unite de America|Statos Unite de America]]

 | group2 = [[Historia de America Central|America Central]]
 | list2 = [[Historia de Belize|Belize]]{{·}}[[Historia de Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]{{·}}[[Historia de El Salvador|El Salvador]]{{·}}[[Historia de Guatemala|Guatemala]]{{·}}[[Historia de Honduras|Honduras]]{{·}}[[Historia de Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]{{·}}[[Historia de Panama|Panama]]

 | group3 = [[Historia de America del Sud|America del Sud]]
 | list3 = [[Historia de Argentina|Argentina]]{{·}}[[Historia de Brasil|Brasil]]{{·}}[[Historia de Chile|Chile]]{{·}}[[Historia de Colombia|Colombia]]{{·}}[[Historia de Ecuador|Ecuador]]{{·}}''[[Historia del Insulas Falkland - Malvinas|Insulas Falkland/Malvinas]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Guyana|Guyana]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Guyana Francese|Guyana Francese]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Paraguay|Paraguay]]{{·}}[[Historia de Peru|Peru]]{{·}}[[Historia de Suriname|Suriname]]{{·}}[[Historia de Uruguay|Uruguay]]{{·}}[[Historia de Venezuela|Venezuela]]

 | group4 = [[Historia del Caribe|Caribe]]
 | list4 = ''[[Historia de Anguilla|Anguilla]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda|Antigua e Barbuda]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Aruba|Aruba]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Bahamas|Bahamas]]{{·}}[[Historia de Barbados|Barbados]]{{·}}''[[Historia del Insulas Cayman|Insulas Cayman]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Cuba|Cuba]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Curaçao|Curaçao]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Dominica|Dominica]]{{·}}[[Historia de Grenada|Grenada]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Haiti|Haiti]]{{·}}[[Historia de Jamaica|Jamaica]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Martinica|Martinica]]{{·}}[[Historia de Montserrat|Montserrat]]{{·}}[[Historia del Paises Basse Caribe|Paises Basse Caribe]]{{·}}[[Historia de Porto Rico|Porto Rico]]''{{·}}[[Historia del Republica Dominican|Republica Dominican]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Saint-Martin|Saint-Martin]]''{{·}}''[[Historia de Sancte Barthelemy|Sancte Barthelemy]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis|Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]{{·}}[[Historia de Sancte Lucia|Sancte Lucia]]{{·}}[[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas|Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]{{·}}''[[Historia de Sint Maarten|Sint Maarten]]''{{·}}[[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]]{{·}}''[[Historia del Insulas Turks e Caicos|Turks e Caicos]]{{·}}[[Historia del Insulas Virgine Britannic|Insulas Virgine Britannic]]{{·}}[[Historia del Insulas Virgine del SU|Insulas Virgine del SU]]''
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Categoria:Patronos de historia|{{PAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas</title>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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[[File:Georgia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Locator.png|Georgia_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_Locator|thumb]]
'''Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas{{linfo}}''', population 112.000, es un insula-nation in le [[Mar Caribe]]. 

Originalmente un parte del [[Regno Unite]], le insulas deveni independente 1979. Le governamento presente del nation es un monarchia constitutional. Le nation es un membro del [[Commonwealth]]. Le citate capital es [[Kingstown]], population 13.000, super le plus grande insula de [[Sancte Vincente]].

Circa 70% del habitantes del insulas es descendentes del sclavos african, le quales esseva apportate pro labor a grande fermas de sucro. Le sclavos esseva liberate 1834. 

Le economia principalmente es agricultural con bananas le recolta principal. Le economia al vices es influentiate per le vulcano [[Soufrière]] e huracanes.

==Referentias==

https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines

https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/st-vincent-and-grenadines

==Ligamine==

https://www.goc.vc</text>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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[[File:Georgia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Locator.png|Georgia_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_Locator|thumb]]
'''Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas{{linfo}}''', population 112.000, es un insula-nation in le [[Mar Caribe]]. 

Originalmente un parte del [[Regno Unite]], le insulas deveni independente 1979. Le governamento presente del nation es un monarchia constitutional. Le nation es un membro del [[Commonwealth]]. Le citate capital es [[Kingstown]], population 13.000, super le plus grande insula de [[Sancte Vincente]].

Circa 70% del habitantes del insulas es descendentes del sclavos african, le quales esseva apportate pro labor a grande fermas de sucro. Le sclavos esseva liberate 1834. 

Le economia principalmente es agricultural con bananas le recolta principal. Le economia al vices es influentiate per le vulcano [[Soufrière]] e huracanes.

==Referentias==

https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines

https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/st-vincent-and-grenadines

==Ligamine==

https://www.goc.vc

[[Category:Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]</text>
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      <id>704386</id>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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      <text bytes="1024" sha1="e3q67gz2rbkweytaxuc6g9qg2vgc5ul" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}}
'''Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas{{linfo}}''', population 112.000, es un insula-nation in le [[Mar Caribe]]. 

Originalmente un parte del [[Regno Unite]], le insulas deveni independente 1979. Le governamento presente del nation es un monarchia constitutional. Le nation es un membro del [[Commonwealth]]. Le citate capital es [[Kingstown]], population 13.000, super le plus grande insula de [[Sancte Vincente]].

Circa 70% del habitantes del insulas es descendentes del sclavos african, le quales esseva apportate pro labor a grande fermas de sucro. Le sclavos esseva liberate 1834. 

Le economia principalmente es agricultural con bananas le recolta principal. Le economia al vices es influentiate per le vulcano [[Soufrière]] e huracanes.

==Referentias==

https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines

https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/st-vincent-and-grenadines

==Ligamine==

https://www.goc.vc

[[Category:Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]</text>
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      <id>704387</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T15:56:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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      <text bytes="1048" sha1="ik96prn74gyfy3fk3suox1d3q1rwzzq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}}
'''Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas{{linfo}}''', population 112.000, es un insula-nation in le [[Mar Caribe]]. 

Originalmente un parte del [[Regno Unite]], le insulas deveni independente 1979. Le governamento presente del nation es un monarchia constitutional. Le nation es un membro del [[Commonwealth]]. Le citate capital es [[Kingstown]], population 13.000, super le plus grande insula de [[Sancte Vincente]].

Circa 70% del habitantes del insulas es descendentes del sclavos african, le quales esseva apportate pro labor a grande fermas de sucro. Le sclavos esseva liberate 1834. 

Le economia principalmente es agricultural con bananas le recolta principal. Le economia al vices es influentiate per le vulcano [[Soufrière]] e huracanes.

==Referentias==

https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines

https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/st-vincent-and-grenadines

==Ligamine==
* https://www.goc.vc

{{Paises de America}}

[[Category:Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alessandro Rinaldi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>60967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>704459</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pais de nascentia; ligar data de nascentia; ligar nationalitate; igar Reggio Emilia; orthographia: servi; capogruppo -&gt; capite de gruppo; laureava -&gt; graduava; citatin -.&gt; municipal; orthographia: mercatos; le assuntion de -&gt; ingagiar; defaultsort; categorias.</comment>
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'''Alessandro Rinaldi''' ([[Parma]], [[Italia]] le [[26 de februario]] [[1998]]&amp;nbsp;– ) es un politico [[Italia|italian]], membro del Lega Salvini Premier, e consiliero municipal del Municipalitate de [[Reggio Emilia]] desde 2019.

Desde 2024, ille servi como capite de gruppo del Lega in le consilio municipal, e desde 2022 ille es secretario municipal del partito in Reggio Emilia.

== Biographia ==
Nascite in Parma in 1998, Rinaldi se graduava in Derecto al Universitate de Modena e Reggio Emilia. Ille es practicante advocato e ha laborate tanto in litigios como in materias legal extrajudicial in Reggio Emilia.

== Carriera politic ==
Rinaldi esseva eligite consiliero municipal in 2019 pro le Lega Salvini Premier. In le consilio municipal, ille participa a plure commissiones, includente les de urbanismo, ambiente, cultura, sport, servicios social, budget, innovation, derectos human e le centro historic.

Desde 2024, ille es capite de gruppo del Lega in le consilio municipal, durante que desde 2022 ille servi como secretario municipal del partito, rolo in le qual ille ha promovite le expansion del Lega in le area de Reggio Emilia.

== Positiones e activitates public ==
Rinaldi ha prendite positiones controverse in plure occasiones. In 2021, ille esseva criticate pro un discurso in le consilio municipal concernente turismo LGBTQ+, durante que in 2025 ille se opponeva al rejection de un motion pro renominar un strata dedicate a Josip Broz Tito. Ille ha etiam exprimite criticas al decisiones del administration municipal concernente securitate urban, mercatos historic e proceduras pro ingagiar dirigentes municipal.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rinaldi, Alessandro}}
[[Categoria:Gente italian]]
[[Categoria:Politicos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dario Moretti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>60968</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>lligar data de nascentia; pais de nascentia; ligar nationalitate; defaultsort e categorías.</comment>
      <origin>704358</origin>
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      <text bytes="1671" sha1="573curpadk09khb60uqgol5yzxkggf6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/persona}}
'''Dario Moretti''' (le [[4 de augusto]] [[1983]], Carpi, [[Italia]]&amp;nbsp;– ) es un politico [[Italia|italian]] active in le administration local in le municipalitate de Rolo, in le [[provincia de Reggio Emilia]], ubi ille servi como consiliero municipal.

Ille es membro del partito politic Lega Salvini Premier.

=== Carriera politic ===
Moretti esseva eligite consiliero municipal de Rolo in le electiones local del 9 junio 2024, con su nomination officialmente effective a partir del 10 junio 2024. Ille sede in le Consilio Municipal de Rolo como membro de un lista de opposition originalmente associate con le gruppo civic Rolo Attiva.

In 2025, insimul con le consiliera Maria Cristina Camurri, ille promoveva le creation de un nove gruppo politic appellate ''Centrodestra per Rolo'' (centro-dextra pro Rolo). Secundo reportos de pressa, le initiativa esseva motivate per le desiro de dar major visibilitate e coherentia politic al presentia del centro-dextra in le politica local.

=== Controversias ===
In julio 2024, Moretti deveniva objecto de un controverse mediatic diffundite post haber publicate un video sur le social media con un imagine semblante a Benito Mussolini, create con spaghetti, accompaniate per le canto ''Faccetta nera''. Le publication esseva condividite como responsa a un initiativa municipal ligate a un cena antifascista a base de pasta. Le video provocava criticas ab le administration local e altere figuras politic, durante que Moretti defendeva le gesto como un provocation satiric contra tote le formas de dictatura.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moretti, Dario}}
[[Categoria:Gente italiana]]
[[Categoria:Politicos]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>704362</id>
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        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>orthographia:italian</comment>
      <origin>704362</origin>
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'''Dario Moretti''' (le [[4 de augusto]] [[1983]], Carpi, [[Italia]]&amp;nbsp;– ) es un politico [[Italia|italian]] active in le administration local in le municipalitate de Rolo, in le [[provincia de Reggio Emilia]], ubi ille servi como consiliero municipal.

Ille es membro del partito politic Lega Salvini Premier.

=== Carriera politic ===
Moretti esseva eligite consiliero municipal de Rolo in le electiones local del 9 junio 2024, con su nomination officialmente effective a partir del 10 junio 2024. Ille sede in le Consilio Municipal de Rolo como membro de un lista de opposition originalmente associate con le gruppo civic Rolo Attiva.

In 2025, insimul con le consiliera Maria Cristina Camurri, ille promoveva le creation de un nove gruppo politic appellate ''Centrodestra per Rolo'' (centro-dextra pro Rolo). Secundo reportos de pressa, le initiativa esseva motivate per le desiro de dar major visibilitate e coherentia politic al presentia del centro-dextra in le politica local.

=== Controversias ===
In julio 2024, Moretti deveniva objecto de un controverse mediatic diffundite post haber publicate un video sur le social media con un imagine semblante a Benito Mussolini, create con spaghetti, accompaniate per le canto ''Faccetta nera''. Le publication esseva condividite como responsa a un initiativa municipal ligate a un cena antifascista a base de pasta. Le video provocava criticas ab le administration local e altere figuras politic, durante que Moretti defendeva le gesto como un provocation satiric contra tote le formas de dictatura.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moretti, Dario}}
[[Categoria:Gente italian]]
[[Categoria:Politicos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usator:Interlingvisto</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>61141</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:10:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704333</origin>
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      <text bytes="20452" sha1="hjyhxmrnq2ocr7payp59s001pt9kh3c" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>hjyhxmrnq2ocr7payp59s001pt9kh3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704336</id>
      <parentid>704333</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:17:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20479" sha1="ds0pqq07aduyrghjkrgpuioh1nypqwy" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>ds0pqq07aduyrghjkrgpuioh1nypqwy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704339</id>
      <parentid>704336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:22:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20505" sha1="on9bejnuonzyhv4kzzdz445dq2duyng" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>on9bejnuonzyhv4kzzdz445dq2duyng</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704341</id>
      <parentid>704339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:26:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20533" sha1="iyby8mmaeasicyjfmplzpyj3dpumvnz" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>iyby8mmaeasicyjfmplzpyj3dpumvnz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704344</id>
      <parentid>704341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:31:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20569" sha1="nyinm0xnyia5jqweibqk3la54471fey" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>nyinm0xnyia5jqweibqk3la54471fey</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704350</id>
      <parentid>704344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T12:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20595" sha1="7d0oudk71y55pt2ysgwockn5ov7gtcl" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>7d0oudk71y55pt2ysgwockn5ov7gtcl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704354</id>
      <parentid>704350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T14:20:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20622" sha1="ihavy7pt4ygmoawsrhcto46igdautqo" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>ihavy7pt4ygmoawsrhcto46igdautqo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704357</id>
      <parentid>704354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T14:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20645" sha1="lzrykr2ua5tt0dwruu5ckfxv2enoptc" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>lzrykr2ua5tt0dwruu5ckfxv2enoptc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704361</id>
      <parentid>704357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T14:34:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20671" sha1="2uuvg1alppl7w80w31lnfcf952wgmqs" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>2uuvg1alppl7w80w31lnfcf952wgmqs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704365</id>
      <parentid>704361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T14:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20695" sha1="qr2ttrtv6gd0hlxoy9j63o9ddjthkq2" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>qr2ttrtv6gd0hlxoy9j63o9ddjthkq2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704368</id>
      <parentid>704365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T15:05:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20722" sha1="ceggmbhc82v7j8pywml1f89ty861tyt" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>ceggmbhc82v7j8pywml1f89ty861tyt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704371</id>
      <parentid>704368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T15:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20748" sha1="myw69um2ib5eybrnm47k295ss3vn5o3" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>myw69um2ib5eybrnm47k295ss3vn5o3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704391</id>
      <parentid>704371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T15:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20943" sha1="38vma3tbivagzgslyhi2ouh914fz8b0" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]
* [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
* [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>38vma3tbivagzgslyhi2ouh914fz8b0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704397</id>
      <parentid>704391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20969" sha1="s3ia7mt8o4kugbiz1j4gx7wkoajkgft" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]
* [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
* [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
* [[Historia de America]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>s3ia7mt8o4kugbiz1j4gx7wkoajkgft</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704400</id>
      <parentid>704397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:27:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21004" sha1="cpoy1ofnvh8dnr5x230d9r4wmznkzpg" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]
* [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
* [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
* [[Historia de America]]
* [[Historia de America del Nord]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>cpoy1ofnvh8dnr5x230d9r4wmznkzpg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704404</id>
      <parentid>704400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:30:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704404</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21038" sha1="q46s2rkv67vcqk47nxfpzjzcuglqq2d" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Chile]]
* [[Historia de Belize]]
* [[Historia de Guatemala]]
* [[Historia de Honduras]]
* [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
* [[Historia de El Salvador]]
* [[Historia de Panama]]
* [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
* [[Historia de Colombia]]
* [[Historia de Ecuador]]
* [[Historia de Guyana]]
* [[Historia de Paraguay]]
* [[Historia de Peru]]
* [[Historia de Suriname]]
* [[Historia de Uruguay]]
* [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]
* [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
* [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
* [[Historia de America]]
* [[Historia de America del Nord]]
* [[Historia de America Central]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>q46s2rkv67vcqk47nxfpzjzcuglqq2d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704407</id>
      <parentid>704404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21095" sha1="e4nx21sjspchol0j8fhvwzr941mwp62" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]
* [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
* [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="21107" sha1="7y9bwq5p461esmc7gjbevk9k00bjz4g" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
* [[Historia de Bahamas]]
* [[Historia de Barbados]]
* [[Historia de Cuba]]
* [[Historia de Grenada]]
* [[Historia de Haiti]]
* [[Historia de Dominica]]
* [[Historia de Jamaica]]
* [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
* [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
* [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>7y9bwq5p461esmc7gjbevk9k00bjz4g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704415</id>
      <parentid>704410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:57:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21146" sha1="9evl5y41hmszck0e34oqpgloe495ix5" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia del Caribe]]
** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
** [[Historia de Barbados]]
** [[Historia de Cuba]]
** [[Historia de Grenada]]
** [[Historia de Haiti]]
** [[Historia de Dominica]]
** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>9evl5y41hmszck0e34oqpgloe495ix5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704416</id>
      <parentid>704415</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T16:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704416</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21160" sha1="qawzd7urbnmncg52j40btn90i960sfr" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>qawzd7urbnmncg52j40btn90i960sfr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704428</id>
      <parentid>704416</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T17:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704428</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21186" sha1="7yac6veifgauxquq0vf8zjv0f4ntexz" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>7yac6veifgauxquq0vf8zjv0f4ntexz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704440</id>
      <parentid>704428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:06:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21212" sha1="drcl7e99gk6w9vuwvxo68g247d1ddin" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>drcl7e99gk6w9vuwvxo68g247d1ddin</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704445</id>
      <parentid>704440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21239" sha1="f8r6y591iaim125v8gw0dojckl5iwxf" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>f8r6y591iaim125v8gw0dojckl5iwxf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704448</id>
      <parentid>704445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:20:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21264" sha1="q2j0al28m6spdhihjldtr4zwja18jqt" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>q2j0al28m6spdhihjldtr4zwja18jqt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704452</id>
      <parentid>704448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:36:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21292" sha1="1949k5gn1jrv61xgqb5kjzsyxyj2pjs" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>1949k5gn1jrv61xgqb5kjzsyxyj2pjs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704455</id>
      <parentid>704452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:42:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21318" sha1="pbgdhjk8vnzkrad0tbl83lb5zpd7pco" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>pbgdhjk8vnzkrad0tbl83lb5zpd7pco</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704463</id>
      <parentid>704455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:49:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21345" sha1="hi0eyyi7mz8n13n910r9tw7lx56d42f" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>hi0eyyi7mz8n13n910r9tw7lx56d42f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704468</id>
      <parentid>704463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T19:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Historia */</comment>
      <origin>704468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21372" sha1="473dpdzue1zvcry2zfy2p4gzojfr8mg" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>473dpdzue1zvcry2zfy2p4gzojfr8mg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704473</id>
      <parentid>704468</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:09:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Espania */</comment>
      <origin>704473</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21406" sha1="7a6rwmlcx3oh7xalo3vh7qiqavlc01r" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== Ecuador ==
* [[Alianza PAIS]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>7a6rwmlcx3oh7xalo3vh7qiqavlc01r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704474</id>
      <parentid>704473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:10:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ecuador */</comment>
      <origin>704474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21408" sha1="k3o5v08uz55kdm09nk16wal5vlytacd" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographico National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Alianza PAIS]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>k3o5v08uz55kdm09nk16wal5vlytacd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704475</id>
      <parentid>704474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>704475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21407" sha1="fwyfp7uuizhsbjo1lx7ym7945e93ap0" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Alianza PAIS]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>fwyfp7uuizhsbjo1lx7ym7945e93ap0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704476</id>
      <parentid>704475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:14:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ecuador */</comment>
      <origin>704476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21424" sha1="2zv8al3ekrfkvzjovqsv6davw5fv4uu" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Alianza PAIS]]
* [[Pachakutik]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>2zv8al3ekrfkvzjovqsv6davw5fv4uu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704477</id>
      <parentid>704476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:14:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alteres */</comment>
      <origin>704477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21366" sha1="a8r8ljfdhkm7bybnfm8rfvms853rjr6" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Alianza PAIS]]
* [[Pachakutik]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>a8r8ljfdhkm7bybnfm8rfvms853rjr6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704478</id>
      <parentid>704477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ecuador */</comment>
      <origin>704478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21424" sha1="8jv3rcrgthbu516klohqt6uxj8fb5b9" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Alianza PAIS]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Pachakutik]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>8jv3rcrgthbu516klohqt6uxj8fb5b9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>704481</id>
      <parentid>704478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-14T20:19:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Biographias */</comment>
      <origin>704481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21443" sha1="goweqsblv0yxsbyo8y8fvazdrana6qu" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center&quot;
!Io prende ferias.
|}
Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
=== Biographias ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Mónica Palacios]]
* [[Viviana Veloz]]
* [[Christophoro Columbo]]
* [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]
* [[Bashar al-Assad]]
* [[Erika Vélez]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[Alena Buyx]]
* [[Mariano Rajoy]]
* [[Paola Cabezas]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Navi Pillay]]
* [[Antonio García-Trevijano]]
* [[Valeria Racu]]
* [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Espania ===
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Historia de Espania
** [[Transition espaniol]]
** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]]
** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]]
** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
** [[Disastro del Prestige]]
** [[Nunca Máis]]
** [[Movimento 15-M]]
** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]]
** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Geografía de España
** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]]
** [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
** [[Extremadura]]
** [[Ceuta]]
** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
** [[Melilla]]
** Fluvios
*** [[Fluvio Ebro]]
*** [[Fluvio Duero]]
*** [[Fluvio Guadiana]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[IESE Business School]]
* [[Real Instituto Elcano]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Foro Ermua]]
* [[Delcygate]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Economia de Espania]]
** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]]
** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]]
** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]]
** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]]
** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
** Architectura
*** [[Palatio del Senato]]
*** [[Palatio del Cortes]]
*** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Organismos Public del Investigation]]
* [[Organismo public (Espania)]]
* [[SITEL]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Ministerio]]
** [[Ministerio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]]
** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]]
** [[Regal Decreto]]
** [[Lege organic (Espania)]]
** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]]
** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]]
** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]]
*** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]]
** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
*** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
*** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
*** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
*** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]]
*** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex; gap:40px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* Ministerios
** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]]
** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]]
** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]]
** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]]
** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]]
** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]]
** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]]
** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]]
** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]]
** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]]
** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]]
** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]]
*** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]]
**** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]]
*** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]]
*** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]]
*** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]]
*** [[Fortias special]]
*** [[Unitate tactic policial]]
**** [[Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]]
***** [[Unitate Central Operative]]
**** [[Corpore National de Policia]]
**** [[Commando de Operationes Special]]
**** [[Direction General del Policia]]
**** [[Director adjuncte operative]]
***** Commissariatos general
****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Information]]
****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]]
***** Unitates e gruppos
****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]]
****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]]
****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]]
****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]]
****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]]
****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]]
****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]]
****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]]
****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]]
****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]]
****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]]
****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]]
****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]]
****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]]
***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]]
****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]]
******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]]
**** [[Policia local de Espania]]
**** [[Policia autonomic]]
***** [[Ertzaintza]]
***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]]
***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]
***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]]
**** [[TEDAX]]
*** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]
**** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]]
**** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]]
***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]]
***** [[Legion Espaniol]]
***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]]
**** [[Marina espaniol]]
***** [[Stato Major del Marina]]
****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]]
**** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]]
*** [[Consilio de Defensa National]]
*** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]]
*** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]]
*** [[Lege de Securitate National]]
*** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]]
**** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;&quot;&gt;
* [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]]
** [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]]
**** [[Direction General de Stratas]]
**** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]]
**** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]]
**** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]]
**** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]]
**** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]]
*** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]]
*** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]]
*** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]]
*** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]]
** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Education]]
** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]]
* [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]]
*** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]]
**** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]]
**** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]]
**** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]]
* [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]]
* [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]]
** [[Advocato General del Stato]]
** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]]
* [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]]
** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]]
** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]]
* [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]]
* [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]]
** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]]
** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]]
* [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]]
** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]]
** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Ecuador ===
* [[Alianza PAIS]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Pachakutik]]

=== Francia ===
* [[Turre Eiffel]]
* [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]]
* [[Panthéon]]
* [[Opera Garnier]]
* [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]]
* [[Lutetia]]
* [[Palatio del Louvre]]
* [[Sainte-Chapelle]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]]
* [[Campo de Marte]]
* [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]]
* [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]]
* [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]]
* [[Palatio Bourbon]]
* [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]]
* [[Archivos public in Francia]]
* [[Fortias Armate Francese]]

=== Germania ===
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]]

=== Israel ===
* [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]]

=== Italia ===
* [[Regno Longobarde]]
* [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]]
* [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]]
* [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]]
* [[Republicas maritime]]
* [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]]
* [[Guerras de Italia]]
* [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]]
* [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Italia meridional]]
* [[Colonialismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Historia del fascismo italian]]
* [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]]
* [[Italia central]]
* [[Italia insular]]
* [[Mezzogiorno]]
* [[Relievo de Italia]]
* [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]]

=== Portugal ===
* [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]]
* [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]]
* [[Contato Portucalense]]
* [[Medievo in Portugal]]
* [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]]

=== Statos Unite ===
* Historia
** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]]
* Fortias Armate del Statos Unite
** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]]
* [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]]

=== Sancte Sede ===
* [[Curia Roman]]
* [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]]
* [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]]

=== Medicina e sanitate ===
* [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]]
* [[Recession del COVID-19]]

=== Scientia e technologia ===
* [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]]

==== Intelligentia artificial ====
* [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]]
* [[Intelligentia artificial generative]]
* [[Apprendimento profunde]]
* [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]]

==== Biologia ====
* [[Hippopotamidae]]

==== Chimia ====
* [[Isotopos del germanium]]
* [[Isotopos del lanthano]]
* [[Isotopos del nickel]]
* [[Isotopos del cobalt]]
* [[Isotopos del indium]]
* [[Isotopos del lithium]]
* [[Isotopos del krypton]]
* [[Isotopos del natrium]]
* [[Isotopos del sulfure]]
* [[Isotopos del gallium]]
* [[Isotopos del yttrium]]
* [[Isotopos del niobium]]
* [[Isotopos del rhodium]]
* [[Isotopos del cesium]]
* [[Isotopos del samarium]]
* [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]]
* [[Isotopos del gadolinium]]
* [[Isotopos del chromium]]
* [[Isotopos del selenium]]
* [[Isotopos del scandium]]
* [[Isotopos del titanium]]
* [[Isotopos del rubidium]]
* [[Isotopos del silicium]]
* [[Isotopos del manganese]]
* [[Isotopos del magnesium]]
* [[Isotopos del radium]]
* [[Isotopos del phosphoro]]
* [[Isotopos del strontium]]
* [[Ununennium]]

=== Historia ===
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Constantinopole]]
* [[Guerras de religion in Europa]]
* [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]]
* [[Contrareforma]]
* [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]]
* [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]]
* [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]]
** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]]
* [[Guerra civil yemenita]]
** [[Huthi]]
*** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]]
** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]]
* [[Gruppo Wagner]]
* [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]]
* [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]]
** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]]
*** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]]
*** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]]
*** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]]
*** [[Prime Intifada]]
*** [[Secunde Intifada]]
*** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]]
*** [[Guerra de Gaza]]
* [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]]
** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
*** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
** [[Guerra de Irak]]
** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]]
** [[Stato Islamic]]
*** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]]
* [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]]
** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]]
** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]]
** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]]
** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]]
*** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]]
* [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]]
* [[Revolution Gloriose]]
* [[Guerra civil syrie]]
* [[Congresso de Vienna]]
* [[Crise del euro]]
* [[Guerra contra le drogas]]
** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]]
*** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]]
* [[Historia de America]]
** [[Historia de America del Nord]]
** [[Historia de America Central]]
*** [[Historia de Belize]]
*** [[Historia de Guatemala]]
*** [[Historia de Honduras]]
*** [[Historia de Nicaragua]]
*** [[Historia de El Salvador]]
*** [[Historia de Panama]]
*** [[Historia de Costa Rica]]
** [[Historia del Caribe]]
*** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]]
*** [[Historia de Bahamas]]
*** [[Historia de Barbados]]
*** [[Historia de Cuba]]
*** [[Historia de Grenada]]
*** [[Historia de Haiti]]
*** [[Historia de Dominica]]
*** [[Historia de Jamaica]]
*** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]]
*** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
*** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]]
** [[Historia de America del Sud]]
*** [[Historia de Chile]]
*** [[Historia de Colombia]]
*** [[Historia de Ecuador]]
*** [[Historia de Guyana]]
*** [[Historia de Paraguay]]
*** [[Historia de Peru]]
*** [[Historia de Suriname]]
*** [[Historia de Uruguay]]
*** [[Historia de Venezuela]]
* [[Historia de Danmark]]
* [[Historia de Islanda]]
* [[Historia de Norvegia]]
* [[Historia de Svedia]]
* [[Historia de Finlandia]]
* [[Historia de Estonia]]
* [[Historia de Lettonia]]
* [[Historia de Lituania]]

=== Philosophia ===
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Platonismo]]
* [[Neoplatonismo]]

=== Religion ===
* [[Mandeismo]]
** [[Ginza Rabba]]
* [[Jesus in le manicheismo]]

=== Geographia ===
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* Espania
** Madrid
*** [[Complexo Cuzco]]
* [[Rif]]
* [[Fluvio Tago]]
* [[Iberoamerica]]

=== Meliorate ===
* [[San Marino]]
* [[8 (numero)]]
* [[5 (numero)]]
* [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]]
* [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]]
* [[Gaetano Mercurio]]
* [[Consonante palatal]]
* [[Societate cooperative europee]]
* [[Unbitrium]]
* [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]

=== Alteres ===
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Reschke Fernsehen]]
* [[ELIZA]]
* [[Effecto ELIZA]]
* [[Cyclo de Krebs]]
* [[Mitochondrion]]
* [[Nucleolo]]
* [[Basilica]]
* [[Bulla immobiliari]]
* [[Camino]]
* [[Precio del allogiamento]]
* [[Traffico de influentias]]
* [[Privacitate]]
** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]]
** [[PRISM]]
** [[Surveliantia massive]]
* [[Information classificate]]
* [[CETME]]
* [[Unitate militar]]
* [[Separation de poteres]]
* [[Palestinos]]
* [[Disoccupation technologic]]
* [[Marina]]
* [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]]
* [[Combatto]]
* [[Conflicto]]
* Ethica
** [[Vengiantia]]
* [[Mantello]]
* [[Lingua artificial]]

== Altere ==
* Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos.

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
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  <page>
    <title>Instituto Geographic National (Espania)</title>
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      <text bytes="19445" sha1="lt4ugovncng6b1f8ox1kyl9onefbbio" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Instituto Geographic National''' (IGN) es le principal institution scientific e technic del [[Stato espaniol]] in le campos del [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[astronomia]], [[cartographia]], [[topographia]], [[observation del territorio]] e [[information geographic]]. Administrative, le IGN es organisate como le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Le IGN es responsabile del production e maintenance de importante datos geographic official e del observation scientific del territorio e del ambiente geophysic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le denomination Instituto Geographic National es usate desde 1977. Le institution esseva fundate le 12 de septembre 1870 como Instituto Geographic, dependente administrative del Direction de Statistica del Ministerio de Fomento, con libertate technic pro exequer su competentias scientific. Le prime missiones includeva le determination del forma e dimensiones del Terra, le triangulationes geodesic e topographic, le nivelationes de precision, le cartographia e le conservation del tipos international de pesos e mesuras. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Instituto Geographic esseva create in 1870 como un institution technic destinate al mesuration scientific del territorio espaniol. Inter su missiones original se trovava le geodesia, le topographia, le cartographia, le catastro e le systema official de pesos e mesuras. Le institution habeva un importantia crescente in le construction del systema cartographic national e in le introduction de technicas scientific moderne in le description del territorio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1873, le Instituto esseva transformate in le Instituto Geographic e Statistic, deveniente un centro directiv independente. Durante le fin del seculo i9 e le prime parte del seculo 20, le denomination del institution cambiava plure vices, includente Instituto Geographic e Catastral e Instituto Geographic, Catastral e Statistico. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1922 esseva ponite le prime petra del sede central actual del institution in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero de Madrid. Le construction comenciava in 1924 e esseva completate in 1930. Le edificio es de stilo neomudejar simplificate e ha essite declarate Bien de Interesse Cultural con categoria de monumento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1965, le IGN publicava le prime Atlas National de Espania, un opera que esseva continuate e perfectionate durante le decennios sequente. Le Atlas presenta informationes super le territorio, le geographia physic e human e altere aspectos del pais e representa un del principal productos cartographic del institution. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desde 1977, le institution porta le actual denomination de Instituto Geographic National. Su areas de activitate se expandava progressivemente con le disveloppamento del geophysica, astronomia, observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection e technologia digital. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1989 esseva create le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) como organismo autonome. Su mission original esseva producer, disveloppate e distribuer le productos e publicationes geographic demandate per le societate, includente le commercialisation de productos producite per le Direction General del IGN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo, Estatuto del Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, le CNIG assumeva tamben le planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania e le harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, le IGN celebrava su 150e anniversario. Le institution describeva su evolution desde le mesuration del forma del Terra, le cartographia e le catastro usque al moderne technicas de astronomia, geodesia, geophysica, cartographia, geomatica e observation del territorio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/resources/150-aniversario/index.html |titulo=150 aniversario del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021 esseva approbate le actual Statuto del CNIG per le Real Decreto 310/2021. Le organismo es un organismo autonome con personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion, attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position institutional ==
Le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa forma parte del nivello superior del administration interne del Ministerio, con le [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Secretariato General Technic]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN ha un character multiscientific. Su activitate combina le observation scientific del Terra e del spatio con le production de information geographic official utilisate per le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere usatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Astronomia e geodesia ==
Le Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia es responsabile del areas scientific ligate al astronomia, al geodesia e al observation del Terra. Illa gere le instrumentes e infrastructuras astronomic del IGN e le infrastructuras proprie pro radioastronomia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN opera le Observatorio de Yebes, un installation scientific technic singular importante pro le radioastronomia, le geodesia spatial e le geodynamica. Le institution participa etiam al observation del parametros geodynamic del Terra per le Red Atlantic de Stationes Geodynamic e Spatial (RAEGE), integrate al Systema de Observation Geodesic Global. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN gere le redes geodesic e gravimetric national, le rede de nivelation de alte precision e le rede de mareografos que contribue al quadro de referentia geodesic espaniol. Le datos es utilisate in navigation, posicionamento, cartographia e mobilitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geophysica e sistemas de alerta ==
Le IGN coordina le Plan National de Vigilantia Sismica, Vulcanologic e de altere Phenomenos Geophysic. Illo gere le sistemas de detection, communication e alerta concernente le terremotos, maremotos e activitate volcanic in le territorio espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN participa al redes international de seismologia e de alerta de tsunami. Illo actualisa le Mapa National de Periculositate Sismica e prepara informes technic relative al regulation del construction sismoresistente. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution exerce tamben functiones in le campo del vulcanologia, includente le surveillance del activitate volcanic e le determination del periculos associate, sia in Espania continental e insular que in le entorno del bases espaniol in Antarctica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN es tamben responsabile del observation del campo magnetic terrestre e del sequentia del perturbationes geomagnetic provocate per le activitate solar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cartographia e observation del territorio ==
Le Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio es incaricate del planification e execution de programas national de observation e digitalisation del territorio con applicationes cartographic. Illa utiliza sistemas aeroespacial de fotogrammetria e teledetection e produce imagines digital, nubes de punctos altimetric e modelos digital del elevation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN produce e actualisa le bases de datos del Information Geographic de Referentia concernente al topographia, le redes e infrastructuras de transporto, le elementos hydrographic, le entidades de population e le occupation del solo. Le institution integra tamben modelos BIM in le bases national de geoinformation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN programma le Plan Cartographic National e produce e actualisa le bases topographic e cartographic national utilisate pro le Mapa Topographic National e altere productos cartographic. Illo produce tamben e actualisa le Atlas National de Espania e presta assistentia technic al organismos public in materia de cartographia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Systema Cartographic National ==
Le IGN forni supporto technic e operative al Systema Cartographic National, specialmente per medio del Equipamento Geographic de Referentia National. Le institution gere le Registro Central de Cartographia e participa al elaboration e actualisation del Nomenclator Geographic National, basate super le toponymia official. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN es etiam incaricate de elaborar informes pericial super le limites jurisdictional municipal quando iste function es requirite in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. Le Secretaria General del IGN exerce parte de iste competentias per le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Information geographic e CNIG ==
Le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) es un organismo autonome attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Direction General del IGN defini le quadro strategic commun pro se mesme e pro le CNIG e coordina functionalmente lor servicios central e peripheral e lor projectos national e international. Le Director General del IGN es tamben Presidente del CNIG. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le CNIG contribue al planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania, al harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official e al disveloppamento de servicios de valor addite e nove applicationes in materia de information geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio scientific e documental ==
Le IGN gere su fondos historic, cartographic e documental, su fondos bibliographic, su collection de instrumentes e le altere patrimonio historic del institution. Illo promove tamben le cognoscentia public de iste patrimonio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sede historic del IGN in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero, 3, Madrid conserva le relation inter le institution e su historia scientific. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1924 e 1930 e es protegite como monumento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Seceretariato General, responsabile del patrimonio historic, le coordination strategic con le CNIG, le budget, le administration, le servicios commun e le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic.
* Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia, incaricate del astronomia, radioastronomia, geodesia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica.
* Subdirection General de Vigilantia, Alerta e Studios Geophysic, responsabile del surveillance sismologic, vulcanologic e geomagnetic, del sistemas de alerta e del studios geophysic.
* Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio, incaricate del observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection, cartographia e bases national de datos geographic.

Le CNIG es un organismo autonome attachate al IGN e exerce su functiones secundo su Statuto, in le quadro strategic definite per le Direction General. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN dispone tamben de Servicios Regionales, que supporta le activitates del CNIG e del IGN in le territorio. Illos depende organicamente del Ministerio competente in materia de Administration Territorial, ma functionalmente de le Direction General del IGN per le materias que illos exerce in su nomine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Direction actual ==
Le actual Directora General del Instituto Geographic National es Laura Barbas Calvo. Le sito official del IGN la identifica etiam como Presidente del CNIG, Vicepresidente del Consilio Superior Geographic e Presidente del Commission National de Astronomia e del Commission Espaniol de Geodesia e Geophysica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le activitate administrative recente del IGN confirma iste titularitate: un anuncio del BOE de 11 de martio 2026 esseva firmate per Laura Barbas Calvo como Directora General del Instituto Geographic National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-8438 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le administrationes public ==
Le information geographic producite per le IGN servi como referentia official pro le Administration General del Stato e pro le altere administrationes public. Le institution collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e le organismos international in le production, harmonisation e utilisation del information geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN participa tamben in le organos international e del Union Europee relative al politicas de information geospatial, in representation de Espania, sin pregiudicio del participation de altere organos del Ministerio o de altere departamentos del Governamento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Organismos public de investigation de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Cartografia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Directiones General de Spania|Instituto Geographic]]
[[Categoria:Organisationes cartographic]]</text>
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Le '''Instituto Geographic National''' (IGN) es le principal institution scientific e technic del [[Stato espaniol]] in le campos del [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[astronomia]], [[cartographia]], [[topographia]], [[observation del territorio]] e [[information geographic]]. Administrative, le IGN es organisate como le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Le IGN es responsabile del production e maintenance de importante datos geographic official e del observation scientific del territorio e del ambiente geophysic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le denomination Instituto Geographic National es usate desde 1977. Le institution esseva fundate le 12 de septembre 1870 como Instituto Geographic, dependente administrative del Direction de Statistica del Ministerio de Fomento, con libertate technic pro exequer su competentias scientific. Le prime missiones includeva le determination del forma e dimensiones del Terra, le triangulationes geodesic e topographic, le nivelationes de precision, le cartographia e le conservation del tipos international de pesos e mesuras. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Instituto Geographic esseva create in 1870 como un institution technic destinate al mesuration scientific del territorio espaniol. Inter su missiones original se trovava le geodesia, le topographia, le cartographia, le catastro e le systema official de pesos e mesuras. Le institution habeva un importantia crescente in le construction del systema cartographic national e in le introduction de technicas scientific moderne in le description del territorio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1873, le Instituto esseva transformate in le Instituto Geographic e Statistic, deveniente un centro directiv independente. Durante le fin del seculo i9 e le prime parte del seculo 20, le denomination del institution cambiava plure vices, includente Instituto Geographic e Catastral e Instituto Geographic, Catastral e Statistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1922 esseva ponite le prime petra del sede central actual del institution in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero de Madrid. Le construction comenciava in 1924 e esseva completate in 1930. Le edificio es de stilo neomudejar simplificate e ha essite declarate Bien de Interesse Cultural con categoria de monumento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1965, le IGN publicava le prime Atlas National de Espania, un opera que esseva continuate e perfectionate durante le decennios sequente. Le Atlas presenta informationes super le territorio, le geographia physic e human e altere aspectos del pais e representa un del principal productos cartographic del institution. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desde 1977, le institution porta le actual denomination de Instituto Geographic National. Su areas de activitate se expandava progressivemente con le disveloppamento del geophysica, astronomia, observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection e technologia digital. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1989 esseva create le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) como organismo autonome. Su mission original esseva producer, disveloppate e distribuer le productos e publicationes geographic demandate per le societate, includente le commercialisation de productos producite per le Direction General del IGN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo, Estatuto del Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, le CNIG assumeva tamben le planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania e le harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, le IGN celebrava su 150e anniversario. Le institution describeva su evolution desde le mesuration del forma del Terra, le cartographia e le catastro usque al moderne technicas de astronomia, geodesia, geophysica, cartographia, geomatica e observation del territorio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/resources/150-aniversario/index.html |titulo=150 aniversario del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021 esseva approbate le actual Statuto del CNIG per le Real Decreto 310/2021. Le organismo es un organismo autonome con personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion, attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position institutional ==
Le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa forma parte del nivello superior del administration interne del Ministerio, con le [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Secretariato General Technic]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN ha un character multiscientific. Su activitate combina le observation scientific del Terra e del spatio con le production de information geographic official utilisate per le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere usatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Astronomia e geodesia ==
Le Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia es responsabile del areas scientific ligate al astronomia, al geodesia e al observation del Terra. Illa gere le instrumentes e infrastructuras astronomic del IGN e le infrastructuras proprie pro radioastronomia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN opera le Observatorio de Yebes, un installation scientific technic singular importante pro le radioastronomia, le geodesia spatial e le geodynamica. Le institution participa etiam al observation del parametros geodynamic del Terra per le Red Atlantic de Stationes Geodynamic e Spatial (RAEGE), integrate al Systema de Observation Geodesic Global. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN gere le redes geodesic e gravimetric national, le rede de nivelation de alte precision e le rede de mareografos que contribue al quadro de referentia geodesic espaniol. Le datos es utilisate in navigation, posicionamento, cartographia e mobilitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geophysica e sistemas de alerta ==
Le IGN coordina le Plan National de Vigilantia Sismica, Vulcanologic e de altere Phenomenos Geophysic. Illo gere le sistemas de detection, communication e alerta concernente le terremotos, maremotos e activitate volcanic in le territorio espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN participa al redes international de seismologia e de alerta de tsunami. Illo actualisa le Mapa National de Periculositate Sismica e prepara informes technic relative al regulation del construction sismoresistente. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution exerce tamben functiones in le campo del vulcanologia, includente le surveillance del activitate volcanic e le determination del periculos associate, sia in Espania continental e insular que in le entorno del bases espaniol in Antarctica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN es tamben responsabile del observation del campo magnetic terrestre e del sequentia del perturbationes geomagnetic provocate per le activitate solar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cartographia e observation del territorio ==
Le Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio es incaricate del planification e execution de programas national de observation e digitalisation del territorio con applicationes cartographic. Illa utiliza sistemas aeroespacial de fotogrammetria e teledetection e produce imagines digital, nubes de punctos altimetric e modelos digital del elevation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN produce e actualisa le bases de datos del Information Geographic de Referentia concernente al topographia, le redes e infrastructuras de transporto, le elementos hydrographic, le entidades de population e le occupation del solo. Le institution integra tamben modelos BIM in le bases national de geoinformation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN programma le Plan Cartographic National e produce e actualisa le bases topographic e cartographic national utilisate pro le Mapa Topographic National e altere productos cartographic. Illo produce tamben e actualisa le Atlas National de Espania e presta assistentia technic al organismos public in materia de cartographia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Systema Cartographic National ==
Le IGN forni supporto technic e operative al Systema Cartographic National, specialmente per medio del Equipamento Geographic de Referentia National. Le institution gere le Registro Central de Cartographia e participa al elaboration e actualisation del Nomenclator Geographic National, basate super le toponymia official. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN es etiam incaricate de elaborar informes pericial super le limites jurisdictional municipal quando iste function es requirite in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. Le Secretaria General del IGN exerce parte de iste competentias per le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Information geographic e CNIG ==
Le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) es un organismo autonome attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Direction General del IGN defini le quadro strategic commun pro se mesme e pro le CNIG e coordina functionalmente lor servicios central e peripheral e lor projectos national e international. Le Director General del IGN es tamben Presidente del CNIG. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le CNIG contribue al planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania, al harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official e al disveloppamento de servicios de valor addite e nove applicationes in materia de information geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio scientific e documental ==
Le IGN gere su fondos historic, cartographic e documental, su fondos bibliographic, su collection de instrumentes e le altere patrimonio historic del institution. Illo promove tamben le cognoscentia public de iste patrimonio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sede historic del IGN in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero, 3, Madrid conserva le relation inter le institution e su historia scientific. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1924 e 1930 e es protegite como monumento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Seceretariato General, responsabile del patrimonio historic, le coordination strategic con le CNIG, le budget, le administration, le servicios commun e le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic.
* Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia, incaricate del astronomia, radioastronomia, geodesia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica.
* Subdirection General de Vigilantia, Alerta e Studios Geophysic, responsabile del surveillance sismologic, vulcanologic e geomagnetic, del sistemas de alerta e del studios geophysic.
* Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio, incaricate del observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection, cartographia e bases national de datos geographic.

Le CNIG es un organismo autonome attachate al IGN e exerce su functiones secundo su Statuto, in le quadro strategic definite per le Direction General. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN dispone tamben de Servicios Regionales, que supporta le activitates del CNIG e del IGN in le territorio. Illos depende organicamente del Ministerio competente in materia de Administration Territorial, ma functionalmente de le Direction General del IGN per le materias que illos exerce in su nomine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Direction actual ==
Le actual Directora General del Instituto Geographic National es Laura Barbas Calvo. Le sito official del IGN la identifica etiam como Presidente del CNIG, Vicepresidente del Consilio Superior Geographic e Presidente del Commission National de Astronomia e del Commission Espaniol de Geodesia e Geophysica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le activitate administrative recente del IGN confirma iste titularitate: un anuncio del BOE de 11 de martio 2026 esseva firmate per Laura Barbas Calvo como Directora General del Instituto Geographic National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-8438 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le administrationes public ==
Le information geographic producite per le IGN servi como referentia official pro le Administration General del Stato e pro le altere administrationes public. Le institution collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e le organismos international in le production, harmonisation e utilisation del information geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN participa tamben in le organos international e del Union Europee relative al politicas de information geospatial, in representation de Espania, sin pregiudicio del participation de altere organos del Ministerio o de altere departamentos del Governamento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Organismos public de investigation de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Cartografia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Directiones General de Spania|Instituto Geographic]]
[[Categoria:Organisationes cartographic]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19444" sha1="syrinriuoem2bgixmz792wzu1aa0dvq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Instituto Geographic National''' (IGN) es le principal institution scientific e technic del [[Stato espaniol]] in le campos del [[geodesia]], [[geophysica]], [[astronomia]], [[cartographia]], [[topographia]], [[observation del territorio]] e [[information geographic]]. Administrative, le IGN es organisate como le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National, un organo directiv del [[Ministerio de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] dependente del [[Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]]. Le IGN es responsabile del production e maintenance de importante datos geographic official e del observation scientific del territorio e del ambiente geophysic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le denomination Instituto Geographic National es usate desde 1977. Le institution esseva fundate le 12 de septembre 1870 como Instituto Geographic, dependente administrative del Direction de Statistica del Ministerio de Fomento, con libertate technic pro exequer su competentias scientific. Le prime missiones includeva le determination del forma e dimensiones del Terra, le triangulationes geodesic e topographic, le nivelationes de precision, le cartographia e le conservation del tipos international de pesos e mesuras. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Instituto Geographic esseva create in 1870 como un institution technic destinate al mesuration scientific del territorio espaniol. Inter su missiones original se trovava le geodesia, le topographia, le cartographia, le catastro e le systema official de pesos e mesuras. Le institution habeva un importantia crescente in le construction del systema cartographic national e in le introduction de technicas scientific moderne in le description del territorio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1873, le Instituto esseva transformate in le Instituto Geographic e Statistic, deveniente un centro directiv independente. Durante le fin del seculo i9 e le prime parte del seculo 20, le denomination del institution cambiava plure vices, includente Instituto Geographic e Catastral e Instituto Geographic, Catastral e Statistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1922 esseva ponite le prime petra del sede central actual del institution in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero de Madrid. Le construction comenciava in 1924 e esseva completate in 1930. Le edificio es de stilo neomudejar simplificate e ha essite declarate Bien de Interesse Cultural con categoria de monumento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1965, le IGN publicava le prime Atlas National de Espania, un opera que esseva continuate e perfectionate durante le decennios sequente. Le Atlas presenta informationes super le territorio, le geographia physic e human e altere aspectos del pais e representa un del principal productos cartographic del institution. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desde 1977, le institution porta le actual denomination de Instituto Geographic National. Su areas de activitate se expandava progressivemente con le disveloppamento del geophysica, astronomia, observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection e technologia digital. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/qsm-nuestra-historia |titulo=Nuestra historia |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1989 esseva create le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) como organismo autonome. Su mission original esseva producer, disveloppate e distribuer le productos e publicationes geographic demandate per le societate, includente le commercialisation de productos producite per le Direction General del IGN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo, Estatuto del Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, le CNIG assumeva tamben le planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania e le harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2020, le IGN celebrava su 150e anniversario. Le institution describeva su evolution desde le mesuration del forma del Terra, le cartographia e le catastro usque al moderne technicas de astronomia, geodesia, geophysica, cartographia, geomatica e observation del territorio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/resources/150-aniversario/index.html |titulo=150 aniversario del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021 esseva approbate le actual Statuto del CNIG per le Real Decreto 310/2021. Le organismo es un organismo autonome con personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion, attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position institutional ==
Le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National depende del Subsecretariato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile. Illa forma parte del nivello superior del administration interne del Ministerio, con le [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]], le [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] e le [[Secretariato General Technic]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, de 12 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN ha un character multiscientific. Su activitate combina le observation scientific del Terra e del spatio con le production de information geographic official utilisate per le Administration General del Stato, le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e altere usatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Astronomia e geodesia ==
Le Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia es responsabile del areas scientific ligate al astronomia, al geodesia e al observation del Terra. Illa gere le instrumentes e infrastructuras astronomic del IGN e le infrastructuras proprie pro radioastronomia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN opera le Observatorio de Yebes, un installation scientific technic singular importante pro le radioastronomia, le geodesia spatial e le geodynamica. Le institution participa etiam al observation del parametros geodynamic del Terra per le Red Atlantic de Stationes Geodynamic e Spatial (RAEGE), integrate al Systema de Observation Geodesic Global. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN gere le redes geodesic e gravimetric national, le rede de nivelation de alte precision e le rede de mareografos que contribue al quadro de referentia geodesic espaniol. Le datos es utilisate in navigation, posicionamento, cartographia e mobilitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geophysica e sistemas de alerta ==
Le IGN coordina le Plan National de Vigilantia Sismica, Vulcanologic e de altere Phenomenos Geophysic. Illo gere le sistemas de detection, communication e alerta concernente le terremotos, maremotos e activitate volcanic in le territorio espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN participa al redes international de seismologia e de alerta de tsunami. Illo actualisa le Mapa National de Periculositate Sismica e prepara informes technic relative al regulation del construction sismoresistente. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution exerce tamben functiones in le campo del vulcanologia, includente le surveillance del activitate volcanic e le determination del periculos associate, sia in Espania continental e insular que in le entorno del bases espaniol in Antarctica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN es tamben responsabile del observation del campo magnetic terrestre e del sequentia del perturbationes geomagnetic provocate per le activitate solar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cartographia e observation del territorio ==
Le Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio es incaricate del planification e execution de programas national de observation e digitalisation del territorio con applicationes cartographic. Illa utiliza sistemas aeroespacial de fotogrammetria e teledetection e produce imagines digital, nubes de punctos altimetric e modelos digital del elevation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN produce e actualisa le bases de datos del Information Geographic de Referentia concernente al topographia, le redes e infrastructuras de transporto, le elementos hydrographic, le entidades de population e le occupation del solo. Le institution integra tamben modelos BIM in le bases national de geoinformation. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN programma le Plan Cartographic National e produce e actualisa le bases topographic e cartographic national utilisate pro le Mapa Topographic National e altere productos cartographic. Illo produce tamben e actualisa le Atlas National de Espania e presta assistentia technic al organismos public in materia de cartographia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Systema Cartographic National ==
Le IGN forni supporto technic e operative al Systema Cartographic National, specialmente per medio del Equipamento Geographic de Referentia National. Le institution gere le Registro Central de Cartographia e participa al elaboration e actualisation del Nomenclator Geographic National, basate super le toponymia official. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN es etiam incaricate de elaborar informes pericial super le limites jurisdictional municipal quando iste function es requirite in le quadro del Systema Cartographic National. Le Secretaria General del IGN exerce parte de iste competentias per le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Information geographic e CNIG ==
Le Centro National de Information Geographic (CNIG) es un organismo autonome attachate al Ministerio per medio del Direction General del IGN. Illo ha personalitate juridic public distincte, patrimonio e tesoreria proprie e autonomia de gestion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Direction General del IGN defini le quadro strategic commun pro se mesme e pro le CNIG e coordina functionalmente lor servicios central e peripheral e lor projectos national e international. Le Director General del IGN es tamben Presidente del CNIG. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le CNIG contribue al planification e gestion del Infrastructure de Information Geographic de Espania, al harmonisation e normalisation del information geographic official e al disveloppamento de servicios de valor addite e nove applicationes in materia de information geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/05/04/310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 310/2021, de 4 de mayo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio scientific e documental ==
Le IGN gere su fondos historic, cartographic e documental, su fondos bibliographic, su collection de instrumentes e le altere patrimonio historic del institution. Illo promove tamben le cognoscentia public de iste patrimonio. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sede historic del IGN in le calle General Ibáñez de Ibero, 3, Madrid conserva le relation inter le institution e su historia scientific. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1924 e 1930 e es protegite como monumento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/visitas-ign |titulo=Visitas al Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le structura vigente, le Direction General del Instituto Geographic National es integrate per quatro organos con rango de subdirection general: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Seceretariato General, responsabile del patrimonio historic, le coordination strategic con le CNIG, le budget, le administration, le servicios commun e le Secretaria Technic del Consilio Superior Geographic.
* Subdirection General de Astronomia e Geodesia, incaricate del astronomia, radioastronomia, geodesia, geodesia spatial e geodynamica.
* Subdirection General de Vigilantia, Alerta e Studios Geophysic, responsabile del surveillance sismologic, vulcanologic e geomagnetic, del sistemas de alerta e del studios geophysic.
* Subdirection General de Cartographia e Observation del Territorio, incaricate del observation del territorio, fotogrammetria, teledetection, cartographia e bases national de datos geographic.

Le CNIG es un organismo autonome attachate al IGN e exerce su functiones secundo su Statuto, in le quadro strategic definite per le Direction General. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN dispone tamben de Servicios Regionales, que supporta le activitates del CNIG e del IGN in le territorio. Illos depende organicamente del Ministerio competente in materia de Administration Territorial, ma functionalmente de le Direction General del IGN per le materias que illos exerce in su nomine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Direction actual ==
Le actual Directora General del Instituto Geographic National es Laura Barbas Calvo. Le sito official del IGN la identifica etiam como Presidente del CNIG, Vicepresidente del Consilio Superior Geographic e Presidente del Commission National de Astronomia e del Commission Espaniol de Geodesia e Geophysica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le activitate administrative recente del IGN confirma iste titularitate: un anuncio del BOE de 11 de martio 2026 esseva firmate per Laura Barbas Calvo como Directora General del Instituto Geographic National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-8438 |titulo=Anuncio de licitación de la Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico Nacional |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le administrationes public ==
Le information geographic producite per le IGN servi como referentia official pro le Administration General del Stato e pro le altere administrationes public. Le institution collabora con le Communitates Autonome, le administrationes local e le organismos international in le production, harmonisation e utilisation del information geographic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ign/portal/qsm-estructura-funciones |titulo=Estructura y funciones |sitioweb=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le IGN participa tamben in le organos international e del Union Europee relative al politicas de information geospatial, in representation de Espania, sin pregiudicio del participation de altere organos del Ministerio o de altere departamentos del Governamento. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/03/12/253/con |titulo=Real Decreto 253/2024, articulo 16 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=1 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Organismos public de investigation de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Cartografia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Fomento (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Institutiones e organismos con sede in Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Directiones General de Spania|Instituto Geographic]]
[[Categoria:Organisationes cartographic]]</text>
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    <title>Categoria:Historia de America Central</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Peru''' comprende le evolution del societates que habitava le territorio peruvian desde le prime settlementes human usque al presente. Le territorio ha essite le sede de civilitates ancian, inter illas le [[civilisation de Caral]], le cultura Chavín, le societates Moche e Nazca e le [[Imperio Inca]]. Durante le seculo XVI, le expansion del Imperio Espaniol conduceva al conquista del territorio e al creation del Vicere...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Peru''' comprende le evolution del societates que habitava le territorio peruvian desde le prime settlementes human usque al presente. Le territorio ha essite le sede de civilitates ancian, inter illas le [[civilisation de Caral]], le cultura Chavín, le societates Moche e Nazca e le [[Imperio Inca]]. Durante le seculo XVI, le expansion del Imperio Espaniol conduceva al conquista del territorio e al creation del [[Vicereame del Peru]], que deveniva un del principal centros politic e economic del America colonial.

Le independentia, proclamate in 1821 e consolidate militarmente in 1824, marca le initio del periodo republicano. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, le pais experimentava crises economic, conflictos territorial, reformas social, periodos de governamento militar e transformationes democratic. Le historia contemporanee es etiam marcate per le conflicto armate interne del annos 1980–2000, le crisi institutional e le successive transformationes del systema politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-rumania/informes-publicaciones/1335160-etapas-historicas-del-peru |titulo=Etapas históricas del Perú |sitioweb=Embajada del Perú en Rumania, Gobierno del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://zonacaral.gob.pe/es/la-civilizacion-caral/ |titulo=La Civilización Caral |sitioweb=Zona Arqueológica Caral |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Poblation prehistoric e prime societates ==
Le habitation human del actual territorio peruvian comenciava milles de annos ante le apparition del prime civilitates. Le prime grupos human viveva principalmente del cassa, del pisca e del recolta de recursos natural. Illes se adaptava a ambientes multo differente: le costa desertic, le valles fluvial, le montanias del [[Cordillera del Andes]] e le regiones del Amazonia.

Le evolution del agricultura, le domesticacion de plantas e animales e le establimento de communitates sedentari transformava progressivemente le organisation social. Le cultivation de plantas como le patata, le mais e altere species adaptate al ambientes local contribueva al stabilisation de communitates e al disveloppamento de redes de intercambio.

Le societates del costa e del montanias disveloppava technicas de irrigation, construction, ceramica, textileria e laboration de metallos. Le combination de agricultura, exploitation del recursos marin e commercio inter regiones permitteva le formation de settlementes plus grande e de structuras politic e religiose complexe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://zonacaral.gob.pe/es/la-civilizacion-caral/ |titulo=La Civilización Caral |sitioweb=Zona Arqueológica Caral |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Civilisation de Caral ==
Le civilisation de Caral, etiam cognoscite como civilisation de Caral-Supe o Norte Chico, se disveloppava in le costa central del Peru circa 3000–1800 ante nostre era. Su principal centro esseva le citate de Caral, situate in le valle de Supe, in le actual region de Lima.

Caral es considerate un del plus ancian centros de civilisation de America. Su habitantes construiva edificios monumental, plazas circular, complexos ceremonial e settlementes planificate. Le societate disponeva de un economia que combinava le agricultura con le exploitation del recursos marin e le intercambio de productos inter le costa, le montanias e le regiones interior.

Le organisation del territorio requireva cooperation inter le communitates e un forma de direction capabile de coordinar le construction de grandes edificios e le activitates ceremonial. Le vestigios archaeologic indica etiam cognoscentias in architectura, observation astronomic e administration del recursos.

Caral non esseva un imperio comparable al posterior Imperio Inca, ma un conjunto de centros e communitates interconnectite per relationes economic e cultural. Su patrimonio es importante pro comprender le prime formas de organisation urban in le Andes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://zonacaral.gob.pe/es/la-civilizacion-caral/ |titulo=La Civilización Caral: el nacimiento de la civilización en América |sitioweb=Zona Arqueológica Caral |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culturas preinca ==
Post le periodo de Caral, plure culturas regional se disveloppava in le costa, le montanias e le altiplano. Illas non formava un sol stato, ma establiva redes de intercambio e, in certe periodos, exerceva influentia super territorios extensive.

=== Cultura Chavín ===
Le cultura Chavín, disveloppate principalmente durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, habeva un importante centro ceremonial in [[Chavín de Huántar]], in le actual region de Áncash. Su arte e su iconographia religiose se diffundeva in plure partes del Andes.

Le complexos ceremonial, le sculpturas e le objectos ritual indica le existentia de redes de relationes cultural e religiose que superava le limites de un sol valle.

=== Culturas Moche e Nazca ===
Le cultura Moche se disveloppava principalmente in le costa nord del Peru durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Illa es cognoscite pro su ceramica figurative, su metalurgia e su grandes complexos architectural, includente le Huacas del Sol e de la Luna.

In le costa sud, le cultura Nazca disveloppava un tradition artistic recognoscibile per su ceramica policrome e su textileria. Le lineas e figuras de Nazca, designate sur le superficie del deserto, constitue un del vestigios plus cognoscite de iste cultura.

=== Cultura Wari e regno Chimú ===
Le cultura Wari, con centro in le actual region de Ayacucho, establiva durante plure seculos un rete de centros administrative e settlementes in partes del Andes. Su organisation e su infrastructuras habeva un importantia in le evolution del politicas regional ante le expansion inca.

In le costa nord, le regno Chimú disveloppava su principal centro in [[Chan Chan]], un grande citate construite principalmente de adobe. Le Chimú organisava le agricultura con systemas de irrigation e possedeva un economia basate sur le production artisanal, le pisca e le commercio.

Iste culturas constitueva parte del patrimonio cultural e technic super le qual se disveloppava ulteriormente le civilisation inca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-rumania/informes-publicaciones/1335160-etapas-historicas-del-peru |titulo=Etapas históricas del Perú |sitioweb=Embajada del Perú en Rumania, Gobierno del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imperio Inca ==
Le Imperio Inca, cognoscite in quechua como Tawantinsuyu, deveniva durante le seculos XV e initio del XVI le principal stato de America del Sud. Su centro politic e ceremonial esseva [[Cusco]], in le montanias del sud del Peru.

Le expansion inca se accelerava durante le regno de [[Pachacútec]], qui es generalmente associate al transformation del regno de Cusco in un imperio territorial. Su successores, inter illes [[Túpac Inca Yupanqui]] e [[Huayna Cápac]], extendeva le dominio inca verso partes del actual Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina e Colombia.

Le imperio disponeva de un organisation administrative hierarchic. Le territorio esseva dividite in quatro grandes regiones, que corresponde al nomine Tawantinsuyu. Le autoridades organisava le tributos, le labores public e le distribution de recursos, mentre que le [[ayllu]] —un communitate de parentela e de relationes territorial— conservava un rolo central in le organisation social.

Le Incas construiva un extensive rete de vias, pontes, depositos e centros administrative. Le agricultura se basava sur systemas de irrigation e terraces que permitteva cultivar in ambientes montaniose. Le administration empleava etiam le [[quipu]], un systema de cordas e nodos usate pro registrar informationes numeric e administrative.

Le religion inca attribueva un importantia particular al sol, cognoscite como Inti, e al relationes con le paisage, le montanias e le ancestres. Le cultura inca integrava traditiones local in le organisation imperial, ben que le expansion potesse etiam implicar guerra, relocation de populationes e imposition de obligationes al communitates subjugate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-rumania/informes-publicaciones/1335160-etapas-historicas-del-peru |titulo=Etapas históricas del Perú |sitioweb=Embajada del Perú en Rumania, Gobierno del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conquista espaniol ==
=== Arrivata del europeos ===
Le prime expeditiones espaniol al costa del Peru occurreva durante le decennio de 1520. [[Francisco Pizarro]] e su socios organisava expeditiones que conduceva al contacto con le Imperio Inca durante un periodo de conflicto interne.

Post le morte de [[Huayna Cápac]], le imperio esseva dividite per un guerra de succession inter su filios [[Atahualpa]] e [[Huáscar]]. Iste conflicto debilitava le autoritate imperial e facilitava le progressos del expedition espaniol.

Le 16 de novembre 1532, Pizarro e su companiones capturava Atahualpa in le citate de [[Cajamarca]]. Le captura del imperator esseva un momento decisive del conquista. Atahualpa esseva ulteriormente executate in 1533.

Le espanioles e lor alliatos local marchava verso Cusco, que esseva occupate in 1533. Nonobstante, le conquista non esseva immediate ni completemente stabilite: plure communitates continuava a resister al domination espaniol.

=== Resistentia inca ===
[[Manco Inca Yupanqui]], initialmente installate como governator per le espanioles, se rebellava in 1536 e organisava un grande assedio de Cusco. Post le retirada de su fortias, ille establiva un centro de resistentia in [[Vilcabamba]], ubi le stato inca independente superviveva usque a 1572.

Le captura e execution de [[Túpac Amaru I]] in 1572 marcava le fin del ultime grande centro politic del resistentia inca independente. Tamen, le traditiones, le linguas e le formas de organisation social del populationes andin continuava a influentiar le societate durante le periodo colonial e usque al presente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/exploring-the-early-americas/pizarro-and-the-incas.html |titulo=Pizarro and the Incas |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vicereame del Peru ==
Le [[Vicereame del Peru]] esseva create per le Corona espaniol in 1542. Lima, fundate per Pizarro in 1535 como Ciudad de los Reyes, deveniva le principal centro administrative del vicereame e un del citates plus importante de America espaniol.

Le vicereame inicialmente comprendeva un territorio immense in America del Sud, ma su extension esseva gradualmente reducite per le creation de altere vicereames e capitanias general. Le administration colonial esseva organisate per medio del vicerege, le audientias, le governamentos local e le institutiones ecclesiastic.

Le economia colonial se basava in parte super le extraction de metallos, le agricultura, le commercio e le labor del population indigena. Le systemas de labor obligatori, includente le mita, esseva usate in certe sectores, specialmente in le industria minier. Le exploitation del mineras de [[Potosí]], situate in le actual Bolivia e alora in le spatio economic del vicereame, habeva un rolo importante in le economia colonial sudamerican.

Le societate esseva multietnic e hierarchic. Le populationes indigena remaneva majoritari in numerose regiones, dum que le colonisation introduceva populationes europee e africane, includente personas africane deportate e sclavisate. Le interaction inter iste grupos produceva nove formas cultural, linguistic e religiose, assi como conflictos concernente le terra, le tributos e le labor.

Le Ecclesia catholic habeva un rolo central in le education, le organisation social e le conversion religiose. Le credentias indigena non dispareva, ma interageva con le catholicismo in formas diverse de sincretismo religiose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-rumania/informes-publicaciones/1335160-etapas-historicas-del-peru |titulo=Etapas históricas del Perú |sitioweb=Embajada del Perú en Rumania, Gobierno del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rebelliones e crise del regime colonial ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, le reformas administrative e fiscal del monarchia borbonic augmentava le controlo del Corona super le colonias. Le reformas provocava opposition in differente sectores del societate, includente le populationes indigena e certe grupos de proprietarios e commerciantes.

Le rebellion de Túpac Amaru II, comenciate in 1780, esseva un del plus importante insurrectiones contra le autoritate colonial in le Andes. Túpac Amaru II, cuje nomine de nascentia esseva José Gabriel Condorcanqui, denunciava le abusos del autoridades, le labor obligatori e le cargas fiscal. Le rebellion se extendeva a diverse regiones, ma esseva reprimite per le fortias colonial. Túpac Amaru II esseva capturate e executate in 1781.

Le insurrection non conduceva directemente al independentia, ma deveniva un referentia importante in le memoria politic del Peru e in le historia del resistentia indigena contra le domination colonial.

== Independentia ==
=== Crise del monarchia espaniol ===
Le invasion napoleonic de Espania in 1808 e le crise del monarchia provocava un serie de rebelliones e movimentos autonomista in America espaniol. In le Peru, le autoritates viceregal conservava durante plure annos un position forte, e Lima remaneva un centro importante del administration royalista.

Le independentia peruvian se disveloppava in un contexto regional. Expeditiones veniente de [[Chile]] e del [[Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata]] cercava a finir le dominio espaniol in le sud del continente.

=== San Martín e le declaration de independentia ===
Le general [[José de San Martín]] arrivava al costa peruvian in 1820 con un expedition militar. Post le negotiationes e le retirada del autoritates royalista de Lima, le independentia esseva proclamate le 28 de julio 1821.

Le declaration non significava le fin immediate del guerra. Le fortias royalista conservava positiones importante in le Andes, e le nove stato debeva organisar su administration e obtener le recognition de su independentia.

=== Bolívar e le fin del guerra ===
In 1823–1824, [[Simón Bolívar]] assumeva un rolo central in le campania militar final contra le royalistas. Le victoria patriotic in le [[battalia de Junín]] in augusto 1824 esseva sequite per le [[battalia de Ayacucho]] le 9 de decembre 1824, ubi le fortias commandate per [[Antonio José de Sucre]] obteneva un victoria decisive.

Le capitulation royalista in Ayacucho marcava le fin del principal fortias espaniol organisate in America continental. Le nove republica tamen continuava a enfrentar problemas economic, conflictos politic e difficultates pro consolidar su institutiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-rumania/informes-publicaciones/1335160-etapas-historicas-del-peru |titulo=Etapas históricas del Perú |sitioweb=Embajada del Perú en Rumania, Gobierno del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime annos del Republica ==
Post le independentia, le Peru debeva crear un systema de governamento e definir le relationes inter le autoritate central e le regiones. Le politica esseva marcate per rivalitates inter militares e civiles, successiones rapide de governamentos e conflictos super le forma del stato.

Le economia esseva debilitite per le guerra e per le interruption de plure circuites commercial. Le institutiones republicane esseva fragil, e le presidentes militar exerceva frequentemente un influentia importante in le vita politic.

In le decennios sequente, le pais experimentava periodos de instabilitate, conflictos interne e debattes super le centralisation del poter. Le relationes con Bolivia e le altere paises vicin habeva tamben un importantia crescente.

== Confederation Peru-Bolivian ==
Inter 1836 e 1839, le Peru e Bolivia esseva reunite temporarimente in le Confederation Peru-Bolivian, sub le direction del general bolivian [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]. Le confederation esseva concepite como un structura politic e economic que reuniva le stato bolivian e duo estados peruvian.

Le projecto incontrava opposition interne e externe. Le guerra contra le fortias oppositor e le intervention de Chile e de grupos peruvian anti-confederation conduceva al dissolution del confederation post le battalia de Yungay in 1839.

Le dissolution restaurava duo statos separate, ma le debattito super le relationes economic e politic inter Peru e Bolivia continuava durante le seculo XIX.

== Guano e transformation economic ==
Durante le medietate del seculo XIX, le exportation de guano, un fertilisante natural extrahite principalmente de insulas del costa, generava importantes ingresos pro le stato peruvian. Le demanda international de guano permitteva al governamento de financiar infrastructuras e servicios e de restructurar parte del debita public.

Le prosperitate esseva tamen dependente de un producto specific e le distribution del beneficios esseva unequal. Le labor in le production e exportation includeva personas de conditiones diverse, inter illos laboratores chinese contractate in conditiones frequentemente abusive.

Durante iste periodo, le governamento de [[Ramón Castilla]] aboliva le sclavitude in 1854 e supprimiva le tributo indigena. Le reformas esseva importante in le evolution juridic del republica, ben que le inegalitates social e economic remaneva profundemente radicate.

Le ingresos del guano permitteva etiam le construction de ferrovias e le expansion de certe servicios public. Tamen, le debita e le dependentia al exportation de materias prime rendeva le economia vulnerabile al cambiamentos del mercato international.

== Guerra del Pacifico ==
Le Guerra del Pacifico comenciava in 1879 e opponeva Chile contra le alliantia de Peru e Bolivia. Le conflicto habeva origines in disputas super le limites territorial e le interesses economic ligate al nitratos e altere recursos del deserto costal.

Le fortias chileni obteneva successos militar e occupava Lima in 1881. Le guerra continuava con resistentia peruvian in le Andes e terminava, pro le major parte del conflicto inter Chile e Peru, con le Tractato de Ancón de 1883.

Le tractato cediva a Chile le provincia de Tarapacá e disponeva que le situation de Tacna e Arica essereva decidite ulteriormente. Le question esseva resolvite per un accordo in 1929: Tacna retornava al Peru, dum que Arica remaneva in Chile.

Le guerra habeva consequentias economic e politic grave. Le destruction de infrastructuras, le perdita de territorios e le crise fiscal complicava le reconstruction del stato peruvian e augmentava le conflictos interne.

== Reconstruction e Republica Aristocratic ==
Post le guerra, le Peru entrava in un periodo de reconstruction institutional e economic. Le governamentos cercava a restaurar le finances public e le infrastructuras, durante que le societate remaneva marcate per grande inegalitates e per le concentration del terra e del poter.

Le periodo cognoscite como Republica Aristocratic, generalmente situate inter 1895 e 1919, esseva caracterisate per le influentia de elites proprietarie e commercial, specialmente in le economia exportator. Le production de zuccharo, coton e altere productos agricole assumeva un rolo importante.

Le expansion del economia exportator non eliminava le conflictos laboral ni le exclusiones politic. Le movementos de laboratores e le organisationes social comenciava a reclamar melior conditiones de travalio, participation politic e reformas.

== Oncenio de Leguía ==
In 1919, [[Augusto B. Leguía]] assumeva le poter e inaugurava un periodo de governamento que durava usque a 1930, cognoscite como le Oncenio de Leguía. Su administration promoveva obras public, infrastructuras e un plus grande integration economic con le capital estranier.

Le regime esseva etiam marcate per le concentration del poter executive e le restriction del opposition. Le crise economic international que se developpava post 1929 aggravava le problemas fiscal e politic del Peru. Leguía esseva depostate in 1930.

== Politica e societate in le seculo XX ==
Durante le decennios 1930–1960, le politica peruvian esseva caracterisate per le alternation inter governamentos civil e militar, le intervention del Fortias Armate e le disveloppamento de movimentos politic de massa.

Le [[Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana]] (APRA), fundate per [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]], deveniva un del principal movimentos politic del pais. Le [[Partido Comunista Peruano]] e altere organisationes de sinistra participava tamben al debattitos super le reforma social, le labor e le proprietate del terra.

Le crescentia del population urban, le migration del zonas rural verso Lima e altere citates e le expansion del education transformava le structura social. Le questiones agrari, le inegalitate e le accesso al terra remaneva inter le principal problemas del pais.

In 1968, un colpo de stato militar deponeva le presidente [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] e installava un governamento dirigite per le general [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]].

== Governamento militar e reformas ==
Le governamento de Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968–1975) initiava un serie de reformas que transformava le proprietate e le relationes economic. Le reforma agrari de 1969 expropriava grande proprietates agricole e promoveva le formation de cooperativas e altere formas collective de production.

Le regime nationalisava o augmentava le controlo statal super certe sectores economic e promoveva un politica de transformation del societate. Le reformas habeva effectos importante super le proprietarios, le laboratores agricole e le organisation del economia, ma etiam incontrava difficultates de gestion e de financias public.

In 1975, Velasco esseva removite e reimplaciate per le general [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]], qui orientava le governamento verso un transition constitutional. Le Constitution de 1979 preparava le retorno al governamento civil, que occurreva in 1980 con le election de Fernando Belaúnde Terry.

== Conflicto armate interne ==
Durante le annos 1980, le Peru experimentava un conflicto armate interne que oponeva le Stato a organisationes insurgente, principalmente [[Sendero Luminoso]] e le [[Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru]] (MRTA). Le conflicto habeva un impacto particularmente grave in regiones rural e indigena, includente Ayacucho, Apurímac e partes del Amazonia.

Le violentia includiva massacres, assassinationes, disparitiones, tortura, reclutamento forzate e altere violationes del derectos human. Le organisationes insurgente committeva graves actos de violentia contra civiles, durante que agentes del Stato esseva etiam implicate in violationes de derectos human.

Le Commission de Veritate e Reconciliation del Peru, establite in 2001, estima in su reporto final que circa 69 280 personas esseva occidite o disparite como resultato del conflicto durante le periodo 1980–2000. Le commission sublineava que le populationes rural, indigena e quechuaphone esseva affectate de maniera disproportionate.

Le conflicto e su consequentias remane un tema central del memoria historic e del debattito super le responsabilitate del actores armate, le protection del civiles e le reconstruction del institutiones democratic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/conclusiones.php |titulo=Conclusiones generales del Informe Final |sitioweb=Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alberto Fujimori e le crise del regime democratic ==
In 1990, [[Alberto Fujimori]] esseva eligite presidente. Su governamento adopta medidas economic de stabilisation e un strategia militar contra le organisationes insurgente. Le captura de [[Abimael Guzmán]], leader de Sendero Luminoso, in 1992 esseva un evento importante in le evolution del conflicto.

Le 5 de april 1992, Fujimori dissolveva le Congresso e interveniva in altere institutiones del Stato per medio de un action cognoscite como autogolpe. Le regime instaurava un systema plus concentrato in le poter executive. In 1993 esseva approbate un nove Constitution.

Le periodo Fujimori esseva etiam marcate per allegationes e proceduras judicial concernente corruption, violationes de derectos human e abusus de poter. Le captura de Guzmán e le debilitamento de Sendero Luminoso non impediva que le conflictos social e politic continuava.

In 2000, post un crise politic e allegationes de corruption, Fujimori abandonava le pais e renunciava al presidentia per fax desde Japon. Le Congresso peruvian non acceptava formalmente su renunciation e declarava le vacantia del presidentia.

== Transition e governamentos del seculo XXI ==
Post le crise de 2000, [[Valentín Paniagua]] assumeva le presidentia inter novembre 2000 e julio 2001 e conduci un transition verso nove electiones. [[Alejandro Toledo]] esseva eligite in 2001 e governava usque a 2006.

Le presidentia de [[Alan García]] (2006–2011) esseva marcate per crescentia economic, investition e conflictos social, specialmente concernente le exploitation de recursos natural e le derectos del communitates indigena.

[[Ollanta Humala]] (2011–2016) promoveva programas social e politicas destinate a reducir le povretta. [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] esseva eligite in 2016, ma renunciava in 2018 durante le contexto de un crise politic. Le vicepresidente [[Martín Vizcarra]] assumeva le cargo e dissolveva le Congresso in 2019; in 2020, le Congresso le removava del presidentia.

Le instabilitate institutional continuava durante le presidentia de [[Francisco Sagasti]], [[Pedro Castillo]] e [[Dina Boluarte]]. Castillo esseva eligite in 2021 e, le 7 de decembre 2022, annunciava le dissolution del Congresso e altere mesuras institutional. Le Congresso lo removava e Boluarte assumeva le presidentia. Su governamento faceva fronte a protestas, crises de legitimitate e demandas pro electiones anticipate.

Le succession de presidentes, le conflictos inter le executive e le Congresso, e le debattitos super le reforma constitutional e le representation politic deveniva elementos central del vita politic peruvian in le prime parte del seculo XXI.

== Electiones de 2026 ==
For general election updates, voting procedures, and certified results regarding recent electoral processes, please consult the official resources provided by the [Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales (ONPE)](https://www.gob.pe/onpe) and the [Jurado Nacional de Elecciones (JNE)](https://www.gob.pe/jne), or check for announcements via the [Gobierno del Perú](https://www.gob.pe/).

== Economia e transformation social ==
Le historia economic del Peru es marcate per le relation inter le exploitation de recursos natural, le agricultura, le commercio international e le intervention del Stato. Durante le periodo colonial, le extraction de metales e le commercio con le Imperio Espaniol habeva un importantia central.

Durante le seculo XIX, le guano e postea le nitratos deveniva fontes importante de ingresos. In le seculo XX, le economia combinava agricultura, pisca, mineria, industria e servicios, con un crescente importantia del exportation de minerales como cupro, auro e zinco.

Le urbanisation e le migration interne transformava le distribution del population. Lima deveniva le principal centro politic e economic, durante que altere citates regional disveloppava lor proprie centros industrial, commercial e administrative.

Le economia peruvian ha experimentate periodos de crescentia e de crise, con problemas persistente concernente le inegalitate, le informalitate del labor, le accesso al servicios public e le distribution territorial del opportunitates economic.

== Cultura e identitate ==
Le identitate peruvian deriva del interaction inter traditions indigena, europee, africane e asiatic. Le linguas quechua e aimara remane importante in numerose regiones, e plure linguas indigena es ancora parlate in le Andes e in le Amazonia.

Le cocina peruvian combina ingredientes e technicas de origine andin, costal, europee, africane e asiatic. Le musica, le dansas, le festivitates religiose e le artes traditional varia considerabilemente inter regiones e communitates.

Le patrimonio archeologic, includente [[Machu Picchu]], Cusco, Caral e le lineas de Nazca, forma parte del memoria historic del pais e contribue al turismo e al studio international del civilitates american ancian.

== Memoria historic e reconciliation ==
Le memoria del periodo colonial, del resistentia indigena, del guerras international e del conflicto armate interne occupa un loco importante in le debattito public peruvian. Le conservation del patrimonio archeologic e historic e le recognition del victimas del violentia es partes del effortios pro comprender le passato e reforçar le institutiones democratic.

Le Commission de Veritate e Reconciliation ha documentate le causas e le consequentias del conflicto de 1980–2000, includente le responsabilitate de organisationes insurgente e de agentes del Stato. Su conclusiones es un referentia central pro le investigation historic e le discussion super le derectos human e le reconciliation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/conclusiones.php |titulo=Conclusiones generales del Informe Final |sitioweb=Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación del Perú |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Suriname''' es marcate per le evolution de societates indigena, le colonisation europee, le plantationes basate super le sclavitude, le immigration de laboratores contractate e le formation de un societate multietnic. Situate in le costa nord-oriental de America del Sud, Suriname esseva occupate per le nederlandeses in le seculo XVII e deveniva un colonia de Nederland.  Le sclavitude esseva abolite formalmente in 1863, m...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Suriname''' es marcate per le evolution de societates indigena, le colonisation europee, le plantationes basate super le sclavitude, le immigration de laboratores contractate e le formation de un societate multietnic. Situate in le costa nord-oriental de America del Sud, Suriname esseva occupate per le nederlandeses in le seculo XVII e deveniva un colonia de Nederland.

Le sclavitude esseva abolite formalmente in 1863, ma le ancian sclavos esseva obligate a continuar a laborar durante dece annos sub le regime de staatstoezicht. A partir del fin del seculo XIX, le immigration de personas proveniente de India, Java e China transformava le composition del population. Suriname obteneva autonomia interne in 1954 e deveniva independente le 25 de novembre 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/onafhankelijke-republiek-suriname |titulo=Onafhankelijke Republiek Suriname |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/suriname |titulo=Suriname: Countries |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le independentia, le pais experimentava un colpo de stato militar in 1980, le homicidios politic de decembre 1982, un guerra civil durante le annos 1980 e un retorno al governamento electoral. In le seculo XXI, le politica national ha essite marcate per crises institutional, difficultates economic e le perspectiva de nove ingresos proveniente del exploitation de petroleum offshore.

== Populationes indigena ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio del actual Suriname esseva habitate per diverse populationes indigena. Inter illas se trovava grupos de Arawak e Caribe, con modos de vita adaptate al costa, al savannas e al foresta tropic del interior.

Le communitates indigena practicava agricultura, pisca, cassa e recolta de productos forestal. Illas manteneva relationes de intercambio con altere populationes del region e disponeva de cognoscentias pronfund que concerniva le fluvios, le ambientes natural e le recursos del territorio.

Le contacto con le europeos introduceva nove mercantias, maladias e conflictos territorial. Le expansion del colonisation e del plantationes provocava dislocationes e violentia contra le populationes indigena, que continuava tamen a mantener lor culturas e formas de organisation.

Le populationes indigena constitue ancora parte del societate surinamese. Lor derectos territorial e le protection del ambientes in le quales illas vive continua a esser objectos de discussion public e de conflictos concernente le exploitation de recursos natural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/suriname/presentation-du-suriname |titulo=Présentation du Suriname |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/suriname/ |titulo=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Suriname |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata del europeos e colonisation ==
=== Prime settlementes europee ===
Durante le seculo XVI, navigatores europee explorava le costa del actual Suriname. Le nederlandeses, le angleses e altere poteres europee tentava establir settlementes e commercio in le region.

Le colonisation se intensificava durante le seculo XVII, quando le production de zuccharo, caffe, cacao e coton deveniva un elemento importante del economia colonial. Le plantationes requireva un grande quantitate de labor, que esseva obtenite principalmente per medio del deportation e sclavisation de africanos.

=== Conquista nederlandese de 1667 ===
In 1667, durante le Secunde Guerra Anglo-Nederlandese, le nederlandeses assumeva le controlo de Suriname. Le accordos de pace de Breda confirmava le possession nederlandese del colonia, durante que New Amsterdam, in America del Nord, passava al controlo anglese e deveniva New York.

Suriname deveniva un colonia orientate al production agricole pro le mercato international. Le plantationes esseva establite principalmente al longo del fluvios, que facilitava le transporto de productos verso le portos e le mercatos europee.

Le administration colonial esseva organisate pro proteger le interesses economic del proprietarios de plantationes e del commercio. Le labor forzate, le sclavitude e le extraction de recursos formava le base del economia colonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/beleven/onderwijs/bronnenbox/afschaffing-slavernij-in-suriname-en-het-caribisch-gebied-1863 |titulo=Afschaffing slavernij in Suriname en het Caribisch gebied (1863) |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sclavitude e resistentia ==
=== Plantationes e commercio de sclavos ===
Durante le periodo colonial, le economia de Suriname dependeva largemente del labor de africanos deportate per le commercio transatlantic de sclavos. Le personas sclavisate esseva obligate a laborar in plantationes de zuccharo, caffe, cacao e coton, sub conditiones de violentia e exploitation.

Le proprietarios e le administration colonial imponeva un systema juridic e economic que tractava le personas sclavisate como proprietate. Le resistentia assumeva formas diverse, includente le fugas, le sabotage, le refusa de labor e le rebelliones.

Le systema colonial produceva etiam un societate stratificate, in le qual le proprietarios europee e le administration exerceva le poter economic e politic, durante que le population sclavisate esseva private de libertate e de derectos fundamental.

=== Maroons e communitates autonome ===
Un numero importante de africanos sclavisate fugiva del plantationes e establiva communitates autonome in le foresta interior. Lor descendentes es cognoscite como Maroons o, in Suriname, per nomines specific de communitates como Ndyuka, Saramaccan e Saamaka.

Le Maroons organisava lor proprie communitates, disveloppava formas de agricultura e manteneva traditions cultural e linguistic de origine africane. Illes resisteva militarmente al autoritates colonial e a expeditiones destinate a destruer lor settlementes.

Durante le seculo XVIII, plure communitates maroon obteneva accordos de pace con le autoritates nederlandese. Iste accordos recognosceva formas de autonomia e permitteva a certe grupos viver al foras del controlo directe del plantationes. Le relationes con le autoritates colonial remaneva tamen variabile e frequentemente conflictual.

Le Maroons ha un rolo central in le historia de Suriname, tanto pro lor resistentia al sclavitude como pro le conservation de identitates cultural proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/suriname-0 |titulo=Suriname: zoekhulpen en archieven |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/suriname/ |titulo=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Suriname |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Occupation anglese e retorno al Nederland ==
Durante le guerras europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del seculo XIX, Suriname passava temporarimente sub controlo anglese. Nederland esseva alora sub le influentia politic de Francia, e le situation international alterava le relationes inter le poteres colonial.

Le angleses occupava Suriname in 1799. Post le fin del guerras napoleonian, le colonia esseva restituite al Nederland in 1816.

Le plantationes continuava a depender del sclavitude. Le economia colonial remaneva vulnerabile al fluctuationes del precios international e al difficultates de production e de financiamento.

Le abolition del commercio transatlantic de sclavos e le cambios del politica colonial augmentava le pression super le systema de plantationes, ma le sclavitude in Suriname non esseva abolite usque al 1863.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/beleven/onderwijs/bronnenbox/afschaffing-slavernij-in-suriname-en-het-caribisch-gebied-1863 |titulo=Afschaffing slavernij in Suriname en het Caribisch gebied (1863) |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude ==
Nederland aboliva formalmente le sclavitude in Suriname le 1 de julio 1863. Circa 34 800 personas esseva declarate libere in le colonia, ma le abolition non conduceva immediatemente a un libertate plen.

Le ex-sclavos de etate laboral esseva submittite al regime de staatstoezicht, o controlo statal, durante dece annos. Inter 1863 e 1873, multe de illes esseva obligate a continuar a laborar sub contractos in le plantationes. Le libertate plen esseva recognoscite post le fin de iste periodo in 1873.

Post le abolition, multe ex-sclavos discargava le plantationes e se establiva in Paramaribo o in altere settlementes. Le proprietarios de plantationes cercava nove fontes de labor, lo que conduceva al introduction de laboratores contractate proveniente de Asia.

Le abolition esseva un momento fundamental in le historia del pais, ma le consequentias del sclavitude continuava a influentiar le proprietate del terra, le relationes de labor e le inegalitates social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/achtergrond/2013/27/op-1-juli-1863-47-duizend-slaven-vrijgemaakt-in-suriname-en-op-de-antillen |titulo=Op 1 juli 1863 47 duizend slaven vrijgemaakt in Suriname en op de Antillen |sitioweb=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/suriname-en-de-nederlandse-antillen-vrijverklaarde-slaafgemaakten |titulo=Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen: Vrijverklaarde slaafgemaakten |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Immigration e formation del societate multietnic ==
=== Laboratores de India ===
Post le abolition del sclavitude, le plantationes requireva nove laboratores. Le governamento nederlandese establiva accordos pro recrutar personas de India Britannica.

Le prime grande grupo de laboratores contractate indian arrivava in Suriname le 5 de junio 1873, a bordo del nave Lalla Rookh. Inter 1873 e 1916, plus de 34 000 personas proveniente de India arrivava in le colonia pro laborar principalmente in plantationes. Lor descendentes forma le communitate hindostani de Suriname, un del componentes principal del population contemporanee.

Le laboratores esseva recrutate sub contractos que definiva lor periodo de labor e le conditiones de lor empleo. In le practica, illes frequentemente faceva fronte a conditiones difficile, discrimination e restrictiones al mobilitate.

=== Laboratores de Java ===
A partir de 1890, le autoritates colonial comenciava a importar laboratores del Indias Nederlandese, specialmente de Java. Le immigration javanese continuava durante plure decennios e contribueva al formation del communitate javanese de Suriname.

Le societate surinamese deveniva assi plus diverse, con populationes de origine african, indigena, nederlandese, sudasiatic e sud-estasiatic. Le diverse communitates manteneva lor linguas, traditions religiose, practicas culinar e formas de organisation familiar, durante que illas participava progressivemente al formation de un cultura national commun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/hindostaanse-contractarbeiders-in-suriname-1873-1916 |titulo=Hindostaanse contractarbeiders in Suriname, 1873–1916 |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/javaanse-contractarbeiders-in-suriname-1890-1930 |titulo=Javaanse contractarbeiders in Suriname, 1890–1930 |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Immigrantes chinese e altere grupos ===
Le immigration chinese in Suriname comenciava ja ante le abolition del sclavitude e continuava durante le periodo de labor contractate. Le personas chinese laborava in plantationes e in altere sectores economic, e lor descendentes participava al disveloppamento del commercio e del vita urban.

Altere grupos, includente europeos e migrantes proveniente de regiones vicin, addeva se al population. Le interaction inter iste communitates contribueva al character multietnic e multireligiose del societate surinamese contemporanee.

== Autonomia e via verso le independentia ==
Durante le seculo XX, le demandas pro un plus grande autonomia politic augmentava in Suriname. Le organisationes politic local disveloppava programas relative al representation, al education, al labor e al gestion del recursos del colonia.

In 1954, le Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden establiva un nove relation constitutional inter Nederland, Suriname e le Antillas Nederlandese. Suriname obteneva autonomia in multe materias interne, durante que certe competentias, como le defense e le relationes exterior, remaneva in le quadro del Regno.

Le autonomisation permitteva le disveloppamento de institutiones politic local e de partidos que competeva in electiones. Le questiones concernente le independentia, le economia e le relationes con Nederland deveniva central in le debatte public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/onafhankelijke-republiek-suriname |titulo=Onafhankelijke Republiek Suriname |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/suriname |titulo=Suriname: Countries |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1975 ==
Suriname deveniva un stato independente le 25 de novembre 1975. Le independentia esseva formalmente recognoscite per Nederland, e Johan Ferrier deveniva le prime presidente del nove republica.

Le independentia esseva accompaniate per accordos concernente assistentia economic nederlandese e le transition del administration colonial verso institutiones national. Durante le annos precedente e post le independentia, multe surinameses emigrava verso Nederland, in parte pro le incertitude concernente le futuro economic e politic del nove stato.

Le nove republica debeva affrontar le construction de institutiones, le organisation del administration public e le diversification de su economia. Le relationes con Nederland remaneva importante, specialmente in materia de migration, education, commercio e assistentia al disveloppamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/onafhankelijke-republiek-suriname |titulo=Onafhankelijke Republiek Suriname |sitioweb=Nationaal Archief |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colpo de stato de 1980 ==
Le 25 de februario 1980, un grupo de militares sub le direction de Desi Bouterse deponeva le governamento electe. Le colpo de stato marcava le initio de un periodo de dominion militar e de concentration del poter.

Le nove autoritates installava un governamento civil, ma le poter effective se concentrava progressivemente in le commandamento militar. Le opposition al regime cresceva, includente protestas de sindicatos, organisationes religiose, estudiantes e actores politic.

Le 8 de decembre 1982, quindec personas —inter illas advocatos, jornalistas, professores e altere criticos del regime— esseva arrestate e occidite. Le evento deveniva cognoscite como le Homicidios de Decembre e remane un del episodios plus grave del historia politic contemporanee del pais.

Le homicidios provocava condemnationes international e deteriorava le relationes con Nederland, que suspendava su assistentia al disveloppamento. Le questiones de responsabilitate juridic e de memoria public continuava a esser disputate durante decennios.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Suriname83eng/intro.htm |titulo=Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Suriname |sitioweb=Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Organización de los Estados Americanos |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/06f6ec073ca947fc862af1beb35993e4 |titulo=Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponents |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerra interne e retorno al electiones ==
In 1986, un conflicto armate comenciava inter le forzas del exercito e le Jungle Commando, un grupo armate associate a Ronnie Brunswijk e al resistentia maroon. Le conflicto, cognoscite como le Guerra del Interior, affectava specialmente le regiones del interior e causava mortes, destruction de villas e dislocation de populationes, includente refugiatos que fugiva verso le Guiana Francese.

Le guerra e le crises economic augmentava le pression pro un retorno al governamento civil. In 1987, Suriname approbava un nove constitution e organisava electiones. Le governamento civil retornava, ben que le militares continuava a exercer influentia e le transition remaneva fragile.

In decembre 1990, le militares exerceva nove pression super le autoritates civil e provocava le renuncia del presidente e del vicepresidente. Electiones in 1991 conduceva a un nove governamento civil. Le accordos de pace e le negotiationes contribueva a finir le principal phase del conflicto del interior durante le initio del annos 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/suriname_0398_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Suriname |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica e economia durante le annos 1990 e 2000 ==
Post le retorno al governamento electe, le pais cercava a stabilisar su institutiones e su economia. Le successive administrationes affrontava inflation, debita public, difficultates fiscal e variationes del precios international del materias prime.

Le electiones permitteva le alternation de governamentos e le participation de plure partidos. Le relationes con Nederland e con altere paises del region remaneva importante pro le commercio, le migration e le cooperation international.

Le extraction de bauxita, le production de alumina, le industria del auro e le exploitation del forestas formava partes importante del economia. Le dependentia de un numero limitate de productos exportate rendeva le pais vulnerabile al cambios del mercato international.

== Presidentia de Desi Bouterse ==
Desi Bouterse retornava al centro del politica national per medio del Partido Democratic National (NDP). In 2010, ille esseva eligite presidente per le Assemblea National, e esseva reeligite in 2015.

Su governamentos esseva marcate per programas economic e social, ma etiam per controversias concernente le Homicidios de Decembre, le responsabilitate del militares e le question del impunitate. In 2019, un corte le condemnava in absentia in relation con le occisiones de 1982; in 2023, le condemnation esseva confirmate per le corte appellate e Bouterse non se presentava pro comenciar a executar le pena.

Bouterse moriva in decembre 2024, durante que ille se trovava fugitive. Le proceso juridic concernente le homicidios e le memoria del victimas continuava a haber un rolo importante in le debatte public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/fe5300461c2239c7bbdb6b5272660ed0 |titulo=Desi Bouterse, a dictator convicted of murder who twice ruled Suriname, has died at 79 |sitioweb=Associated Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governamento de Chan Santokhi ==
In 2020, Chan Santokhi, leader del Partido Reformista Progressista (VHP), deveniva presidente. Su governamento affrontava un grave crise economic, un alto debita public e difficultates concernente le inflation e le costo del vita.

Le administration negotiava con le Fondo Monetari International un programma de supporto economic e promoveva mesuras de stabilisation fiscal e de reforma. Le effectos de iste politicas e le reduction de certe subsidios deveniva temas de debatte public.

Le electiones general del 25 de maio 2025 produceva un Parlamento fragmentate. Le NDP obteneva le plus grande numero de sedes, ma non un majoritate absolute, e le formation de un coalition deveniva necessari pro determinar le nove governamento.

Santokhi moriva le 30 de martio 2026, post le fin de su mandato presidential.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/suriname/presentation-du-suriname |titulo=Présentation du Suriname |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Presidentia de Jennifer Geerlings-Simons ==
Post le electiones de maio 2025, le Assemblea National eligeva Jennifer Geerlings-Simons como presidente le 6 de julio. Illa esseva installate le 16 de julio 2025, deveniente le prime femina a occupar le presidentia de Suriname. Gregory Rusland esseva installate como vicepresidente.

Le governamento de Geerlings-Simons face fronte a questiones concernente le stabilisation economic, le gestion del debita public, le reduction del povretta e le distribution del beneficios proveniente del recursos natural. Le perspectivas de production de petroleum offshore ha augmentate le importantia del debattito super le administration del ingresos futur, le protection ambiental e le investimento in servicios public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gov.sr/jennifer-geerling-simons-officieel-geinstalleerd-als-eerste-vrouwelijke-president-suriname/ |titulo=Jennifer Geerling-Simons officieel geïnstalleerd als eerste vrouwelijke president van Suriname |sitioweb=Government of Suriname |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/suriname-parliament-elects-simons-first-female-president-2025-07-06/ |titulo=Suriname parliament elects Simons as first female president |sitioweb=Reuters |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societate e identitate cultural ==
Le societate surinamese es multietnic e multireligiose. Illa include descendentes de populationes indigena, africane, nederlandese, sudasiatic, javanese e chinese, assi como communitates de migration plus recente.

Nederlandese es le lingua official, dum que Sranan Tongo es largemente usate como lingua franca. Inter le linguas de origine asiatica se trova variantes de Sarnami e de javanese surinamese. Le linguas indigena e le linguas del Maroons remane importante in le interior.

Le religiones practicate include Christianismo, Hinduismo, Islam e traditiones religiose afro-surinamese como Winti. Le festivitates national e religiose reflecte le diversitate historic del population.

Le cultura surinamese es etiam visibile in le musica, le gastronomia, le litteratura e le traditiones oral. Le historia del plantationes, del migration e del resistentia ha contribuite a formar un identitate national in le qual coexiste plure heritages cultural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/suriname/presentation-du-suriname |titulo=Présentation du Suriname |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economia e recursos natural ==
Le economia de Suriname ha historicamente dependite del agricultura de plantation, del bauxita e del production de alumina, e postea del exploitation de auro e petroleum. Le exportation de recursos natural constitue un fonte important de ingresos, ma expone le pais al variationes del precios international.

Le forestas tropic, le fluvios e le biodiversitate del interior es elementos importante del patrimonio natural e del economia. Le exploitation del auro, del ligno e de altere recursos pote tamen generar conflictos concernente le protection ambiental, le derectos del communitates indigena e maroon e le repartition del beneficios.

Le perspectivas de production de petroleum offshore ha aperite un nove phase in le debattito economic. Le gestion del ingresos futur, le investimento in infrastructuras e education, e le protection del ambientes marin e costal figura inter le questiones que pote influentiar le evolution del pais durante le sequente decennios.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://eitisuriname.gov.sr/en/about-suriname/overview-of-the-economic-development/ |titulo=Overview of the economic development |sitioweb=EITI Suriname |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Memoria historic e reconciliation ==
Le memoria del sclavitude, del labor contractate, del resistentia maroon e del violentia politic del seculo XX occupa un loco central in le historia contemporanee de Suriname. Le commemoration del abolition del sclavitude le 1 de julio, cognoscite como Ketikoti, es un momento importante pro le memoria del sclavos e lor descendentes.

Le Homicidios de Decembre e le guerra del interior remane temas de memoria, justitia e reconciliation. Le recognition del victimas, le accesso al archives e le discussiones super le derectos territorial del communitates indigena e maroon forma parte del debatte super le relation inter le passato e le futuro del pais.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Uruguay''' comprende le evolution del populationes indigena, le colonisation europee, le guerras de independentia e le formation del Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Situate inter Brasil e Argentina, al margine del [[Río de la Plata]], le territorio esseva historicamente un zona de incontro e de conflicto inter le imperios espaniol e portugese.  Durante le seculo XIX, le territorio cognoscite como [[Banda Oriental]] pass...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Uruguay''' comprende le evolution del populationes indigena, le colonisation europee, le guerras de independentia e le formation del Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Situate inter Brasil e Argentina, al margine del [[Río de la Plata]], le territorio esseva historicamente un zona de incontro e de conflicto inter le imperios espaniol e portugese.

Durante le seculo XIX, le territorio cognoscite como [[Banda Oriental]] passava per plure transformationes politic. Le revolution contra le autoritate espaniol comenciava in 1811, sub le influentia de [[José Gervasio Artigas]]. Post le occupation luso-brasilian e le guerra contra Brasil, le Convention Preliminar de Pace de 1828 establiva le creation de un stato independente. Le prime Constitution esseva jurate le 18 de julio 1830.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-educacion-cultura/comunicacion/noticias/25-agosto-fecha-para-celebrar-nuestra-historia-nuestro-patrimonio |titulo=25 de agosto: una fecha para celebrar nuestra historia y nuestro patrimonio |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculos XIX e XX, Uruguay disveloppava un systema politic marcate per le rivalitate inter le partidos Colorado e Nacional, le reformas social del initio del seculo XX, le expansion del derectos social e le evolution del stato democratic. Le [[dictatura civico-militar de Uruguay|dictatura civico-militar]] de 1973–1985 constitueva un interruption importante del ordine constitutional. Desde le retorno al governamento democratic in 1985, le pais ha mantenite un systema electoral competitive e un alternation de governamentos. Le actual presidente, [[Yamandú Orsi]], assumeva le cargo le 1 de martio 2025 pro le periodo constitutional 2025–2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/comunicacion/noticias/yamandu-orsi-fue-investido-presidente-republica |titulo=Yamandú Orsi fue investido presidente de la República |sitioweb=Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populationes indigena ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio del actual Uruguay esseva habitate per diverse populationes indigena. Inter illas se trovava le [[Charrúa]], le [[Chaná]], le Guaraní, le Minuán e altere grupos que habitava le planuras, le costas, le fluvios e le zonas de foresta.

Le communitates practicava le cassa, le pisca, le recolta e, in certe regiones, le agricultura. Lor modos de vita variava secundo le ambiente e le relationes con le populationes vicin. Le fluvios Uruguay e Paraná, le costa del Río de la Plata e le regiones interior formava parte de un spatio de circulation e intercambio inter grupos indigena.

Le nomine Charrúa deveniva particularmente importante in le memoria national, ben que le populationes indigena del territorio habeva identitates e linguas diverse. Le contacto con le colonizadores europee introduceva nove maladias, conflictos e dislocationes, e transformava profundemente le organisation del communitates.

Le populationes indigena participava tamben in le guerras de independentia e in le conflicts del prime periodo republicano. Le formation del stato national esseva accompaniate per campanhas militar contra communitates indigena, includente le massacres de Salsipuedes in 1831, que habeva consequentias grave pro le population charrúa.

Le memoria del populationes indigena e le recognition de lor descendentes continua a esser un thema del historia social e cultural de Uruguay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/hlas-bi2015005499/ |titulo=Nuestro pasado indígena |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Handbook of Latin American Studies |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata del europeos e colonisation ==
=== Prime explorationes ===
Le exploratores europee attingeva le costa del actual Uruguay durante le prime annos del seculo XVI. Le expeditiones espaniol explorava le litoral del Río de la Plata e le fluvios interior, in un periodo in le qual le monarchia espaniol cercava a extender su dominio in America.

Le region non contineva al initio le grande concentrationes de metales preciose que attraheva le colonizadores in altere partes del continente. Su importantia derivava principalmente de su position geographic, de su terras aptes al allevamento de bestial e de su accesso al fluvios e al oceano Atlantic.

Le expansion colonial esseva complicate per le resistentia indigena e per le rivalitate inter Espania e Portugal, cuje possessiones in America del Sud se approximava in le zona del actual frontiera uruguayano-brasilian.

=== Montevideo e le Banda Oriental ===
Durante le seculo XVIII, le autoritates espaniol intensificava lor presentia in le region pro contrabalançar le expansion portugese. Le fundation de [[Montevideo]] esseva initiate in 1724, e le formation del citate se consolidava durante le annos sequente.

Le installation de Montevideo habeva un function strategic e commercial. Su porto permitteva le controlo del navigation in le Río de la Plata e serviva como base militar e naval del monarchia espaniol.

Le territorio deveniva cognoscite como Banda Oriental, perque se trovava al est del fluvio Uruguay e del systema fluvial del Plata. Le economia se basava progressivemente super le allevamento de bestial, le production de cuoio e sebo, le commercio e le activitates del porto.

In 1776, le Corona espaniol creava le [[Vicereame del Río de la Plata]], con capital in Buenos Aires. Le Banda Oriental esseva integrate in iste structura administrative, ma su position geographic la manteneva in le centro del rivalitate inter le interesses espaniol e portugese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.poderjudicial.gub.uy/institucional/evolucion-historica/periodo-colonial |titulo=Período Colonial |sitioweb=Poder Judicial de Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution e independentia ==
=== Revolution de 1811 ===
Le invasion napoleonic de Espania in 1808 e le crise del monarchia provocava un serie de movimentos revolutionari in America. In Buenos Aires, le revolution de maio de 1810 conduceva al formation de un junta que contestava le autoritate del governamento colonial.

In le Banda Oriental, le insurrection comenciava in 1811. Le Grito de Asencio, le 28 de februario, es traditionalmente considerate un del eventos que marca le initio del revolution in le territorio uruguayano.

Le movimento esseva associate a [[José Gervasio Artigas]], qui deveniva le principal leader politic e militar del revolutionarios orientales. Artigas promoveva un programma que combinava le autonomia del provincias, le opposition al centralismo de Buenos Aires e le protection de sectores rural e de proprietarios de modeste medios.

=== Artigas e le Liga Federal ===
Artigas disveloppava un projecto politic federal que cercava a preservar le autonomia del provincias del ancian Vicereame del Río de la Plata. In le annos 1814–1815, su influentia se extendeva verso plure provincias, includente le Banda Oriental, Entre Ríos, Corrientes, Santa Fe e altere territorios.

Le Liga Federal representava un tentativa de organisar le provincias in un structura politic basate super lor autonomia. Le programma artiguista includiva ideas de federalismo, participation politic e reformas concernente le distribution del terra.

In 1815, le governamento artiguista promoveva un programma de distribution del terras de inimicos politic e de proprietarios que esseva considerate absentistas, con le intention de beneficiar personas con recursos limitate. Le execution e le extension del reformas variava secundo le regiones e le conditiones militar.

Le expansion del influentia de Artigas incontrava opposition del governamento central de Buenos Aires e del interesses portugese in le territorio.

=== Invasion luso-brasilian ===
In 1816, forzas portugese invadeva le Banda Oriental desde Brasil. Le campania militar conduceva a un occupation progressive del territorio, e Montevideo cadeva in manos del invasores in 1817.

Artigas continuava a resister, ma su forzas esseva finalmente disfacite. In 1820, ille se refugiava in Paraguay, ubi ille remaneva usque a su morte in 1850.

Le territorio esseva incorporate al monarchia portugese e postea al [[Imperio del Brasil]] sub le denomination de Provincia Cisplatina. Le opposition al domination brasilian remaneva presente in le region e contribueva al nove insurrection de 1825.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-educacion-cultura/comunicacion/noticias/25-agosto-fecha-para-celebrar-nuestra-historia-nuestro-patrimonio |titulo=25 de agosto: una fecha para celebrar nuestra historia y nuestro patrimonio |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerra contra Brasil e creation del stato uruguayano ==
=== Cruzada Libertadora de 1825 ===
Le 19 de april 1825, un grupo de revolutionarios cognoscite como le Treinta y Tres Orientales, dirigite per [[Juan Antonio Lavalleja]], traversava le fluvio Uruguay e comenciava un insurrection contra le autoritate brasilian.

Le movimento recipeva supporto de sectores local e de dirigentes del Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata. Le insurrection cercava a poner fin al dominio brasilian e a reintegrar le Banda Oriental al conjunto politic del provincias del Río de la Plata.

Le 25 de augusto 1825, un assemblea reunite in Florida proclamava le separation del territorio del Imperio del Brasil e declarava su union con le Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata. Iste actos deveniva elementos central del memoria national uruguayana.

=== Guerra e Convention Preliminar de Pace ===
Le conflicto inter Brasil e le Provincias Unidas se extendeva durante le annos 1825–1828. Le guerra complicava le situation economic e militar del region e attraheva le attention del poteres international, specialmente del [[Regno Unite]].

Le Convention Preliminar de Pace, signate le 27 de augusto 1828, establiva le creation de un stato independente in le Banda Oriental. Le accordo esseva ratificate in octobre 1828, e le nove stato initiava le organisation de su institutiones proprie.

Le independentia uruguayana emergeva assi del interaction inter le insurrection local, le guerra regional e le negotiationes diplomatic. Le nove stato esseva concepite como un entitate independente inter Brasil e Argentina, ben que le relationes con ambe vicinos continuava a influentiar su evolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-educacion-cultura/comunicacion/noticias/25-agosto-fecha-para-celebrar-nuestra-historia-nuestro-patrimonio |titulo=25 de agosto: una fecha para celebrar nuestra historia y nuestro patrimonio |sitioweb=Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://palacio.parlamento.gub.uy/resena_parlamentaria |titulo=Reseña parlamentaria |sitioweb=Parlamento del Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime republica e conflicts politic ==
=== Constitution de 1830 ===
Le 18 de julio 1830, le prime Constitution del Republica Oriental del Uruguay esseva jurate. Illa establiva un systema de governamento republicano representative e definiva le institutiones fundamental del nove stato.

Le Constitution organisava le poter legislative in duo cameras e definiva le functiones del executive e del judiciario. Le nove republica habeva tamen un population reducite e un economia que dependeva largemente del allevamento de bestial, del exportation de productos animal e del commercio portuari.

Le organisation del stato esseva complicate per le rivalitates inter grupos politic, le difficultates de controlo del territorio e le relationes con Brasil e Argentina.

=== Guerra Grande ===
Durante le prime decennios del independentia, le vita politic esseva dominate per le rivalitate inter le Partido Colorado e le Partido Nacional, etiam cognoscite como Blanco. Le differentias politic esseva frequentemente ligate a interesses regional, familiar e economic.

Le [[Guerra Grande]] (1839–1851) involveva non solmente le actores uruguayano, ma etiam le governamentos de Argentina e Brasil e altere interesses international. Montevideo esseva assediate durante longe periodo, dum que le conflicto divideva le territorio e debilitava le institutiones.

Le guerra terminava in 1851 sin un victoria definitive de un sol faction. Le reconstruction del stato e del economia continuava durante le annos sequente, ben que le rivalitate inter colorados e blancos remaneva un factor central del politica national.

== Consolidation del stato e modernisation ==
Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XIX, le governamentos cercava a reforçar le administration, le systema juridic e le capacitate del stato a controlar le territorio.

Le expansion del allevamento commercial, le introduction de nove technicas de production e le disveloppamento del commercio international transformava le economia. Le ferrovias e le expansion del communicationes facilitava le integration del regiones interior con Montevideo.

Le immigration europee, specialmente desde Espania e Italia, contribueva al crescentia del population e al transformation del citates. Le societate deveniva plus urban e plus conectate al mercatos international.

Le relationes inter le proprietarios de terra, le travaliatores rural e le sectores commercial remaneva importante in le evolution politic. Le stato cercava progressivemente a stabilir un monopolio plus effective del uso legitim del fortia e a reducir le instabilitate militar.

== Batllismo e reformas del initio del seculo XX ==
=== José Batlle y Ordóñez ===
Le presidentia de [[José Batlle y Ordóñez]], specialmente durante le periodos 1903–1907 e 1911–1915, marca un periodo importante de reformas politic e social. Le movimento cognoscite como Batllismo promoveva un rolo plus grande del stato in le economia e in le provision de servicios public.

Le reformas includiva le expansion del education public, le regulation del conditiones de labor, le disveloppamento de servicios statal e le separation progressive inter le institutiones del stato e le Ecclesia.

Le governamento promoveva tamben le disveloppamento de un systema de protection social e le modernisation del administration public. Le reformas contribuiva al formation de un stato plus interventor e a un societate urban in expansion.

=== Constitution de 1918 ===
Le reformas institutional conduceva a un nove Constitution que entrava in vigor in 1919. Le systema introduceva un executive biciphite, dividite inter le Presidente e un Consilio National de Administration.

Le modelo collegial reflecteva le tentativa de repartir le poter executive inter diverse sectores politic. Illo remaneva tamen subjecte a tensiones e difficultates de coordination, specialmente durante le crise economic e politic del annos 1930.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/corte-electoral/institucional/creacion-evolucion-historica |titulo=Creación y evolución histórica |sitioweb=Corte Electoral del Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crise del annos 1930 e governamento de Terra ==
Le [[Grande Depression]] de 1929 affectava le commercio international e le economia exportator uruguayana. Le difficultates economic e le tensiones inter le executivo e le Parlamento contribueva al crisi del regime constitutional.

Le 31 de martio 1933, le presidente [[Gabriel Terra]] dissolveva le Parlamento e assumeva un position autoritari. Le regime restringiva le libertates politic e modificava le structura institutional del stato.

Le Constitution de 1934 reorganisava le institutiones e reforçava le poter executive. Le periodos sequente esseva marcate per alternationes inter governamentos plus autoritari e fases de apertura politic.

Durante le decennios 1940 e 1950, le economia uruguayana beneficiava de certe conditiones favorabile del commercio international, specialmente durante e post le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. Le ingresos del exportation permitteva le expansion de servicios public e del protection social.

== Crise economic e transformation politic ==
Durante le annos 1950 e 1960, le economia experimentava difficultates crescente. Le stagnation del production, le inflation e le problemas del commercio exterior debilitava le modelo economic basate super le exportation de productos agropecuari.

Le crise economic esseva accompaniate per conflictos laboral, protestas social e polarisation politic. Le [[Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros|Tupamaros]], un organisation guerrillero urban, comenciava a executar operationes armate durante le annos 1960.

Le governamentos respondeva con mesuras de securitate e restrictiones de certe libertates. Le relationes inter le poteres civil e militar se deteriorava progressivemente.

Le formation del [[Frente Amplio]] in 1971 reuniva partidos e movimentos de sinistra in un coalition politic que deveniva un actor importante del systema partidari uruguayano.

== Dictatura civico-militar ==
Le 27 de junio 1973, le presidente [[Juan María Bordaberry]], con le supporto del Fortias Armate, dissolveva le cameras legislative e instaurava un regime de facto. Le dictatura durava usque a 1985 e esseva marcate per repression politic, detentiones arbitrarie, tortura, exilio e violationes de derectos human.

Le regime dissolveva o restringiva le activitate de organisationes politic e sindical e exerceva un controlo forte super le vita public. Numerose personas esseva incarcerate o obligate a exiliar se, e le autoritates persequeva le opposition politic e le movimentos social.

Le crise economic e le resistentia social debilitava le regime durante le annos 1980. In 1980, un plebiscito constitutional proponeva un nove institutionalisation del regime militar, ma le projecto esseva rejectate per le electores.

Le negotiationes inter militares e actores politic conduceva al transition democratic. Le electiones de 1984 permitteva le formation de un nove governamento civil, e le 1 de martio 1985 le regime democratic esseva restabilite.

Le memoria del dictatura, le situation del personas disparite e le responsabilitate del autores de violationes de derectos human continua a esser objectos de investigation e debattito public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/secretaria-derechos-humanos/comunicacion/noticias/50-anos-del-golpe-estado-uruguay |titulo=A 50 años del Golpe de Estado en Uruguay |sitioweb=Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Presidencia de la República |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Retorno al democratia ==
Post le retorno al governamento civil in 1985, [[Julio María Sanguinetti]] assumeva le presidentia. Le nove administration debeva reconstruer le institutiones democratic, restabilir le libertates public e affrontar le questiones ligate al violationes de derectos human durante le dictatura.

Durante le annos 1980 e 1990, le Parlamento approbava le [[Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado]] de 1986, que limitava le prosecution de certe crimes committite per membros del Fortias Armate e del policia durante le regime. Le lege deveniva un del principal temas del debattito super justitia e reconciliation.

Le retorno al democratia esseva etiam marcate per reformas economic, privatisationes partial e le adaptation al evolution del commercio regional. Le pais participava al creation del [[Mercosur]] in 1991, insimul con Argentina, Brasil e Paraguay.

Le systema partidari continuava a se transformar. Le Frente Amplio cresceva electoralmente e deveniva progressivemente un alternativa al partidos traditional.

== Governamentos del seculo XXI ==
=== Tabaré Vázquez e le Frente Amplio ===
In 2005, [[Tabaré Vázquez]] deveniva le prime presidente del Frente Amplio. Su governamento promoveva reformas in materia de sanitate, fiscalitate e protection social. Le pais experimentava etiam un periodo de crescentia economic, supportate in parte per le demanda international de productos agropecuari.

Vázquez esseva reeligite in 2014, post le prime presidentia de [[José Mujica]] (2010–2015). Durante iste periodo, Uruguay adoptava reformas social importante, includente le legalisation del matrimonio inter personas del mesme sexo, le regulation del cannabis e le expansion de certe politicas de protection social.

=== Luis Lacalle Pou ===
In 2020, [[Luis Lacalle Pou]], del Partido Nacional, assumeva le presidentia, ponente fin a tres periodos consecutive de governamento del Frente Amplio. Su administration faceva fronte al pandemia de COVID-19, al recuperation economic e a debattitos concernente le fiscalitate, le securitate public e le reformas del stato.

Le governamento promoveva le [[Ley de Urgente Consideración]], un paquete legislative que modificava diverse areas del politica public. Le lege e su effectos deveniva objectos de debate e de un referendo national in 2022.

=== Yamandú Orsi ===
In le electiones de 2024, [[Yamandú Orsi]], candidato del Frente Amplio, esseva eligite presidente. Ille assumeva le cargo le 1 de martio 2025 pro le periodo constitutional usque a 2030. [[Carolina Cosse]] assumeva le vicepresidente.

Le governamento de Orsi opera in un contexto marcate per le necessitate de mantener le stabilitate economic, affrontar le problemas de securitate e criminalitate, reducir le povretta e adaptar le politicas public al evolution demographic e al necessitates del servicios social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/comunicacion/noticias/yamandu-orsi-fue-investido-presidente-republica |titulo=Yamandú Orsi fue investido presidente de la República |sitioweb=Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economia e transformation social ==
Le economia uruguayana ha historicamente dependite del agricultura, del allevamento de bestial e del exportation de carne, lana, cuoio e cereales. Durante le seculo XX, le industria, le servicios e le administration public augmentava lor importantia.

Le relationes economic con Argentina e Brasil es importante proque illos es le vicinos principal e parceiros commercial regional. Le integration in le Mercosur ha influentiate le politica commercial e le cooperation economic.

Le pais ha disveloppate etiam sectores de servicios, technologia e energia renovabile. Le production de electricitate include un proportion importante de fontes renovabile, includente energia eolic, hydric e solar.

Le historia economic de Uruguay es marcate per periodos de prosperitate e de crise, con debattitos recurrente concernente le distribution del ingresos, le protection social, le empleo e le relation inter le mercato e le stato.

== Societate e cultura ==
Le cultura uruguayana ha influentias indigena, espaniol, italian e de altere communitates immigrante. Espaniol es le lingua dominante e official, e le varietates linguistic del pais reflecte le proximitate cultural e historic con le region del Río de la Plata.

Le [[tango]] e le [[candombe]] es partes importante del patrimonio musical, con origines e evolutiones distincte. Le [[murga]] e le [[carnaval de Uruguay]] ha etiam un rolo importante in le cultura popular.

Le [[futebol]] es un del elementos plus visibile del identitate national. Uruguay obteneva le prime titulo del [[Copa Mundial de Futbol]] in 1930, durante que le selection national ha etiam un longe historia de successos in le competiciones sudamerican.

Le memoria de Artigas, le independentia, le guerras civil, le reformas social e le dictatura constitue elementos importante del historia national e del interpretationes del passato.

== Memoria historic e patrimonio ==
Le historia de Uruguay es conservate per medio de archivos, museos, monumentos e institutiones educational. Le patrimonio include sitios precolonial, edificios del periodo colonial, monumentos ligate al independentia e locos associate al historia del seculo XX.

Le memoria del populationes indigena, del sclavitude e del dictatura civico-militar ha acquirite un importantia crescente in le discussion public. Le recognition del victimas e le preservation del archivos historic es parte del effortios pro comprender le evolution del societate e del institutiones democratic.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Venezuela''' comprende le evolution del populationes indigena, le colonisation espaniol, le guerras de independentia, le formation del republica e le transformationes politic, economic e social del seculos XIX, XX e XXI. Situate in le nord de America del Sud, Venezuela possede un territorio que combina costas caribe, montanias andin, planuras, forestas tropic e le bassin del [[Orinoco]].  Ante le arrivata del europeos, l...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Venezuela''' comprende le evolution del populationes indigena, le colonisation espaniol, le guerras de independentia, le formation del republica e le transformationes politic, economic e social del seculos XIX, XX e XXI. Situate in le nord de America del Sud, Venezuela possede un territorio que combina costas caribe, montanias andin, planuras, forestas tropic e le bassin del [[Orinoco]].

Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio esseva habitate per numerose populationes indigena con linguas e formas de organisation distincte. Le colonisation comenciava durante le seculo XVI, e le independentia esseva proclamate le 5 de julio 1811, durante le processo revolutionari que conduceva al fin del dominio espaniol in le region.

Durante le seculo XIX, Venezuela experimentava guerras civil, rivalitates inter caudillos e periodos de instabilitate institutional. Le disveloppamento del industria petrolifere durante le seculo XX transformava profundemente su economia e su societate. Le retorno al governamento civil in 1958 esseva sequite per plure decennios de politica electoral, ante le crisi del systema traditional e le ascension de [[Hugo Chávez]] in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/venezuela-country-guide/introduction |titulo=Venezuela: Hispanic Reading Room Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92010376/ |titulo=Venezuela: A Country Study |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le historia recente es marcate per le transformation del institutiones sub Chávez e [[Nicolás Maduro]], le crise economic e migratori, le contestation del electiones de 2024 e le intervention militar statounitese de januario 2026, durante le qual Maduro esseva capturate. In octobre 2026, Delcy Rodríguez exerce le presidentia interin del pais, durante que le calendario e le conditiones de nove electiones remane subjectos de negotiation e debattito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-president-returns-us-visit-no-deals-no-firm-election-date-2026-09-26/ |titulo=Venezuela president returns from US visit with no deals, no firm election date |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=26 de septembre 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populationes indigena ==
Le territorio del actual Venezuela esseva habitate per populationes indigena durante milles de annos ante le arrivata del europeos. Le communitates se adaptava a ambientes variate, includente le costa caribe, le montanias, le planuras del [[Llanos]], le foresta amazonic e le delta del Orinoco.

Inter le populationes indigena se trovava grupos de linguas caribe, arawak e chibcha, assi como communitates con linguas e traditiones proprie. Lor modos de vita variava: certe grupos practicava agricultura sedentari, durante que alteres se basava principalmente super le cassa, le pisca, le recolta e le intercambio regional.

Le agricultura includiva le cultivation de mais, manioc e altere plantas adaptate al ambientes tropic. Le fluvios serviva como vias de communication, e le redes de intercambio connectava le communitates del interior con le costa caribe.

Le contacto con le europeos provocava profund transformationes demographic e cultural. Le maladias introducite, le occupation del terra, le guerra e le systemas de labor colonial affectava gravemente plure populationes indigena. Nonobstante, illas continuava a mantener lor linguas, traditions e formas de organisation.

Le populationes indigena continua a formar parte del societate venezuelan contemporanee, con communitates presente in le Amazonia, le Delta Amacuro, le Zulia e altere regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/venezuela-country-guide/introduction |titulo=Venezuela: Hispanic Reading Room Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Exploration e colonisation espaniol ==
=== Prime contactos europee ===
Le prime expeditiones europee attingeva le costa venezuelan durante le fin del seculo XV. [[Cristóbal Colón]] explorava le costa oriental durante su tertie viage in 1498. Le expeditiones sequente examinava le litoral, le insulas e le zonas proxime al delta del Orinoco.

Le nomine «Venezuela» es generalmente associate al exploration del [[Golfo de Venezuela]] e del [[Lago de Maracaibo]]. Un interpretation traditional liga le nomine al expression «Veneziola», usate per [[Amerigo Vespucci]] e altere exploratores in relation con le habitationes palafitic observate in le region. Le origine exacte del nomine es tamen objecto de discussion historic.

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XVI, le Corona espaniol establiva settlementes e centros administrative in le costa. Le colonisation esseva lente e irregular, proque le territorio non habeva le mesme concentration de metales preciose que le regiones de Mexico e Peru.

=== Formation del provincia de Venezuela ===
Le colonisation involveva le fundation de citates, le establimento de proprietates agricole e le conversion religiose del populationes indigena. Le missiones ecclesiastic habeva un rolo importante in le occupation del territorio e in le organisation de settlementes.

In 1527, esseva fundate [[Coro]], un del prime centros colonial permanente. Plus tarde, [[Caracas]] esseva fundate in 1567 per [[Diego de Losada]] e deveniva progressivemente un centro politic e economic importante.

Le territorio esseva administrate per differente provincias e jurisditiones colonial. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le economia combinava agricultura, allevamento, commercio e, in certe regiones, exploitation de recursos natural. Le production de cacao deveniva ulteriormente un del principal actividades de exportation.

=== Capitania General de Venezuela ===
In 1777, le monarchia espaniol creava le Capitania General de Venezuela, que reuniva sub un autoritate militar e administrative commun plure provincias del region. Iste reorganisation contribueva al formation del territorio que deveniva le nucleo del actual stato venezuelan.

Le economia colonial dependeva in parte del agricultura de plantation, specialmente del cacao, e del commercio con altere partes del Imperio Espaniol. Le proprietarios de plantationes e le comerciantes formava un elite economic, durante que le societate includeva populationes indigena, europeos, africanos deportate e sclavisate, e grupos de origine mixta.

Le sclavitude african esseva un elemento importante del production agricole. Le interaction inter iste populationes produceva un societate culturalmente diverse, ma marcate per hierarchias social e juridic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92010376/ |titulo=Venezuela: A Country Study |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution e independentia ==
=== Revolution de 1810 ===
Le invasion napoleonic de Espania in 1808 e le crise del monarchia provocava un serie de movimentos politic in America espaniol. Le question del legitimitate del autoritate colonial deveniva central, e diverse citates establiva juntas local in nomine del rege Fernando VII.

Le 19 de april 1810, un movimento in Caracas conduceva al destitution del capitano general [[Vicente Emparan]] e al establimento de un junta que assumeva le governamento del provincia. Iste evento es considerate le initio del processo revolutionari venezuelan.

Le movimento se extendeva a altere partes del territorio, e le representantes politic comenciava a discuter le autonomia, le representation e le possibilitate de separation definitive del monarchia espaniol.

=== Declaration de independentia de 1811 ===
Le 5 de julio 1811, le Congresso de Venezuela proclamava le independentia del Corona espaniol. Le declaration esseva un del prime actos formal de independentia in America espaniol e establiva le fundamentos del nove republica.

Le prime Constitution federal esseva approbate in decembre 1811. Illa organisava un republica basate super principios representative e federal, ma le nove regime faceva fronte a opposition militar, conflictos interne e difficultates economic.

Le prime Republica cadeva in 1812 post un serie de victorias royalista e un grave crise, aggravate per un terremoto que affectava plure citates durante le mesme anno. Le autoritates espaniol restabiliva lor controlo super grande parte del territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mppre.gob.ve/publicacion/721-0 |titulo=5 de julio: declaración de la independencia de Venezuela |sitioweb=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores de Venezuela |fecha=24 de maio 2023 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Simón Bolívar e le Secunde Republica ===
[[Simón Bolívar]] deveniva le principal leader militar e politic del independentia venezuelan. In 1813, ille conduceva le [[Campaña Admirable]], un expedition militar que permitteva le recuperation de Caracas e le establimento del Secunde Republica.

Le guerra continuava tamen con grande violentia. Le forzas royalista, le divisiones inter le revolutionarios e le mobilisation de grupos popular complicava le consolidation del republica. In 1814, le Secunde Republica cadeva e plure leaders independentista esseva obligate a retirar se o exiliar se.

Bolívar continuava a reorganisar le resistentia, con supporto de altere leaders e de forzas veniente de differente regiones de America del Sud. Le guerra assumeva progressivemente un dimension regional, ligate al liberation de [[Nueva Granada]], Ecuador e altere territorios del Imperio Espaniol.

=== Victoria independentista e Gran Colombia ===
Durante le annos 1817–1819, le revolutionarios establiva bases plus stabile in le region del Orinoco e in le Llanos. Le victoria in le [[Battalia de Boyacá]] in 1819 permitteva a Bolívar consolidar le independentia de Nueva Granada.

In 1819, le Congresso de Angostura e le creation del [[Gran Colombia]] establiva un projecto politic que reuniva Venezuela, Nueva Granada e ulteriormente Ecuador in un republica commun.

Le [[Battalia de Carabobo]], le 24 de junio 1821, esseva un victoria decisive pro le independentia de Venezuela. Ben que certe forzas royalista continuava a resister, le controlo independentista super le principal centros del territorio deveniva progressivemente plus firme.

Le projecto de Gran Colombia incontrava difficultates concernente le centralisation del poter, le interesses regional e le differentias inter le leaders politic. In 1830, Venezuela se separava formalmente de Gran Colombia e initiava un nove fase como stato independente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=JFRXHY01TmgUOonab4q3H7wHNdB8uruKr5Vf%2Bjy9FzK2VahvJCNKOPa%2FGore%2FMKCWjDn8nIzRC8feBIQu%2FQR%2Bg%3D%3D |titulo=Historical summary: Constitutional, political and legal structure of Venezuela |sitioweb=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime Republica de Venezuela ==
=== Formation del stato independente ===
Post le separation de Gran Colombia in 1830, [[José Antonio Páez]] deveniva un figura central del nove Republica de Venezuela. Le prime decennios esseva marcate per le construction del institutiones, le rivalitates inter elites regional e le difficultates de controlar un territorio extensive.

Le economia continuava a depender del agricultura e del exportation de cacao, caffe, bestial e cuoio. Le infrastructuras esseva limitate, e le communication inter regiones remaneva difficile.

Le vita politic esseva dominada per leaders militar e proprietarios de terra. Le participation politic esseva restringite, e le succession de governamentos esseva frequentemente marcate per rebelliones, colpos de stato e conflictos inter factiones.

=== Guerra civil e caudillismo ===
Durante le seculo XIX, le caudillismo —le influentia de leaders regional que controlava forzas armate e redes de clientela— habeva un rolo importante in le politica venezuelan.

Le [[Guerra Federal]] de 1859–1863 esseva un del conflictos plus grave del periodo. Le guerra opponeva federalistas e centralistas e habeva causas ligate al distribution del terra, al inegalitates social e al controlo del institutiones del stato.

Le conflicto terminava con le Tractato de Coche in 1863 e conduceva a un reorganisation politic, ben que le inegalitates e le rivalitates regional continuava a influentiar le societate.

== Centralisation e modernisation del fin del seculo XIX ==
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX, le governamentos cercava a centralisar le autoritate, disveloppar infrastructuras e modernisar le administration.

[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] exerceva un influentia importante in le politica national inter le annos 1870 e 1880. Su governamentos promoveva obras public, ferrovias, education e reformas administrative. Illes cercava etiam a reducir le influentia politic del Ecclesia e a augmentar le controlo del stato super le institutiones.

Le modernisation remaneva tamen unequal. Le economia continuava a depender del agricultura e del exportation de productos primari, durante que le population rural faceva fronte a povretta e accesso limitate al education e al servicios.

== Dictaturas e prime seculo del petroleum ==
=== Juan Vicente Gómez ===
In 1908, [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] assumeva le poter e establiva un regime autoritari que durava usque a su morte in 1935. Su governamento centralisava le stato, debilitava le opposition politic e manteneva un forte controlo super le forzas armate.

Durante iste periodo, le exploitation del petroleum comenciava a transformar le economia. Le discoperta e le disveloppamento de grandes jacimentos attraheva capital estranier e contribueva a modificar le relationes inter le stato, le empresas e le mercato international.

Le ingresos petrolifere augmentava progressivemente, ma le beneficios esseva distribuite in maniera unequal e le economia deveniva plus dependente del exploitation del hydrocarburos.

=== Eleazar López Contreras e Isaías Medina Angarita ===
Post le morte de Gómez in 1935, [[Eleazar López Contreras]] assumeva le presidentia e initiava un apertura politic limitate. Le governamento introduceva reformas administrative e social, e le organisationes politic e sindical comenciava a disveloppar se plus visibilemente.

Durante le presidentia de [[Isaías Medina Angarita]] (1941–1945), le participation politic se extendeva e le legislation petrolifere esseva reformate. Tamen, le opposition reclamava un plus grande democratisation del systema electoral e del institutiones.

In 1945, un colpo de stato removeva Medina Angarita. Le nove governamento, associate a [[Acción Democrática]], promoveva le electiones e le participation politic, ma le processo esseva interrompite per un nove colpo militar in 1948.

=== Marcos Pérez Jiménez ===
Post un periodo de governamento militar, [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] assumeva le presidentia in 1952 e manteneva un regime autoritari usque a januario 1958.

Le regime promoveva obras public e projectos de infrastructura, specialmente in Caracas, e le ingresos petrolifere contribueva al expansion del construction e del urbanisation. Nonobstante, le opposition esseva reprimite e le libertates politic restringite.

In januario 1958, un movimento conjuncte de sectores civil e militar removeva Pérez Jiménez. Iste evento aperiva le via al retorno del governamento constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/92010376/ |titulo=Venezuela: A Country Study |sitioweb=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Democratia de 1958 e pacto de Puntofijo ==
Post le cadita de Pérez Jiménez, le principal partidos politic establiva un accordo pro sustener le ordine democratic e evitar nove colpos militar. Le Pacto de Puntofijo, signate in 1958 per [[Acción Democrática]], [[COPEI]] e [[Unión Republicana Democrática]], serviva como quadro de cooperation inter le principal actores politic.

Le electiones de decembre 1958 conduceva al election de [[Rómulo Betancourt]], qui assumeva le presidentia in 1959. Le governamento promoveva reformas institutional e le consolidation del systema electoral.

In 1961 esseva approbate un nove Constitution. Le systema democratic manteneva electiones periodicamente e le alternation del partidos, ben que le pais faceva fronte a rebelliones armate, insurrectiones e tentativas de colpo de stato durante le prime annos.

Le economia petrolifere permitteva al stato financiar education, sanitate e infrastructuras. Tamen, le dependentia del petroleum e le inegalitate social remaneva problemas structural.

== Nationalisation del petroleum e crise economic ==
Durante le annos 1970, le augmento del precios del petroleum produceva un importante incremento del ingresos public. In 1976, sub le presidentia de [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]], Venezuela nationalisava le industria petrolifere e creava [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) como empresa statal.

Le nationalisation augmentava le rolo del stato in le economia e permitteva al governamento controlar directemente le principal fonte de exportation. Le ingresos petrolifere financiava projectos industrial, infrastructuras e programas public.

Tamen, le dependentia del petroleum, le expansion del expensas public e le problemas de gestion contribueva a crises economic durante le annos 1980. Le debita externe, le inflation e le reduction del capacitate de compra affectava sectores importante del population.

== Caracazo e crise del systema politic ==
In 1989, le presidente [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] initiava un programma de ajuste economic que includeva augmentos del precios e cambios in le subsidios. Le mesuras provocava protestas e disturbios importante, specialmente in Caracas e in altere citates.

Le eventos del Caracazo, comenciate le 27 de februario 1989, esseva sequite per un repression del autoritates e un numero importante de mortes. Le cifra exacte resta disputate, ma le evento deveniva un puncto de ruptura in le relation inter le population e le institutiones politic.

In 1992, duo tentativas de colpo militar esseva organisate. Un del leaders del prime tentativa, [[Hugo Chávez]], deveniva ulteriormente un figura central del politica national. In 1993, Pérez esseva removite del presidentia in le quadro de un processo politic e juridic concernente su gestion.

Le crise del partidos traditional e le dissatisfaction con le systema politic contribueva al election de Chávez in 1998.

== Hugo Chávez e le Revolution Bolivariana ==
=== Election de 1998 e Constitution de 1999 ===
[[Hugo Chávez]] esseva eligite presidente in decembre 1998 e assumeva le cargo in februario 1999. Su programma politic, designate como Revolution Bolivariana, proponeva le transformation del institutiones, un nove Constitution e un redistribution plus grande del recursos del petroleum.

In 1999, un assemblea constituente elaborava un nove Constitution, approbate per referendum. Le pais assumeva le denomination official de [[República Bolivariana de Venezuela]]. Le nove quadro institutional modificava le relationes inter le poteres del stato e introduceva nove mecanismos de participation politic.

Le governamento de Chávez promoveva programas social e augmentava le rolo del stato in le economia. Su politica recipeva supporto de sectores que considerava que le programas social e le participation popular respondeva a inegalitates historic. Altere sectores criticava le concentration del poter executive, le relationes con le opposition e le cambios in le institutiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mppre.gob.ve/index.php/publicacion/677-0 |titulo=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela |sitioweb=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores de Venezuela |fecha=23 de maio 2023 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Crisi politic de 2002 e greva petrolifere ===
In april 2002, un colpo de stato de breve duration removeva Chávez del poter durante duo dies. Le presidente esseva restituite al cargo post mobilisationes popular e divisiones intra le forzas armate.

Durante le fin de 2002 e le initio de 2003, un greva importante in le industria petrolifere e altere sectores cercava forçar un cambio del governamento. Le conflicto affectava le production e le exportation del petroleum e habeva consequentias economic importante.

Le crisi augmentava le polarisation politic e transformava le relationes inter le governamento, le opposition e le sectores economic.

=== Politicas social e controlo del petroleum ===
Durante le annos 2000, le governamento de Chávez employava un parte importante del ingresos petrolifere in programas de education, sanitate, alimentation e habitation. Le programas, sovente designate como misiones, habeva effectos variabile secundo le regiones e le servicios.

Le governamento augmentava le controlo statal super sectores economic e promoveva nationalisationes in plure industrias. Le politica exterior cercava ampliar le cooperation con Cuba e altere governamentos latinoamerican, e Venezuela participava al creation de nove formas de cooperation regional.

Le expansion del expensas public esseva fortemente dependente del ingresos petrolifere. Iste dependentia deveniva un vulnerabilitate quando le precios international del petroleum cambiava.

== Nicolás Maduro e le crise del annos 2010 ==
Post le morte de Chávez in martio 2013, [[Nicolás Maduro]] assumeva le presidentia e esseva eligite in le election de april 2013. Su governamento faceva fronte a un deterioration economic marcate per inflation alte, reduction del production, carentias de productos e difficultates del systema de servicios public.

Le reduction del precios del petroleum a partir de 2014 aggravava le crise, durante que le controlo cambiari, le restrictiones economic e le difficultates del industria petrolifere affectava le production e le commercio.

Le opposition obteneva un victoria importante in le electiones legislative de 2015. Le relationes inter le Assemblea National e le altere institutiones deveniva tamen conflictual. Le crisi constitutional se aggravava in 2017, quando le Tribunal Supremo de Justitia assumeva o restringiva competentias del Parlamento, provocante protestas e condemnationes international.

Durante le annos sequente, le governamento e le opposition se confrontava super le legitimitate del electiones, le functionamento del institutiones e le conditiones pro un transition politic.

== Migration e crise humanitari ==
Durante le annos 2010 e 2020, milliones de venezuelanos quittava le pais pro cercar securitate, empleos e accesso a servicios basic. Le migration affectava le paises vicin, specialmente [[Colombia]], [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], [[Chile]] e [[Brasil]], assi como communitates in le [[Statos Unite]] e in Europa.

Le causas del migration includeva le crise economic, le inflation, le reduction del ingresos familiar, le difficultates de accesso a medicamentos e servicios de sanitate e le insecuritate. Le conditiones variava inter familias e regiones, e le experientia del migrantes esseva influentiate per le politicas de reception e le possibilitates de integration del paises hospite.

Le organisationes international e le governamentos regional disveloppava programas de assistentia, registration e integration pro responder al necessitates del population migrante e del communitates que le recipeva.

== Electiones de 2024 e contestation politic ==
Le election presidential de 28 de julio 2024 produceva un grave disputa politic. Le autoritates electoral proclamava Maduro como victor, durante que le opposition contestava le resultatos e publicava registros que, secundo su interpretation, indicava un victoria de [[Edmundo González Urrutia]].

Le resultato e le proceduras electoral deveniva objectos de controversia international. Diverse governamentos e organisationes demandava plus grande transparentia, publication del resultatos detaliate e verification independente.

Le protestas post-election esseva sequite per arrestos e allegationes de violationes de derectos human. Le interpretation del election e le legitimitate del autoritates remaneva divisive in le societate venezuelan e in le relationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2026-06/2026_05_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q18_Venezuela_Humanitarian_and_socio-economic_situation.pdf |titulo=COI Query Response: Venezuela — Humanitarian and Socio-economic Situation |sitioweb=European Union Agency for Asylum |fecha=junio 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intervention statounitese de 2026 e governamento interin ==
In januario 2026, un operation militar de [[Statos Unite]] in Venezuela conduceva al captura de Nicolás Maduro e de su sposa, [[Cilia Flores]], qui esseva transportate a [[New York]] pro facer fronte a accusationes penal formulate per le autoritates statounitese. Le operation e le captura provocava un crise international concernente le sovranitate venezuelan, le uso del fortia e le legalitate del intervention.

Post le captura de Maduro, Delcy Rodríguez, qui habeva occupate le vice-presidentia, assumeva le function de presidente interin. Le transition esseva marcate per negotiationes con le Statos Unite, le relationes con le opposition e le question del organisation de nove electiones.

In septembre 2026, Rodríguez participava al sessiones del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] e declarava que Venezuela organisarea electiones como parte de un transition verso un systema plus democratic, ma sin annunciar un data definitive. Le opposition reclamava un calendario clar e garanties pro le participation politic e le verification del resultatos.

Le situation remaneva in evolution in octobre 2026. Le futuro del institutiones, le organisation de electiones e le gestion del ingresos petrolifere continuava a esser questiones central del transition politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-president-returns-us-visit-no-deals-no-firm-election-date-2026-09-26/ |titulo=Venezuela president returns from US visit with no deals, no firm election date |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=26 de septembre 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cilia-flores-wife-venezuelas-maduro-press-release-us-jail-2026-10-08/ |titulo=Venezuela's Maduro charged in US with ordering torture of opponents, Americans |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=8 de octobre 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economia e petroleum ==
Le petroleum ha transformate le economia venezuelan durante le seculo XX. Le disveloppamento del exploitation petrolifere comenciava a grande scala durante le prime decennios del seculo, e le exportationes deveniva un del principal fontes de ingresos del stato.

In 1976, le industria petrolifere esseva nationalisate e le empresa statal [[Petróleos de Venezuela]] (PDVSA) esseva create. Le petroleum permitteva al governamento financiar infrastructuras e programas social, ma le dependentia del ingresos petrolifere rendeva le economia vulnerabile al fluctuationes del mercato international.

Venezuela possede un del plus grande reservas probate de petroleum del mundo, specialmente in le [[Cintura Petrolifere del Orinoco]]. Nonobstante, le production ha essite affectate per problemas de infrastructura, reduction del investitiones, difficultates technic e sanctiones international.

Le agricultura, le industria manufacturera, le exploitation de minerales e le servicios constitue etiam partes del economia. Le diversification economic e le reconstruction del infrastructuras figura inter le questiones importante del futuro economic del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/ven |titulo=Venezuela: Country Analysis |sitioweb=U.S. Energy Information Administration |fecha=8 de februario 2024 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societate e cultura ==
Le societate venezuelan es marcate per un diverse patrimonio indigena, african e europee, assi como per le contribution de communitates immigrante proveniente de altere partes del mundo.

[[Espaniol]] es le lingua dominante, durante que plure linguas indigena remane parlate per communitates native. Le musica e le dansas include traditiones regional como le [[joropo]], associate specialmente al Llanos, assi como le musica caribe e altere formas popular.

Le gastronomia venezuelan include platos como le [[arepa]], le [[hallaca]] e le pabellón criollo. Le traditiones religiose combina principalmente le catholicismo con altere formas de credentia e practicas cultural.

Le cultura del pais ha essite influentiate per le historia del colonisation, le migration, le petroleum, le urbanisation e le transformationes politic del seculo XX e XXI.

== Memoria historic e patrimonio ==
Le memoria del independentia, del figura de Simón Bolívar, del transformation del petroleum e del evolution del democratia occupa un loco central in le interpretation del historia venezuelan. Le patrimonio include sitios archeologic, citates colonial, monumentos del independentia e locos associate al historia del industria petrolifere.

Le historia recente es etiam marcate per le debattitos super le derectos human, le migration, le legitimitate electoral e le relation inter le institutiones national e le actores international. Le conservation del archives e le accesso a information independente es importante pro le studio del periodo contemporanee.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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    <title>Historia de Antigua e Barbuda</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Antigua e Barbuda''' tracta le evolution del duo insulas principal del nation caribe desde lor prime habitation per populos amerindian usque al formation del stato independente in 1981. Le insulas esseva colonisate per angleses durante le seculo XVII e deveniva un importante centro del production de zucchero, basate sur le labor de africanos enslaveate. Le societate colonial esseva marcate per le plantationes, le sclavit...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Antigua e Barbuda''' tracta le evolution del duo insulas principal del nation caribe desde lor prime habitation per populos amerindian usque al formation del stato independente in 1981. Le insulas esseva colonisate per angleses durante le seculo XVII e deveniva un importante centro del production de zucchero, basate sur le labor de africanos enslaveate. Le societate colonial esseva marcate per le plantationes, le sclavitude e le resistance al domination britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=74 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/antigua-barbuda |titulo=Antigua and Barbuda |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, le movimento sindical e le formation de partidos politic conduceva al autonomia interne in 1967 e al independentia le 1 de novembre 1981. In le epocha contemporanee, le historia del pais es marcate per le disveloppamento del turismo, le evolution del democratia e le debattes concernente le autonomia de Barbuda, le proprietate del terra e le vulnerabilitate al uraganos.

== Geographia e contexto historic ==
Antigua e Barbuda es un stato insular situate in le insulas Leeward del archipelago del [[Caribe]], al est del mar Caribe e al nord del insulas de Guadalupe. Le territorio national comprende principalmente Antigua, Barbuda e le insula inhabitate de Redonda.

Antigua ha un costa con numerose bayas e portos natural. English Harbour, in le sud del insula, offere un porto protegite contra le tempestates tropic e deveniva un loco strategic pro le marina britannic. Barbuda, plus basse e con extensive areas de costa e manglares, disveloppava un historia social e territorial distincte, marcate per le uso communal del terra e le administration local.

Le position geographic del insulas, inter le oceano Atlantic e le mar Caribe, los collocava in le rotas maritime del commercio colonial europee. Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le competition inter le potentias europee pro controlar le insulas caribe e le production de zucchero transformava Antigua in un possession importante del Imperio Britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499 |titulo=Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation e societates amerindian ==
Le insulas esseva habitate milles de annos ante le arrivata del europeos. Secundo le information historic publicate per le Governo de Antigua e Barbuda, le prime habitantes includeva le Ciboney, qui arrivava circa 3100 a.C. Ulteriormente, grupos amerindian associate al traditiones [[arawak]] e [[caribe]] habitava le insulas e participava al rete de navigation e de intercambio de Caribe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=74 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le societates precolonial dependiva in grande parte del pisca, del agricultura, del collection de recursos natural e del commercio inter insulas. Le navigation permitteva le circulation de personas, utensiles e productos inter le insulas Leeward e altere partes del archipelago.

Le information super iste periodo es limitate per le natura del restos archaeologic e per le facto que multe aspectos del cultura e del historia oral del prime habitantes non esseva registrate per scriptores europee contemporanee. Le historia precolonial debe dunque esser reconstruite principalmente a partir del restos material e del comparation con altere societates amerindian del region.

== Arrivata del europeos ==
In 1493, durante su secunde viage a [[America]], [[Christophoro Colombo]] avistava le insulas. Ille nominava Antigua in honor del ecclesia de Santa María la Antigua de Sevilla. Le contactos europee non conduceva immediatemente a un colonisation permanente, e le insulas continuava a esser parte del mundo caribe amerindian durante le prime decennios post le exploration.

Durante le seculo XVI e le initio del seculo XVII, le potentias europee augmentava lor interesse in le insulas caribe pro lor position maritime e pro le possibilitate de establir plantationes. Le expansion del colonisation britannic in le Antillas Minor esseva parte de iste processo plus large, que involveva etiam le expansion del commercio transatlantic e del sclavitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=74 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation britannic e plantationes ==
Le angleses establiva un colonia permanente in Antigua in 1632. Barbuda esseva colonisate ulteriormente, in 1685. Le dominio britannic transformava progressivemente le organisation economic e social del insulas, con le expansion del plantationes e le integration del territorio in le systema commercial del Imperio Britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=74 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le production de [[zucchero]] deveniva le principal fundamento del economia colonial de Antigua. Le plantationes necessitava un grande quantitate de labor, que esseva procurate in grande parte per le importation forciate de africanos enslaveate. Le societate colonial se divideva inter proprietarios de plantationes, comerciantes, administratores colonial e un grande population de personas enslaveate, cuje labor susteneva le production agricole e le exportation.

Le economia de plantationes esseva ligate al commercio transatlantic e al navigation britannic. Le zucchero, le melassa e le rum circulava inter le insulas, Europa e altere mercatos, durante que le beneficios del production esseva concentrate principalmente in le manos del proprietarios e del comerciantes.

Le sclavitude esseva accompaniate per violentia, separation de familias e restriction del libertate personal. Le africanos enslaveate manteneva e transformava lor culturas per medio del religion, del musica, del linguas, del traditiones familiar e del solidaritate communitari. Iste contributiones deveniva parte central del societate e del cultura antigual e barbudan contemporanee.

== Resistance al sclavitude ==
Le systema de sclavitude incontrava resistance individual e collective. Le personas enslaveate usava diverse formas de opposition, includente le fuga, le refusa de labor, le preservation de traditiones cultural e le organisation de revoltas.

Le Governo de Antigua e Barbuda mentiona revoltas in 1701 e 1729, assi como un complot de rebellion planificate in 1736. Le complot de 1736 es associate al figura de Prince Klaas, un africano enslaveate qui, secundo le relatos historic, habeva un rol in le organisation del rebellion. Le complot esseva discoperite ante su execution e plure personas accusate de participation esseva executate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=120 |titulo=Independence |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste eventos reflecte le opposition al conditiones del plantationes e al autoritate colonial. Le repression de revoltas non eliminava le resistance, e le demanda de libertate continuava a influentiar le societate durante le seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX.

== English Harbour e le marina britannic ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, English Harbour deveniva un importante base del [[Royal Navy]] britannic in le Caribe oriental. Le porto, protegite per collinas e con un entrata relativemente strette, offereva un refugio contra uraganos e un loco favorabile pro reparar e mantener naves militar.

Le construction del Antigua Naval Dockyard, hodie cognoscite como Nelson’s Dockyard, comenciava in 1725 e se expandiva durante le seculo XVIII e le seculo XIX. Le complexo includeva edificios de administration, officinas, magazinos, allogiamentos e fortificationes. Le labor de generationes de africanos enslaveate esseva fundamental pro le construction e le operation del installationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499 |titulo=Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dockyard serviva a proteger le interesses del plantationes de zucchero e le position maritime britannic in un periodo de rivalitate inter le potentias europee. Le complexo esseva usate durante multe decennios e deveniva un elemento importante del historia naval e colonial del region.

Le installationes esseva gradualmente abandonate como base naval durante le seculo XIX. In le seculo XX, le edificios e le area circumstante esseva restaurate e adaptate a usos patrimonial e turistic. Le sito esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO in 2016, sub le denomination Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499 |titulo=Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude e emancipation ==
Le movimento abolitionista in le Imperio Britannic conduceva al abolition juridic del sclavitude in le colonias britannic in 1833, con effectos in le anno sequente. In Antigua, le sclavitude esseva abolite in 1834. Le cambio juridic non eliminava immediatemente tote le relationes de dependentia economic e social que habeva marcate le societate de plantationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=74 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fin del sclavitude transformava le relationes de labor. Le ancian personas enslaveate cercava plus grande autonomia, accesso al terra e possibilitates de sustener lor familias sin le controlo directe del proprietarios de plantationes. Le societate colonial, tamen, continuava a esser caracterisate per desigualitates economic e per un accesso limitate al terra e al poter politic.

Le economia del insulas restava dependente del agricultura commercial, ma le difficultates de plantationes e le concurrentia international conduceva progressivemente a un diversification del activitates economic. Le conditiones de labor e le derectos politic del population deveniva asuntos central del vita public.

== Crises del seculo XIX ==
Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per difficultates economic e per disastres natural. Un terremoto in 1843 e un uragano in 1847 causava damnos e aggravava le problemas de un economia que ja habeva difficultates post le abolition del sclavitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=120 |titulo=Independence |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le agricultura continuava a haber un rol importante, ma le conditiones de labor, le accesso al terra e le variationes del mercatos international limitava le opportunitates pro grande partes del population. In iste contexto, le migration, le commercio e le evolution del institutiones colonial contribuiva al transformation del societate.

Redonda, un parve insula rocheose, esseva etiam usate pro le extraction de minerales. Le activitate minier cessava in 1929, post lo que le insula remaneva inhabitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=120 |titulo=Independence |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Administration colonial e le Union del Antillas ==
Durante le seculo XX, Antigua e Barbuda continuava sub le administration britannic como parte del insulas Leeward. Le evolution del institutiones colonial esseva influentiate per le expansion del sindicatos, le formation de partidos politic e le demandas pro plus grande representation democratic.

Le Antigua Trades and Labour Union e le [[Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party]] deveniva elementos importante del politica local. Le activitate sindical contribueva al mobilisation del travaliatores e al demanda de melioration del conditiones de labor, de derectos politic e de autonomia.

In 1958, Antigua entrava in le Federation del Antillas, un tentativa de reunir plure territorios britannic del Caribe in un structura politic commun. Le federation esseva dissolvite in 1962, e Antigua continuava a evolver verso un relation constitutional plus autonome con le Regno Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=120 |titulo=Independence |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Autonomia e stato associate, 1967–1981 ==
Le 27 de februario 1967, Antigua obteneva le stato de stato associate con le Regno Unite. Iste arrangiamento concedeva al territorio le autonomia interne, durante que le Regno Unite conservava le responsabilitate pro le defense e le affaires externe. Barbuda e Redonda faceva parte del territorio associate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1981-07-14/debates/22700421-8978-4f36-90f0-018557c56f78/AntiguaTerminationOfAssociationOrder |titulo=Antigua Termination of Association Order |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le politica del periodo esseva marcate per le rivalitate inter le Antigua Labour Party (ALP), dirigite per Vere Cornwall Bird, e le Progressive Labour Movement (PLM) de George Walter. Bird esseva Premier durante le prime annos del stato associate; in 1971, le PLM obteneva le governamento e Walter deveniva Premier. Le ALP retornava al poter in 1976.

Le Barbuda Local Government Act de 1976 establiva le Barbuda Council, un organo local electe con competentias administrative e legislative limitate. Le autonomia local de Barbuda deveniva un elemento importante del debattes super le relation inter le insulas e super le protection del regime communal del terra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.planbarbuda.org/barbuda-land-rights-resourses-committee |titulo=Barbuda Local Government Act |sitioweb=Barbuda Land Rights and Resources Committee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le annos 1970, le discussion super le independentia deveniva plus importante. In 1978, le governamento annunciava su intention de proceder verso le independentia. Le electiones de april 1980, in le quales le ALP obteneva 13 del 17 sedes del Parlamento, esseva considerate un indicio del supporto politic al independentia. Le preparation del nove constitution includeva discussiones super le derectos fundamental e le position de Barbuda in le nove stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1981-07-14/debates/22700421-8978-4f36-90f0-018557c56f78/AntiguaTerminationOfAssociationOrder |titulo=Antigua Termination of Association Order |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia, 1981 ==
Le 1 de novembre 1981, le association constitutional con le Regno Unite terminava e Antigua e Barbuda deveniva un stato independente in le Commonwealth. Vere Cornwall Bird deveniva le prime prime ministro del nove stato. Le independentia esseva formalmente accompaniate per le entrata in vigor del constitution national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/antigua-barbuda |titulo=Antigua and Barbuda |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le nove stato adoptava un systema de monarchia constitutional e un Parlamento bicameral. Le monarca britannic restava le chef de stato, representate in Antigua e Barbuda per un Governator General. Le independentia establiva le autoritate national super le affaires interne, externe e de defense, durante que le pais continuava a participar in le Commonwealth.

Le independentia non resolveva tote le questiones constitutional e territorial. In Barbuda, certe habitantes e representantes local habeva exprimit reservationes concernente le integration del insula in le nove stato, e le autonomia local restava un subjecto de debate politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1981-07-14/debates/22700421-8978-4f36-90f0-018557c56f78/AntiguaTerminationOfAssociationOrder |titulo=Antigua Termination of Association Order |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica post le independentia ==
Post 1981, le Antigua Labour Party continuava a dominar le politica national sub Vere Cornwall Bird. Le partito obteneva nove mandatos in 1984 e 1989. In 1994, Lester Bird, filio de Vere Bird, assumeva le position de prime ministro e continuava le governamento del ALP.

Le periodo esseva marcate per le consolidation del institutiones del stato independente e per le evolution del economia verso le servicios e le turismo. Le debattes politic includeva le gestion del economia, le administration public, le relationes inter le insulas e le protection del terra e del recursos natural.

In 2004, le United Progressive Party (UPP) vinceva le electiones e Baldwin Spencer deveniva prime ministro, ponente fin a un longe periodo de governamento del ALP. Spencer remaneva in le cargo usque a 2014, quando le ALP retornava al poter sub le direction de Gaston Browne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://gis.gov.ag/?page_id=74 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Government Information Service of Antigua and Barbuda |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le electiones de 2018 dava al ALP un majoritate parlamentar ample. Le electiones de 18 de januario 2023 esseva plus competitive: le ALP obteneva 9 sedes de 17 del Camera del Representantes, le UPP 6, le Barbuda People’s Movement 1 e un candidato independente 1. Gaston Browne obteneva assi un tertie mandato consecutive como prime ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://data.ipu.org/parliament/AG/AG-LC01/election/AG-LC01-E20230118/ |titulo=Antigua and Barbuda House of Representatives: January 2023 Election |sitioweb=Inter-Parliamentary Union, PARLINE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Barbuda: terra, autonomia e relationes inter le insulas ==
Le historia de Barbuda se distingue in plure aspectos de celle de Antigua. Le insula ha un population plus reducite e un tradition de gestion communal del terra. Le Barbuda Local Government Act de 1976 establiva un Consilio local e continua a esser un referentia importante in le debates super le autonomia del insula e le administration del terra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.planbarbuda.org/barbuda-land-rights-resourses-committee |titulo=Barbuda Local Government Act |sitioweb=Barbuda Land Rights and Resources Committee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le relation inter le governamento central e le institutiones de Barbuda ha essite marcate per debates super le uso del terra, le disveloppamento turistic e le derectos del communitate local. Le projectos de disveloppamento de resortes e infrastructuras ha provocate controversias concernente le protection del ambiente, le consultation del habitantes e le autonomia local.

Le uragano Irma, que attingeva Barbuda in septembre 2017, causava destructiones extensive e obligava le evacuation de quasi tote le population verso Antigua. Le devastation affectava le habitationes, le infrastructuras e le servicios essential. Le reconstruction e le retorno del habitantes deveniva un major desafio humanitari e politic pro le insula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.unfpa.org/news/unfpa-responds-entire-population-barbuda-evacuated-following-hurricane-irma |titulo=UNFPA responds as entire population of Barbuda evacuated following Hurricane Irma |sitioweb=United Nations Population Fund |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le impacto de Irma reforçava le debatte super le vulnerabilitate del insulas caribe al disastres natural, le adaptation climatic e le necessitate de reconstruction resistente. Illo etiam poneva de nove in le centro del discussion le question de qui debe participar in le decisiones concernente le terra e le futuro economic de Barbuda.

== Economia e transformation social ==
Le economia de Antigua e Barbuda esseva historicamente basate sur le production de zucchero e le labor de plantationes. Post le abolition del sclavitude, le agricultura continuava a esser importante, ma le peso economic del production agricole declinava progressivemente.

Durante le seculo XX, le turismo deveniva un del principal sectores economic del pais. Le playas, le portos natural, le patrimonio colonial e le activitates nautic attraheva visitantes e investitiones. Le servicios, le hoteleria, le transporto e le construction deveniva elementos central del economia contemporanee.

Le dependentia del turismo, tamen, expone le pais a crises international, a fluctuationes de viages e al effectos de uraganos. Le historia economic del pais es assi marcate per le transition desde un economia de plantationes verso un economia de servicios, con le persistant importantia del desigualitates social e del vulnerabilitate ambiental.

== Patrimonio historic ==
Un del principal testimonios material del historia colonial es le Antigua Naval Dockyard e su sitios archaeologic associate, includite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO in 2016. Le ensemble comprende edificios naval in stilo georgian, fortificationes e restos archaeologic ligate al uso de English Harbour per le Royal Navy britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499 |titulo=Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sito es importante pro comprender le relation inter le expansion del Imperio Britannic, le commercio de zucchero, le guerra maritime e le labor de africanos enslaveate. Le conservation del dockyard representa assi non solmente le historia naval britannic, ma etiam le contribution e le experientia del personas que construeva e manteneva le installationes.

Le patrimonio historic del insulas include etiam fortificationes, ecclesias, habitationes colonial e sitios archaeologic precolonial. Iste elementos es parte del memoria collective e del disveloppamento del turismo cultural.

== Memoria, identitate e cultura ==
Le historia de Antigua e Barbuda ha essite marcate per le rencontre e le conflicto inter culturas amerindian, europee e african. Le sclavitude e le plantationes ha influentiate le formation del societate, ma le traditiones africane e caribe ha etiam contribuite al lingua, le musica, le religion, le gastronomia e le cultura popular.

Le independentia de 1981 es un puncto central del identitate national. Le celebration annual del independentia commemora le fin del dominio colonial e le formation del stato moderne. Simultaneemente, le historia de Barbuda e le debates super le terra, le autonomia local e le disveloppamento economic monstra que le construction del identitate national continua a esser un processo in evolution.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bahamas''' tracta le evolution del archipelago caribe desde le habitation precolombian per le populo lucayan usque al formation del stato independente in 1973. Le insulas esseva inhabitate per populos amerindian durante multe seculos ante le arrivata de [[Christophoro Colombo]] in 1492. Le contactos con le europeos esseva sequite per le depopulation del lucayanos, in grande parte per le sclavitude e le transferentia forz...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Bahamas''' tracta le evolution del archipelago caribe desde le habitation precolombian per le populo lucayan usque al formation del stato independente in 1973. Le insulas esseva inhabitate per populos amerindian durante multe seculos ante le arrivata de [[Christophoro Colombo]] in 1492. Le contactos con le europeos esseva sequite per le depopulation del lucayanos, in grande parte per le sclavitude e le transferentia forzate a altere colonias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bahamas/1000 |titulo=The Bahamas |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le colonisation anglese comenciava in le seculo XVII e le archipelago deveniva un colonia britannic, integrate in le systema de plantationes e de commercio transatlantic. Durante le seculo XIX, le sclavitude esseva abolite; durante le seculo XX, le movimento pro le derectos politic e le autogovernamento conduceva al independentia le 10 de julio 1973. Desde alora, Bahamas ha developpate un economia basate principalmente sur le turismo e le servicios financiari.

== Geographia e contexto historic ==
Bahamas es un archipelago situate in le oceano Atlantic, al est e al sud-est de Florida e al nord de Cuba. Illo comprende numerose insulas e cayos, inter le quales [[New Providence]], [[Grand Bahama]], [[Andros]], [[Eleuthera]], [[Exuma]] e [[San Salvador]]. Le capital, [[Nassau]], se trova in New Providence.

Le position del archipelago inter America del Nord e le Caribe habeva un importantia strategic durante le epocha de navigation transatlantic. Le insulas serviva de puntos de passage pro naves mercante, exploratores e, plus tarde, corsarios e naves militar. Le portos natural e le proximitate a Florida influentiava le evolution del colonisation e del commercio.

Le historia de Bahamas es marcate per plure fases: le societates amerindian precolonial, le contactos con le Imperio Espaniol, le colonisation anglese, le plantationes e le sclavitude, le abolition, le evolution del institutiones colonial, le lucta pro le derectos politic e le independentia, e le disveloppamento del economia de servicios.

== Prime habitantes: le lucayanos ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, le insulas esseva habitate per le lucayanos, un populo de lingua arawakana ligate culturalmente al [[tainos]] del Caribe. Le evidentia archaeologic indica que le habitation del archipelago comenciava plure seculos ante 1492. Le lucayanos practicava le pisca, le agricultura e le collection de recursos natural, e manteneva contactos con altere insulas del region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7958357/ |titulo=Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas |sitioweb=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences / PubMed Central |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le lucayanos habitava communitates organisate e disponeva de cognoscentias de navigation inter insulas. Lor vita quotidian dependeva del recursos marin, del cultivo de plantas e del exploitation del ambientes litoral. Le restos archaeologic, includente habitationes e utensiles, permitte reconstruir parte de lor historia, ben que multe aspectos de lor cultura e tradition oral non esseva registrate per scriptores contemporanee.

Le population lucayana al momento del arrivata de Colombo es generalmente estimate in decenas de milles, ben que le cifras exacte resta incert. Le contactos con le europeos provocava un catastrofe demographic: le maladias, le violentia e le deportation de personas enslaveate verso Hispaniola e Cuba reduceva drasticamente le population in le decennios sequente. Le systema colonial espaniol requireva labor forzate pro le minas e le plantationes de altere insulas, e multe lucayanos esseva removite de lor territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7958357/ |titulo=Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas |sitioweb=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences / PubMed Central |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Christophoro Colombo e le arrivata europee ==
In 1492, [[Christophoro Colombo]] attingeva un insula de Bahamas durante su prime viage transatlantic, generalmente identificate como [[San Salvador]], cognoscite per le lucayanos como Guanahani. Iste evento marcava le initio del contactos documentate inter le archipelago e le europeos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le exploration espaniol non conduceva immediatemente a un colonisation permanente e extensive del archipelago. Le insulas esseva tamen incorporate in le quadro del expansion colonial espaniol in America. Le extraction de labor indigena e le deportation de lucayanos verso altere colonias contribueva al disparition del population originari in multe partes de Bahamas.

Durante le seculos sequente, le archipelago remaneva relativamente poco popolate in comparation con le grande colonias de plantationes del Caribe. Su position maritime, tamen, lo rendeva attractive pro navegantes, pescatores, comerciantes e personas implicate in le corsa e in le contrabando.

== Prime colonias anglese ==
Un tentativa de colonisation anglese esseva initiate in le seculo XVII. In 1647, un grupo de dissidentes religiose anglese proveniente de Bermuda establiva un communitate in Eleuthera. Le colonos cercava un loco ubi poter practicar lor religion con plus grande libertate. Iste settlement es generalmente considerate un del origines del colonisation anglese permanente de Bahamas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le decennios sequente, le colonisation se extendeva a altere insulas, specialmente New Providence. In 1670, le rege [[Carolo II de Anglaterra]] concedeva le insulas a un grupo de proprietarios anglese, cognoscite como le Lords Proprietors, ligate al administration colonial de Carolina.

Le colonias esseva vulnerabile a ataques maritime e a rivalitates inter le potentias europee. Le insulas deveniva etiam un refugio pro corsarios e piratas que operava in le rotas del commercio transatlantic. Le conditiones geographic del archipelago —numerose canales, bayas e insulas— rendeva difficile le controlo de navigation per un sol administration.

== Nassau e le periodo de piratas ==
Le settlement de New Providence se disveloppava como centro politic e commercial del archipelago. Le citate esseva nominate Charles Towne in honor del rege Carolo II e recipeva ulteriormente le nomine Nassau, in honor del Casa de Orange-Nassau, al qual pertineva le rege [[Guglielmo III de Anglaterra]].

Durante le fin del seculo XVII e le initio del seculo XVIII, Bahamas deveniva un refugio importante pro piratas e corsarios. Le portos e le insulas isolate permitteva a naves evitar le autoritates colonial e atacar le navigation commercial in le Caribe e in le Atlantic occidental.

Le pirateria perturbava le commercio britannic e provocava interventiones del autoritates. In 1717, Bahamas deveniva un colonia directe del Corona Britannic e Woodes Rogers esseva nominate su prime governator royal. Rogers arrivava in Nassau in 1718 con le objectivo de restabilir le autoritate britannic, reprimer le pirateria e stabilisar le administration colonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le repression de pirateria e le establimento de institutiones colonial plus stabile facilitava le integration de Bahamas in le systema politic e commercial britannic. Le administration colonial developpava gradualmente su institutiones legislative e judicial, durante que Nassau consolidava su rolo como centro del archipelago.

== Institutiones colonial e le seculo XVIII ==
Le institutiones representative del colonia esseva disveloppate durante le seculo XVIII. Le House of Assembly de Bahamas teneva su prime session official in 1729, deveniva un del institutiones legislative plus ancian del Commonwealth Britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le economia colonial se basava super le navigation, le commercio, le exploitation de recursos local e le agricultura. In contrasto con plure altere colonias caribe, Bahamas non disveloppava un economia de plantationes de zucchero de dimension comparabile a celle de Barbados o Jamaica. Tamen, le sclavitude e le labor african enslaveate habeva un rolo importante in le societate e in le activitates economic.

Le position strategic del archipelago lo rendeva etiam importante durante le conflictos inter le Imperio Britannic, Espania e le colonias britannic de America del Nord. Le fortificationes de Nassau e le portos del insulas faceva parte del systema de defense maritime del region.

== Guerra de independentia american e conflictos maritime ==
Durante le [[Guerra de independentia del Statos Unite]], Bahamas esseva implicate in le rivalitates inter le britannicos e le rebelles american. In 1776, un expedition naval american attaccava Nassau e prendeva temporarimente le fortificationes del porto, includente Fort Nassau e Fort Montagu. Un secunde invasion american occurreva in 1778.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le guerra, le [[Tractato de Paris de 1783]] confirmava le independentia del Statos Unite e le position britannic in Bahamas. Espania, que habeva occupate temporarimente partes del archipelago durante le conflicto, cedeva Bahamas a Britannia in le arrangiamentos diplomatic del mesme periodo.

Le guerra e le conflictos maritime reforçava le importantia de Nassau como porto e centro administrative. Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVIII, le autoritates britannic construiva e expandava fortificationes pro proteger le porto e le insulas contra ataques.

== Loyalistas e le expansion del plantationes ==
Le [[Revolution American]] e le independentia del Statos Unite habeva consequentias importante pro le population de Bahamas. Numerose loyalistas, personas qui remaneva fidele al Corona Britannic, abandonava le nove Statos Unite e se establiva in le colonias britannic del Caribe, includente Bahamas.

Alcunes de iste colonos portava con se personas africane enslaveate e introduceva formas de agricultura commercial basate super plantationes. In Bahamas, le plantationes cultivava inter altere coton e altere productos tropic, specialmente in insulas como Exuma, Cat Island e Eleuthera.

Le expansion del plantationes augmentava le numero de africanos enslaveate e reforçava le structuras social basate super le proprietate del terra e le labor forzate. Le rendimento del agricultura variava tamen secundo le conditiones del sol, le pluvia e le accesso al mercatos. In multe locos, le plantationes non attingeva le nivello de profito attendite, e parte del proprietarios abandonava gradualmente le production commercial.

== Abolition del sclavitude ==
Le abolition del sclavitude in le Imperio Britannic esseva un processo legislative que comenciava con le Slavery Abolition Act de 1833. In Bahamas, le emancipation entrava in effecto in 1834, ben que un periodo transitori de apprentissage esseva applicate ante le fin complete del systema in 1838.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fin del sclavitude transformava le relationes social e economic. Le ancian personas enslaveate recipeva le libertate juridic, ma multe continuava a depender economicamente del proprietarios de terra e del empleatores. Le accesso al terra, al education e al representation politic restava inegal.

Le communitates afro-bahamian disveloppava lor proprie institutiones religiose, cultural e familiar, e le traditiones africane continuava a influentiar le musica, le dansa, le lingua e le vita quotidian del archipelago. Le emancipation es dunque un puncto central in le historia del formation del societate bahamian contemporanee.

== Le seculo XIX: economia e transformation social ==
Durante le seculo XIX, le economia de Bahamas esseva marcate per le declino del plantationes e per le evolution del commercio maritime. Le agricultura continuava a esser importante in certe insulas, ma le difficultates de production e le limitate accesso a mercatos limitava le possibilitates de expansion.

Nassau conservava su rolo como centro commercial e administrative. Le navigation, le pisca, le collection de spongias marin e le commercio regional contribueva al economia. Le insulas esseva etiam influentiate per le fluctuationes del commercio transatlantic e per le evolution del relationes con le Statos Unite.

Le colonia disveloppava gradualmente su institutiones legislative e administrative, ma le participation politic remaneva concentrate in un parte limitate del population. Le majoritate afro-bahamian continuava a enfrentar obstaculos economic e social, e le demanda de equalitate politic deveniva un elemento importante del historia del seculo XX.

== Contrabando e le Guerra Civil american ==
Durante le [[Guerra Civil american]] de 1861–1865, Nassau deveniva un importante base pro le commercio de contrabando con le Statos Confederate. Le bloqueo naval del portos del Sud american crea opportunitates pro naves que transportava mercantias e materiales inter Nassau e le portos de Confederation.

Le commercio de blockade-running genera un periodo de prosperitate temporari pro Nassau, con augmentos del activitate portuari e del profitos commercial. Post le fin del guerra, iste activitate declinava, e le economia de Bahamas retornava a depender de un insimul de commercio, agricultura e servicios maritime.

== Turismo e le initio del seculo XX ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX, le turismo deveniva progressivemente un sector importante del economia. Le clima tropic, le playas e le proximitate al Statos Unite attraheva visitantes, specialmente durante le hiberno. Le construction de hotels e le disveloppamento de servicios de navigation e transporto facilitava le transformation de Nassau in un destination turistic.

In 1898, le Hotel and Steam Ship Service Act contribueva al promotion de Nassau como destination de hiberno. Le turismo deveniva un alternativa al declinante agricultura commercial e comenciava a transformar le empleo e le paisage urban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/df7f2c36-598d-4218-bdd6-898cdcd2816f/Bahamas%2BTimeline.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=A Snapshot of the History of The Bahamas: A Timeline |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le disveloppamento del turismo non eliminava le desigualitates social. Le proprietate del hotels, del terras e del infrastructuras restava in parte concentrate, durante que le majoritate del travaliatores bahamian dependeva de empleos in le servicios, le construction, le commercio e le transporto.

== Le prohibition american e le annos 1920 ==
Durante le [[Prohibition in le Statos Unite]], que comenciava in 1920, Bahamas deveniva un importante punto de transbordo pro le alcohol destinate al mercato american. Le proximitate geographic e le extensive costa del archipelago facilitava le contrabando de alcohol verso Florida.

Le commercio illegal genera profitos pro certe comerciantes e operadores maritime, ma etiam augmentava le activitate criminal e le corruption associate al contrabando. Post le fin del prohibition in 1933, le rolo de contrabando de alcohol declinava, durante que le turismo e le servicios financiari continuava a crescer como sectores economic.

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le position de Bahamas habeva importantia strategic pro le defense del Caribe e pro le communicationes maritime e aerie del alliatos. Le insulas participava al cooperation militar britannic e american, e le activitates de aviation e de surveillance maritime esseva expandite.

Le guerra contribueva al disveloppamento del infrastructuras e al integration de Bahamas in le systemas regional de transporto e defense. Post 1945, le retorno al pace international e le expansion de viages commercial e de recreation favorava le crescentia del turismo.

== Movimento pro le derectos politic e Majority Rule ==
Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, le societate bahamian esseva marcate per un systema politic in le qual un elite economic e politic, largemente blanc, exerceva un influentia disproportionate. Le majoritate afro-bahamian habeva un accesso limitate al poter politic e a numerose opportunitates economic.

Le Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) esseva fundate in 1953 e deveniva le principal organisation politic que reclamava le expansion del participation democratic e le equalitate politic. Le movimento includeva figuras como Lynden Pindling, qui deveniva un del principal dirigentes del independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/b395d5a0-8636-4a7a-af82-fe3a20ca7526/Road%20to%20Majority%20Rule.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=The Road to Majority Rule (1942–1967) |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le General Strike de 1942, cognoscite etiam como le Burma Road Riot, habeva un rolo importante in le historia del labor e del movimentos social. Le protesta esseva ligate al conditiones de labor e al salarios pagate a travaliatores implicate in le construction de un aerodromo militar. Le evento deveniva un puncto de referentia pro le movimento sindical e pro le demandas de derectos politic.

In 1965, un controverse in le House of Assembly conduceva al evento cognoscite como Black Tuesday. Lynden Pindling, in un gesto de protestation contra le systema politic e le proceduras legislative, prendeva le mace del Speaker e lo lanceava per un fenestra del edificio parlamentar. Le gesto deveniva un symbolo de opposition al domination del elite politic e economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/b395d5a0-8636-4a7a-af82-fe3a20ca7526/Road%20to%20Majority%20Rule.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |titulo=The Road to Majority Rule (1942–1967) |sitioweb=Government of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 10 de januario 1967, le PLP obteneva le majoritate de sedes del Parlamento e Bahamas celebrava le introduction del Majority Rule. Iste evento es considerate un momento decisiv in le evolution del democratia bahamian, perque illo permitteva al majoritate del population exercitar le poter politic per medio del voto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://opm.gov.bs/prime-minister-davis-remarks-majority-rule-day/ |titulo=Prime Minister Davis’ Remarks on the Fifty-Sixth Majority Rule Day |sitioweb=Office of the Prime Minister of The Bahamas |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Autogovernamento e independentia ==
Bahamas obteneva le autogovernamento interne in 1964, con un systema constitutional que concedeva plus grande responsabilitate al governamento local, durante que Regno Unite conservava le competentias concernente le defense e le affaires externe. Le processo de transition constitutional continuava durante le annos sequente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bahamas/1000 |titulo=The Bahamas |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le victoria del PLP in le electiones de 1967, le governamento de Lynden Pindling initiava un periodo de reformas institutional e de preparation pro le independentia. Le electiones de 1972 reforçava le mandato politic del governamento pro proseguir le processo. Le conferentia constitutional in London in 1972 preparava le principios del nove constitution, includente le continuation del systema parlamentar e le protection del derectos fundamental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1973-05-15/debates/5f8d986d-ea67-40af-8e74-eb9936b93f24/BahamasIndependenceBill |titulo=Bahamas Independence Bill |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 10 de julio 1973, Bahamas deveniva un stato independente in le Commonwealth of Nations. Le independentia esseva formalmente recognoscite per Regno Unite e Statos Unite. Lynden Pindling deveniva le prime ministro del nove stato independente, e le pais adoptava un constitution que establiva un democratia parlamentar e un monarchia constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/bahamas/1000 |titulo=The Bahamas |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1973-05-15/debates/5f8d986d-ea67-40af-8e74-eb9936b93f24/BahamasIndependenceBill |titulo=Bahamas Independence Bill |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le independentia non rumpeva tote le ligamines institutional con Regno Unite. Bahamas manteneva le monarca britannic como chef de stato, representate per un Governator General, e conservava un systema legal e parlamentar influentiate per le tradition britannic.

== Le stato independente: politica e economia ==
Post 1973, Bahamas disveloppava su institutiones national e expandava le sectores de turismo, banca international e servicios financiari. Le governamento de Lynden Pindling remaneva in le poter usque al victoria del Free National Movement (FNM) in 1992, sub le direction de Hubert Ingraham. Le alternantia politic inter FNM e PLP deveniva un elemento central del vita democratic del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/bahamas/74097.htm |titulo=Background Note: The Bahamas |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le turismo deveniva le principal sector economic, sustenite per le hotels, le resorts, le croceras e le servicios de recreation. Le banca international e le servicios financiari disveloppava se tamben, beneficiate per le position de Bahamas como centro regional e per su regime fiscal.

Le economia remaneva tamen vulnerabile a crises international, a cambios de viages e al disastres natural. Le uraganos, le erosion costal e le augmento del nivello del mar deveniva problemas importante pro un pais cuje population e infrastructura es concentrate in zonas litoral basse.

== Uraganos e disastres natural ==
Le position de Bahamas in le Atlantic tropic expone le archipelago a uraganos e tempestates tropic. Iste eventos ha causate damnos significative a habitationes, infrastructuras, turismo e activitates economic.

Un del plus grave disastres recente esseva le uragano Dorian, que attingeva le insulas Abaco e Grand Bahama in septembre 2019. Le tempesta causava destructiones extensive, inondationes e mortes, e obligava un operation de assistentia e reconstruction de grande scala.

Le impacto de Dorian sublineava le vulnerabilitate de Bahamas al cambio climatic e al augmento del nivello del mar. Le reconstruction e le preparation pro futuros disastres deveniva elementos importante del politica public e del cooperation international.

== Societate e cultura ==
Le historia de Bahamas es marcate per le interaction inter le culturas amerindian, africane, europee e nordamerican. Le traditiones africane, disveloppate durante le sclavitude e post le emancipation, ha un influentia importante super le musica, le religion, le dansa, le gastronomia e le vita communitari.

Junkanoo es un del principal celebrationes cultural del pais. Iste festival combina musica, tamburo, dansa, costumes elaborate e parades, specialmente durante le periodo de Natal e le prime die del anno. Le tradition es associate al historia de sclavitude e al expression cultural del communitates afro-bahamian, ben que su formas contemporanee ha evolvite considerablemente.

Le lingua official es anglese, ma le varietates linguistic bahamian reflecte le historia del archipelago e le influentias africane, caribe e britannic. Le religion christian es largemente presente, con numerose ecclesias e communitates religiose.

== Patrimonio historic e memoria collective ==
Le patrimonio historic de Bahamas include fortificationes, edificios colonial, sitios archaeologic amerindian e structuras ligate al commercio maritime. Nassau conserva edificios historic e fortificationes que reflecte le evolution del colonia britannic e su rolo in le guerras e le commercio del Caribe.

Fort Charlotte, Fort Fincastle e Fort Montagu es exemplos de infrastructura militar construite pro defender le porto e le insula de New Providence. Fortificationes e edificios de Nassau servi como testimonios del historia maritime e colonial del archipelago.

Le memoria de sclavitude, de residentia, de Majority Rule e de independentia occupa un position central in le identitate national. Le anniversario de independentia, le celebration de Majority Rule e le festivitates cultural contribue al transmission del historia e al expression del identitate bahamian.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Barbados''' tracta le evolution del insula caribe desde su habitation per populos amerindian usque al formation del stato independente in 1966 e su transformation in republica in 2021. Barbados esseva un del prime colonias anglese permanente in America, establite in 1627. Durante le seculo XVII, le production de canna de zucchero e le expansion del plantationes transformava profundemente su societate, con le importation forciate de africanos enslaveate. Le sclavitude, le resistance al domination colonial e le desigualitates economic influentiava le historia del insula durante plure seculos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/history |titulo=Archaeological History |sitioweb=Government of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/barbados |titulo=Barbados |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/9 |titulo=The Constitution of Parliament |sitioweb=Parliament of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, le movimentos sindical e politic conduceva al expansion de suffragio, al autogovernamento e al independentia le 30 de novembre 1966. Le 30 de novembre 2021, Barbados deveniva un republica parlamentar, con un presidente como chef de stato in loco del monarca britannic.

== Geographia e contexto historic ==
Barbados es un insula situate in le oceano Atlantic, al est del archipelago del [[Caribe]] e al nord-est de Trinidad e Tobago. Illa es le insula le plus oriental del Antillas e ha un superficie de circa 430 kilometros quadrate. Le capital e principal porto es [[Bridgetown]], situate in le costa sud-occidental.

Le position geographic de Barbados habeva un importantia particular durante le expansion del navigation transatlantic. A differentia de numerose insulas del Antillas Minor, Barbados es relativamente isolate e non forma parte del arco insular principal del Caribe. Su position inter Atlantic e le rutas maritime verso America del Nord lo rendeva importante pro le navigation commercial britannic.

Le historia del insula es marcate per plure phases: le habitation amerindian, le exploration europee, le colonisation anglese, le expansion del plantationes de zucchero, le sclavitude e le emancipation, le evolution del institutiones democratic, le independentia e le transformation economic del seculo XX.

== Prime habitantes e societates amerindian ==
Le evidentia archaeologic indica que Barbados esseva habitate per populos amerindian ante le arrivata del europeos. Inter le culturas associate al habitation precolonial del insula se trova grupos de lingua [[arawak]] e [[caribe]]. Le prime habitationes data de plure seculos ante le colonisation europee, ben que le chronologia precise e le succession de grupos resta subjectos a recerca archaeologic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/history |titulo=Archaeological History |sitioweb=Government of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le habitantes precolonial practicava le agricultura, le pisca e le collection de recursos natural. Illes manteneva contactos con altere insulas del Caribe e con le regiones continental de America del Sud. Le vestigios archaeologic, includente utensiles e restos de habitationes, demonstra que le insula faceva parte de un mundo caribe connectite per navigation e intercambio.

Le arrivata del europeos transformava iste situation. Quando le angleses establiva un colonia permanente in 1627, le insula pareva haber un population indigena multo reducite o absente in le zonas explorate per le colonos. Le causas exacte del reduction del population amerindian includeva probabilmente migrationes, maladias e le effectos del contactos anterior con le europeos.

== Exploration europee e origine del nomine ==
Exploratores [[Portugal|portugese]] e [[Espania|espaniol]] cognosceva Barbados durante le seculos XV e XVI, ma illes non establiva un colonia permanente. Le nomine Barbados es generalmente associate al expression portugese Os Barbados, que significa «le barbutos» e que poterea referer al apparentia de certe arbores con radices pendente.

Le insula esseva incorporate in le quadro plus large del exploration europee del Atlantic e del expansion del imperios colonial. Tamen, le colonisation effective comenciava solmente in le seculo XVII, quando le angleses establiva un settlement permanente e introduceva un systema economic orientate al production pro exportation.

== Colonisation anglese, 1627 ==
In 1627, un grupo de colonos anglese arrivava a Barbados e establiva un settlement permanente. Le colonisation esseva organisate per interesses commercial anglese, que cercava novas terras pro cultivar productos destinate al mercato transatlantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0101 |titulo=Bridgetown, Barbados |sitioweb=Slavery and Remembrance, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le prime colonos cultivava principalmente [[tabaco]], e postea [[coton]] e [[indigo]]. Le rendimento de iste productos esseva tamen limitate per le competition de altere colonias e per le fluctuationes del mercatos international. Le colonos comenciava assi a cercar un cultura agricultural que poterea generar profitos plus importante.

Le insula esseva administrate como un colonia anglese, con institutiones legislative e executive que reflecteva le structura del Imperio Britannic. Le expansion del proprietates agricole transformava gradualmente le distribution de terra e le organisation de labor.

== Expansion del canna de zucchero e plantationes ==
Durante le annos 1640, le canna de zucchero deveniva le cultura commercial dominante de Barbados. Le production de zucchero requireva capital importante, equipamento technic e un grande quantitate de labor. Le parve agricultores non poteva generalmente sustener le investitiones necessari e multe proprietates esseva absorbite per grande plantationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/history |titulo=Archaeological History |sitioweb=Government of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le expansion del plantationes transformava Barbados in un del principal economias de zucchero del Imperio Britannic. Le terra esseva concentrate in grande proprietates, e le production esseva orientate al exportation verso Europa. Le refination e le commercio de zucchero creava ricchessas pro un minoritate de proprietarios e comerciantes, durante que le majoritate del labor agricultural esseva effectuate per personas enslaveate.

Le plantationes de Barbados deveniva un modelo importante pro altere colonias britannic in America. Proprietarios e administratores que se displaciava desde Barbados portava con se practicas de cultivation, methodos de organisation de labor e normas juridic que influentiava le disveloppamento de plantationes in regiones como [[Carolina del Sud]].

== Sclavitude e societate colonial ==
Le expansion del production de zucchero esseva accompaniate per le importation forciate de africanos enslaveate. Durante le medietate del seculo XVII, le numero de travaliatores africanos enslaveate cresceva rapidemente e illes deveniva le principal forza de labor del plantationes. Le sclavitude esseva regulate per un serie de codices colonial que restringiva severemente le derectos del personas enslaveate e autorisava punitiones violent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0101 |titulo=Bridgetown, Barbados |sitioweb=Slavery and Remembrance, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le systema de plantationes creava un societate profundemente hierarchisate. Al cima se trovava le proprietarios de terra e le comerciantes, durante que le africanos enslaveate esseva submittite al labor forzate in le campos, in le molinos e in le installationes de transformation de zucchero.

Le sclavitude affectava tote le aspectos del vita quotidian: le familia, le religion, le lingua, le alimentation e le relationes social. Malgrado le repression, le africanos enslaveate manteneva e transformava lor traditiones cultural. Le musica, le rituales religiose, le cognoscentias agricole e le solidaritate communitari deveniva elementos importante del cultura afro-bajan.

Le commercio transatlantic de personas enslaveate e le economia de plantationes connectava Barbados con Africa occidental, Europa e altere colonias american. Le insula habeva assi un rolo importante in le disveloppamento del systema de sclavitude britannic e in le diffusion de su practicas verso altere partes de America.

== Resistance e rebellion ==
Le personas enslaveate resistiva al systema colonial per diverse medios, includente le fuga, le refusa de labor, le preservation de traditiones cultural e le organisation de rebelliones. Le repression de resistance esseva un elemento central del administration de plantationes.

Le rebellion le plus importante del sclavitude in Barbados esseva le Rebellion de Bussa, que comenciava le 14 de april 1816. Le rebellion esseva planificate per personas enslaveate de plure plantationes, e su organisation involveva homines e feminas que habeva un rolo in le activitate quotidian del proprietates agricole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/bussas-rebellion/ |titulo=Bussa’s rebellion |sitioweb=The National Archives, Regno Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le rebellion se diffundeva desde le plantation de Bayley, in le parochia de Saint Philip, verso altere partes del insula. Le autoritates colonial proclamava le lege martial e employava le militia e tropas britannic pro reprimer le rebellion. Le combattimentos terminava post circa tres dies. Bussa, un del dirigentes associate al rebellion, esseva occidite, e numerose personas enslaveate esseva occidite, executate o exiliate.

Le rebellion non aboleva le sclavitude, ma illo deveniva un evento central in le historia de resistance afro-bajan. Illo monstra le opposition al violentia del plantationes e le aspiration al libertate. In 1998, Bussa esseva designate como un del Heroes National de Barbados, e su memoria continua a esser importante in le identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/bussas-rebellion/ |titulo=Bussa’s rebellion |sitioweb=The National Archives, Regno Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude e emancipation ==
[[Regno Unite]] aboliva le commercio de personas enslaveate in 1807, ma le sclavitude ipsa continuava in le colonias britannic. Le Slavery Abolition Act de 1833 establiva le abolition del sclavitude in grande parte del Imperio Britannic, con le emancipation in Barbados in 1834. Un periodo transitori de apprentissage esseva applicate ante que le libertate deveniva complete in 1838.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/history |titulo=Archaeological History |sitioweb=Government of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le emancipation transformava le relationes juridic e social, ma non eliminava immediatemente le desigualitates economic. Le ancian personas enslaveate habeva generalmente recursos limitate e multe continuava a laborar in le agricultura, frequentemente sub conditiones difficile.

Le proprietarios de plantationes manteneva un influentia economic importante, e le accesso al terra, al education e al representation politic restava inegal. Le societate afro-bajan, tamen, disveloppava gradualmente nove institutiones religiose, educational e communitari e exigiva melioras in le conditiones de labor e in le participation politic.

== Economia e societate durante le seculo XIX ==
Durante le seculo XIX, le economia de Barbados continuava a depender del production de zucchero. Le proprietarios de plantationes esseva confrontate con le competition de altere regiones productrices, con le fluctuationes de precios e con le costo de labor e de production.

Le passage britannic de un politica commercial proteccionista verso libere commercio in le seculo XIX, le equalisation de taxas super le zucchero britannic e estranier e le competition de zucchero de beterraba contribueva al difficultates economic del insula. Le crise affectava tanto le proprietarios como le travaliatores e le parve productores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/history |titulo=Archaeological History |sitioweb=Government of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le societate restava marcate per le herentia de sclavitude e per le concentration de terra. Le formation de communitates libere afro-bajan e le disveloppamento de ecclesias, societates de assistentia mutue e institutiones educational contribueva al evolution del vita social e del identitate cultural.

== Politica colonial e reformas ==
Durante le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX, Barbados continuava sub le dominio britannic. Le institutiones colonial includeva un assemblea legislative, ma le participation politic esseva limitate per conditiones de proprietate e de reddito. Le majoritate del population non habeva le mesme accesso al poter politic que le elites proprietarie.

Le difficultates economic e le desigualitates social provocava demandas pro reformas. In 1896, le problemas economic conduceva al creation de un commission royal pro examinar le situation del insula. Le reformas restava tamen limitate, e le conditiones de labor e le accesso al derectos politic continuava a esser objectos de controverse.

Le disveloppamento de sindicatos e de organisationes de travaliatores deveniva plus importante durante le prime decennios del seculo XX. Le demandas includiva melioras salarial, conditiones de labor plus juste, education, protection social e un plus large participation in le institutiones politic.

== Le rebelliones de 1937 e le transformation politic ==
In 1937, graves disturbios social occurreva in Barbados, alimentate per povressa, disoccupation, basse salarios e le difficultates del travaliatores. Le protestas e le conflictos con le autoritates revelava le profunditate del problemas social e economic del insula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.bb/Visit-Barbados/history |titulo=Archaeological History |sitioweb=Government of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le disturbios conduceva al investigation de conditiones social per le Moyne Commission, que examina le situation in Barbados e in altere colonias britannic del Caribe. Le commission recommendava reformas e mesuras de assistentia economic, includente subventiones e prestos. Le eventos de 1937 deveniva un puncto de referentia pro le disveloppamento de movimento sindical e de politica moderne de Barbados.

Le activitate politic de Grantley Herbert Adams e de altere dirigentes contribueva al formation de institutiones que promoveva le derectos del travaliatores e le expansion de participation democratic. Le Barbados Labour Party (BLP) deveniva un del principal organisationes politic del insula.

In le decennios sequente, le reformas constitutional ampliava le suffragio e le representation politic. Le suffragio universal pro adultos esseva introducite in 1951, e le institutiones local recipeva gradualmente plus grande competentias. Le evolution politic preparava le insula pro autogovernamento e independentia.

== Federation del Antillas e autogovernamento ==
In 1958, Barbados entrava in le Federation del Antillas, un federation que reuniva plure colonias britannic del Caribe pro coordinar lor evolution constitutional e economic. Grantley Adams deveniva le prime e unic Prime Ministro del federation.

Le federation esseva dissolvite in 1962, post que differente territorios adoptava caminos distincte verso le independentia. Barbados continuava su processo de autogovernamento e obteneva autogovernamento interne complete in 1961. In le electiones de ille anno, le Democratic Labour Party (DLP), dirigite per Errol Walton Barrow, obteneva le majoritate e Barrow deveniva Premier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/13 |titulo=The History |sitioweb=Parliament of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le governamento de Barrow promoveva reformas social, includente le expansion de education gratuite e le disveloppamento de programas de assistentia. Le independentia deveniva le proxime objectivo politic.

== Independentia, 1966 ==
Le negotiationes constitutional con Regno Unite culminava in un conferentia in junio 1966. Le Parlamento britannic approbava le legislation necessari pro le independentia, e le [[Barbados Independence Order 1966]] entrava in vigor le 30 de novembre 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/barbados |titulo=Barbados |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://barbados.org/constitution.htm |titulo=Barbados Independence Order 1966 |sitioweb=Barbados.org, reproduction del instrumento constitutional |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barbados deveniva un stato independente in le Commonwealth of Nations, con Errol Barrow como su prime Prime Ministro. Le insula adoptava un constitution que establiva un democratia parlamentar secundo le tradition de Westminster. Le monarca britannic remaneva le chef de stato, representate per un Governator General.

Le independentia permitteva al pais conducer su proprie affaires interne e externe, participar directemente in organisationes international e disveloppar su politicas national. In 1966, Barbados entrava etiam in le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]].

== Politica post le independentia ==
Post 1966, le politica de Barbados esseva dominate principalmente per le alternantia inter le Barbados Labour Party (BLP) e le Democratic Labour Party (DLP). DLP governava ab 1966 usque a 1976 e de nove ab 1986 usque a 1994; BLP governava de 1976 a 1986 e retornava al poter in 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/9 |titulo=The Constitution of Parliament |sitioweb=Parliament of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le periodo post-independencia esseva marcate per le disveloppamento de institutiones national, le expansion de education e de servicios public e le transformation del economia. Le turismo e le servicios financiari deveniva sectores de plus grande importantia, durante que le agricultura, specialmente le production de zucchero, perdeva parte de su peso relative.

Le competition politic remaneva principalmente inter BLP e DLP. Le electiones periodic e le alternantia de governamentos contribueva al consolidation del systema parlamentar.

== Transformation economic ==
Le economia de Barbados evolueva desde un forte dependentia de canna de zucchero verso un modelo basate super le turismo, le servicios financiari, le commercio e altere servicios. Le turismo deveniva un fonte major de valuta estranier e de empleo, sustenite per le playas, le patrimonio cultural, le hoteles e le infrastructura de transporto.

Le production de zucchero continuava a haber un rol historic e economic, ma le sector confrontava le competition international, le fluctuationes de precios e le cambios in le politica commercial de Regno Unite e de Europa.

Le servicios financiari international disveloppava se como un altere componente del economia. Le pais cercava equilibrar le attraction de investitiones con le regulation de sector e le cooperation international contra le evasione fiscal e le abuso financiari.

Le dependentia del turismo rendeva le economia vulnerabile a crises international, a changes de viages e al effectos de disastres natural. Le politica economic contemporanee debe dunque responder al necessitate de diversification e al protection de recursos natural.

== Barbados deveni un republica, 2021 ==
Le 30 de novembre 2021, le die del 55e anniversario del independentia, Barbados deveniva formalmente un republica parlamentar e cessava de haber le monarca britannic como chef de stato. Sandra Mason, qui habeva servite como Governator General, esseva inaugurate como le prime Presidente del Republica de Barbados.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/9 |titulo=The Constitution of Parliament |sitioweb=Parliament of Barbados |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://caricom.org/barbados-becomes-fourth-caribbean-republic/ |titulo=Barbados becomes a Republic |sitioweb=Caribbean Community (CARICOM) |fecha=30 de novembre 2021 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le transition modificava le position constitutional del chef de stato, ma non eliminava le systema parlamentar. Le Presidente es le chef de stato, durante que le Prime Ministro e le Cabinet exerce le direction del governamento secundo le constitution.

Le transformation in republica esseva le resultato de un longe debatte super le identitate national, le herentia colonial e le forma de institutiones. Le transition esseva etiam presentate como un nove etapa in le evolution constitutional del pais, post plus de cinquanta annos de independentia.

== Cultura, memoria e patrimonio historic ==
Le historia de Barbados es inseparabile del contributiones de populos amerindian, de colonos europee e de africanos deportate e enslaveate. Le herentia african es visibile in le musica, le dansa, le religion, le lingua e le gastronomia. Le cultura bajan combina iste traditiones con influentias britannic e altere influentias caribe.

Le memoria de sclavitude e de resistance occupa un position importante in le historia national. Bussa, dirigente associate al rebellion de 1816, es celebrate como un heroe national. Le emancipation e le evolution de derectos politic es commemorate in le calendario national, includente le celebrationes de Emancipation Day e de Majority Rule.

Le patrimonio architectural de [[Bridgetown]] e del region historic del Garrison reflecte le evolution del colonia britannic e le rolo del insula in le commercio transatlantic. Le centro historic de Bridgetown e su Garrison esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1376/ |titulo=Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia recente e memoria national ==
In le seculo XXI, Barbados continua a disveloppar su institutiones democratic e su politica economic in un contexto regional marcate per cooperation caribe, vulnerabilitate climatic e le transformation del economia global. Le transition a republica in 2021 constitue un momento important in le evolution constitutional del pais.

Le historia de Barbados es etiam un historia de transformation de relationes social: desde le societates amerindian e le colonisation anglese, al plantationes de zucchero e le sclavitude, usque al movimentos pro derectos politic, independentia e republica. Le commemoration del rebellion de Bussa, de Majority Rule e de independentia continua a influentiar le identitate national e le interpretation del passato colonial.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Cuba''' tracta le evolution del insula desde le prime societates amerindian usque al formation del Republica de Cuba e al disveloppamentos politic, economic e social del seculo XXI. Cuba esseva colonisate per Espania post le arrivata de [[Christophoro Colombo]] in 1492 e deveniva un del principal centros de production de zucchero del Imperio Espaniol, basate durante plure seculos sur le sclavitude de africanos. Le lucta pro le independentia comenciava in 1868 e culminava, post le intervention del Statos Unite in 1898, con le formation de un republica independente in 1902. Le [[Revolution cuban]] de 1959 poneva fin al governamento de [[Fulgencio Batista]] e conduceva al establimento de un systema politic socialista sub le direction de [[Fidel Castro]]. Post le dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], Cuba traversava un grave crise economic, e durante le seculo XXI le insula affrontava nove difficultates economic, migratori e politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba |titulo=Cuba: History |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia e contexto historic ==
[[Cuba]] es le plus grande insula del [[Caribe]] e se trova inter le [[Golfo de Mexico]], le mar Caribe e le oceano Atlantic. Su position geographic, proxime a Florida, al peninsula de Yucatán e al insulas del Antillas, faceva del insula un puncto strategic pro le navigation, le commercio e le expansion colonial europee.

Le capital, [[Havana]], deveniva un del portos plus importante del Imperio Espaniol in America. Durante le seculos XVI al XVIII, le naves que transportava metales preciose, productos agricole e altere mercantias inter America e Europa faceva frequentemente escala in le portos cuban.

Le historia de Cuba es marcate per le interaction inter le populationes indigena, le colonisation espaniol, le sclavitude african, le expansion de plantationes de zucchero, le lucta pro le independentia e le relationes complexe con le Statos Unite. In le seculo XX, le Revolution de 1959 transformava le organisation politic e economic del pais e lo collocava al centro de de numerosissime conflictos del [[Guerra Frie]].

== Prime habitantes e societates amerindian ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Cuba esseva habitate per plure grupos amerindian. Inter le populationes mentionate in fontes historic e archaeologic se trova le Guanahatabeyes, le Siboneyes e le [[tainos]], ben que iste denominationes non representa necessariamente grupos uniforme e rigidemente separate.

Le tainos, de lingua associate al familia [[arawak]], practicava le agricultura, le pisca e le collection de recursos natural. Illes cultivava inter altere le [[manioc]], le mais e le tabaco, e habitava communitates organisate sub le direction de chefes cognoscite como caciques. Le Guanahatabeyes, concentrate principalmente in partes occidental del insula secundo relatos historic, esseva associate a modos de vita basate in grande parte super le collection e le exploitation de recursos costal.

Le societates precolombian manteneva contactos con altere insulas del Antillas e con regiones de America del Sud. Le navigation in canoas permitteva le circulation de personas, utensiles e productos. Le vestigios archaeologic monstra que Cuba faceva parte de un spatio cultural caribe con extensive contactos inter insulas.

Le arrivata del europeos transformava drasticamente iste societates. Maladias introducite, labor forzate, deportation e violentia colonial provocava un rapide reduction del population indigena. Le transformation del structura social e economic del insula conduceva al declino de multe traditiones precolonial, ben que lor influentia remane visibile in le cultura cuban contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba |titulo=Cuba: History |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Christophoro Colombo e le conquista espaniol ==
Le 28 de octobre 1492, durante su prime viage a America, [[Christophoro Colombo]] attingeva le costa nord-oriental de Cuba. Le expedition esseva parte del expansion maritime del Corona de Castilia, que cercava nove rotas commercial verso Asia. Colombo considerava inicialmente que le terras explorate poteva esser parte del continente asiatic.

Le exploration e le conquista del insula continuava durante le prime annos del seculo XVI. In 1511, le expedition conducite per [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]] comenciava le colonisation espaniol permanente. Velázquez fundava settlementes e villas que deveniva centros administrative e commercial, includente [[Baracoa]], [[Bayamo]], [[Trinidad de Cuba]], [[Camagüey]] e [[Havana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba |titulo=Cuba: History |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le conquista esseva accompaniate per le subjugation del population indigena e per le introduction de [[encomienda]], un systema que attribuiva al colonos le controlo de labor e de tributos de grupos amerindian. Le resistentia al dominio espaniol includeva le opposition del cacique [[Hatuey]], originari de Hispaniola, qui combatteva contra le conquistatores e esseva executate in 1512.

Le reduction del population indigena, causate per maladias, violentia e labor forzate, menava le colonos a recurrer progressivemente al importation de africanos enslaveate. Iste processo transformava le structura demographic e social del insula e establiva le bases del societate colonial.

== Le colonia espaniol ==
Durante le seculo XVI, Cuba deveniva un puncto strategic pro le Imperio Espaniol in America. Havana se disveloppava como un porto de grande importantia pro le naves que transportava le ricchessas del colonias american verso Espania. Le administration colonial construiva fortificationes pro proteger le citate contra corsarios, piratas e ataques de potentias rival.

Le economia del colonia includeva agricultura, bestial, commercio e exploitation de recursos natural. Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le production de [[tabaco]] e de zucchero cresceva, e le insula deveniva progressivemente plus integrate in le commercio transatlantic.

Le sclavitude african deveniva un elemento central del economia colonial. Le personas enslaveate laborava in plantationes, officinas e servicios domestic. Le proprietarios de terra e comerciantes accumulava ricchessas, durante que le majoritate del population africana enslaveate esseva private de libertate e de derectos.

Le societate colonial esseva organisate secundo hierarchias racial e social. Peninsulares —personas nate in Espania— e creoles de origine espaniol occupava multe del positiones plus importante, durante que africanos enslaveate e libere, mestizos e populationes indigena habeva conditiones juridic e economic differente.

== Expansion del zucchero e del sclavitude ==
Durante le seculo XVIII e specialmente in le seculo XIX, le [[canna de zucchero]] deveniva le principal producto de exportation de Cuba. Le expansion de plantationes esseva favorate per demanda international, investition de capital e disveloppamento de technicas de production e de transporto.

Le Revolution haitian de 1791–1804 e le destruction de multe plantationes in [[Saint-Domingue]] contribueva al expansion de production de zucchero in Cuba, que deveniva un del principal productores mundial. Proprietarios cuban investiva in molinos, ferrovias, portos e altere infrastructuras pro accelerar production e exportation.

Le crescentia del industria zuccheriera requireva un numero crescente de travaliatores. Le importation de africanos enslaveate augmentava durante le prime medietate del seculo XIX, malgrado le prohibition britannic de commercio de sclavos e le accordos international destinate a abolir iste trafico. Le sclavitude continuava a sustener un parte importante del economia cuban usque a su abolition definitive in 1886.

Le expansion de plantationes augmentava le concentration de terra e le dependentia del economia verso exportation de zucchero. Iste structura economic influentiava relationes social e contribueva al tension inter proprietarios, travaliatores libere e population enslaveate.

== Resistance al sclavitude ==
Le sclavitude provocava resistance continue, tanto individual como collective. Le personas enslaveate recurreva al fuga, al refusa de labor, al preservation de traditiones cultural e al organisation de rebelliones.

Rebelliones e conspirationes esseva reprimite per autoritates colonial, ma illas contribueva al formation de un tradition de opposition al sclavitude. Fuga verso zonas rurale o forestal permitteva a certe grupos formar communitates autonome, durante que altere formas de resistance emergeva in plantationes e citates.

Abolitionismo se disveloppava etiam inter sectores del societate cuban e intellectuales espaniol e estranier. Question de sclavitude deveniva inseparabile de debatte super independentia, perque proprietarios de plantationes timeva que un revolution simile a celle de Haiti poterea destruer lor proprietates e position social.

== Le guerras de independentia ==
=== Le Guerra de Dece Annos, 1868–1878 ===
Le prime grande guerra pro independentia de Cuba comenciava le 10 de octobre 1868, quando [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]], proprietario de terra e dirigente independentista, proclamava rebellion contra Espania in su plantation de La Demajagua. Ille liberava personas enslaveate que laborava in su proprietate e invitava illes a participar in lucta. Iste evento es cognoscite como [[Grito de Yara]] e marca le initio del Guerra de Dece Annos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cuba.travel/sobre-cuba/la-colonia |titulo=La Cuba Colonial |sitioweb=Cuba Travel |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rebellion reuniva sectores de proprietarios creoles, intellectuales, travaliatores libere e personas que habeva essite enslaveate. Independentistas establiva institutiones proprie e proclamava Republica de Cuba in Armas.

Inter principal dirigentes militar se trovava [[Máximo Gómez]], [[Antonio Maceo]] e altere figuras que deveniva central in historia national. Guerra esseva caracterisate per combattimentos prolongate e difficultate de independentistas de extender lor controlo a tote le insula.

Conflicto terminava in 1878 con [[Pacto del Zanjón]], que non concedeva independentia e non aboleva immediatemente sclavitude. Accordo offereva certe reformas e amnestia, ma multe independentistas refusava settlement. [[Guerra Chiquita]] de 1879–1880 constitueva un nove tentativa de rebellion, ma illa esseva etiam reprimite per autoritates espaniol.

=== Le abolition del sclavitude ===
Post Guerra de Dece Annos, question de sclavitude remaneva central. Systema esseva gradualmente reformate e sclavitude esseva abolite juridicamente in Cuba in 1886, post un periodo transitori de patronato e altere formas de dependentia de labor.

Abolition transformava relationes de labor e structura social, ma non eliminava desigualitates racial e economic. Multe personas liberate continuava a laborar in plantationes e altere sectores con recursos limitate e accesso restringite a terra e education.

=== Le Guerra de Independentia de 1895 ===
Lucta independentista esseva reactivate in 1895, sub direction politic de [[José Martí]], poeta, essayista e activista que habeva passate multe annos in exilio. Martí contribueva a unir diverse grupos independentista e a organisar [[Partido Revolucionario Cubano]], fundate in 1892.

Rebellion comenciava le 24 de februario 1895, evento cognoscite como [[Grito de Baire]]. Independentistas esseva dirigite, inter altere, per Máximo Gómez e Antonio Maceo. José Martí moriva in combate in maio 1895, ma su ideas continuava a influentiar movimento.

Autoritates espaniol respondeva con campania militar e concentration forzate de partes de population rural in zonas controlate. Mesuras provocava fame, maladias e grande numero de mortes inter civiles. Guerra devastava agricultura e perturbava economia del insula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cuba.travel/sobre-cuba/la-colonia |titulo=La Cuba Colonial |sitioweb=Cuba Travel |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le guerra espaniol-american e le occupation del Statos Unite ==
In 1898, Statos Unite interveniva in guerra inter Espania e independentistas cuban, post periodo de tension diplomatic e militar. Explosion de nave de guerra american [[USS Maine]] in porto de Havana in februario 1898 contribueva al deterioration de relationes inter Washington e Madrid, ben que causas de explosion remaneva controversate.

Guerra espaniol-american terminava con derrota de Espania. [[Tractato de Paris de 1898]] poneva fin a dominio espaniol in Cuba, que deveniva sub occupation militar de Statos Unite. Espania renunciava a sovranitate super insula, ma Statos Unite non recognosceva independentia cuban immediatemente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Occupation american durava usque a 1902. Durante iste periodo, administration militar introduceva reformas in administration, sanitate e infrastructuras, ma question de sovranitate e autonomia cuban remaneva un subjecto central de vita politic.

== Le Republica de Cuba, 1902–1933 ==
Le 20 de maio 1902, Republica de Cuba esseva formalmente inaugurate e Statos Unite terminava occupation militar. [[Tomás Estrada Palma]] deveniva prime presidente de republica independente.

Independentia esseva tamen conditionate per [[Emendation Platt]], adoptate in 1901 e incorporate in quadro constitutional cuban. Iste arrangiamento concedeva a Statos Unite derecto de intervention in certe circumstantias e permitteva establimento de bases naval american. Emendation Platt deveniva symbolo de limites de sovranitate cuban e de influentia american in le insula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante prime decennios de republica, Cuba experimentava crescentia economic ligate a zucchero e investition estranier, specialmente american. Economia remaneva vulnerabile a fluctuationes de pretio de zucchero e concentration de proprietate.

Vita politic esseva marcate per rivalitates inter partidos, accusationes de corruption e intervention american. In 1906, crise electoral conduceva al retorno de tropas american e secundo occupation que durava usque a 1909.

== Crises politic e le era de Machado ==
Durante annos 1920, presidentia de [[Gerardo Machado]] comenciava con promessas de modernisation e disveloppamento infrastructural. Su governamento deveniva tamen progressivemente autoritari, con repression de opposition, censura e persecution de adversarios politic.

Crise economic international, aggravate per [[Grande Depression]] que comenciava in 1929, affectava fortemente economia cuban. Demanda de zucchero declinava, disoccupation cresceva e opposition a governamento se expandava inter studentes, travaliatores e grupos politic.

Protestas e rebelliones de 1933 conduceva al cadita de Machado. Crise institutional esseva sequite per periodo de instabilitate politic e intervention de Statos Unite in affaires cuban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le revolution de 1933 e le constitution de 1940 ==
Post cadita de Machado in 1933, Cuba experimentava serie de governamentos e reorganisationes institutional. [[Sergentes Revoltate]] de septembre 1933, in le qual participava [[Fulgencio Batista]], contribueva al transformation de structura militar e politic.

[[Ramón Grau San Martín]] assumeva presidentia in septembre 1933, ma su governamento esseva de curta duration. Batista deveniva progressivemente un figura central de politica cuban e exercitava influentia considerabile super exercito e super succession de governamentos.

[[Constitution de Cuba de 1940]] esseva un del documentos constitutional plus importante de historia del pais. Illa includeva derectos laboral, mesuras de protection social e principios concernente education e proprietate. Constitution esseva elaborate per assemblea constitutional que reuniva representantes de plure correntes politic. Su implementation tamen esseva irregular e politica cuban continuava a esser marcate per conflictos e accusationes de corruption.

== Le golpe de Batista e le Revolution cuban ==
Le 10 de martio 1952, [[Fulgencio Batista]] prendeva le poter per colpo de stato ante electiones programmate. Golpe suspendeva partes de proceso constitutional e augmentava opposition a governamento.

Le 26 de julio 1953, grupo de revolutionarios dirigite per [[Fidel Castro]] attaccava Quartel Moncada in Santiago de Cuba e altere installation militar in Bayamo. Attacco falleva militarmente, e multe participantes esseva occidite o imprisionate. Fidel Castro esseva judicate e condemnate, ma ille esseva liberate in 1955 durante amnestia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba |titulo=Cuba: History |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post su liberation, Castro se exiliava in Mexico, ubi ille organisava [[Movimento del 26 de Julio]]. In novembre 1956, ille e grupo de revolutionarios retornava a Cuba a bordo de yacht [[Granma]]. Expedition recipeva forte reaction de forzas de Batista, ma parte de grupo supervivente se reuniva in [[Sierra Maestra]] e initiava guerra de guerrillas.

Movimento revolutionary cresceva durante 1957 e 1958, con participation de figuras como [[Ernesto Che Guevara]], [[Raúl Castro]] e [[Camilo Cienfuegos]]. Opposition includeva etiam grupos urban, sindicatos e sectores del societate que rejectava governamento de Batista.

Le 1 de januario 1959, Batista abandonava Cuba e revolutionarios prendeva le poter. Revolution cuban poneva fin a governamento de Batista e initiava transformation radical de institutiones politic, de proprietate e de relationes international del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le governamento revolutionary e le reformas social ==
Post 1959, governamento revolutionary initiava reformas importante. Prime Lege de Reforma Agrari, adoptate in maio 1959, limitava grande proprietates agricole e transferiva terra a campesinos e al Stato. Altere mesuras includeva reduction de certe tarifas, expansion de education e reorganisation de systema de sanitate.

Durante 1960, governamento nationalisava plure companias e proprietates, includente interesses american e cuban. Nationalisationes, reforma agrari e rapprochement con Union Sovietic conduceva al deterioration rapide de relationes con Statos Unite.

Governamento adoptava modelo politic plus centralisate. Opposition organisate esseva reducite per repression, emigration e transformation de institutiones politic. Proceso revolutionary deveniva progressivemente associate a [[socialismo]] e [[marxismo-leninismo]], e Partido Communista de Cuba deveniva principal organisation politic de systema.

Reformas social expandava accesso a education e servicios de sanitate, durante que concentration de poder politic e restriction de pluralismo deveniva objectos de controverse national e international.

== Relationes con le Statos Unite e le Guerra Frie ==
Relationes inter Cuba e Statos Unite deteriorava se durante 1959–1961. Nationalisation de proprietates american, cooperation crescente con Union Sovietic e opposition de governamento cuban a politica exterior american conduceva al ruptura de relationes diplomatic in januario 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In april 1961, expedition de exiliados cuban, supportate e instruite per Statos Unite, tentava invader insula per Baia de Cochinos. Invasion esseva derrotate per forzas de governamento cuban. Evento reforçava orientation militar e politic de Revolution e cooperation con Moscova.

In octobre 1962, [[Crise del missiles cuban]] poneva Cuba al centro de confrontation inter Statos Unite e Union Sovietic. Union Sovietic habeva installate missiles nucleari in Cuba, e Statos Unite respondeva con blocada naval e demandas pro removal. Crise terminava per accordo inter Washington e Moscova que conduceva al retiro de missiles sovietic, insimul con altere compromissos concernente securitate regional.

Embargo commercial american contra Cuba esseva expandite durante prime annos de Revolution e remaneva elemento central de relationes bilateral. Governamento cuban lo describiva como forma de coercition economic, durante que Statos Unite lo justificava como instrumento de pression super governamento cuban.

== Cuba e le Union Sovietic ==
Durante Guerra Frie, Cuba deveniva importante aliado de [[Union Sovietic]]. Cooperation includiva commercio, assistentia economic, supporto militar e collaboration in ambito international. Union Sovietic deveniva principal mercato pro zucchero cuban e furniva petroleum e altere productos necessari a economia.

Cuba participava etiam in missiones e interventiones international, specialmente in Africa, durante annos 1970 e 1980. Intervention cuban in [[Angola]] e supporto a movimentos de liberation in Africa meridional deveniva elementos importante de politica exterior de governamento de Fidel Castro.

Economia cuban esseva organisate per medio de planification central e proprietate estatal de multe sectores. Governamento promoveva education, sanitate e participation in organisationes social, durante que libertate de expression, formation de partidos independente e opposition politic remaneva severemente restringite.

== Le Constitution de 1976 e le institutionalisation del systema ==
In 1976, Cuba adoptava nove constitution que formalizava structura de stato socialista e rolo dirigente de Partido Communista. Constitution establiva systema de assembleas de poder popular, con Assemblea National e organos de governamento a nivello national e local.

Institutionalisation de systema revolutionary coincideva con periodo de plus grande stabilitate economic, sustenite per relationes commercial con Union Sovietic e altere paises de bloc socialista. Governamento expandava servicios de education e sanitate e promoveva participation de population in organisationes de massas.

Systema politic remaneva tamen monopartitic, e opposition organisate non disponeva de quadro legal que permitteva formation de partidos rival con accesso al poder. Controlo de communicationes, medios de communication e numerosissime activitates social remaneva elemento central de governance.

== Le Periode Special e le crise del annos 1990 ==
Dissolution de Union Sovietic in 1991 e collapso de commercio preferentiel con bloc socialista provocava grave crise economic in Cuba, cognoscite como Periode Special in Tempo de Pace.

Crise comportava forte reduction de production industrial, difficultates in approvisionamento de petroleum, escasseas de alimentation e medicamentos e interrupciones de transporto. Governamento introduceva mesuras de emergentia, includente rationamento, promotion de turismo e apertura limitate a certe activitates economic private.

In 1993, governamento permitteva uso de dollar american in certe transactiones e expandava activitates economic que poteva esser exercite per individuos e familias. Mesuras contribueva al adaptation de economia, ma augmentava etiam differentias inter personas con accesso a valuta estranier e personas dependente de salarios estatal.

[[Maleconazo]] de 1994, serie de protestas in Havana, reflecteva malcontentamento causate per difficultates economic e restrictiones politic. Governamento respondeva con interventiones de servicios de securitate e mesuras que permitteva displaciamento de parte de population verso Statos Unite.

== Reformas economic e succession politic ==
Durante prime decennios de seculo XXI, Cuba initiava reformas economic gradual. In 2006, Fidel Castro transferiva provisionalmente su functiones a su fratre [[Raúl Castro]] per rationes de sanitate. Raúl assumeva formalmente presidentia in 2008 e promoveva reformas que permitteva expansion limitate de activitate private, affitto de terra e flexibilisation de certe normas economic.

Constitution de 2019 introduceva cambios in structura de governamento, includeva cargo de Presidente de Republica e Prime Ministro e recognosceva nove formas de proprietate, includente proprietate private, durante que Partido Communista remaneva organisation politic dirigente de stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba |titulo=Cuba: Government and society |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018, [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] assumeva presidentia, devenive prime persona extra familia Castro a occupar cargo post Revolution. In 2021, ille deveniva etiam prime secretario de Partido Communista de Cuba, consolidante su position al capite de structura politic.

== Protestas del 2021 e situation social ==
Le 11 de julio 2021, demonstrationes occurreva in numerosissime citates e localitates cuban. Protestas esseva motivate per combination de escasseas de alimentos e medicamentos, difficultates economic, problemas in responsa a pandemia de COVID-19 e demandas concernente libertates civil e politic. Illas esseva demonstrationes anti-governamental le plus extensive desde Revolution de 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/07/11/prison-or-exile/cubas-systematic-repression-july-2021-demonstrators |titulo=Prison or Exile: Cuba’s Systematic Repression of July 2021 Demonstrators |sitioweb=Human Rights Watch |fecha=11 de julio 2022 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Autoritates respondeva per arrestos, processos judicial e mesuras de securitate. Governamento argumentava que certe actos esseva violent e que actores externe tentava destabilisar pais; organisationes de derectos human documentava detentiones arbitrarie, abusos e condemnationes de demonstratores. Interpretation de eventos e responsa de stato resta importante puncto de controverse politic.

In 2026, Human Rights Watch reportava que centenas de personas arrestate in relation con demonstrationes de julio 2021 ancora remaneva in prison, secundo estimativas de organisationes de derectos human. Iste situation continuava a generar debattes super libertate de expression, derecto de reunion e tratamento de prisioneros politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/07/10/five-years-on-hundreds-of-cuban-protesters-still-behind-bars |titulo=Five Years On, Hundreds of Cuban Protesters Still Behind Bars |sitioweb=Human Rights Watch |fecha=10 de julio 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economia contemporanee e migration ==
Economia cuban continua a depender de turismo, exportation de servicios professional, agricultura e sectores industrial e energetic. Insula affronta difficultates structural que include basse productivitate, escasseas de recursos, restrictiones de commercio international e effectos de embargo american.

Reformas economic ha introducite certe formas de activitate private e de gestion non estatal, ma economia continua a esser in grande parte planificate e regulate per stato. Difficultates in approvisionamento de alimentos, combustibiles e medicamentos ha influentiate vita quotidian e migration.

Durante ultime annos, emigration cuban ha augmentate, con multe personas que se displacia verso Statos Unite, America Latin e Europa. Causas includue difficultates economic, separation familiar e limitationes de opportunitates professional e politic. Migration deveniva un del problemas social e demographic plus importante de Cuba contemporanee.

== Relationes international ==
Relationes de Cuba con Statos Unite ha alternate inter confrontation e periodos de apertura. Presidentia de [[Barack Obama]] initiava proceso de normalisation, e relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite in 2015. Embassadas esseva reaperite in mesme anno, e cooperation in certe campos esseva expandite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/cuba |titulo=Cuba |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Relationes deteriorava se de nove durante presidentia de [[Donald Trump]], quando Statos Unite imposeva additional sanctiones e reinfortiava restrictiones concernente viages e commercio. Administration de [[Joe Biden]] manteneva plure restrictiones, ben que illo adoptava etiam certe mesuras limitate de flexibilisation.

Cuba mantene relationes diplomatic e commercial con numerosissime paises, specialmente in America Latin, Europa e Asia. Cooperation con [[Russia]], [[China]] e altere paises ha rolo in politica exterior e in effortios pro obtener energia, creditos e investitiones.

== Historia, memoria e identitate national ==
Historia de Cuba es marcate per interaction inter cultura amerindian, colonisation espaniol, sclavitude african, lucta pro independentia e Revolution de 1959. Memoria de figuras como [[José Martí]], [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes]], [[Antonio Maceo]] e [[Fidel Castro]] occupa position central in narrativa historic national, ben que lor interpretation varia inter differente correntes politic e communitates cuban in insula e al exterior.

Patrimonio historic include citates colonial de Havana, Trinidad e altere centros historic, fortificationes maritime e sitios associate a guerras de independentia. Musica, dansa, litteratura e religion reflecte diverse heritages cultural de population.

Historia contemporanee resta marcate per debattes super Revolution, systema politic, relationes con Statos Unite, conditiones economic e libertates civil. Interpretation de passato continua a influentiar identitate national e debattes super futuro del pais.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Grenada''' tracta le evolution del insulas de [[Grenada]], [[Carriacou]] e [[Petite Martinique]], desde lor poblation per societates indigena amerindian usque al formation del stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le [[Caribe]], Grenada esseva un territorio disputate inter Francia e Grande Britannia durante le seculo XVII e XVIII. Le colonisation europee transformava su economia per medio del plantationes de canna...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Grenada''' tracta le evolution del insulas de [[Grenada]], [[Carriacou]] e [[Petite Martinique]], desde lor poblation per societates indigena amerindian usque al formation del stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le [[Caribe]], Grenada esseva un territorio disputate inter Francia e Grande Britannia durante le seculo XVII e XVIII. Le colonisation europee transformava su economia per medio del plantationes de canna de zucchero, del sclavitude e, ulteriormente, del production de cacao e nuces de muscade. Grenada obteneva su independentia del [[Regno Unite]] le 7 de februario 1974. Su historia recente es specialmente marcate per le Revolution de 1979, le governamento de [[Maurice Bishop]], le crise politic de octobre 1983 e le invasion militar conducite per le [[Statos Unite]] e altere paises caribe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.gd/grenada |titulo=About Grenada |sitioweb=Government of Grenada |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/grenada |titulo=Grenada: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitantes ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Grenada esseva habitate per populos indigena que habeva migrate del continente sudamerican verso le insulas del Caribe. Le evidentia archaeologic indica plure phases de habitation e de transformation cultural durante le seculos anterior al colonisation europee.

Le populationes indigena es sovente associate al [[Arawak]] e al [[Kalinago]], etiam cognoscite historicamente como Caribe insular. Le relationes inter iste grupos e lor identitates exacte durante le periodo precolonial es complexe; le denominationes usate per le europeos non correspondeva sempre a categorias etnic uniforme.

Le insula habeva nomines indigena, inter illos Camerhogne o formas simile reportate in le fontes historic. Le societates local viveva de agricultura, pisca, cassa e intercambio regional. Le navigation inter le insulas e le continente contribueva al circulation de productos, personas e cognoscentias.

Le contactos europee comenciava a alterar iste mundo durante le fin del seculo XV e le seculo XVI. Le colonisation posterior provocava conflictos, dislocationes e un forte reduction del population indigena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.gd/grenada |titulo=About Grenada |sitioweb=Government of Grenada |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.minorityrights.org/communities/indigenous-peoples-of-grenada/ |titulo=Indigenous peoples of Grenada |sitioweb=Minority Rights Group |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata del europeos ==
[[Christophoro Colombo]] arrivava in le region durante su tertie viage transatlantic in 1498. Le insula esseva denominate Concepción in le tradition historic associate al viage, ma le nomine Grenada se imponeva ulteriormente. Le origine exacte del nomine es generalmente associate al nomine espaniol de [[Granada]], ben que le transmission del denomination per navigatores europee se disveloppava durante le periodo sequente.

Le dominio espaniol super le insula restava limitate. Le resistentia indigena, le difficultates de colonisation e le interesse europee concentrate in altere territorios caribe retardava le establimento de un colonia permanente. Francia e Grande Britannia comenciava postea a competir pro le controlo del insula e de su recursos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.gd/grenada |titulo=About Grenada |sitioweb=Government of Grenada |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation francese ==
In 1649, Francia establiva un colonia permanente in Grenada. Le insula deveniva un possession del imperio colonial francese, e le colonos disveloppava plantationes agricole destinate al production pro le mercatos europee.

Le expansion del colonia esseva accompaniate per conflictos con le population indigena. Le resistentia al occupation francese culminava in episodios de violentia sever, includente le evento que le tradition historic francese denomina le massacre de Leapers' Hill, ubi un grupo de indigenas se precipitava desde un precipicio durante un confrontation con le colonos. Le relatos historic del evento differentia in lor interpretation, ma illo deveniva un symbolo del destruction del societates indigena durante le colonisation.

Le economia colonial se orientava progressivemente verso le plantationes de canna de zucchero. Como in altere colonias caribe, le production dependeva del labor forciate de africanos deportate per le commercio transatlantic de sclavos. Le societate deveniva assi stratificate inter proprietarios europee, populationes de origine african sub sclavitude e un population libere de composition diverse.

== Rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, Grenada deveniva un objecto de rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia. Le insula passava sub controlo britannic durante le [[Guerra del Septem Annos]] e esseva formalmente cedite a Grande Britannia per le [[Tractato de Paris (1763)|Tractato de Paris de 1763]].

Le administration britannic manteneva le economia de plantation e le systema de sclavitude. Le proprietarios de plantationes continuava a cultivar canna de zucchero, e le labor forciate restava le fundamento del production commercial. Le dominio britannic non terminava le rivalitate colonial: durante le [[Guerra de Independentia American]], Francia recuperava temporarimente le insula in 1779. Grande Britannia reprendeva le controlo postea, e le Tractato de Versailles de 1783 confirmava le restitution del insula al dominio britannic.

In 1795, un rebellion contra le autoritates britannic, associate al influentia del revolution francese e al action del revolutionarios francese in le Caribe, se disveloppava in Grenada. Le rebellion esseva reprimite per le forzas britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/grenada_0400_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Grenada |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plantationes, sclavitude e transformation economic ==
Durante le periodo colonial britannic, le economia de Grenada esseva basate principalement super le agricultura de plantation. Le canna de zucchero esseva un del culturas principal, e su production dependeva del sclavitude e del commercio transatlantic de africanos.

Le abolition del sclavitude in le Imperio Britannic esseva legiferate e establite per le Slavery Abolition Act de 1833, con le periodo de apprentissage e le implementation del emancipation in le annos sequente. In Grenada, le abolition modificava le relationes de labor e le structura del proprietate, ma non eliminava le inegalitates economic e social heredate del plantationes.

Durante le seculo XIX, le production de zucchero perdeva parte de su importantia economic. Le agricultura se diversificava, e le cacao e le nuces de muscade deveniva productos importante del exportation. Le cultura de nuces de muscade, originari de Asia sud-oriental, se adaptava al clima e al sol del insula e deveniva un del symbolos del economia grenadian.

Le expansion de culturas agricole alora favorava le disveloppamento de plus parve proprietates e de un classe de agricultores. Nonobstante, le economia continuava dependente del exportation de productos agricole e del mercatos exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/grenada_0400_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Grenada |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Administration britannic e disveloppamento politic ==
Durante le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX, Grenada esseva administrate como un colonia britannic. In 1833, illo esseva integrate in le administration del [[Insulas del Vento]], un grupo de colonias britannic in le Caribe oriental.

Le structura colonial limitava le participation politic del majoritate del population. Le accesso al poter dependeva del institutiones colonial e, durante longe periodos, del proprietate e del status social. Le societate grenadian continuava a esser marcate per le consequentias del sclavitude, le concentration del terra e le dependentia economic del agricultura de exportation.

Durante le seculo XX, le movimentos sindical, le organisation del agricultores e le agitation pro le derectos politic contribuiva al disveloppamento del nationalismo grenadian. Le question del conditiones de labor e del representation politic deveniva central in le debattes super le autonomia e le independentia.

== Autonomia e Federation del Indias Occidental ==
In 1958, Grenada entrava in le [[Federation del Indias Occidental]], un federation de territorios britannic caribe destinate a facilitar le transition verso un forma de autonomia regional. Le federation se dissolveva in 1962, post desacordos politic e difficultates institutional.

Post le dissolution, Grande Britannia tentava establir altere formas de cooperation inter su territorios caribe. Le solution adoptate pro Grenada esseva le stato associate, que concedeva autonomia interne plus ample durante que le defensa e le relationes externe remaneva sub responsabilitate britannic.

In martio 1967, Grenada obteneva le stato associate e un grande grado de autonomia in su affaires interne. Iste arrangiamento preparava le via al independentia complete, que arrivava in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/grenada_0400_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Grenada |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1974 ==
Le 7 de februario 1974, Grenada deveniva un stato independente de Grande Britannia. Le nove stato adoptava un systema parlamentar basate super le tradition de Westminster, con un prime ministro como chef del governamento e un governator general representante del monarca britannic como chef del stato.

Eric Gairy, chef del Grenada United Labour Party, deveniva le prime ministro del Grenada independente. Su governamento promoveva le independentia e le representation international del pais, ma su periodo al poter esseva etiam marcate per conflictos politic, accusationes de corruption e violentia contra oppositores.

Le opposition, in particular le [[New Jewel Movement]] (NJM), contestava le legitimitate del governamento e le resultatos del electiones de 1976. Le confrontationes inter le supportatores de Gairy e le grupos de opposition contribueva al deterioration del situation politic.

Le independentia non resolveva automaticamente le problemas economic del insula. Le dependentia del exportation agricole, le inegalitate social e le question del accesso al empleo e al servicios public continuava a influentiar le politica national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/grenada |titulo=Grenada: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution de 1979 e governamento de Maurice Bishop ==
Le 13 de martio 1979, durante que Gairy se trovava foras del pais, le New Jewel Movement prendeva le poter per un revolution armate. Le governamento esseva removite e esseva establite le People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG), dirigite per [[Maurice Bishop]], qui deveniva prime ministro. Le constitution esseva suspendite e le electiones general non esseva organisate durante le periodo del governamento revolutionari.

Le PRG se declarava orientate verso le transformation social e economic del insula. Su politicas includeva le expansion del education e del servicios de sanitate, le construction de infrastructuras e un major rolo del stato in le economia. Le governamento establiva relationes plus proxime con [[Cuba]], le [[Union Sovietic]] e altere paises socialista.

Le revolution provocava etiam controversias concernente le libertates politic, le detention de oppositores e le concentration del poter in le NJM. Le governamento prohibiva le operation de altere partidos politic e non organisava electiones competitive durante su existentia.

Le periodo de Bishop es assi interpretate in modos differente. Su supportatores accentua le reformas social e le ambition de reducir le dependentia economic; su criticos sublinea le restriction del pluralismo politic e le suspension del institutiones democratic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/grenada_0400_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Grenada |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crise politic e morte de Maurice Bishop ==
Durante 1983, le governamento revolutionari deveniva dividite per un conflicto interne concernente le direction politic del revolution e le relation inter Bishop e altere dirigentes del NJM, specialmente [[Bernard Coard]].

In octobre 1983, Bishop esseva ponite sub arresto domiciliari per elementos de su proprie movimento. Le arresto provocava demonstrationes e protestas popular. Le 19 de octobre 1983, un multitudine de supportatores liberava Bishop e accompaniava lo verso Fort Rupert, ma militares fidele al faction rival reprendeva le controlo del situation.

Bishop esseva executate insimul con plure personas de su governamento e supportatores. Le mortes includeva membros del cabinet e altere figuras del revolution. Le evento provocava un ruptura definitive del governamento del PRG e le establimento de un autoritate militar sub le general [[Hudson Austin]].

Le execution de Bishop e le violentia de ille dies provocava un crise institutional e securitari que deveniva le contexto immediate del intervention militar exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/grenada |titulo=Grenada: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Invasion de 1983 ==
Le 25 de octobre 1983, forzas del [[Statos Unite]] e de paises del [[Organisation del Statos del Caribe Oriental]] initiava un intervention militar in Grenada, cognoscite como [[Operation Urgent Fury]]. Le intervention occurreva post le execution de Bishop e le establimento del governamento militar, e in un contexto de preoccupation international concernente le securitate del insula e le situation de citatanos estranier, includente studentes de medicina.

Le Statos Unite e le governamentos que participava al intervention indicava que le action respondeva al requestas de assistentia e al necessitate de restaurar le securitate. Le intervention esseva tamen contestate in le plano international, e plure governamentos criticava su legalitate e su conformitate con le principio de non-intervention.

Le combatto durava plure dies. Le governamento militar esseva removite e le forzas interveniente assumeva le controlo del insula. Le conflicto causava mortes inter grenadianos, cubanos e americanos. Le intervention esseva condemnate per le [[Assemblea General del Nationes Unite]], que la qualificava como un violation flagrante del derecto international.

Le invasion marcava un ruptura importante in le historia del pais. Illa poneva fin al periodo del governamento revolutionari e initiava un periodo de administration transitori, reconstruction institutional e preparation de nove electiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/grenada |titulo=Grenada: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/ |titulo=Assemblea General del Nationes Unite |sitioweb=Organisation del Nationes Unite |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Retorno al governamento constitutional ==
Post le intervention de 1983, un administration transitori esseva establite sub le autoritate del governator general. Le preparation de electiones permitteva le retorno a un governamento civil e parlamentar.

In decembre 1984, Grenada organisava electiones general. Le [[New National Party]] (NNP), dirigite per [[Herbert Blaize]], obteneva le victoria e formava le nove governamento. Le constitution e le institutiones parlamentar esseva restabilite, e le pais retornava a un systema politic multipartitic.

Le annos sequente esseva marcate per le reconstruction del administration public, le rehabilitation del economia e le re-establimento de relationes international. Grenada manteneva su independentia e continuava a participar in le Commonwealth e in le institutiones regional del Caribe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/grenada_0400_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Grenada |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica e societate post 1984 ==
Post le retorno al governamento constitutional, le politica grenadian se disveloppava per medio de electiones competitive e alternantia inter partidos. Le New National Party e le Grenada United Labour Party deveniva actores importante del systema politic.

Le debattes public concerneva le direction del economia, le relationes con le Statos Unite e le paises del Caribe, le agricultura, le turismo e le provision de servicios public. Le memoria del revolution e del invasion de 1983 remaneva un elemento importante del discussion politic e del interpretation del historia national.

Le governamentos successive cercava ampliar le cooperation regional e international e reducir le vulnerabilitate economic del insula. Le turismo, le agricultura e le education deveniva sectores importante del disveloppamento economic.

== Economia e transformation social ==
Historicamente, le economia de Grenada dependeva del agricultura de plantation e del exportation de productos como zucchero, cacao e nuces de muscade. Durante le seculo XX, le production de nuces de muscade e de cacao remaneva importante, ben que le agricultura esseva vulnerabile a fluctuationes del precios international e a disastres natural.

Post le independentia, le governamentos tentava diversificar le economia per medio del turismo, del education superior e del servicios. Le turismo deveniva un del principal fontes de valuta estranier e empleo, assi como un importante factor del transformation del paisage e del economia local.

Le insula resta vulnerabile a uraganos, inondationes e altere phenomenos climatic. Iste vulnerabilitate ha influentiate le planification del infrastructuras, le agricultura e le strategias de reconstruction post disastres.

== Relationes regional e international ==
Grenada participa in organisationes regional como le [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), le [[Organisation del Statos del Caribe Oriental]] (OECS) e le Commonwealth. Iste participation facilita le cooperation in materias de commercio, education, securitate, sanitate e adaptation climatic.

Le relationes con le Statos Unite e le paises europee ha variate secundo le periodos politic e economic. Le revolution de 1979 orientava le insula verso relationes plus proxime con Cuba e le bloc socialista, durante que le invasion de 1983 marcava un nove configuration del relationes con Washington e con le paises del Caribe oriental.

Le cooperation regional deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior de Grenada, specialmente in materias de disveloppamento economic, turismo, cambio climatic e assistentia post disastres.

== Uragano Ivan e reconstruction ==
Le uragano Ivan, in septembre 2004, causava damnos extensive in Grenada. Le tempesta affectava habitationes, edificios public, infrastructuras, plantationes e le patrimonio historic. Un grande parte del edificios esseva damnagiate o destruite, e le agricultura, in particular le production de nuces de muscade, recipeva un impacto importante.

Le reconstruction requireva assistentia international e un effortio substantial del autoritates e del communitates local. Le disastro demonstrava le vulnerabilitate del economia insular e augmentava le importantia del preparation ante uraganos, del normas de construction e del adaptation al riscos climatic.

Le recuperation esseva gradual e contribueva a modificar le prioritates del politica public, specialmente in le infrastructuras, le protection civil e le resilientia del agricultura e del turismo.

== Grenada contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Grenada ha continuate a funcionar como un stato independente con un systema parlamentar basate super le tradition de Westminster. Le economia combina le agricultura, le turismo, le construction, le education superior e altere servicios.

Le memoria del sclavitude, del colonisation, del revolution de 1979 e del invasion de 1983 continua a influentiar le cultura politic e le interpretation del historia national. Le disveloppamento del education, le conservation del patrimonio e le cooperation regional es elementos del agenda public.

Le historia de Grenada es assi un exemplo del transformation de un societate colonial de plantation in un stato caribe independente, cuje trajectoria ha essite marcate per le resistentia indigena, le sclavitude, le rivalitate imperial, le lucta pro autonomia, le revolution e le reconstruction institutional.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Haiti''' es marcate per le civilisationes indigena del insula de [[Hispaniola]], le colonisation espaniol e francese, le sclavitude, le [[Revolution haitian]] e le creation, in 1804, del prime stato independente moderne fundate per un revolution de sclavos victoriose. Haiti deveniva le prime stato independente de America Latin e le prime republica moderne governate per ancian sclavos emancipate. Su historia posterior es marcate per conflictos politic, interventiones estranier, regimes autoritari, difficultates economic e disastres natural. Desde le seculo XXI, le pais ha affrontate crises institutional e humanitari successive, aggravate per le assassinio del presidente [[Jovenel Moïse]] in 2021 e per le expansion de violentia de grupos armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/francophone-caribbean-collections-library-of-congress/haiti |titulo=Haiti |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/haiti |titulo=Haiti: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populos indigene e periodo precolonial ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, le insula de [[Hispaniola]], hodie dividite inter Haiti e le [[Republica Dominican]], esseva habitate per populos amerindian. Inter illes se trovava grupos de lingua [[arawak]], inter le quales le [[Taínos]] deveniva le population indigena dominante in grande parte del insula.

Le tainos viveva in communitates agricole e piscatori. Illes cultivava productos como manioca, mais e patatas dulce, piscava e participava in retes de intercambio inter le insulas del Caribe. Lor societate possedeva structuras politic e religiose proprie, con chefes local, cognoscite como caciques, e ceremonias que faceva parte del vita communitari.

Le contactos con le europeos comenciava al fin del seculo XV. Epidemias, violentia colonial, labor forzat e dislocation de communitates provocava un rapide declino de population indigena. Le transformation del territorio in un colonia europee cambiava profundemente le structura demographic e economic del insula.

== Arrival de Cristoforo Colombo e colonisation espaniol ==
[[Cristoforo Colombo]] arrivava in Hispaniola in decembre 1492, durante su prime viage transatlantic. Le insula deveniva un del prime centros de expansion colonial espaniol in America. Le prime colonias europee esseva establite in le parte oriental e central del insula, e le autoritates espaniol initiava exploitation de recursos local e conversion de population indigena al christianismo.

Le colonisation provocava disintegration de societates indigena. Population esseva obligate a laborar in conditiones sever e esseva exponite a epidemias contra le quales illo habeva poc immunitate. Declino demographic menava colonos a importar africanos sub sclavitude pro satisfacer le necessitates de production colonial.

Durante le seculo XVII, le controlo espaniol super le parte occidental del insula deveniva plus debile. Piratas, corsarios e colonos francese establiva bases in le zona, specialmente in le insula de Tortuga e in le costa occidental de Hispaniola. Francia consolidava gradualmente su presentia in iste territorio.

== Formation del colonia francese de Saint-Domingue ==
Le rivalitate inter Francia e Espania culminava in le Tractato de Ryswick de 1697, per le qual Espania recognosceva le controlo francese super le parte occidental de Hispaniola. Le colonia esseva cognoscite como Saint-Domingue e deveniva un del possessiones plus lucrativa del imperio colonial francese.

Le economia colonial esseva basate super plantationes de canna de zucchero, caffe, coton e indigotero. Le production cresceva rapidemente, specialmente durante le seculo XVIII, e Saint-Domingue deveniva un del colonias plus ric del mundo atlantic. Le profitos esseva concentrate principalmente inter proprietarios de plantationes, mercatores e investitores de Francia metropolitane.

Iste prosperitate dependeva del importation massive de africanos reducite al sclavitude. Le conditiones de labor esseva extrememente dur e le mortalitate alte, lo que menava proprietarios a importar continuamente nove personas enslaveate. Population esseva dividite inter blancos, personas libere de color e un majoritate de africanos e descendentes african sub sclavitude.

Le societate colonial esseva marcate per hierarchias juridic e racial. Blancos includeva grande proprietarios, administratores e colonos plus modeste. Personas libere de color poteva posseder proprietates e, in certe casos, sclavos, ma illes suffreva restrictiones e discriminationes. Sclavos, qui constitueva majoritate de population, habeva practicamente nulle derectos juridic e esseva subjecte a un regime de coercition extreme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev |titulo=The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/francophone-caribbean-collections-library-of-congress/haiti |titulo=Haiti |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution haitian ==
=== Origines del revolution ===
Le [[Revolution francese]] de 1789 transformava debattes politic in Saint-Domingue. Le principios de libertate e equalitate proclamate in Francia provocava questiones concernente derectos de colonos, statuto de personas libere de color e abolition de sclavitude.

Blancos esseva dividite inter grupos que voleva conservar lor privilegios colonial e altere grupos que susteneva reformas politic. Personas libere de color reclamava equalitate juridic con blancos, durante que population enslaveate aspirava terminar sclavitude.

Le 22 de augusto 1791, un grande rebellion de sclavos comenciava in le parte nord de Saint-Domingue. Insurrection se extendeva rapidemente e provocava un guerra que involveva sclavos revoltate, colonos blancos, personas libere de color e forzas estranier. Revolution se transformava in un conflicto complexe, in le qual Grande Britannia, Espania e Francia interveniva secundo lor interesses colonial e politic.

=== Toussaint Louverture e le abolition del sclavitude ===
Un del figuras principal del revolution esseva [[Toussaint Louverture]], un ancian sclavo que deveniva un chef militar e politic. Ille organisava forzas revolutionary e utilisava le rivalitate inter poteres europee pro reforçar lor position.

In 1794, le Convention National francese aboleva sclavitude in colonias francese. Louverture se alligava al Republica Francese e contribueva a expeller forzas espaniol e britannic que tentava establir lor controlo super colonia.

Durante annos sequente, Louverture deveniva figura dominante in Saint-Domingue. Ille reorganisava administration, promoveva rehabilitation de agricultura e adoptava un constitution in 1801 que affirmava abolition de sclavitude e autonomia de colonia, durante que ille manteneva formalmente relation con Francia.

Le governamento de Louverture provocava tamen tensiones con Napoleon Bonaparte, qui voleva restaurar autoritate francese e, secundo interpretation historic general, cercava etiam reimponer sclavitude in colonias.

=== Expedition francese e ultime guerra de independentia ===
In 1802, Napoleon mandava un expedition militar importante sub commandamento de [[Charles Leclerc]] pro reprender controlo de Saint-Domingue. Forzas francese capturava Louverture, qui esseva deportate a Francia e moriva in prison in 1803.

Arresto de Louverture non terminava revolution. Commandantes revolutionary, inter illes [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], [[Henri Christophe]] e [[Alexandre Pétion]], continuava guerra contra forzas francese. Epidemias, difficultates logistic e resistentia local debilitava expedition francese.

Victoria revolutionary deveniva definitive post [[Battalia de Vertières]] del 18 de novembre 1803. Forzas francese esseva derrotate, e restos de expedition evacuava territorio. Revolution terminava assi regime colonial francese e sclavitude in territorio que deveniva Haiti.

== Independentia e prime imperio ==
Le 1 de januario 1804, [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] proclamava independentia de Haiti in citate de Gonaïves. Nove stato adoptava nomine Haiti, derivate de un nomine indigena de insula, e deveniva prime stato independente de America Latin e prime republica moderne nascite de un revolution de sclavos victoriose.

Independentia esseva un evento de importantia mundial. Illo demonstrava que un population enslaveate poteva destruer un systema colonial e establir un stato independente. Revolution provocava tamen timores inter societates esclavistas de Americas, e multe governamentos refusava recognoscer Haiti.

In 1804, Dessalines esseva proclamate imperator sub nomine [[Jacques I de Haiti|Jacques I]]. Governamento esseva confrontate a un economia devastate per guerra e a un societate profundemente divise. Tensiones inter veteranos de revolution, proprietarios e differentes regiones de pais continuava a influentiar politica national.

Durante iste periodo, esseva etiam perpetrate massacres contra blancos remanente in Haiti, specialmente in prime menses de 1804. Eventos e lor interpretationes historic resta un parte controversate e dolorose de historia de revolution.

In 1806, Dessalines esseva assassinate durante un rebellion contra su governamento. Post su morte, pais esseva dividite inter differente centros de poder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev |titulo=The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/francophone-caribbean-collections-library-of-congress/haiti |titulo=Haiti |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Division del pais e reunification ==
Post morte de Dessalines, Haiti se divideva in duo entitates politic. In nord, [[Henri Christophe]] establiva un governamento que deveniva un regno in 1811. In sud, [[Alexandre Pétion]] dirigeva un republica con un systema politic distincte.

Christophe promoveva un economia agricole organisate per un systema de labor obligatori e construiva importante fortificationes, inter illes [[Citadelle Laferrière]]. Pétion adoptava un modelo plus liberal in certe aspectos e distribueva terras inter soldatos e agricultores, ben que economia remaneva fragil.

Post morte de Pétion in 1818 e suicidio de Christophe in 1820, presidente [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]] reunificava pais. In 1822, ille assumeva etiam controlo de parte oriental de Hispaniola, que habeva declarate su independentia como [[Republica de Haiti Espaniol]] in 1821. Dominio haitian super parte oriental durava usque a 1844, quando [[Republica Dominican]] proclamava su independentia.

== Indemnisation imposte per Francia ==
In 1825, rege [[Carlo X de Francia]] recognosceva formalmente independentia de Haiti, ma sub conditiones economic sever. Francia exigeva un indemnisation de 150 milliones de francos-oro pro compensationar ancian proprietarios colonial e lor heredes, includente proprietarios de sclavos.

Indemnisation esseva accompaniate per pression militar francese e per menacia de un nove intervention. Haiti, que voleva obtener recognition international e evitar un nove guerra, acceptava accordo. Summa esseva ulteriormente reducite a 90 milliones de francos in 1838, ma pagamento imposeva un peso economic considerabile al stato haitian.

Pro pagar indemnisation, Haiti contractava prestos con bancos francese, lo que generava un debita supplementari. Servicio de debita consumiva recursos que alteremente poterea esser usate pro education, infrastructuras e disveloppamento economic.

Indemnisation deveniva un del elementos plus controversate de relationes inter Haiti e Francia. In seculos sequente, historicos e actores politic ha debatite su consequentias economic e questiones de restitution e reparations.

== Haiti durante le seculo XIX ==
=== Instabilitate politic e successiones de governamento ===
Seculo XIX esseva marcate per conflictos inter presidentes, elites regional e grupos militar. Debilitate de institutiones, difficultates economic e tension inter capital e provincias contribueva a frequentes crises politic.

Post governamento de Boyer, qui perdeva poter in 1843, Haiti passava per un succession de regimes. In 1844, parte oriental de insula deveniva independente como Republica Dominican. In 1849, presidente [[Faustin Soulouque]] se proclamava imperator sub nomine Faustin I, establiente Secunde Imperio de Haiti. Su regime terminava in 1859, quando ille esseva deposte e un republica esseva restabilite.

Presidentes successive cercava consolidar administration e restaurar economia, ma instabilitate institutional continuava. Conflictos politic esseva sovente accompaniate per rebelliones regional e per intervention de militares in succession de governamentos.

=== Economia e societate ===
Post abolition de sclavitude, economia haitian continuava a depender largemente de agricultura, ma structura de plantationes de periodo colonial esseva transformate. Distribution de terras inter parve agricultores favorava un agricultura familiar in multe regiones, durante que certe elites manteneva proprietates importante.

Production de caffe, cacao, canna de zucchero e altere productos agricole remaneva importante. Nonobstante, debita exterior, limitate infrastructuras e recurrente crises politic impediva un disveloppamento economic stabile.

Societate haitian developpava un cultura distincte que combinava herentias african, francese e indigene. [[Creolo haitian]] deveniva un lingua fundamental de communication quotidian, durante que francese manteneva un rolo importante in administration, education e vita official.

[[Vodou haitian]] se disveloppava como un tradition religiose e cultural con radices in diverse religiones african e con influentias christian. Su historia es ligate al periodo de sclavitude e al formation de communitates afro-haitian.

== Interventiones estranier e occupation statounitese ==
=== Relationes con le Statos Unite e Europa ===
Durante seculo XIX, multe paises refusava initialmente recognoscer Haiti, temiente que su independentia e revolution de sclavos incoragiava rebelliones in altere societates esclavistas. [[Statos Unite]] recognosceva Haiti in 1862, durante presidentia de [[Abraham Lincoln]], in contexto de [[Guerra Civil American]] e debatte super sclavitude.

Relationes international de Haiti esseva tamen frequentemente marcate per debita, dependentia commercial e intervention de poteres estranier. Francia e Statos Unite exercitava influentia economic e diplomatic super pais, e debilitate de institutiones haitian facilitava interventiones exterior.

=== Occupation statounitese de 1915–1934 ===
In 1915, post assassinio de presidente [[Vilbrun Guillaume Sam]] e un periodo de instabilitate politic, Statos Unite invadeva Haiti e establiva un occupation militar. Governamento statounitese justificava intervention per necessitate de restaurar ordine e proteger interesses statounitese, ma occupation esseva etiam ligate a interesses strategic in Caribe.

Occupation durava usque a 1934. Durante iste periodo, administration statounitese exercitava un influentia importante super finantias public, securitate e institutiones de pais. Occupation includeva reorganisation de systema administrative e de forzas armate haitian, ma etiam uso de labor forciate e repression de rebelliones, in particular resistentia rural associate al [[Cacos]].

Occupation provocava un resistentia nationalista e contribueva al disveloppamento de un movimento politic que reclamava fin de controlo estranier. Retiro de forzas statounitese in 1934 non eliminava tote influentia economic e diplomatic de Statos Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/haiti |titulo=Haiti: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== De 1934 al regime de Duvalier ==
Post fin de occupation statounitese, Haiti restabiliva un governamento formalmente independente, ma politica remaneva marcate per rivalitates inter elites, militares e partidos.

In 1946, un movimento de protestas e huelgas conduceva al renuncia de presidente [[Élie Lescot]]. Presidente [[Dumarsais Estimé]] promoveva reformas e initiatives cultural, ma esseva deposte per un colpo militar in 1950.

Election de 1957 conduceva al poter [[François Duvalier]], cognoscite como Papa Doc. Su governamento se transformava in un regime autoritari basate super repression de oppositores, controlo de institutiones e uso de grupos paramilitar, cognoscite como [[Tonton Macoute]].

In 1964, Duvalier se proclamava presidente a vita. Su regime restringiva libertates politic, reprimeva opposition e promoveva un culto de personalitate. Repression, persecution politic e difficultates economic contribueva al emigration de multe haitianos.

Post morte de François Duvalier in 1971, su filio [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] — cognoscite como Baby Doc — assumeva le poter. Su governamento continuava character autoritari de regime, ben que relationes con altere paises e certe politicas economic esseva modificate.

== Fin del regime de Duvalier e transition democratic ==
Durante annos 1980, opposition a regime de Jean-Claude Duvalier cresceva, sustenite per sectores de ecclesia catholic, organisationes social e grupos pro derectos human. Crise economic e protestas popular debilitava governamento.

In februario 1986, Duvalier abandonava Haiti e partiva in exilio. Un governamento transitori assumeva administration e initiava un proceso de transition constitutional.

In 1987 esseva approbate un nove constitution que establiva un systema politic multipartitic e prevideva institutiones democratic. Transition esseva tamen marcate per violentia politic e interventiones militar. Electiones e transferentia de poter incontrava difficultates, e prime annos de periodo post-Duvalier esseva caracterisate per crises successive.

== Jean-Bertrand Aristide e le crises del annos 1990 ==
In 1990, [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]], un sacerdote catholic associate al movimento popular, vinceva election presidential. Su victoria esseva considerate un importante momento de transition democratic haitian, ma su governamento esseva removite per un colpo militar in septembre 1991.

Colpo provocava repression, persecution e un nove fluxo de refugiatos. Statos Unite, Organisation del Nationes Unite e altere actores international exercitava pression pro restaurar ordine constitutional. Embargo economic e negotiationes diplomatic contribueva al accordo pro retorno de Aristide.

In 1994, un intervention militar conducite per Statos Unite permitteva retorno de Aristide al poter. Forzas statounitese esseva disployate in quadro de un accordo international, e governamento constitutional esseva restabilite.

Aristide terminava su mandato in 1996 e esseva succedite per [[René Préval]]. Electiones posterior marca alternantia de poder, ma pais continuava affrontar problemas de paupertate, corruption, debilitate institutional e violentia politic.

== Crises politic e disastres natural in le seculo XXI ==
=== Governamento de Préval e retorno de Aristide ===
René Préval esseva presidente de 1996 a 2001 e de nove de 2006 a 2011. Su governamentos confrontava difficultates economic, tensiones con opposition e un administration public con recursos limitate.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide retornava al presidentia in 2001, ma su secunde periodo esseva marcate per un crise politic crescente e per violentia armate. In februario 2004, un rebellion armate e pression international conduceva al departure de pais. Un administration transitori assumeva governamento e Nationes Unite establiva [[Mission del Nationes Unite pro le Stabilisation in Haiti]] (MINUSTAH).

=== Terremoto de 2010 ===
Le 12 de januario 2010, un terremoto de magnitude 7,0 affectava region de Port-au-Prince. Disastro causava destructiones massive, includente palatio national, edificios governamental, hospitales, scholas e habitationes.

Bilancio humanitari esseva catastrophic. Centenas de milles de personas perdeva lor habitationes, e numero de mortos esseva estimate in centenas de milles, ben que cifras exacte varia inter evaluationes. Terremoto provocava un grande operation international de assistentia, ma reconstruction esseva complicate per debilitate institutional, difficultates logistic e recurrente problemas de coordination.

Disastro accentuava vulnerabilitate de infrastructuras e de population e deveniva un puncto de ruptura in historia recente del pais.

=== Epidemia de cholera ===
In 2010, Haiti affrontava etiam un epidemia de [[cholera]], que se diffundeva rapidemente post terremoto. Epidemia esseva associate al contamination de aquas e al insufficientia de systemas de sanitate e de distribution de aqua potable.

Introduction de cholera esseva ulteriormente ligate a un base de MINUSTAH, e responsabilitate institutional de epidemia deveniva objecto de controverse e reclamationes. Crise demonstrava fragilitate de infrastructure sanitari e difficultates de prevenir epidemias in situationes de disastro e displacement massive.

== Presidentia de Michel Martelly e Jovenel Moïse ==
In 2011, [[Michel Martelly]] deveniva presidente. Su governamento esseva marcate per reconstruction post-terremoto, debattes super gestion de fundos e difficultates de organisar electiones credibile.

In 2017, [[Jovenel Moïse]] assumeva presidentia. Su governamento affrontava protestas contra corruption, gestion de recursos public e deterioration de conditiones economic. Question de fin de mandato presidential e interpretation de constitution provocava un crise politic prolongate.

Le 7 de julio 2021, Jovenel Moïse esseva assassinate in su residentia private. Assinio aggravava crise institutional e securitari, e prime ministro [[Ariel Henry]] assumeva un rolo central in administration del pais. Responsa judicial e investigationes concernente assassinio incontrava difficultates e controversias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/haiti |titulo=World Report 2022: Haiti |sitioweb=Human Rights Watch |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crise securitari e transition politic ==
Post 2021, expansion de grupos armate aggravava crise securitari. In region metropolitan de Port-au-Prince, grupos criminal exerciva un controlo crescente super quartieres e vias de communication, e esseva reportate homicidios, sequestrationes, extorsion, violentia sexual e displacement de population.

In 2024, pression de grupos armate e crise politic conduceva al renuncia de Ariel Henry. Un Consilio Presidencial de Transition esseva establite pro coordinar transition politic e preparar retorno a un governamento plus legitime per medio de electiones. Consilio includeva representantes de plure sectores politic e social, ma su activitate esseva marcate per desacordos interne e difficultates de securitate.

Le 7 de februario 2026, Consilio Presidencial de Transition terminava su mandato e poder executive passava al Consilio de Ministros sub direction de prime ministro Alix Didier Fils-Aimé. Nove executive declarava que su prioridades esseva restauration de securitate, preparation de electiones e reestablishment de institutiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/haiti/presentation-d-haiti/ |titulo=Présentation d’Haïti |sitioweb=France Diplomatie |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2026/107/article-A001-en.xml |titulo=Haiti: Third Review under the Staff-Monitored Program and Request for Extension |sitioweb=Fondo Monetari International |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Securitate remane un del principal difficultates del pais. Grupos armate ha expandite lor influentia in areas de capital e de altere departamentos, perturbante accesso a servicios essential e activitate economic. Violentia ha etiam provocate un crise de displacement interne e un deterioration de situation humanitari.

== Electiones planificate pro 2026 ==
In julio 2026, Consilio Electoral Provisional annuntiava un calendario pro electiones presidential e legislative, con un prime scrutinio planificate pro le 13 de decembre 2026 e un secunde turno presidential previste pro le 21 de februario 2027. Calendario depende tamen de conditiones de securitate, recursos disponibile e capacitate de organisar votation in tote le pais.

Electiones es considerate un passo importante pro restaurar un governamento elective, ma violentia armate e difficultates logistic crea incertezas super lor realisation. Autoritates ha etiam comenciate registration de electores e preparation de proceduras electoral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/haiti-electoral-council-schedules-long-delayed-presidential-vote-december-2026-07-27/ |titulo=Haiti schedules first election in a decade for December |sitioweb=Reuters |fecha=27 de julio 2026 |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economia e conditiones social ==
Economia de Haiti es basate super un combination de agricultura, commercio, servicios e activitate informal. Pais produce productos como caffe, cacao, mango, canna de zucchero e altere culturas, ma production agricole es vulnerabile al erosion de solo, deforestation, huracanes e irregularitate de pluvia.

Paupertate, inegalitate e accesso limitate a education, sanitate, aqua potable e infrastructuras es problemas persistente. Disastres natural e crises politic ha aggravate iste difficultates e ha limitate capacitate de stato a fornir servicios public.

Diaspora haitian, specialmente in Statos Unite, Canada e Francia, ha un rolo importante in economia per medio de remessas e relationes familiar e cultural. Remessas contribui al consumo domestic e al supporto de familias, ma non elimina problemas structural de production e de empleo.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Cultura haitian resulta de un combination de herentias african, francese, indigene e altere influentias caribe. Creolo haitian e francese es duo linguas official del pais. Creolo es lingua quotidian de majoritate de population e ha un rolo central in litteratura, musica e communication public.

[[Vodou haitian]] es un tradition religiose con radices african e influentias christian, que ha essite parte de historia cultural e spiritual del pais. Christianismo, specialmente catholicismo e plure ecclesias protestante, es etiam importante in vita religiose.

Musica haitian include traditiones como [[compas]] e altere generes popular. Arte, litteratura e memoria de Revolution haitian occupa un position central in identitate national. Independentia de 1804 remane un referentia international pro historia de abolition de sclavitude e de lucta contra dominio colonial.

== Memoria historic e interpretation ==
Historia de Haiti es studiate como un caso fundamental de historia de sclavitude, revolution e independentia in mundo atlantic. Revolution haitian modificava relationes inter poteres colonial e societates esclavistas e exercitava influentia super debattes international concernente sclavitude e derectos human.

Independentia non significava fin immediate de difficultates economic ou de isolation diplomatic. Indemnisation imposte per Francia, debita exterior, interventiones estranier e recurrente crises politic ha influentiate disveloppamento de pais durante plus de duo seculos.

Historia contemporanee de Haiti combina memoria de un revolution fundamental in historia mundial con difficultates de establir institutiones stabile, securitate, disveloppamento economic e servicios public in un contexto de vulnerabilitate ambiental e crise politic.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Haiti| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Dominica''' tracta le evolution del insula caribe desde le habitation indigena del [[Kalinago]] e le contactos con exploratores europee, per le rivalitate colonial inter Francia e Grande Britannia, usque al formation del stato independente del Commonwealth de Dominica in 1978. Le historia del insula es marcate per le resistentia indigena, le sclavitude, le plantationes, le emancipation, le disveloppamento de institutiones politic e le difficultates economic associate al dependentia del agricultura. Durante le periodo independente, Dominica ha etiam affrontate crises politic e uraganes devastante, specialmente [[Huracan David]] in 1979 e [[Huracan Maria]] in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.domhc.co.uk/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=High Commission for the Commonwealth of Dominica in the United Kingdom |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://electoraloffice.gov.dm/about-us/brief-history |titulo=Brief History |sitioweb=Electoral Office of Dominica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitantes ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Dominica esseva habitate per populos indigena del Caribe. Le [[Kalinago]], historicamente designate per le europeos como «caribes», se establiva in le insula durante le periodo precolonial e manteneva relationes con altere communitates del [[Antillas]].

Le nomine indigena del insula es reportate in le tradition kalinago como Waitukubuli, generalmente interpretate como «su corpore es alte», un referentia al paisage montuose del territorio. Le insula possede un interior con foreste dense, montanias, fluvios e fontes termal, conditiones que influentiava le modos de habitation e le utilisation del territorio.

Le Kalinago practicava agricultura, pisca, cassa e navigation inter insulas. Illes manteneva etiam relationes commercial e cultural con communitates del Antillas e del litoral sudamerican. Le organisation social e le cognoscentia del medio natural constitueva elementos importante de lor societate.

Le arrivata del europeos initiava un periodo de conflictos, contactos commercial e transformationes demographic. Nonobstante le expansion colonial in le insulas vicin, Dominica manteneva durante longe tempore un population indigena importante, que continuava a resistir al occupation permanente del territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.domhc.co.uk/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=High Commission for the Commonwealth of Dominica in the United Kingdom |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/place-of-refuge-to-republicans-and-royalists-the-french-revolution-in-british-dominica/25F4CEF27A430F4653C59D16174A9DE7 |titulo=A Place of Refuge to Republicans and Royalists: The French Revolution in British Dominica |sitioweb=Journal of British Studies, Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata de Colombo e contactos europee ==
Le explorator [[Cristoforo Colombo]] passava al largo del costa oriental de Dominica le 3 de novembre 1493, durante su secunde viage transatlantic. Le nomine del insula deriva del die del septimana in le qual ille la observava: domingo in espaniol.

Colombo non establiva un colonia permanente in le insula. Le position geographic de Dominica, inter le insulas francese de [[Guadalupe]] e [[Martinica]], faceva del territorio un loco de interesse strategic, ma le difficultates del terreno e le resistentia kalinago complicava le colonisation.

Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, navigatores, mercatores e missionarios europee frequentava le region. Le insula serviva etiam como loco de intercambio e refugio pro personas que se moveva inter le colonias caribe. Le rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia deveniva progressivemente un factor central in le historia del territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.domhc.co.uk/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=High Commission for the Commonwealth of Dominica in the United Kingdom |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dominica como territorio neutral ==
Durante le seculo XVII e le prime parte del seculo XVIII, Dominica remaneva formalmente foras del controlo permanente de un grande potentia europee. Le Kalinago continuava a habitar le insula, e le autoritates francese e britannic acceptava durante certe periodos que le territorio non esseva occupate permanentemente.

In 1660, Francia e Grande Britannia concludeva un accordo pro abandonar reclamationes super Dominica e le insula vicin de [[San Vicente]], con le objectivo de limitar conflictos inter lor colonias e le population indigena. Nonobstante, le interesse economic e strategic del insula continuava a crescer.

Durante le initio del seculo XVIII, francese e britannicos comenciava a exploitar le foreste e altere recursos natural. Le insula attraheva colonos francese, includente agricultores e proprietarios que se moveva desde Martinica e Guadalupe. Le societate local deveniva assi plus complexe, con kalinago, colonos francese, africanos enslaveate e personas libere de differente origines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/place-of-refuge-to-republicans-and-royalists-the-french-revolution-in-british-dominica/25F4CEF27A430F4653C59D16174A9DE7 |titulo=A Place of Refuge to Republicans and Royalists: The French Revolution in British Dominica |sitioweb=Journal of British Studies, Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conquesta britannic e plantationes ==
Le [[Guerra del Septem Annos]] transformava le situation politic del insula. Le [[Tractato de Paris (1763)|Tractato de Paris de 1763]] transferiva Dominica a Grande Britannia, que establiva un administration colonial e creava un assemblea legislative. Le insula deveniva un possession britannic, ben que le societate continuava a conservar importante influentias francese.

Le administration britannic tentava establir plantationes de zucchero e altere culturas commercial. Tamen, le relief montuose e le difficultates de accesso al interior rendeva le expansion de grande plantationes plus complexe que in altere colonias caribe. Multe colonos britannic incontrava difficultates economic, durante que proprietarios francese e altere habitantes local manteneva lor interesses e relationes commercial.

Le economia colonial dependeva de sclavitude. Africanos deportate al insula esseva obligate a laborar in plantationes e in altere activitates economic. Le societate esseva dividite inter proprietarios europee, personas libere de color, kalinago e africanos enslaveate. Relationes inter iste grupos esseva marcate per inegalitates juridic e social.

Le governamento britannic concedeva prime formas de representation politic, ma participation in le assemblea esseva inicialmente limitate principalmente al blancos. Conflictos inter interesses de proprietarios, personas libere de color, kalinago e population enslaveate contribueva al instabilitate del colonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/place-of-refuge-to-republicans-and-royalists-the-french-revolution-in-british-dominica/25F4CEF27A430F4653C59D16174A9DE7 |titulo=A Place of Refuge to Republicans and Royalists: The French Revolution in British Dominica |sitioweb=Journal of British Studies, Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerras colonial e resistentia ==
Le position de Dominica inter insulas francese de Antillas faceva del insula un objectivo recurrente durante guerras inter Francia e Grande Britannia. In 1778, durante [[Guerra de Independentia American]], forzas francese occupava Dominica, con supporto de partes de population local, multes de quales habeva ligamines cultural e familiar con colonias francese vicin.

Controlo francese durava usque al accordos de pace que concludeva guerra. Tractato de Paris de 1783 restituiva Dominica a Grande Britannia.

Rivalitate non terminava completemente. Francia initiava nove tentativas de invasion in 1795 e 1805, ma illas non conduceva a un controlo permanente del insula. Situation geographic de Dominica continuava a facer lo vulnerabile a conflictos regional e intervention de forzas estranier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emancipation e representation politic ==
Sclavitude esseva abolite in colonias britannic per [[Slavery Abolition Act de 1833]], con emancipation effectuate durante annos sequente. In Dominica, abolition modificava relationes de labor e organisation de agricultura, ma inegalitates economic e concentration de terra continuava a influentiar societate.

In 1831, Brown Privilege Bill extendiva certe derectos politic e social a personas non blancas libere. Anno sequente, tres negros esseva eligite al assemblea legislative. Post abolition, representation politic de personas de origine african deveniva plus importante.

In 1838, Dominica deveniva prime e sol colonia britannic de Caribe de seculo XIX a haber un assemblea legislative controlate per negros. Majoritate de representantes negre esseva parve proprietarios o mercatores, e lor interesses economic e social differiva frequentemente de illos de minoritate de grande proprietarios britannic.

Proprietarios de plantationes reageva contra iste transformation e reclamava un plus directe controlo britannic. Resultato esseva un modification de organisation colonial e un reduction de autonomia legislative local. Historia politic de iste periodo reflecte conflictos concernente derectos politic post-emancipation e distribution de poder in societate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Administration colonial e disveloppamento del seculo XIX ==
Durante seculo XIX, Dominica esseva administrate como un colonia britannic, con un economia basate super agricultura e exportation de productos tropical. Production de caffe, cacao, zucchero e altere culturas esseva importante, ma economia remaneva vulnerabile a fluctuationes de precios e difficultates de transporto.

Population includiva descendentes de africanos emancipate, communitates de origine francese, kalinago e colonos britannic. [[Creolo de Dominica]], influentiate per francese, deveniva un lingua importante de communication quotidian, durante que anglese esseva usate in administration e in institutiones official.

Territorio de kalinago esseva progressivemente reducite per expansion de colonisation e proprietate private. Nonobstante, communitate kalinago manteneva un identitate distincte e un presentia importante in le insula.

Administration britannic modificava structuras legislative e administrative in plure occasionis, durante que demanda pro major representation e autonomia cresceva durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX.

== Movimentos de labor e autonomia ==
Durante seculo XX, disveloppamento de sindicatos, agitation social e demanda pro derectos politic transformava relationes inter autoritates colonial e population.

Economia continuava a depender largemente de agricultura, e conditiones de labor in plantationes e altere sectores provocava tensiones. Participation politic esseva gradualmente extendite, e population reclamava major controlo super administration del insula.

Proceso de decolonisation de Caribe britannic, accelerate post [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], contribueva al disveloppamento de nove institutiones politic in Dominica e in altere territorios de Antillas.

== Federation del Indias Occidental e stato associate ==
In 1958, Dominica entrava in [[Federation del Indias Occidental]], un federation de territorios britannic de Caribe destinate a facilitar cooperation regional e transition verso un forma de autonomia. Federation se dissolveva in 1962, post difficultates politic e desacordos inter su membros.

Dominica continuava alora como colonia britannic, ma proceso de autonomia se accelerava. In martio 1967, insula deveniva un stato associate de Grande Britannia. Governamento local obteneva autonomia in affaires interne, durante que responsabilitates concernente relationes exterior e defensa remaneva britannic.

Iste arrangiamento esseva un etapa importante in transition verso independentia complete. Institutiones legislative e executive local assumeva un rolo crescente in administration del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1978/jul/21/dominica-termination-of-association |titulo=Dominica Termination of Association |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1978 ==
Le 3 de novembre 1978, Dominica obteneva su independentia de Grande Britannia e adoptava denomination official de Commonwealth of Dominica. Governamento adoptava un systema parlamentar basate super tradition de Westminster, con un prime ministro como chef de governamento e un presidente como chef de stato.

Independentia esseva un momento central in historia national. Nove stato assumeva responsabilitate de su relationes exterior e de su politica de disveloppamento, durante que cooperation con Grande Britannia e altere paises continuava a esser importante pro economia e administration.

Prime annos de independentia esseva tamen difficile. Pais affrontava problemas economic, tensiones politic e necessitate de reconstruer su infrastructuras e servicios public. Independentia non eliminava vulnerabilitate de economia, ni dependentia de assistentia exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://electoraloffice.gov.dm/about-us/brief-history |titulo=Brief History |sitioweb=Electoral Office of Dominica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crise politic e Huracan David ==
In 1979, discontento politic e difficultates economic conduceva a un crise de governamento. Opposition e protestas provocava un cambio de governamento, e un administration interim esseva formate sub direction de [[Oliver Seraphin]].

Le 29 de augusto 1979, [[Huracan David]] attingeva Dominica con forzas devastante. Tempestade causava mortes, destruction massive de habitationes e infrastructuras, e damnos extensive al agricultura. Secundo Office de Disaster Management de Dominica, huracan causava 43 mortes e lassava circa 60% de population sin habitation.

Disastro aggravava crise economic e social del pais e requireva un effortio de reconstruction con assistentia international. Huracan deveniva un del eventos plus importante de historia moderne de Dominica, con consequentias durabile pro agricultura, transporto e organisation de servicios public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://odm.gov.dm/2465-2/ |titulo=Major Events Affecting Dominica (1975–2017) |sitioweb=Office de Disaster Management, Commonwealth of Dominica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/875391468770118094/pdf/multi0page.pdf |titulo=Disaster impacts and reconstruction in Dominica |sitioweb=World Bank |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Governamento de Eugenia Charles ==
In electiones de 1980, Dominica Freedom Party, dirigite per [[Eugenia Charles]], obteneva le poter. Charles deveniva prime femina a exercer function de prime ministro de Dominica e prime femina a esser prime ministro in Caribe.

Su governamento se concentra in reconstruction post-huracan, stabilisation economic e cooperation con paises e institutiones international. Administration promoveva reformas economic e disveloppamento de turismo, durante que pais continuava a depender de agricultura e assistentia exterior.

Durante annos 1980, governamento affrontava etiam menacias de destabilisation politic. In 1981, grupo de mercenarios estranier, associate a ex-membros de forzas armate e oppositores de governamento, esseva implicate in un complot pro remover Charles. Complot esseva impedite per autoritates.

In octobre 1983, Charles, como presidente de [[Organisation del Statos del Caribe Oriental]] (OECS), susteneva intervention militar conducite per Statos Unite in Grenada post crise politic e execution de [[Maurice Bishop]]. Decision esseva parte de cooperation regional in materia de securitate e provocava debattes super intervention exterior in Caribe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transformation economic e alternantia politic ==
Durante annos 1980 e 1990, governamentos de Dominica tentava diversificar economia e reducer dependentia de agricultura. Bananas deveniva principal producto de exportation, specialmente in contexto de relationes commercial preferencial con [[Union Europee]] e mercato britannic.

Reduction gradual de preferentias commercial e competition international creava difficultates pro productores de bananas. Pais cercava disveloppar turismo, agricultura diversificate e altere servicios pro compensar reduction de ingresos traditional.

In 1995, [[United Workers Party]] (UWP), dirigite per [[Edison James]], vinceva electiones e formava governamento. In 2000, [[Dominica Labour Party]] (DLP) obteneva victoria e [[Rosie Douglas]] deveniva prime ministro. Douglas moriva in octobre 2000 e esseva succedite per [[Pierre Charles]], qui moriva in 2004.

Post morte de Charles, [[Roosevelt Skerrit]] assumeva function de prime ministro. Su governamento deveniva un del plus longe de historia politic de Dominica, con succession de victorias electoral e controversias concernente direction de economia, administration public e relationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/dominica |titulo=Dominica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Huracan Maria e disastres recente ==
Le 18 de septembre 2017, [[Huracan Maria]] attingeva Dominica como un huracan de categoria 5. Tempestade causava destructiones massive de habitationes, infrastructuras, agricultura e servicios public. Office de Disaster Management registra 31 mortes e 37 personas reportate como disparite in su evaluation de impacto.

Damnos esseva particularmente grave pro habitationes e agricultura. Destruction de tetos, vias, pontes e rete electric affectava functionamento de insula e provocava un importante dislocation de population. Reconstruction requireva assistentia international e un effortio substantial de governamento e communitates.

Maria accentuava discussion super vulnerabilitate climatic de Dominica e necessitate de adaptar infrastructuras a phenomenos meteorologic extreme. Pais ha promovite idea de devenir un stato plus resiliente al cambio climatic, con investimentos in construction, energia, protection civil e adaptation de agricultura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://odm.gov.dm/2465-2/ |titulo=Major Events Affecting Dominica (1975–2017) |sitioweb=Office de Disaster Management, Commonwealth of Dominica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dominica contemporanee ==
Dominica es un stato insular independente con un systema parlamentar. Presidente es chef de stato, durante que prime ministro dirige governamento e exerce principal functiones executive. House of Assembly include representantes eligite e senatores, secundo constitution national.

Pais participa in organisationes regional como [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), [[Organisation del Statos del Caribe Oriental]] (OECS) e [[Commonwealth]]. Cooperation regional es importante pro commercio, education, sanitate, securitate e gestion de disastres natural.

Economia contemporanee combina agricultura, turismo, construction e servicios. Production de bananas e altere productos agricole remane importante, ma turismo ecologic e valorisation de foreste, fluvios e paisages volcanic ha acquirite un rolo crescente.

Communitate kalinago continua a esser un elemento importante de identitate cultural del pais. Territorio kalinago, recognoscite como un area specific del insula, constitue un centro de cultura, memoria e organisation de populo indigena.

Historia de Dominica es assi un trajectoria desde societates indigene e rivalitate colonial verso independentia e disveloppamento de un stato caribe. Resistentia de kalinago, sclavitude, emancipation, autonomia politic e reconstruction post disastres remane elementos central de memoria historic del pais.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Jamaica''' tracta le evolution del insula caribe desde le habitation del populos indigena [[tainos|Taíno]] usque al formation del stato independente in 1962 e su disveloppamento contemporanee. Le insula esseva colonisate per Espania a partir del fin del seculo XV e passava sub controlo britannic in 1655. Durante le dominio britannic, Jamaica deveniva un del principal colonias de plantation del Caribe, basate super le production de zucchero e le labor de africanos sclavisate. Le resistentia contra le sclavitude, le rebelliones de sclavos, le emancipation e le agitationes laboral del seculo XX contribuiva al disveloppamento del nationalismo e al independentia del 6 de augusto 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/ |titulo=The History of Jamaica |sitioweb=Jamaica Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/handbook-of-jamaica/ |titulo=Handbook of Jamaica: History |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitantes ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Jamaica esseva habitate principalmente per populos indigena de lingua [[arawak]], cognoscite como [[tainos|Taíno]]. Illes habeva migrate desde partes de America del Sud e de altere insulas del Caribe, e disveloppava communitates agricole e piscatori in le litoral e in le valles del insula.

Le Taínos cultivava manioca, patatas dulce, mais, fructos e altere plantas. Illes piscava, cacciava e utilisava le recursos del foreste e del mar. Le coton e le tabaco habeva etiam un rolo in lor economia e in le intercambio regional. Le communitates se organisava in villages e recognosceva chefes, cognoscite como caciques.

Le nomine Jamaica deriva del nomine indigena Xaymaca, generalmente interpretate como «terra de ligno e aqua» o «terra de foreste e aqua». Le abundantia de fluvios, forestes e recursos natural esseva un elemento importante del paisage del insula.

Le societate taíno esseva profundemente perturbate per le colonisation europee. Le violentia, le labor forziate, le dislocation del communitates e le introduction de epidemias europee causava un declino dramatic del population indigena durante le prime decennios del dominio espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/ |titulo=The History of Jamaica |sitioweb=Jamaica Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/handbook-of-jamaica/ |titulo=Handbook of Jamaica: History |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata de Colombo e colonisation espaniol ==
[[Christophoro Colombo]] arrivava a Jamaica le 5 de maio 1494, durante su secunde viage transatlantic. Le expedition prendeva possession del insula in nomine del Corona de Espania. Le colonisation permanente comenciava in 1509, quando le colonos espaniol sub le governamento de [[Juan de Esquivel]] establiva un colonia in le zona de [[Saint Ann's Bay]].

Le prime centro colonial importante esseva [[Sevilla la Nueva]], ma le administration e le commercio se concentrava gradualmente in [[Spanish Town]], cognoscite in le periodo espaniol como Santiago de la Vega. Le insula serviva principalmente como base de supporto pro le colonisation de America continental, e su economia esseva minus importante pro Espania que illos de Mexico e de Peru.

Le colonos espaniol imposeva le labor forziate al Taínos e usava lor territorio pro le agricultura e le extraction de recursos. Le population indigena esseva decimate per le epidemias e le violentia colonial. Pro satisfacer le necessitates de labor, le colonos comenciava a importar africanos reducite al sclavitude.

Durante le seculo XVII, le controlo espaniol se debilitava. Le insula esseva attaccate per corsarios e per forzas de altere potentias europee, e le colonia non recipeva sempre le supporto necessari del administration metropolitane. Iste debilitamento facilitava le conquesta britannic de 1655.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/ |titulo=The History of Jamaica |sitioweb=Jamaica Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/handbook-of-jamaica/ |titulo=Handbook of Jamaica: History |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conquesta britannic ==
In maio 1655, un expedition militar britannic sub le commandamento de [[William Penn]] e [[Robert Venables]] arrivava a Jamaica. Le expedition habeva inicialmente tentate conquistar [[Hispaniola]], ma post su insuccesso le forzas britannic se dirigeva verso Jamaica, ubi le resistentia espaniol esseva plus debile.

Le britannicos prendeva le principal centros colonial e expelleva progressivemente le administration espaniol. Alcun espaniolos abandonava le insula, durante que alteres se retirava verso le zonas interior o se refugiava in altere territorios. Le controlo britannic esseva consolidate durante le annos sequente, e Espania recognosceva formalmente le possession britannic per le [[Tractato de Madrid de 1670]].

Le nove administration transformava Jamaica in un colonia de importantia strategic e commercial. Le insula serviva como base naval e commercial britannic in le Caribe e deveniva un centro del expansion del economia de plantation. Le porto de [[Port Royal]] acquireva un rolo importante in le commercio e in le activitate de corsarios.

== Plantationes e sclavitude ==
Durante le dominio britannic, Jamaica deveniva un del principal productores de zucchero del Imperio Britannic. Le proprietarios de plantationes expandiva le culturas de canna de zucchero e, in un grado minor, de caffe, cacao e altere productos tropical. Le production esseva orientate verso le mercatos europee e generava profitos importante pro le proprietarios, le mercatores e le investitores.

Le expansion del plantationes dependeva del sclavitude de africanos. Multe centenas de milles de personas esseva transportate per forzia al insula durante le periodo del commercio transatlantic de sclavos. Illes esseva obligate a laborar in conditiones dur, sovente con longe jornadas, punitiones corporal e un alte mortalitate.

Le population sclavisate superava largemente le population europee in numerose periodos del historia colonial. Le societate esseva organisate secundo un hierarchia racial e economic, con proprietarios blancos al vertice e africanos sclavisate al base. Le personas libere de color occupava positiones variabile in le structura social, ma affrontava restrictiones juridic e discrimination.

Le sclavos resistiva per medio de fuga, sabotages, preservation de traditiones cultural e rebelliones armate. Le creation de communitates autonome in le montanias, cognoscite como [[maroons|Maroons]], deveniva un del formas plus importante de resistentia al dominio colonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/handbook-of-jamaica/ |titulo=Handbook of Jamaica: History |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Maroons e le guerras de resistentia ==
Le Maroons esseva communitates formate principalmente per africanos qui habeva fugite del plantationes e establite settlementes independente in le regiones montuose e forestal. Illes disveloppava systemas de defensa, agricultura e organisation proprie, e manteneva un resistentia persistente contra le autoritates colonial.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le conflictos inter le Maroons e le forzas britannic deveniva guerras prolongate. Le [[Prime Guerra Maroon]] culminava in accordos de pace in 1739 e 1740. Le autoritates britannic recognosceva certe territorios e un grado de autonomia al communitates maroon, durante que illes acceptava obligationes specific in relation con le administration colonial.

Le accordos non eliminava le tensiones. Le [[Secunde Guerra Maroon]] de 1795–1796 involveva le Maroons de Trelawny Town e le autoritates britannic. Post un periodo de combattimentos, multe Maroons esseva deportate a [[Nova Scotia]] e, ulteriormente, a [[Sierra Leone]].

Le historia del Maroons es un elemento central del patrimonio jamaican, perque illo representa un forma durabile de resistentia contra le sclavitude e le dominio colonial. Le communitates maroon mantene ancora traditiones cultural e institutiones proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/handbook-of-jamaica/ |titulo=Handbook of Jamaica: History |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rebelliones de sclavos e abolition ==
Le rebelliones contra le sclavitude esseva recurrente in Jamaica. Illos variava de fugas individual e formation de communitates autonome usque a insurrectiones extensive contra le plantationes e le autoritates colonial.

Un del rebelliones plus importante esseva le Baptist War de 1831–1832, etiam cognoscite como le rebellion de [[Sam Sharpe]]. Sharpe, un predicator baptista e un homine sclavisate, promoveva un movimento que comenciava como un protestation concernente le labor e le libertate e deveniva un insurrection de grande extension. Le rebellion esseva reprimite, e numerose personas esseva executate, ma le evento augmentava le pression public pro terminar le sclavitude.

Le abolition del sclavitude in le colonias britannic esseva legalmente approbate per le [[Slavery Abolition Act de 1833]]. Le emancipation entrava in vigor in 1834, ma un periodo de «apprendistage» prolongava le obligationes de labor pro multe ancian sclavos. Le libertate complete deveniva effective in 1838.

Le emancipation transformava le societate e le economia. Multe ancian sclavos cercava establir parve proprietates agricole e communitates independente, durante que le proprietarios de plantationes tentava mantener un provision de labor a basso costo. Le difficultates de accesso al terra, le salarios basse e le inegalitate social continuava a generar conflictos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/exhibition/emancipation/ |titulo=From Slavery to Emancipation: A Brief Look at Emancipation in Jamaica |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/riots-and-rebellions/ |titulo=Riots and Rebellions |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rebellion de Morant Bay de 1865 ==
Le Rebellion de Morant Bay occurreva in octobre 1865, in un contexto de paupertate, inegalitate, difficultate de accesso al terra e frustration con le administration colonial. Le predicator baptista [[Paul Bogle]] deveniva un del principal dirigentes del protestation, e le politico e proprietario [[George William Gordon]] esseva associate al opposition al governamento.

Le 11 de octobre, Bogle conduceva un grupo de personas verso le tribunal de Morant Bay. Le confrontation con le militia e le autoritates deveniva violente e le tribunal esseva incendiate. Le governamento colonial respondeva con un repression militar severe. Numerose personas esseva executate o occidite, includente Bogle e Gordon.

Le reaction del governator [[Edward John Eyre]] provocava un controversia importante in Grande Britannia e in Jamaica. Le repression esseva defendite per alcun sectores como un mesura pro restaurar le ordine, durante que alteres la denunciava como un abuso de poder. Le rebellion e su repression contribuiva a un transformation del organisation colonial: in 1866, le forma anterior de governamento representative esseva replaciate per un systema de Crown Colony, con un controlo plus directe del autoritates britannic.

Le rebellion remane un evento central del memoria national jamaican e le figuras de Bogle e Gordon es recognoscite como heroes national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/riots-and-rebellions/ |titulo=Riots and Rebellions |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/ |titulo=The History of Jamaica |sitioweb=Jamaica Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Economia e societate in le fin del seculo XIX ==
Post le rebellion de Morant Bay, le administration colonial britannic reforçava su controlo super Jamaica. Le governamento investiva in certe infrastructuras, in education e in servicios public, ma le majoritate del population continuava a界面frontar difficultates economic e accesso limitate al terra.

Le agricultura remaneva un del principal sectores del economia. Le production de zucchero perdeva gradualmente parte de su importantia, durante que le bananas, le caffe e altere productos agricole acquiriva un plus grande rolo in le exportation. Le commercio international e le migration influentiava le transformation del societate.

Kingston deveniva le principal centro administrative e commercial. In 1872, le capital esseva transferite de Spanish Town a Kingston, que habeva acquirite un importantia crescente como porto e centro economic.

== Nationalismo, sindicatos e agitationes laboral ==
Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, le conditiones de labor e le inegalitates economic deveniva le centro del mobilisation social. Le Grande Depression del annos 1930 aggravava le disoccupation, le reduction del salarios e le difficultates del productores agricole.

In 1938, un serie de grevas, demonstrationes e disturbios laboral affectava Jamaica e altere territorios britannic del Caribe. Le protestas reclamava melior salarios, melior conditiones de labor e un plus grande representation politic. Le eventos contribuiva al formation e al expansion del sindicatos e al disveloppamento de partidos politic moderne.

[[Alexander Bustamante]] deveniva un del principal dirigentes del movimento sindical e fundava le [[Jamaica Labour Party]] (JLP). [[Norman Manley]], jurista e figura del nationalismo jamaican, fundava le [[People's National Party]] (PNP) in 1938. Le duo partidos deveniva actores central del politica national durante le transition verso le autonomia e le independentia.

Le agitationes de 1938 contribuiva al establimento de reformas constitutional e social. Le nove constitution de 1944 introduceva le suffragio universal adulte e un assemblea legislative con representantes eligite per le electores. Iste transformation ampliava le participation politic e accelerava le disveloppamento del institutiones moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/ |titulo=The History of Jamaica |sitioweb=Jamaica Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nlj.gov.jm/Ja50/index.htm |titulo=Jamaica’s Journey to Independence |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Federation del Indias Occidental ==
In 1958, Jamaica entrava in le [[Federation del Indias Occidental]], un union politic de plure territorios britannic del Caribe, destinate a preparar un transition commun verso le independentia. Le federation includeva, inter altere, Trinidad e Tobago, Barbados e plure insulas del Antillas.

Le idea de un federation caribe incontrava difficultates concernente le distribution del poder, le representation e le direction economic. In Jamaica, le question esseva submittite a un referendum in 1961. Le majoritate del votantes decideva retirar le insula del federation.

Le federation collabeva in 1962. Jamaica continuava su processo verso le independentia como stato separate, durante que altere territorios del Caribe adoptava lor proprie trajectorias constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nlj.gov.jm/Ja50/index.htm |titulo=Jamaica’s Journey to Independence |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia de 1962 ==
Le 6 de augusto 1962, Jamaica deveniva independente de Grande Britannia. Le independentia esseva accompaniate per le entrata in vigor de un nove constitution e per le creation de institutiones national responsabile del governamento del pais.

Le independentia esseva le resultato de un processo que includeva le agitationes laboral de 1938, le creation del sindicatos e partidos politic, le introduction del suffragio universal e le disveloppamento del autonomia interne. [[Alexander Bustamante]] deveniva le prime ministro del stato independente.

Jamaica remaneva membro del [[Commonwealth of Nations]] e conservava le monarca britannic como chef del stato, representate in le pais per un governator general. Le systema politic adoptava un forma parlamentar basate super le tradition de Westminster, con un prime ministro e un parlamento national.

Le nove bandera national, con su colores nigre, verde e auro, esseva elevate al momento del independentia e deveniva un symbolo del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nlj.gov.jm/jamaicaindependence1962/ |titulo=Jamaica Independence, 1962 |sitioweb=National Library of Jamaica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/jamaica |titulo=Jamaica: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office_of_the_Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica post-independentia ==
=== Governamento de Bustamante e disveloppamento initial ===
Durante le prime annos post le independentia, le Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) dirigeva le governamento sub Alexander Bustamante. Le administration se concentrava super le disveloppamento del infrastructuras, le education, le industria e le expansion del servicios public.

Le economia continuava a depender del agricultura, ma le exploitation del [[bauxite]] e le production de [[alumina]] deveniva sectores importante. Le investitiones estranier in le industria minerari transformava partes del economia e augmentava le ingresos proveniente del exportation.

=== Governamento de Norman Manley e Michael Manley ===
Le People’s National Party (PNP), fundate per Norman Manley, assumeva le governamento in 1955, ante le independentia, e retornava al poter in altere periodos post 1962. Le politicas del PNP sub [[Michael Manley]], prime ministro durante le annos 1970, poneva un plus grande emphase super le reduction del inegalitates social, le expansion del education e le participation del stato in le economia.

Le governamento de Michael Manley promoveva reformas social e laboral e adoptava un politica exterior que cercava relationes plus proxime con paises del [[Movemento del Non-Allineatos]] e con governamentos que susteneva transformationes socialista. Iste orientation provocava tensiones con sectores del industria e del opposition e influentiava le relationes con le Statos Unite.

Le annos 1970 esseva marcate per un intense polarisation politic, violentia inter supportatores de partidos e difficultates economic, includente inflation e problemas de balancia commercial.

=== Governamento de Edward Seaga ===
In 1980, le JLP, dirigite per [[Edward Seaga]], vinceva le electiones. Le nove governamento adoptava politicas economic plus orientate verso le mercato, promoveva relationes proxime con le Statos Unite e cercava attraher investitiones estranier.

Durante le annos 1980, Jamaica continuava a confrontar debita exterior, disoccupation e difficultates in le sectores agricole e industrial. Le politica economic e le relationes con le institutiones financiari international deveniva elementos importante del debatte public.

== Economia, migration e cultura popular ==
Post le independentia, Jamaica experimentava transformationes in su economia e societate. Le bauxite e le alumina deveniva importante fontes de exportation, durante que le turismo se expandiva e le agricultura continuava a fornir empleo a un parte del population.

Le migration verso le [[Regno Unite]], le [[Statos Unite]] e [[Canada]] cresceva durante le seculo XX. Le communitates jamaican in iste paises contribuiva al diffusion del cultura del insula, includente le musica, le lingua creole, le gastronomia e le traditiones religiose.

Le musica jamaican acquireva un notorietate international. Le [[ska]] se disveloppava durante le annos 1950 e 1960, sequite per le [[rocksteady]] e le [[reggae]]. Le reggae, associate specialmente con [[Bob Marley]], deveniva un del symbolos cultural plus recognoscibile del insula e un medio de expression de questiones social, politic e spiritual.

Le [[rastafarismo]], apparite in Jamaica durante le annos 1930, combinava elementos religiose, cultural e politic e deveniva internationalmente cognoscite per le musica reggae e le message de liberation e identitate african.

== Jamaica contemporanee ==
In le decennios sequente, le politica jamaican continuava a esser dominate principalmente per le JLP e le PNP. Le alternantia inter le duo partidos se realisava per medio de electiones, ben que le violentia politic e le criminalitate organisate remaneva problemas importante in certe periodos.

Le economia contemporanee combina le turismo, le industria minerari, le agricultura, le servicios financiari e le remessas del diaspora. Le pais ha cercate reducir su debita public e ampliar le disveloppamento del infrastructuras, ma continua vulnerabile al fluctuationes del turismo, al costos de importation e al phenomenos climatic extreme.

Jamaica mantene relationes importante con le Commonwealth, le [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), le Statos Unite, le Regno Unite e Canada. Le cooperation regional concerne le commercio, le securitate, le education, le adaptation climatic e le mobilitate del population.

== Cultura e memoria historic ==
Le historia de Jamaica es marcate per le herentia indigena taíno, le colonisation espaniol e britannic, le sclavitude, le resistentia maroon, le emancipation e le movimento de independentia. Iste elementos ha influentiate le formation de un identitate national distincte e de un cultura que combina herentias african, europee e indigena.

Le memoria del sclavitude e del resistentia continua a esser representate per figuras como [[Nanny de los Maroons]], [[Sam Sharpe]], [[Paul Bogle]] e [[George William Gordon]], recognoscite como heroes national. Le independentia de 1962 remane un momento central del historia politic, durante que le musica, le litteratura e le lingua creole contribue al diffusion international del cultura jamaican.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del Republica Dominican''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue le Republica Dominican, desde le societates indigene precolombian e le colonisation espaniol usque al formation del stato independente in 1844, le guerras del seculo XIX, le occupation militar statounitese, le dictatura de Rafael Leónidas Trujillo e le evolution politic e economic del pais durante le periodo contemporanee. Situate in le parte...”</comment>
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Le '''historia del Republica Dominican''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue le Republica Dominican, desde le societates indigene precolombian e le colonisation espaniol usque al formation del stato independente in 1844, le guerras del seculo XIX, le occupation militar statounitese, le dictatura de Rafael Leónidas Trujillo e le evolution politic e economic del pais durante le periodo contemporanee. Situate in le parte oriental del insula de [[Hispaniola]], le territorio ha un historia marcate per le incontro e le conflicto inter populationes indigene, imperios europee, populationes african deportate in sclavitude e le societate creole que formava le nation dominican.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le historia dominican es intimemente ligate a celle de Haiti, que occupa le parte occidental de Hispaniola. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, le relationes inter le duo paises esseva marcate per conflictos territorial e politic, commercio, migration e interdependentia economic. Le population dominican se formava per le interaction de heritages indigene, african e europee, in un societate cuje institutiones e economia esseva transformate profundemente per le colonisation, le sclavitude, le production de plantationes e le interventiones estranier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societates indigene ante le colonisation ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Hispaniola esseva habitate per populos indigene, inter le quales predominava le tainos, un population de lingua arawak qui viveva in communitates agricole e piscatori. Illes cultivava, inter altere productos, manioc, mais, batata e tabaco, e organisava lor societate in territorios governate per chefes cognoscite como caciques.

Le tainos habitava in villas e manteneva relationes commercial e cultural inter differente partes del insula. Lor vita religiose includeva ceremonias e credentias associate al mundo natural, al spirito e al memoria del ancestres. Le population indigena esseva dividite in plure dominios politic, inter le quales se trovava Maguá, Maguana, Higüey, Marién e Jaragua, frequentemente mentionate in le traditiones historic del insula.

Le arrivata del espanioles in 1492 initiava un transformation rapide del societate indigene. Epidemias, exploitation de labor, violentia e desorganisation de modos de vita traditional provocava un dramatic reduction de population taína durante le prime decennios de domination colonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata de Christophoro Colombo e initio del colonisation ==
Le 5 de decembre 1492, [[Christophoro Colombo]] attingeva le insula durante su prime viage transatlantic, in le quadro del expedition initiate in octobre del mesme anno. Le insula esseva nominate La Española per le espanioles. Post le naufragio del nave Santa María, un parte del expedition esseva lassate in le insula e fundava le fortification de La Navidad.

In 1493, durante su secunde viage, Colombo retornava con un expedition plus grande e initiava le establimento de un colonia permanente. In 1496, [[Bartholomeo Colombo]] fundava le urbe de [[Santo Domingo]], que deveniva un del prime centros administrative del imperio espaniol in America e le sede de institutiones colonial importante.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le prime administration colonial esseva orientate al exploration del territorio e al extraction de auro. Colonos imposeva systemas de labor obligatori al indigenas, e autoritates espaniol organisava distribution de labor e de terras per institutiones como encomienda. Resistentia indigena, maltractamento e epidemias debilitava communitates taínas.

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XVI, exploitation de auro perdeva parte de su importantia relative, e production de zuccaro de canna e ganaderia deveniva elementos central del economia colonial. Pro sustener labor in minieras e plantationes, colonos importava personas african reducite in sclavitude. Societate colonial deveniva assi un societate hierarchisate, marcate per distinctiones de stato juridic, origine e position economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Declino del prime colonia espaniol ==
Durante le seculo XVI, Santo Domingo habeva un rolo importante como centro administrative, religiose e commercial del imperio espaniol in America. Urbe esseva un del prime sedes de institutiones colonial e serviva como puncto de partida pro expeditiones verso altere territorios del continente.

Tamen, expansion de colonisation in [[Mexico]] e [[Peru]], ubi espanioles trovava recursos minier plus importante, reduceva interesse economic de Madrid in Hispaniola. Population e activitate commercial de colonia declinava gradualmente, e economia deveniva plus dependente de ganaderia, production agricole e commercio regional.

Costa esseva frequentemente attaccate per corsarios e piratas, e autoritates colonial habeva difficultates pro controlar territorio e traffico maritime. Durante seculo XVII, parte occidental de insula deveniva un zona de colonisation francese. Tractato de Ryswick de 1697 recognosceva possession francese de parte occidental, que plus tarde deveniva Haiti, durante que parte oriental remaneva sub dominio espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hispaniola durante le seculos XVIII e initio del XIX ==
Durante seculo XVIII, parte francese de insula, cognoscite como Saint-Domingue, deveniva un del plus importante economias de plantation de Antillas. Su production de zuccaro e caffe dependeva de labor de centos de milles de africanos reducite in sclavitude. Parte espaniol, per contraste, manteneva un economia plus dispersate, basate super ganaderia, agricultura, commercio e production de tabaco.

Revolution Francese de 1789 e rebellion de sclavos in Saint-Domingue transformava situation politic de insula. Revolution haitian, initiate in 1791, conduceva al abolition de facto de sclavitude in territorio francese e, in 1804, al proclamation de independentia de Haiti.

In 1795, per Tractato de Basilea, Espania cediva a Francia su parte de insula. Transferentia esseva tamen difficile a executar e autoritate francese non poteva controlar immediatemente tote territorio oriental. Durante annos sequente, guerras europee e conflictos de insula provocava nove cambiamentos de autoritate.

In 1809, post Guerra de la Reconquista, parte oriental retornava al domination espaniol. Periodo que sequeva es sovente appellate España Boba, perque administration espaniol habeva recursos limitate e investiva poc in colonia. Difficultates economic e distantia politic con Madrid favorava disveloppamento de ideas autonomista e independentista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia efemere de 1821 ==
Le 1 de decembre 1821, un grupo de dirigentes local sub direction de [[José Núñez de Cáceres]] proclamava independentia de parte oriental de Hispaniola, sub denomination de Estado Independiente del Haiti Español. Initiativa esseva influentiate per movimentos independentista hispanoamerican e per debilitate de autoritate espaniol.

Núñez de Cáceres aspirava establir relationes con [[Gran Colombia]], ma nove stato habeva un base economic e militar debile e non obteneva supporto international necessari. Situation esseva complicate per difficultates economic e per timor de un intervention haitian.

In februario 1822, presidente haitian [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]] faceva entrar su tropas in Santo Domingo e incorporava parte oriental al Republica de Haiti. Independentia proclamate in 1821 terminava assi post solmente alcun menses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cpep.gob.do/PadresPatria/JuanPabloDuarte |titulo=Juan Pablo Duarte Díez |sitioweb=Comisión Permanente de Efemérides Patrias |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unification sub Haiti, 1822–1844 ==
Administration haitian de parte oriental durava vinti-duo annos. Boyer aboleva sclavitude in territorio, reorganisava administration e applicava leges de stato haitian a insula integre. Unification habeva consequentias importante pro relationes social e economic inter duo partes de insula.

Tamen, integration provocava etiam oppositiones. Sectores proprietari e ecclesiastic de parte oriental perdeva parte de lor privilegios, e differentias linguistic, cultural e institutional alimentava discontentamento. Obligationes fiscal e difficultates economic aggravava tensiones.

Crise de regime haitian e opposition a presidente Boyer, qui esseva removite in 1843, creava un opportunitate pro independentistas de parte oriental. Un grupo de patriotas, includente [[Juan Pablo Duarte]], [[Francisco del Rosario Sánchez]] e [[Ramón Matías Mella]], organisava un movimento clandestin pro obtener separation de Haiti.

Duarte fundava in 1838 societate secreta La Trinitaria, destinate a coordinar actiones pro independentia. Grupo promoveva un idea de nation distincte, fundate super independentia politic e creation de un republica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cpep.gob.do/PadresPatria/JuanPabloDuarte |titulo=Juan Pablo Duarte Díez |sitioweb=Comisión Permanente de Efemérides Patrias |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proclamation del independentia in 1844 ==
Le 27 de februario 1844, independentistas dominican proclamava separation de Haiti. Action esseva associate al disparo de un arma per [[Ramón Matías Mella]] in Porta del Misericordia e al occupation de punctos strategic in Santo Domingo. Movimento esseva dirigite in capital per [[Francisco del Rosario Sánchez]] e altere membros de Trinitarios, durante que Duarte se trovava in exilio.

Nove stato adoptava denomination Republica Dominican. Prime annos esseva marcate per necessitate de organizar administration, defender nove independentia e obtener recognition international. Conflictos militar con Haiti continuava durante plure annos, con battalias e incursiones que poneva in question stabilitate de nove republica.

1844 es considerate anno de fundation de stato dominican contemporanee. 27 de februario es celebrate como Die de Independentia National.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://institutoduartiano.gob.do/events/independencia-nacional/ |titulo=Independencia Nacional |sitioweb=Instituto Duartiano |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Prime Republica e le conflictos politic ==
Post independentia, politica dominican esseva marcate per rivalitates inter dirigentes militar e civil e per debate super forma de organizar stato. [[Pedro Santana]], un proprietario terrier e chef militar, deveniva un figura central de prime annos de republica. Su rivalitate con Duarte e altere dirigentes independentista contribueva al ambiente politic instabile.

Duarte, qui aspirava a un republica independente e soberan, esseva expellite de pais in 1844. Sánchez e Mella etiam confrontava difficultates politic, durante que Santana consolidava su autoritate.

Constitution e institutiones de nove stato esseva sovente subordinate al necessitates de guerra e de commandamento militar. Presidentes cambiava frequentemente, e relationes con Haiti continuava a influentiar politica exterior e organisation de defensa national.

Difficultates fiscal, debilitate administrative e dependentia de exportationes agricole faceva republica vulnerabile a crises. In iste contexto, certe dirigentes considerava que un protectorato o un annexation a un potentia estranier poterea garantir securitate de pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Annexation a Espania e Guerra de la Restoration ==
In 1861, presidente [[Pedro Santana]] decideva annexar Republica Dominican a [[Espania]]. Decision esseva justificate per su fautores como un modo de obtener protection contra Haiti e de superar difficultates economic e politic de republica. Annexation terminava independentia establite in 1844 e transformava territorio in un provincia espaniol.

Administration espaniol introduceva nove regulas e reforçava su controlo super territorio. Discontentamento cresceva per rationes politic, economic e cultural, includente perception que autoritates colonial non respectava traditiones e interesses de population dominican.

In augusto 1863, rebellion contra annexation comenciava in nord de pais. Insurrection se extendeva e deveniva Guerra de la Restoration, un conflicto que durava usque a 1865. Guerreros dominican usava formas de guerra irregular e recipeva supporto de sectores de population que aspirava al restabilimento de independentia.

Espania, confrontate con custos de guerra, difficultates logistic e mortalitate causate per maladias tropic, decideva retirar su tropas. In julio 1865, administration espaniol abandonava insula e Republica Dominican recuperava su independentia. Guerra es considerate un momento fundamental pro consolidation de independentia national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Secunde Republica e le instabilitate del seculo XIX ==
Post Restoration, Republica Dominican entrava in un periodo de instabilitate politic, rebelliones, golpes de stato e rivalitates inter caudillos. Presidentes succedeva se frequentemente, e institutiones democratic esseva sovente subordinate al interesses de chefes militar e de grupos economic.

Economia continuava a depender de agricultura e ganaderia, ma durante ultime decennios de seculo XIX production de zuccaro, caffe, cacao e bananas deveniva plus importante. Investitiones estranier, specialmente in plantationes e ingenios de zuccaro, transformava economia e paisage rural.

Debita public cresceva in consequentia de gastos governamental e de construction de infrastructuras. Incapacitate de pagar creditores estranier provocava tension diplomatic e augmentava influentia de Statos Unite in finantias de pais.

Presidente [[Ulises Heureaux]], cognoscite como Lilís, governava con autoritarismo durante grande parte de periodo 1882–1899. Su administration promoveva certe obras public e modernisation, ma se sustentava tamben super repression politic e un systema de debita que deveniva insustenibile. Su assassination in 1899 esseva sequite per un nove periodo de rivalitates e instabilitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://mirex.gob.do/historia-rd/ |titulo=Historia de la República Dominicana |sitioweb=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Protectorato financiari e occupation statounitese, 1905–1924 ==
In initio de seculo XX, Republica Dominican confrontava un grande debita exterior e conflictos politic interne. Statos Unite interveniva in gestion de entratas douanari in 1905, con objectivo declarate de garantir pagamento de debitas e prevenir interventiones europee. Accordos financiari augmentava influentia statounitese super economia dominican.

In 1916, durante un periodo de crise politic e rebelliones armate, Statos Unite occupava militarmente le pais. Occupation esseva formalmente establite in novembre 1916 e durava usque a 1924. Autoritates militar statounitese assumeva administration de stato, reformava systema fiscal e reorganisava tropas de securitate.

Occupation provocava resistentia armate, specialmente in regiones oriental, ubi grupos de guerrilleros cognoscite como gavilleros luctava contra tropas statounitese. Occupation transformava administration e infrastructuras, ma limitava soberanitate national e provocava opposition politic.

Tropas statounitese se retirava in 1924, post negotiation de un accordo politic que permitteva restabilimento de un governamento dominican constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1918/d402 |titulo=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918: Documents on the Occupation of the Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le dictatura de Rafael Trujillo, 1930–1961 ==
In 1930, [[Rafael Leónidas Trujillo]] attingeva poter post un golpe de stato e un proceso electoral marcate per intimidation e violentia. Su regime deveniva un del plus longe dictaturas de historia latinoamerican, caracterisate per concentration de poder, repression de opposition, controlo de medios de communication e uso de policia politic.

Trujillo organisava un systema de controlo de stato e de economia que favoreva su familia e su alliatos. Su governamento promoveva construction de vias, obras public, industrialisation e centralisation administrative, ma iste transformationes esseva associate a corruption, appropriation de proprietates e exploitation de recursos public in beneficio de circulo de dictator.

Regime promoveva tamben un nationalismo autoritari e un politica ostile al population haitian e al migration haitian. In octobre 1937, tropas de Trujillo occideva milles de haitianos e de personas de origine haitian in region frontalier. Evento, cognoscite como Massacre del Parsley o Masacre del Perejil, deveniva un del episodios le plus grave de historia de relationes inter duo paises.

Durante Secunde Guerra Mundial, Trujillo declarava guerra al potentias de Axe e manteneva relationes con Statos Unite, durante que su regime continuava reprimer opposition. Progressos in infrastructura e certe indicadores economic non eliminava character autoritari de systema ni violationes de derectos human.

Opposition a regime cresceva durante annos 1950. Expedition armate de 1959 e activitate de grupos clandestin contribueva a debilitar dictatura. Assassinato de tres sorores Mirabal in 1960 deveniva un symbolo de repression de regime e reforçava opposition national e international.

Le 30 de maio 1961, Trujillo esseva assassinate per un grupo de conspiratores dominican. Su morte terminava dictatura personal, ma non resolveva immediatemente conflictos institutional e politic que illo habeva create.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://poderjudicial.gob.do/sobre-nosotros/historia/ |titulo=Historia del Poder Judicial: La Era de Trujillo (1930–1961) |sitioweb=Poder Judicial de la República Dominicana |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transition politic e election de Juan Bosch ==
Post morte de Trujillo, Republica Dominican comenciava un transition politic in un ambiente de tension inter sectores ligate al ancian regime, opposition democratic e actores international.

Familia Trujillo perdeva progressivemente su influentia, e opposition politic organisava partidos e movimentos que reclamava electiones libere. [[Juan Bosch]], scriptor e dirigente de [[Partido Revolucionario Dominicano]], retornava al pais e vinceva election presidential de 1962.

Bosch assumeva presidentia in februario 1963 e promoveva un agenda de reformas democratic e social, includente reinforcement de institutiones civil e recognition de derectos. Su governamento tamen confrontava opposition de sectores conservator, de parte de militares e de interesses economic que temeva orientation de reformas.

In septembre 1963, un golpe de stato removeva Bosch del poter. Golpe restabliva un governamento de facto e provocava un nove periodo de instabilitate politic e de opposition al intervention militar in politica national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerra civil e intervention statounitese de 1965 ==
Le 24 de april 1965, un rebellion militar e popular initiava in Santo Domingo con objectivo de restabilir ordine constitutional e retorno de Juan Bosch. Conflicto divideva tropas armate e provocava combattimentos in capital.

Le 28 de april, Statos Unite inviava tropas a Republica Dominican. Governamento statounitese justificava inicialmente intervention per protection e evacuation de citatanos estranier; ulteriormente, operation deveniva un intervention militar plus ample in contexto de Guerra Frie, con timor que conflicto poterea esser exploitate per actores communista.

Intervention statounitese esseva accompaniate per creation de un fortia interamerican de pace, con participation de tropas de paises latinoamerican. Conflicto terminava gradualmente post accordos politic e preparation de nove electiones.

In 1966, [[Joaquín Balaguer]], qui habeva essite un figura de regime Trujillo, vinceva election presidencial. Election initiava un nove periodo de governamento, ma vita politic remaneva marcate per violentia, repression e fortes rivalitates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le governamentos de Balaguer e le transition de 1978 ==
Joaquín Balaguer governava inter 1966 e 1978, durante un periodo de forte centralisation de poder. Su governamentos promoveva obras public e expansion de infrastructuras, ma esseva etiam marcate per accusationes de fraude electoral, persecution politic e violentia contra sectores de opposition.

Electiones de 1970 e 1974 esseva contestate per opposition, e in 1974 plure partidos se retirava de proceso electoral in protesta contra conditiones de campania. Situation politic e pression international contribueva al debilitation de regime.

In election de maio 1978, [[Antonio Guzmán Fernández]] de Partido Revolucionario Dominicano vinceva contra Balaguer. Transferentia de poter in augusto 1978 esseva un evento importante in historia institutional de pais, perque marcava prime transferentia pacific de poter inter presidentes eligite in electiones competitive post dictatura de Trujillo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: Dominican Republic |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica e economia durante le annos 1980 e 1990 ==
Durante annos 1980, Republica Dominican confrontava crises economic, inflation e difficultates associate al debita exterior. Governamentos de [[Antonio Guzmán]], [[Salvador Jorge Blanco]] e, de nove, Balaguer debeva tractar effectos de fluctuationes de precios de exportationes, costo de petroleum e difficultates de finantias public.

Election de 1982 portava Salvador Jorge Blanco al presidentia. Su governamento confrontava un crise economic e medidas de austeritate que provocava protestas social. In 1986, Balaguer retornava al poter e restava presidente usque a 1996, con un interruption de periodo de alternation politic que habeva comenciate in 1978.

Election de 1994 esseva marcate per controverse e allegationes de irregularitates. Un accordo politic conduceva a un reduction de mandato presidencial de Balaguer e a nove electiones in 1996. In ille anno, [[Leonel Fernández]] esseva eligite presidente, marcante un nove etapes de politica dominican.

Durante ultime decennios de seculo XX, economia se diversificava gradualmente. Turismo, zonas francas industrial, servicios e remessas de dominicanos residente al exterior deveniva fontes importante de ingresos, durante que agricultura e production de zuccaro remaneva importante in certe regiones.

== Le Republica Dominican in le seculo XXI ==
Desde fin de seculo XX, Republica Dominican ha mantenite un systema de electiones multipartitic e transferentias de poter per vias electoral. Principales partidos e dirigentes ha alternate in governamento, inter illes Leonel Fernández, [[Hipólito Mejía]], [[Danilo Medina]] e [[Luis Abinader]].

Economia ha continuate crescer in plure periodos, sustenite per turismo, construction, servicios, commercio e investitiones. Pais ha devenite un destination turistic importante de Caraibes, specialmente in areas como [[Punta Cana]], e ha disveloppate infrastructuras de transporto, portos e aeroportos.

Nonobstante, disveloppamento economic ha coexistite con problemas de inegalitate, informalitate laboral, accesso inegual a servicios public e vulnerabilitate a uraganos e altere phenomenos natural. Relationes con Haiti continua a esser un thema central de politica exterior e de debattes national, in particular in materia de migration, securitate frontalier e cooperation economic.

Historia recente de Republica Dominican es assi caracterisate per consolidation de institutiones electoral, transformation de economia e persistance de questiones social e territorial que remane importante pro futuro de pais.

== Cultura e memoria historic ==
Memoria de historia dominican es representate per institutiones, monumentos e festivitates national. 27 de februario, anniversario de proclamation de independentia de 1844, es festa national principal. Figuras de Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez e Ramón Matías Mella es recognoscite como fundatores de independentia.

Guerra de la Restoration e resistentia contra occupation statounitese de 1916–1924 occupa etiam un loco importante in memoria historic de pais. Era de Trujillo es studiate como un periodo de dictatura, repression e transformation economic, durante que transition post 1961 es considerate un momento decisive de historia institutional contemporanee.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Saint Kitts e Nevis''' tracta le evolution del duo insulas caribe desde le societates indigene precolombian, le colonisation europee e le economia de plantationes usque al independentia le 19 de septembre 1983 e le disveloppamento del federation contemporanee. Le pais, officialmente appellate Federation de Saint Christopher e Nevis, es un stato insular del Antillas Minor, constituite per le insulas de [[Saint Kitts]] e [[Nevis]]. Su historia es marcate per le rivalitate inter [[Anglia]] e [[Francia]], le sclavitude, le production de zuccaro, le evolution del movimentos de labor e le transformation del relationes constitutional con le [[Regno Unite]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/ |titulo=About St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le position geographic del insulas, inter Antillas del nord e Antillas del sud, les dava un rolo importante in le expansion colonial europee in le Caribe. Saint Kitts deveniva un del prime centros de colonisation anglese in le region, durante que Nevis se disveloppava como un importante centro de plantationes e commercio. Le societate que resultava de iste historia combinava herentias indigene, african e europee, con anglese como lingua official e cultura creole como un elemento central del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-kitts-nevis |titulo=Saint Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populationes indigene ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Saint Kitts e Nevis esseva habitate per populos indigena del Caribe. Populationes del region includiva communitates de lingua arawak e karib, e le insulas formava parte de un rete de navigation, intercambio e relationes inter Antillas.

Societates indigene viveva principalmente de agricultura, pisca e exploitation de recursos natural. Illes cultivava productos como manioc e mais, utilisava recursos del mar e manteneva relationes con altere insulas. Navigation inter insulas facilitava circulation de benes, personas e cognoscentias.

Arrivata del europeos transformava profundemente iste societates. Epidemias, guerras, dislocation de populationes e destruction de lor modos de vita traditional reduceva possibilitate de mantener organisationes indigena independente.

== Arrivata de Colombo ==
In 1493, durante su secunde viage transatlantic, [[Christophoro Colombo]] avistava le insulas. Insula plus grande recipeva nomine de Saint Christopher, in honor del sancto patron de Colombo; nomine esseva ulteriormente abbreviate per angleses a Saint Kitts. Nevis recipeva un nomine que es generalmente ligate al expression espaniol Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, inspirate per apparentia de montania alte, que poteva semblar coperite de nive per nubes.

Contacto con europeos non conduceva immediatemente al establimento de colonias permanente. Durante seculo XVI, insulas remaneva in margine de principal centros de imperio espaniol in America, e colonisation europee stabile comenciava solmente durante seculo XVII.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation anglese e francese ==
In 1623, un expedition anglese dirigite per [[Thomas Warner]] establiva un colonia permanente in Saint Kitts. Illo es generalmente considerate prime colonia anglese permanente in Caribe. In 1625, colonos francese arrivava etiam al insula, sub direction de [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]]. Angleses e francese divideva territorio e stabiliva colonias separate, durante que lor relationes alternava inter cooperation e conflicto.

Expansion de colonias europee incontrava resistentia de [[Kalinago]], population indigena de insulas. Colonos voleva controlar terras e recursos necessari pro plantationes, durante que Kalinago tentava defender lor territorio. In 1626, angleses e francese organisava un massacre contra Kalinago, evento associate al loco cognoscite como [[Bloody Point]]. Violentia e dislocation de superstites debilitava resistentia indigena e facilitava expansion de colonisation europee.

Angleses comenciava etiam colonisar Nevis in 1628. Duo insulas deveniva centros de production agricole e commercio colonial, con plantationes que requireva un grande quantitate de labor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/ |titulo=About St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le economia de plantationes e le sclavitude ==
Durante seculo XVII e seculo XVIII, economia de Saint Kitts e Nevis deveniva dependente de production de [[zuccaro]] de canna. Plantationes requireva un grande numero de travaliatores pro cultivar canna, recoltar lo e processar lo in ingenios. Demanda de labor esseva satisfacite in grande parte per deportation forciate de africanos reducite in sclavitude.

Plantationes transformava paisage e structura social de insulas. Proprietarios europee accumulava ricchessas per medio de production de zuccaro, durante que africanos enslaveate esseva submittite a labor forzate, separation de familias e violentia. Population de origine africane deveniva majoritari e formava base demographic de societate que se disveloppava durante seculos sequente.

Systema de plantationes ligava economia local al commercio transatlantic. Zuccaro esseva exportate verso Europa, e insulas importava alimentos, instrumentos e altere benes. Beneficio economic esseva concentrate in manos de proprietarios de plantationes e de mercatores, durante que major parte de labor esseva effectuate per personas private de libertate.

Sclavos resistiva per medio de fugas, refusas de labor, preservation de practicas cultural e altere formas de opposition. Historia de insulas debe dunque esser comprendite non solmente como un historia de expansion colonial e commercio, ma etiam como un historia de sclavitude e de resistentia contra exploitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.historicstkitts.kn/events/emancipation-1-august-1834 |titulo=Emancipation – 1 August 1834 |sitioweb=Historic St. Kitts |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rivalitate inter Anglia e Francia ==
Durante seculo XVII, Saint Kitts deveniva un foco de rivalitate inter colonias anglese e francese. Insula cambiava de manos durante differente conflictos, e population esseva affectate per guerras, confiscationes e destruction de plantationes.

In 1713, [[Tratato de Utrecht]] confirmava possession britannic de Saint Kitts. Nevis, que ja esseva administrate per angleses, remaneva etiam sub dominio britannic. Control britannic permitteva un administration colonial plus stabile, ben que rivalitate international continuava a influentiar securitate e economia de region.

In 1782, durante guerra inter Francia e Grande Britannia, francese occupava Saint Kitts e Nevis. Dominio francese esseva tamen de breve duration. [[Tratato de Paris de 1783]] confirmava possession britannic de duo insulas e restabiliva administration colonial anglese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude e apprentissage ==
[[Commercio transatlantic de sclavos]] esseva abolite in Imperio Britannic in 1807, ma sclavitude mesme continuava in colonias. Movimento abolitionista e rebelliones de personas enslaveate in Antillas augmentava pression super governamento britannic pro abolir systema.

Acto de Abolition de Sclavitude esseva adoptate in 1833 e entrava in vigor le 1 de augusto 1834. In Saint Kitts, legislatura local adoptava in julio 1834 legislation destinate a applicar nove regime. Abolition non significava tamen un libertate immediate e complete pro tote personas anteriormente enslaveate. Un periodo de apprendissage esseva establite, durante qual multe ex-sclavos esseva obligate continuar laborar pro lor ancian proprietarios sub conditiones transitorie.

Apprendissage terminava in Antillas britannic in 1838, quando libertate deveniva complete in quadro de abolition. Plantationes e structuras economic remaneva tamen in grande parte in manos de ancian proprietarios. Population libere debeva negociar accesso a terras, salario e education in un societate que continuava a esser marcate per inegalitates economic e racial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://sknis.gov.kn/2018/02/22/emancipation-act-goes-on-display-at-national-museum/ |titulo=Emancipation Act Goes on Display at National Museum |sitioweb=St. Kitts and Nevis Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societate post-emancipation e agricultura ==
Post abolition de sclavitude, production de zuccaro continuava a dominar economia de Saint Kitts. Multe ex-sclavos cercava plus grande autonomia super lor labor e lor vita familiar, durante que proprietarios de plantationes tentava mantener un supply constante de labor a basso costo.

Difficultates economic esseva aggravate per fluctuationes de pretio de zuccaro e per disastres natural. Nevis esseva affectate per un uragano in 1835, un periodo de siccitate inter 1836 e 1838 e un incendio importante in 1837. Declino de production e reduction de opportunitates economic contribueva al migration de personas in cerca de labor.

Societate post-emancipation esseva caracterisate per disveloppamento de communitates religiose, education e organisationes social. Ecclesias e associationes local habeva un rolo importante in vita quotidian e in formation de un identitate collective que plus tarde susteneva movimentos de labor e demandas de representation politic.

== Formation del colonia de Leeward Islands ==
In 1871, Saint Kitts e Nevis esseva incorporate in colonia britannic de Leeward Islands, un structura administrative que reuniva plure territorios britannic de Antillas. Formation de colonia reduceva autonomia de institutiones local e representation politic esseva reorganisate sub administration colonial.

In 1882, administration de Saint Kitts e Nevis esseva unite con celle de [[Anguilla]] in un structura colonial commun. Insulas habeva interesses economic e politic differente, e question de representation e distribution de recursos deveniva un fonte de tensiones que continuava durante seculo XX.

Production de zuccaro remaneva central, ma dependentia de un sol producto rendeva economia vulnerabile a fluctuationes de mercato international. Conditiones de labor e salarios basse contribueva al formation de un movimento de labor organisate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/decon_num_18-1.pdf |titulo=Decolonization: Issue on St. Kitts-Nevis |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political Affairs |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buckley's Strike de 1935 e le movimento de labor ==
[[Buckley's Strike]] de januario 1935 esseva un evento decisive in historia de relationes laboral de insulas. Travaliatores de plantationes de zuccaro protestava contra salarios e conditiones de labor. Conflicto comenciava in plantation de Buckley e se extendeva a altere proprietates.

Protestas deveniva violente e autoritates colonial mobilisava policia e forzas de defensa. Le 28 de januario 1935, forzas armate aperiva foco contra manifestantes, occidente tres homines e feriente plure alteres. Evento provocava un debatte public super conditiones de labor e responsa de autoritates colonial.

Discontentamento de travaliatores faceva parte de un onda plus large de rebelliones e protestas in Caribe britannic durante annos 1930. Investigationes e reformas posterior contribueva al disveloppamento de administration de labor e organisationes de travaliatores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.historicstkitts.kn/events?start=10 |titulo=Buckley's Strike – 28 Jan 1935 |sitioweb=Historic St. Kitts |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1935/may/08/st-kitts-disturbances |titulo=St. Kitts (Disturbances) |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Movimento de labor deveniva un elemento central de evolution politic. Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw deveniva un dirigente importante de labor organisate e de [[Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party]], que assumeva un rolo dominante in politica de insulas durante plure decennios. Organisation de travaliatores contribueva a transformar demandas economic in un movimento plus large pro representation e autonomia politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/ |titulo=About St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Federation del Antillas e autonomia ==
In 1958, Saint Kitts, Nevis e Anguilla entrava in Federation del Antillas, un tentativa britannic de crear un structura politic regional pro colonias caribee. Federation includeva etiam altere territorios britannic de Caribe, ma disaccordos interne e divergentias super organisation politic conduceva al dissolution in 1962.

In 1967, Saint Kitts, Nevis e Anguilla deveniva un stato associate autogovernante in relation con Regno Unite. Insulas obteneva un grado importante de autonomia interne, durante que Regno Unite conservava responsabilitates in materia de defensa e relationes externe.

Anguilla se opponeva al union politic e administrative con Saint Kitts e Nevis. In 1967, insula se rebellava contra administration e comenciava un proceso de separation que conduceva al recognition como territorio britannic distincte. Separation de Anguilla modificava structura de colonia e lassava Saint Kitts e Nevis como duo insulas que postea formava federation independente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/decon_num_18-1.pdf |titulo=Decolonization: Issue on St. Kitts-Nevis |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political Affairs |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1983 ==
Movimento verso independentia deveniva plus importante durante annos 1970 e initio de annos 1980. Question central esseva como crear un stato capabile de administrar duo insulas e garantir representation de Nevis in institutiones national.

Constitution de Saint Christopher e Nevis esseva adoptate le 23 de junio 1983 in preparation pro independentia. Le 19 de septembre 1983, federation obteneva su independentia de Regno Unite e deveniva un stato sovereign in Commonwealth. Prime ministro de nove stato esseva [[Kennedy Simmonds]], qui habeva un rolo central in transition constitutional.

Constitution establi un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento unicameral. Illo accorda etiam a Nevis un autonomia specific, con su proprie administration e institutiones insular. Formula constitutional esseva concepite pro mantener federation e, al mesme tempore, recognoscer particularitates politic de Nevis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/the-constitution/ |titulo=The Constitution |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le federation post le independentia ==
Post 1983, Saint Kitts e Nevis disveloppava su institutiones como stato independente. [[Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party]] e [[People's Action Movement]] deveniva actores central de politica national, durante que question de relation inter Saint Kitts e Nevis remaneva un thema importante de debattes public.

Nevis obteneva un administration insular proprie e un assemblea insular secundo Constitution. Constitution contine etiam un procedura que permitte a Nevis demandar secession de federation si un majoritate constitutionalmente definite lo approba.

In 1998, un referendum super independentia de Nevis non attingeva majoritate de duo tertios requirite per Constitution. Resultato manteneva Nevis in federation, ma debatte super autonomia insular e distribution de competentias continuava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/the-constitution/ |titulo=The Constitution |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transformation economic ==
Durante seculo XX, economia de Saint Kitts e Nevis remaneva dependente de production de zuccaro, ma declino de industria azucarera conduceva al disveloppamento de altere sectores. Turismo, construction, servicios financiari e activitates de servicios deveniva plus importante in economia national.

Pais beneficia de clima tropical, costas e patrimonio colonial, que attrahe visitantes international. Turismo deveniva un del principal fontes de empleo e de entratas, specialmente in Saint Kitts e in costa de Nevis.

Diversification economic non eliminava tote vulnerabilitates de pais. Insulas resta exposte a uraganos, cambios de mercato international e custos de importation de alimentos, combustibiles e material de construction. Dependentia de turismo e servicios rende etiam economia sensibile al crises international que affecta viages e investitiones.

== Saint Kitts e Nevis in le seculo XXI ==
In seculo XXI, Saint Kitts e Nevis continua a esser un federation independente e un monarchia constitutional. Pais es membro de [[Commonwealth]], [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM) e Organisation del Statos del Caraibes Oriental.

Institutiones national combina un governamento federal con un administration insular separate in Nevis. Relation inter duo insulas continua a esser un aspecto importante de vita politic, specialmente in relation con autonomia, infrastructuras e distribution de recursos public.

Pais face etiam front a problemas associate al cambio climatic, vulnerabilitate de insulas parve, necessitate de diversificar economia e preservation de patrimonio cultural e natural. Politica public contemporanee tracta adaptation a disastres natural, securitate energetic, turismo sustenibile e disveloppamento economic.

== Patrimonio historic e memoria collective ==
Historia de Saint Kitts e Nevis es visibile in architectura colonial, ancian plantationes, fortificationes, ecclesias e traditiones cultural de insulas. Fortification de [[Brimstone Hill]], construite durante periodo colonial britannic, es un del sitios historic plus importante del pais e es inscripte in Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de [[UNESCO]].

Memoria de sclavitude e emancipation occupa un loco central in historia social de insulas. Anniversario de emancipation, celebrate le 1 de augusto, e festa national de independentia, celebrate le 19 de septembre, marca relation inter memoria de oppression colonial e formation de stato moderne.

Historia de Saint Kitts e Nevis es assi un historia de colonisation, exploitation e resistentia, ma etiam de organisation politic, transformation social e construction de un identitate national commun inter duo insulas que conserva lor proprie particularitates.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Saint Kitts e Nevis''' tracta le evolution del duo insulas caribe desde le societates indigene precolombian, le colonisation europee e le economia de plantationes usque al independentia le 19 de septembre 1983 e le disveloppamento del federation contemporanee. Le pais, officialmente appellate Federation de Saint Christopher e Nevis, es un stato insular del Antillas Minor, constituite per le insulas de [[Saint Kitts]] e [[Nevis]]. Su historia es marcate per le rivalitate inter [[Anglia]] e [[Francia]], le sclavitude, le production de zuccaro, le evolution del movimentos de labor e le transformation del relationes constitutional con le [[Regno Unite]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/ |titulo=About St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le position geographic del insulas, inter Antillas del nord e Antillas del sud, les dava un rolo importante in le expansion colonial europee in le Caribe. Saint Kitts deveniva un del prime centros de colonisation anglese in le region, durante que Nevis se disveloppava como un importante centro de plantationes e commercio. Le societate que resultava de iste historia combinava herentias indigene, african e europee, con anglese como lingua official e cultura creole como un elemento central del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-kitts-nevis |titulo=Saint Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populationes indigene ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Saint Kitts e Nevis esseva habitate per populos indigena del Caribe. Populationes del region includiva communitates de lingua arawak e karib, e le insulas formava parte de un rete de navigation, intercambio e relationes inter Antillas.

Societates indigene viveva principalmente de agricultura, pisca e exploitation de recursos natural. Illes cultivava productos como manioc e mais, utilisava recursos del mar e manteneva relationes con altere insulas. Navigation inter insulas facilitava circulation de benes, personas e cognoscentias.

Arrivata del europeos transformava profundemente iste societates. Epidemias, guerras, dislocation de populationes e destruction de lor modos de vita traditional reduceva possibilitate de mantener organisationes indigena independente.

== Arrivata de Colombo ==
In 1493, durante su secunde viage transatlantic, [[Christophoro Colombo]] avistava le insulas. Insula plus grande recipeva nomine de Saint Christopher, in honor del sancto patron de Colombo; nomine esseva ulteriormente abbreviate per angleses a Saint Kitts. Nevis recipeva un nomine que es generalmente ligate al expression espaniol Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, inspirate per apparentia de montania alte, que poteva semblar coperite de nive per nubes.

Contacto con europeos non conduceva immediatemente al establimento de colonias permanente. Durante seculo XVI, insulas remaneva in margine de principal centros de imperio espaniol in America, e colonisation europee stabile comenciava solmente durante seculo XVII.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation anglese e francese ==
In 1623, un expedition anglese dirigite per [[Thomas Warner]] establiva un colonia permanente in Saint Kitts. Illo es generalmente considerate prime colonia anglese permanente in Caribe. In 1625, colonos francese arrivava etiam al insula, sub direction de [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]]. Angleses e francese divideva territorio e stabiliva colonias separate, durante que lor relationes alternava inter cooperation e conflicto.

Expansion de colonias europee incontrava resistentia de [[Kalinago]], population indigena de insulas. Colonos voleva controlar terras e recursos necessari pro plantationes, durante que Kalinago tentava defender lor territorio. In 1626, angleses e francese organisava un massacre contra Kalinago, evento associate al loco cognoscite como [[Bloody Point]]. Violentia e dislocation de superstites debilitava resistentia indigena e facilitava expansion de colonisation europee.

Angleses comenciava etiam colonisar Nevis in 1628. Duo insulas deveniva centros de production agricole e commercio colonial, con plantationes que requireva un grande quantitate de labor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/ |titulo=About St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le economia de plantationes e le sclavitude ==
Durante seculo XVII e seculo XVIII, economia de Saint Kitts e Nevis deveniva dependente de production de [[zuccaro]] de canna. Plantationes requireva un grande numero de travaliatores pro cultivar canna, recoltar lo e processar lo in ingenios. Demanda de labor esseva satisfacite in grande parte per deportation forciate de africanos reducite in sclavitude.

Plantationes transformava paisage e structura social de insulas. Proprietarios europee accumulava ricchessas per medio de production de zuccaro, durante que africanos enslaveate esseva submittite a labor forzate, separation de familias e violentia. Population de origine africane deveniva majoritari e formava base demographic de societate que se disveloppava durante seculos sequente.

Systema de plantationes ligava economia local al commercio transatlantic. Zuccaro esseva exportate verso Europa, e insulas importava alimentos, instrumentos e altere benes. Beneficio economic esseva concentrate in manos de proprietarios de plantationes e de mercatores, durante que major parte de labor esseva effectuate per personas private de libertate.

Sclavos resistiva per medio de fugas, refusas de labor, preservation de practicas cultural e altere formas de opposition. Historia de insulas debe dunque esser comprendite non solmente como un historia de expansion colonial e commercio, ma etiam como un historia de sclavitude e de resistentia contra exploitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.historicstkitts.kn/events/emancipation-1-august-1834 |titulo=Emancipation – 1 August 1834 |sitioweb=Historic St. Kitts |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rivalitate inter Anglia e Francia ==
Durante seculo XVII, Saint Kitts deveniva un foco de rivalitate inter colonias anglese e francese. Insula cambiava de manos durante differente conflictos, e population esseva affectate per guerras, confiscationes e destruction de plantationes.

In 1713, [[Tratato de Utrecht]] confirmava possession britannic de Saint Kitts. Nevis, que ja esseva administrate per angleses, remaneva etiam sub dominio britannic. Control britannic permitteva un administration colonial plus stabile, ben que rivalitate international continuava a influentiar securitate e economia de region.

In 1782, durante guerra inter Francia e Grande Britannia, francese occupava Saint Kitts e Nevis. Dominio francese esseva tamen de breve duration. [[Tratato de Paris de 1783]] confirmava possession britannic de duo insulas e restabiliva administration colonial anglese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/domrep_0010_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude e apprentissage ==
[[Commercio transatlantic de sclavos]] esseva abolite in Imperio Britannic in 1807, ma sclavitude mesme continuava in colonias. Movimento abolitionista e rebelliones de personas enslaveate in Antillas augmentava pression super governamento britannic pro abolir systema.

Acto de Abolition de Sclavitude esseva adoptate in 1833 e entrava in vigor le 1 de augusto 1834. In Saint Kitts, legislatura local adoptava in julio 1834 legislation destinate a applicar nove regime. Abolition non significava tamen un libertate immediate e complete pro tote personas anteriormente enslaveate. Un periodo de apprendissage esseva establite, durante qual multe ex-sclavos esseva obligate continuar laborar pro lor ancian proprietarios sub conditiones transitorie.

Apprendissage terminava in Antillas britannic in 1838, quando libertate deveniva complete in quadro de abolition. Plantationes e structuras economic remaneva tamen in grande parte in manos de ancian proprietarios. Population libere debeva negociar accesso a terras, salario e education in un societate que continuava a esser marcate per inegalitates economic e racial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://sknis.gov.kn/2018/02/22/emancipation-act-goes-on-display-at-national-museum/ |titulo=Emancipation Act Goes on Display at National Museum |sitioweb=St. Kitts and Nevis Information Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societate post-emancipation e agricultura ==
Post abolition de sclavitude, production de zuccaro continuava a dominar economia de Saint Kitts. Multe ex-sclavos cercava plus grande autonomia super lor labor e lor vita familiar, durante que proprietarios de plantationes tentava mantener un supply constante de labor a basso costo.

Difficultates economic esseva aggravate per fluctuationes de pretio de zuccaro e per disastres natural. Nevis esseva affectate per un uragano in 1835, un periodo de siccitate inter 1836 e 1838 e un incendio importante in 1837. Declino de production e reduction de opportunitates economic contribueva al migration de personas in cerca de labor.

Societate post-emancipation esseva caracterisate per disveloppamento de communitates religiose, education e organisationes social. Ecclesias e associationes local habeva un rolo importante in vita quotidian e in formation de un identitate collective que plus tarde susteneva movimentos de labor e demandas de representation politic.

== Formation del colonia de Leeward Islands ==
In 1871, Saint Kitts e Nevis esseva incorporate in colonia britannic de Leeward Islands, un structura administrative que reuniva plure territorios britannic de Antillas. Formation de colonia reduceva autonomia de institutiones local e representation politic esseva reorganisate sub administration colonial.

In 1882, administration de Saint Kitts e Nevis esseva unite con celle de [[Anguilla]] in un structura colonial commun. Insulas habeva interesses economic e politic differente, e question de representation e distribution de recursos deveniva un fonte de tensiones que continuava durante seculo XX.

Production de zuccaro remaneva central, ma dependentia de un sol producto rendeva economia vulnerabile a fluctuationes de mercato international. Conditiones de labor e salarios basse contribueva al formation de un movimento de labor organisate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/decon_num_18-1.pdf |titulo=Decolonization: Issue on St. Kitts-Nevis |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political Affairs |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buckley's Strike de 1935 e le movimento de labor ==
[[Buckley's Strike]] de januario 1935 esseva un evento decisive in historia de relationes laboral de insulas. Travaliatores de plantationes de zuccaro protestava contra salarios e conditiones de labor. Conflicto comenciava in plantation de Buckley e se extendeva a altere proprietates.

Protestas deveniva violente e autoritates colonial mobilisava policia e forzas de defensa. Le 28 de januario 1935, forzas armate aperiva foco contra manifestantes, occidente tres homines e feriente plure alteres. Evento provocava un debatte public super conditiones de labor e responsa de autoritates colonial.

Discontentamento de travaliatores faceva parte de un onda plus large de rebelliones e protestas in Caribe britannic durante annos 1930. Investigationes e reformas posterior contribueva al disveloppamento de administration de labor e organisationes de travaliatores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.historicstkitts.kn/events?start=10 |titulo=Buckley's Strike – 28 Jan 1935 |sitioweb=Historic St. Kitts |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1935/may/08/st-kitts-disturbances |titulo=St. Kitts (Disturbances) |sitioweb=UK Parliament, Hansard |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Movimento de labor deveniva un elemento central de evolution politic. Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw deveniva un dirigente importante de labor organisate e de [[Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party]], que assumeva un rolo dominante in politica de insulas durante plure decennios. Organisation de travaliatores contribueva a transformar demandas economic in un movimento plus large pro representation e autonomia politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/about-st-kitts-and-nevis/ |titulo=About St. Kitts and Nevis |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Federation del Antillas e autonomia ==
In 1958, Saint Kitts, Nevis e Anguilla entrava in Federation del Antillas, un tentativa britannic de crear un structura politic regional pro colonias caribee. Federation includeva etiam altere territorios britannic de Caribe, ma disaccordos interne e divergentias super organisation politic conduceva al dissolution in 1962.

In 1967, Saint Kitts, Nevis e Anguilla deveniva un stato associate autogovernante in relation con Regno Unite. Insulas obteneva un grado importante de autonomia interne, durante que Regno Unite conservava responsabilitates in materia de defensa e relationes externe.

Anguilla se opponeva al union politic e administrative con Saint Kitts e Nevis. In 1967, insula se rebellava contra administration e comenciava un proceso de separation que conduceva al recognition como territorio britannic distincte. Separation de Anguilla modificava structura de colonia e lassava Saint Kitts e Nevis como duo insulas que postea formava federation independente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/decon_num_18-1.pdf |titulo=Decolonization: Issue on St. Kitts-Nevis |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political Affairs |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1983 ==
Movimento verso independentia deveniva plus importante durante annos 1970 e initio de annos 1980. Question central esseva como crear un stato capabile de administrar duo insulas e garantir representation de Nevis in institutiones national.

Constitution de Saint Christopher e Nevis esseva adoptate le 23 de junio 1983 in preparation pro independentia. Le 19 de septembre 1983, federation obteneva su independentia de Regno Unite e deveniva un stato sovereign in Commonwealth. Prime ministro de nove stato esseva [[Kennedy Simmonds]], qui habeva un rolo central in transition constitutional.

Constitution establi un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento unicameral. Illo accorda etiam a Nevis un autonomia specific, con su proprie administration e institutiones insular. Formula constitutional esseva concepite pro mantener federation e, al mesme tempore, recognoscer particularitates politic de Nevis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/the-constitution/ |titulo=The Constitution |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le federation post le independentia ==
Post 1983, Saint Kitts e Nevis disveloppava su institutiones como stato independente. [[Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party]] e [[People's Action Movement]] deveniva actores central de politica national, durante que question de relation inter Saint Kitts e Nevis remaneva un thema importante de debattes public.

Nevis obteneva un administration insular proprie e un assemblea insular secundo Constitution. Constitution contine etiam un procedura que permitte a Nevis demandar secession de federation si un majoritate constitutionalmente definite lo approba.

In 1998, un referendum super independentia de Nevis non attingeva majoritate de duo tertios requirite per Constitution. Resultato manteneva Nevis in federation, ma debatte super autonomia insular e distribution de competentias continuava.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.kn/the-constitution/ |titulo=The Constitution |sitioweb=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transformation economic ==
Durante seculo XX, economia de Saint Kitts e Nevis remaneva dependente de production de zuccaro, ma declino de industria azucarera conduceva al disveloppamento de altere sectores. Turismo, construction, servicios financiari e activitates de servicios deveniva plus importante in economia national.

Pais beneficia de clima tropical, costas e patrimonio colonial, que attrahe visitantes international. Turismo deveniva un del principal fontes de empleo e de entratas, specialmente in Saint Kitts e in costa de Nevis.

Diversification economic non eliminava tote vulnerabilitates de pais. Insulas resta exposte a uraganos, cambios de mercato international e custos de importation de alimentos, combustibiles e material de construction. Dependentia de turismo e servicios rende etiam economia sensibile al crises international que affecta viages e investitiones.

== Saint Kitts e Nevis in le seculo XXI ==
In seculo XXI, Saint Kitts e Nevis continua a esser un federation independente e un monarchia constitutional. Pais es membro de [[Commonwealth]], [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM) e Organisation del Statos del Caraibes Oriental.

Institutiones national combina un governamento federal con un administration insular separate in Nevis. Relation inter duo insulas continua a esser un aspecto importante de vita politic, specialmente in relation con autonomia, infrastructuras e distribution de recursos public.

Pais face etiam front a problemas associate al cambio climatic, vulnerabilitate de insulas parve, necessitate de diversificar economia e preservation de patrimonio cultural e natural. Politica public contemporanee tracta adaptation a disastres natural, securitate energetic, turismo sustenibile e disveloppamento economic.

== Patrimonio historic e memoria collective ==
Historia de Saint Kitts e Nevis es visibile in architectura colonial, ancian plantationes, fortificationes, ecclesias e traditiones cultural de insulas. Fortification de [[Brimstone Hill]], construite durante periodo colonial britannic, es un del sitios historic plus importante del pais e es inscripte in Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de [[UNESCO]].

Memoria de sclavitude e emancipation occupa un loco central in historia social de insulas. Anniversario de emancipation, celebrate le 1 de augusto, e festa national de independentia, celebrate le 19 de septembre, marca relation inter memoria de oppression colonial e formation de stato moderne.

Historia de Saint Kitts e Nevis es assi un historia de colonisation, exploitation e resistentia, ma etiam de organisation politic, transformation social e construction de un identitate national commun inter duo insulas que conserva lor proprie particularitates.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Sancte Lucia''' tracta le evolution del insula caribee desde le prime societates indigene, le colonisation europee e le economia de plantationes usque al independentia de Regno Unite, proclamate le 22 de februario 1979. Sancte Lucia es un stato insular de [[Antillas Minor]], situate inter [[Martinica]] al nord e [[Sancte Vincentio e le Grenadinas]] al sud. Su historia es marcate per le rivalitate inter Francia e Grande B...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Sancte Lucia''' tracta le evolution del insula caribee desde le prime societates indigene, le colonisation europee e le economia de plantationes usque al independentia de Regno Unite, proclamate le 22 de februario 1979. Sancte Lucia es un stato insular de [[Antillas Minor]], situate inter [[Martinica]] al nord e [[Sancte Vincentio e le Grenadinas]] al sud. Su historia es marcate per le rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia, le sclavitude, le rebelliones contra dominatores colonial, le disveloppamento de movimentos de labor e le evolution verso un systema politic autonome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/stluciahistory |titulo=Brief History of Saint Lucia |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cultura contemporanee de insula reflecte interaction de heritages indigene, african e europee. Anglaise es lingua official, durante que creole sancte-lucian, cognoscite como [[Kwéyòl]], es largemente usate in vita quotidian. Memoria de sclavitude, de resistentia e de emancipation ha un rolo importante in identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://stlucia.org/en/discover-saint-lucia/history-culture/ |titulo=History &amp; Culture of Saint Lucia |sitioweb=Saint Lucia Tourism Authority |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populationes indigene ==
Ante arrivata de europeos, Sancte Lucia esseva habitate per populationes indigene de Caribe. Prime habitantes cognoscite includiva arauacos, que se establiva in insula durante prime millennio, e kalinago, frequentemente appellate caribes in fontes europee, que arrivava ulteriormente e influentiava cultura de region.

Nom indigene de insula es frequentemente transscribite como Iouanalao, interpretate como «terra de iguanas». Un altere forma, Hewanorra, es etiam associate al traditiones indigene de insula. Nomine moderne, Sancte Lucia, deriva de tradition europee que associa insula al sancta Lucia de Siracusa.

Populationes indigene viveva de agricultura, piscation, cassa e exploitation de recursos de mar. Illes cultivava productos como manioc e mais e manteneva relationes con altere insulas de Antillas. Societates indigene disponeva de cognoscentias de ambiente tropic e de technicas de navigation adaptate al spatio insular.

Contacto con europeos altera profundemente iste modos de vita. Epidemias, violentia, dislocation de communitates e conflictos concernente controlo de territorio reduceva possibilitate de mantener organisationes indigena independente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/stluciahistory |titulo=Brief History of Saint Lucia |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata del europeos ==
Data exacte de prime arrivata europee a Sancte Lucia remane incerta. Insula es frequentemente associate al secunde viage de [[Christophoro Colombo]] in 1493, ma governo sancte-lucian indica que Colombo non habeva ponite pede in insula durante su viages.

Un tradition historic attribue prime nomination europee a un grupo de marinarios francese naufragate le 13 de decembre 1502, die de Sancte Lucia. Nomine appare sub differente formas in cartographia europee de seculo XVI. Certessa historic concerne plus establimento gradual de contacto europee que un precise acto de «discoperta».

Durante seculo XVI, insula non deveniva un importante centro de colonisation espaniol. Absentia de grande depositos de auro e difficultates de controlo de territorio limitava interesse de imperio espaniol. Colonisation stabile comenciava plus tarde, quando francese e angleses initiava establir colonias in Antillas Minor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/stluciahistory |titulo=Brief History of Saint Lucia |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime colonias e resistance indigene ==
Durante seculo XVII, francese e angleses cercava establir colonias in Sancte Lucia, ma illes incontrava resistentia de kalinago e difficultates de mantener insediamentos permanente. Position strategic de insula, inter Martinica e insulas britannic de nord, lo rendeva attractive pro navigation e expansion colonial.

In 1605, un grupo de colonos anglese que viagiava verso Guyana, a bordo de nave Olive Blossom, arrivava al insula e tentava establir un colonia. Insediamento non durava, in parte per resistentia indigena e difficultates de superviventia.

In 1638, un altere tentativa de colonisation anglese esseva organisate, ma illa etiam falliva. Francese establiva ulteriormente relationes plus durabile con insula e initiava disveloppar plantationes e insediamentos.

Conflictos inter colonos europee e kalinago continuava durante plure decennios. Resistentia indigena impediva stabilisation complete de dominio europee e contribueva al character disputate de insula durante prime phases de colonisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://stlucia.org/en/discover-saint-lucia/history-culture/ |titulo=History &amp; Culture of Saint Lucia |sitioweb=Saint Lucia Tourism Authority |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia ==
Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, Sancte Lucia deveniva un del insulas plus disputate de Antillas. Francese, con lor centros principal in Martinica, e angleses, con lor bases in Barbados e altere insulas, cercava controlar su portos, terras e position strategic.

Dominio de insula cambiava de manos plure vices, e certe periodos esseva declarate neutral. Pro iste ration, Sancte Lucia esseva cognoscite como «Helena de Antillas», un allusion al figura mitologic Helena de Troia e al conflictos que su belleza provocava.

In 1722, rege britannic [[George I del Grande Britannia]] concedeva insulas de Sancte Lucia e Sancte Vincentio al [[Duca de Montagu]]. Un expedition anglese dirigite per [[Nathaniel Uring]] tentava establir un colonia in costa, ma francese expelleva colonos post que illes non obteneva supporto militar sufficiente.

Durante seculo XVIII, expansion de economia de plantationes augmentava interesse de ambes potentias. Possession de insula cambiava repetitemente in quadro de guerras europee e de tractatos que reorganisava territorios colonial de Caribe.

[[Guerra de Septem Annos]] provocava un occupation britannic temporari. In 1763, [[Tratato de Paris de 1763|Tratato de Paris]] restituiva Sancte Lucia a Francia, que disveloppava production de canna a zuccaro e plantationes.

Durante [[Guerra de Independentia American]], angleses occupava de nove insula in 1778. Illes fortificava zona de [[Pigeon Island]] e construiva positiones militar, inter illos [[Fort Rodney]], pro controlar accessos maritime e proteger lor flotta. In 1783, [[Tratato de Paris de 1783]] restituiva insula al francese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/saintlucia/192230.htm |titulo=Saint Lucia: Background Note |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plantationes e sclavitude ==
Disveloppamento de plantationes de zuccaro transformava economia e structura social de Sancte Lucia. Production requireva grande quantitates de labor e deveniva dependente de deportation forzate de africanos reducite in sclavitude.

Proprietarios europee controla terras, ingenios e commercio de zuccaro, durante que africanos enslaveate esseva obligate laborar sub conditiones dur e con libertate limitate. Societate colonial esseva organisate secundo hierarchias de origine, stato juridic e proprietate, con un elite de proprietarios e mercatores al vertice.

Plantationes dependeva de commercio transatlantic e mercados europee. Zuccaro esseva exportate e benes necessari al economia colonial esseva importate per nave. Accumulation de ricchessa in manos de proprietarios contrastava con exploitation de labor e conditiones de vita de population enslaveate.

Resistentia contra sclavitude assumeva plure formas, includente fugas, rebelliones, preservation de traditiones cultural e formation de communitates autonome in interior de insula. Opposition de personas enslaveate esseva un factor importante de historia social e politic de Sancte Lucia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/news/saint-lucia-observes-emancipation-day |titulo=Saint Lucia Observes Emancipation Day |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution Francese e guerras de Brigands ==
[[Revolution Francese]] de 1789 transformava situation politic de colonias francese de Caribe. Principios de libertate e equalitate, assi como debattes super sclavitude e derectos de populationes de color libere, provocava conflictos inter differente grupos social de insula.

In 1794, governo revolutionari francese proclamava abolition de sclavitude in colonias francese. In Sancte Lucia, abolition e conflictos inter sectores revolutionari e proprietarios de plantationes contribueva al un periodo de rebellion e guerra.

Francese revolutionari e britannicos luctava pro controlar insula, durante que personas anteriormente enslaveate e altere habitantes se associava a differentes partes de conflicto. Resistentia armate, cognoscite como Guerras de Brigands, includiva activitate de grupos que combatteva contra occupation britannic e contra restauration de autoritate de proprietarios.

In 1795, forzas francese e lor alliatos obteneva successos contra britannicos. Tamen, in 1796, un expedition britannic importante recapturava insula. Combattimentos provocava destructiones, includente incendio de [[Castries]], e resistentia continuava in interior.

Guerra combinava rivalitate imperial con conflictos social e lucta contra sclavitude. Resultato esseva un periodo de grande violentia, displaciamento e instabilitate que affectava plantationes e communitates local.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/news/saint-lucia-observes-emancipation-day |titulo=Saint Lucia Observes Emancipation Day |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dominio britannic definitive ==
Guerras inter Francia e Grande Britannia continuava usque al periodo de [[Guerras Napoleonian]]. In 1802, [[Tratato de Amiens]] disponeva restitution de Sancte Lucia a Francia, ma conflicto inter duo paises reincipiava in 1803. Britannicos recapturava insula e manteneva su controlo durante guerras sequente.

[[Tratato de Paris de 1814]] confirmava dominio britannic super Sancte Lucia. In 1815, insula deveniva formalmente un colonia britannic.

Administration colonial esseva organisate per un governator e un insimul de consilios. In 1808 esseva introducite un forma de governamento de colonia de Corona, in le qual legislation esseva establite per ordines de autoritate imperial. Durante seculo XIX, structura administrative esseva modificate plure vices e insula esseva integrate in administration regional de [[Insulas del Vento]] britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/constitutionaldevelopment |titulo=Constitutional Development |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude e emancipation ==
Abolition de commercio de sclavos in Imperio Britannic in 1807 non terminava sclavitude in Sancte Lucia. Institution esseva mantenite usque al legislation abolitionista de annos 1830.

Acto de Abolition de Sclavitude de 1833 entrava in vigor in 1834, ma introduceva un periodo de apprendissage durante qual multe ex-sclavos esseva obligate continuar laborar pro lor ancian proprietarios. Libertate complete esseva establite in Antillas britannic in 1838.

In Sancte Lucia, emancipation concerneva 13 285 personas proveniente de 384 plantationes, secundo information publicate per governo national. Abolition transformava relationes social e laboral, ben que ancian proprietarios continuava controlar grande parte de terras e capital.

Ex-sclavos cercava accesso a terras, salarios e education, e communitates disveloppava formas proprie de organisation social e religiose. Emancipation deveniva un momento fundamental de memoria national e es commemorate cata anno le 1 de augusto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/news/saint-lucia-observes-emancipation-day |titulo=Saint Lucia Observes Emancipation Day |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Administration colonial e prime reformas politic ==
Durante seculo XIX, Sancte Lucia esseva governate como colonia britannic. Administration includiva un governator e consilios legislative e executive, cuje composition reflecteva predominio de autoritates colonial e de proprietarios de terras.

In 1838, insula esseva integrate in administration general de Insulas del Vento, con sede de governamento regional in Barbados. Administration local esseva exercite per un administrator subordinate al governator regional.

Demandas pro plus grande representation politic cresceva gradualmente. In 1922, [[Commission Wood]] visitava insulas del Vento e de Sotavento pro examinar possibilitates de evolution constitutional. Activistas e dirigentes local presentava petitiones pro reformas e pro un participation plus grande de population in governamento.

In 1924 esseva establite un Consilio Legislative con membros partialmente eligite. Prime electiones habeva loco le 9 de martio 1925, quando tres representantes esseva eligite. Introduction de representation electoral constitueva un passo in evolution verso un governamento plus responsabile al population local.

In 1931, regulation permitteva etiam a feminas participar in vita politic como electores e membros de legislatura. Suffragio universal adulte esseva introducite in 1951, e numero de representantes eligite augmentava durante annos sequente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/constitutionaldevelopment |titulo=Constitutional Development |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union regional e Federation del Antillas ==
Durante annos 1950, insulas britannic de Caribe initiava un proceso de cooperation politic regional. Sancte Lucia participa in Federation del Antillas, create in 1958, que reuniva plure colonias britannic con objectivo de establir un structura politic commun.

Federation includeva, inter altere territorios, Jamaica, Trinidad e Tobago, Barbados e plure insulas de Antillas Minor. Tamen, divergentias super repartition de competentias, organisation de governamento federal e relationes con Grande Britannia debilitava projecto.

In 1962, federation se dissolveva post que Jamaica decideva retirar se. Dissolution poneva fin al tentativa de establir un stato federal caribee, ma cooperation regional continuava per altere instrumentos e institutiones.

Dissolution de federation accelerava disveloppamento de un cammino constitutional distincte pro Sancte Lucia e altere insulas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-lucia |titulo=Saint Lucia |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Autonomia e stato associate ==
In 1956, Sancte Lucia introduceva un systema ministerial de governamento, con ministros responsabile de areas specific de administration. In 1960, un nove constitution establi cargo de Chief Minister, precursor de actual prime ministro, e augmentava representation electoral.

[[George Frederick Lawrence Charles]] deveniva prime Chief Minister de insula in januario 1960. Durante annos sequente, [[Saint Lucia Labour Party]] e [[United Workers' Party]] deveniva principales actores de politica electoral.

Le 1 de martio 1967, Sancte Lucia deveniva un stato associate de Regno Unite. Nove status accordava al insula controlo de su affaires interne, durante que Grande Britannia manteneva responsabilitate pro defensa e relationes externe, in consultation con governo local.

Prime ministro, parlamento e administration local acquireva un autonomia plus grande, e insula continuava preparar se pro independentia complete.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/constitutionaldevelopment |titulo=Constitutional Development |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1979 ==
Le 22 de februario 1979, Sancte Lucia deveniva un stato independente in [[Commonwealth]]. Independentia terminava dependentia constitutional de Regno Unite e establi un systema politic proprie, basate super un monarchia constitutional e un parlamento.

[[John Compton]], dirigente de United Workers' Party, deveniva prime prime ministro de stato independente. Constitution establi un Governator General como representante de monarca, un [[Senato]] e un [[Camera del Assemblea]], insimul con un Gabinetto responsabile de direction de governamento.

Independentia esseva resultato de un longe proceso de evolution constitutional, que habeva includite introduction de suffragio universal, establimento de un systema ministerial e transition a un stato associate in 1967.

22 de februario es celebrate como Die de Independentia de Sancte Lucia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govt.lc/constitutionaldevelopment |titulo=Constitutional Development |sitioweb=Government of Saint Lucia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica post le independentia ==
Post 1979, vita politic de Sancte Lucia esseva dominate principalmente per rivalitate inter Saint Lucia Labour Party e United Workers' Party. Governamentos alternava in quadro de systema parlamentar, e electiones deveniva principal medio de transferentia de poter.

John Compton remaneva un figura central de politica national durante plure decennios. Su governamentos promoveva disveloppamento economic, construction de infrastructuras e diversification de activitates productive. Saint Lucia Labour Party, con dirigentes como [[Kenny Anthony]], assumeva tamben un rolo importante in evolution de politica public e relationes regional.

Institutiones de pais es basate super modello parlamentar de tradition britannic. Prime ministro es chef de governamento, durante que Governator General exerce functiones constitutional como representante de Corona. Parlamento es bicameral e comprende Camera del Assemblea e Senato.

== Economia e transformation social ==
Durante seculo XX, economia de Sancte Lucia dependeva in grande parte de agricultura, specialmente production de [[banana]]s e, antea, de zuccaro. Exportation de bananas deveniva un fonte importante de empleo e de entratas pro agricultores e communitates rural.

Durante ultime decennios de seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI, economia se diversificava verso turismo, construction, servicios financiari e altere servicios. Pais deveniva un destination turistic importante in Caribe, specialmente per su costas, su paisages volcanic e [[Pitons de Sancte Lucia]], duo montanias emblematic.

Transformation economic portava nove opportunitates de empleo e investition, ma creava etiam vulnerabilitates associate al dependentia de turismo e mercados international. Agricultura remane importante pro multe communitates, ben que su peso relative in economia national ha diminuite.

Disveloppamento social ha includite expansion de education, sanitate e infrastructuras, durante que pais continua affrontar problemas como disoccupation juvenil, inegalitate e vulnerabilitate a crises economic e climatic.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Cultura sancte-lucian reflecte incontro historic de heritages african, francese e britannic, con influentias indigene e altere contributiones caribee. Anglaise es lingua official, ma creole francese, appellate Kwéyòl, es largemente usate e constitue un elemento important de identitate cultural.

Musica, dansa, traditiones oral e festivitates local combina influentias africane e europee. Jounen Kwéyòl, celebrate annualmente, promove lingua e cultura creole. Carnival de Sancte Lucia es un altere evento importante de calendario cultural.

Insula es cognoscite etiam pro su contribution al litteratura mondial. Duo scriptor sancte-lucian, [[Derek Walcott]] e [[Arthur Lewis]], recipeva [[Premio Nobel]] in 1992: Walcott pro litteratura e Lewis pro scientias economic. Lor recognition international deveniva un elemento importante de memoria cultural de pais.

== Sancte Lucia in le seculo XXI ==
In seculo XXI, Sancte Lucia continua a esser un stato independente de Commonwealth e un membro de organisationes regional como [[Communitate del Caraibes]] (CARICOM) e [[Organisation del Statos del Caraibes Oriental]] (OECS).

Governamentos successive ha tractate diversification economic, turismo sustenibile, education, sanitate e adaptation al cambio climatic. Insula es vulnerabile a uraganos, pluvias intense, inundationes e altere phenomenos natural que pote afectar infrastructuras e sectores economic.

Politica exterior pone un accentu sur cooperation regional, integration economic de Caribe e relationes con Regno Unite, Statos Unite, Union Europee e altere socios international.

Historia contemporanee de pais es assi marcate per consolidation de independentia, evolution de institutiones democratic e effortios pro mantener un economia viabile in un stato insular de dimension reducite.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue iste stato insular del Antillas Minor, desde le societates indigene precolombian e le colonisation europee usque al independentia del 27 de octobre 1979 e le disveloppamento del federation contemporanee. Le pais comprende le insula principal de [[Sancte Vincente]] e un archipelago de insulas plus parve appellate [[Grenadinas]], extendite verso le sud in direction de Grenada.

Su historia es marcate per le resistance del populationes indigene, le rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia, le sclavitude e le economia de plantationes, le deportation del Garifuna, le evolution del movimentos de labor e le transition a un stato independente. Le heritages indigene, african, europee e caribee ha contribuite a formar le identitate cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-vincent-grenadines |titulo=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Populationes indigene ==
Ante le arrivata del europeos, Sancte Vincente esseva habitate per populationes indigene del Caribe. Le insula habeva communitates de origine arawak e karib, que viveva de agricultura, piscation, navigation e exploitation del recursos natural. Le populationes manteneva relationes con altere insulas del Antillas e utilisava lor cognoscentias del ambiente marin e tropical pro organisar le vita quotidian.

Le Kalinago, appellate caribes in numerose fontes colonial, resisteva al establimento de colonias europee. Sancte Vincente deveniva un loco importante de resistance indigene proque le geographia del insula, con su montanias e vegetation dense, permitteva al habitantes defender lor territorio.

Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le population indigene se misceva in parte con africanos qui habeva fugite del sclavitude o qui habeva naufragate in le insula. Le descendentes de iste communitates deveniva cognoscite como Garifuna, o caribes nigre, un population con un identitate cultural distincte, marcate per elementos indigene e african.

Le Garifuna manteneva relationes con le Kalinago e se opponeva al expansion del plantationes europee. Lor resistance deveniva un del aspectos plus importante del historia colonial de Sancte Vincente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://tourism.gov.vc/tourism/index.php/44-culture-department/culture-administration/212-culture |titulo=Culture |sitioweb=Ministry of Tourism, Saint Vincente and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata del europeos ==
Le insulas esseva cognoscite per le expeditiones europee durante le periodo del viages transatlantic del fin del seculo XV e del initio del seculo XVI. Sancte Vincente es frequentemente associate al expedition de [[Christophoro Colombo]] de 1498, durante su tertie viage, ben que le detalles del prime contacto europee e del origine del nomine del insula varia inter le traditiones historic.

Le colonisation stabile esseva retardate per le resistance del populationes indigene. Durante le seculo XVII, francese e angleses tentava establir insediamentos e extender lor influentia super le insula, ma le Kalinago e le Garifuna opponeva se a iste tentativas.

Le insulas del Grenadinas habeva un evolution differente secundo lor dimension e position geographic. Alcunes esseva usate pro le navigation e le commercio regional, durante que le colonisation e le occupation permanente variava de un insula al altere.

== Rivalitate inter Francia e Grande Britannia ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, Sancte Vincente deveniva un territorio disputate inter Francia e Grande Britannia. Le francese e le britannicos cercava controlar le insula pro su position strategic in le Caribe e pro le potential de disveloppar plantationes de zuccaro e altere productos tropical.

Le britannicos obteneva le insula per le Tractato de Paris de 1763, que terminava le Guerra del Septem Annos. Le autoritates britannic tentava alora establir un administration colonial plus solide e extender le occupation del terras.

Le expansion britannic provocava opposition del Kalinago e del Garifuna. Le colonos cercava obtener terras pro plantationes e limitar le autonomia indigene, durante que le habitantes local tentava mantener lor territorio e lor modos de vita. Le conflictos deveniva plus intense durante le annos sequente.

In 1779, durante un nove conflicto inter Francia e Grande Britannia, le francese occupava Sancte Vincente. Le dominio francese durava usque al fin del guerra, e le Tractato de Paris de 1783 confirmava le retorno del insula al controlo britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-vincent-grenadines |titulo=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerras del Caribes e resistance del Garifuna ==
Le conflictos inter le populationes indigene e le autoritates britannic se intensificava durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII. Le britannicos voleva controlar le terras e establir plantationes, durante que le Kalinago e le Garifuna se opponeva al expansion colonial.

Un prime guerra importante occurreva inter 1769 e 1773. Le britannicos tentava imponer lor autoritate super le territorio, ma le resistance indigene e le difficultates del ambiente complicava le operationes militar. Le conflicto terminava con un accordo que delimitava certe terras e recognosceva temporarimente un parte del autonomia del populationes indigene.

Le pace remaneva fragile. Le expansion del plantationes e le conflictos concernente le proprietate del terras provocava nove tensiones. In 1795, le Garifuna e lor alliatos initiava un rebellion contra le dominio britannic. Le resistance esseva dirigite per Joseph Chatoyer, considerate hodie le prime heroe national de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas.

Chatoyer coordinava le resistance contra le forzas britannic, ma esseva occidite le 14 de martio 1795. Su morte esseva un colpo importante pro le rebellion, ben que le combattimentos continuava durante le annos sequente.

In 1796, le britannicos reprimeva le resistance e decideva deportar grande parte del Garifuna capturate. Plure milles de personas esseva transportate al insula de Balliceaux, ubi multe moriva per le conditiones de detention, le maladias e le manca de alimentos. Le superstites esseva deportate al insula de Roatán, al costa del hodiernan Honduras, in 1797. Lor descendentes se establiva plus tarde in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala e Nicaragua.

Le deportation del Garifuna constitue un del episodios plus significative del historia del colonisation britannic in le Caribe. Illo transformava le distribution geographic del population e contribueva al expansion del cultura Garifuna in America Central.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://tourism.gov.vc/tourism/index.php/44-culture-department/culture-administration/212-culture |titulo=Culture |sitioweb=Ministry of Tourism, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Plantationes e sclavitude ==
Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le economia de Sancte Vincente deveniva dependente del plantationes, specialmente le production de zuccaro. Le proprietarios europee controlava le terras e le ingenios, durante que le labor esseva effectuate in grande parte per africanos deportate e reducite in sclavitude.

Le plantationes transformava le paisage e le structura social del insula. Le population sclavisate esseva submittite a labor forziate, separation de familias e restrictiones juridic severe. Le ricchessas producite per le zuccaro esseva concentrate in le manos del proprietarios e del mercatores, durante que le major parte del population habeva poc accesso al proprietate e al education.

Le sclavitude non impediva le resistance. Le personas enslaveate fugiva, organisava actos de opposition e manteneva practicas cultural e religiose proveniente de Africa. Le memoria del resistance del Garifuna e del altere communitates indigene forma parte del historia plus large del opposition al domination colonial.

Le commercio transatlantic de sclavos esseva abolite per Grande Britannia in 1807, ma le sclavitude mesme continuava in Sancte Vincente usque al implementation del legislation abolitionista del annos 1830.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/stvincent_0600_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Vincent &amp; the Grenadines |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abolition del sclavitude ==
[[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act de 1833]] entrava in vigor in 1834 e aboleva formalmente le sclavitude in le colonias britannic. Tamen, le libertate non deveniva complete immediatemente, proque un periodo de apprentissage obligava multe ex-sclavos a continuar laborar pro lor ancian proprietarios.

Le apprentissage terminava in 1838, quando le libertate complete esseva establite in le Antillas britannic. Le abolition transformava le relationes laboral e social, ma le ancian proprietarios manteneva grande parte del terras e del capital.

Multe ex-sclavos cercava autonomia economic, accesso al terras e melior conditiones de labor. Le plantationes continuava a functionar, ma le proprietarios debeva adaptar se al labor salariate e al nove relationes social. Le societate post-emancipation se disveloppava in un contexto de inegalitate, dependentia economic e cambios progressive in le education e le vita religiose.

== Administration colonial e reformas constitutional ==
Durante le seculo XIX, Sancte Vincente esseva administrate como un colonia britannic. Le governamento esseva exercite per un governator e per consilios legislative, con un representation limitate e un forte influentia del autoritates colonial e del proprietarios.

Le administration esseva integrate in le structura regional del [[Insulas del Vento]] britannic, que coordinava le governamento de plure colonias del Antillas Minor. Le organisation administrative esseva modificate plure vices, durante que le population local reclamava un plus grande representation e participation politic.

In 1925, esseva establite un Consilio Legislative que includeva membros eligite e nominate. Le suffragio universal adulte esseva introducite in 1951, permittente a un parte plus large del population participar in le electiones. Iste reforma contribueva al disveloppamento del partidos politic e del movimentos que demandava autonomia.

Le disveloppamento del education e del organisationes de labor durante le prime medietate del seculo XX contribueva tamben a un conscientia politic plus forte. Le demandas pro melior salarios, derectos laboral e representation deveniva parte del movimento verso le autogovernamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.assembly.gov.vc/assembly/index.php/legislature-historical-perspectives |titulo=Legislature Historical Perspectives |sitioweb=House of Assembly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eruption del vulcano La Soufrière in 1902 ==
Le 7 de maio 1902, le vulcano [[La Soufrière (Sancte Vincente)|La Soufrière]] eruptava violentemente. Le eruption occideva circa 1 500 personas, con grande damnos in le nord del insula e destruction de terras agricole.

Le eruption occurreva poc ante le catastrophe del Monte Pelée in Martinica, que occideva un grande parte del population de Saint-Pierre. Le eventos demonstrava le vulnerabilitate del Antillas al activitate volcanic e al altere phenomenos natural.

Le agricultura esseva gravemente affectate, e le damnos contribueva al difficultates economic del insula durante le annos sequente. Le memoria del eruption remane un elemento importante del historia natural e social de Sancte Vincente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/stvincent_0600_bgn.html |titulo=Background Notes: St. Vincent &amp; the Grenadines |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Federation del Antillas e autonomia ==
Durante le annos 1950, le colonias britannic del Caribe tentava establir un structura politic regional. Sancte Vincente participava in le Federation del Antillas, create in 1958, que reuniva plure territorios britannic con le objectivo de crear un federation que poterea preparar le transition verso un independentia commun.

Le federation se dissolveva in 1962, post que Jamaica e Trinidad e Tobago decideva retirar se. Le dissolution faceva que cata colonia debeva cercar su proprie camino constitutional.

In 1960, le status constitutional de Sancte Vincente esseva meliorate: le chef del governamento deveniva Chief Minister e le Consilio Executive assumeva un forma plus proche al Cabinetto. Le insula obteneva ulteriormente le possibilitate de devenir un stato associate del Regno Unite secundo le West Indies Act de 1967.

Le 27 de octobre 1969, Sancte Vincente deveniva un stato associate del Regno Unite. Le nove status accordava le controlo del affaires interne, durante que Grande Britannia manteneva le responsabilitate pro le defensa e le relationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.assembly.gov.vc/assembly/index.php/legislature-historical-perspectives |titulo=Legislature Historical Perspectives |sitioweb=House of Assembly, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia in 1979 ==
Le movimento verso le independentia cresceva durante le annos 1970, con le supporto de sectores del population e del principal partidos politic. Le governamento initiava negotiationes con le Regno Unite pro completar le transition constitutional e establir un stato soveran.

In 1979, le population participava in un referendum super le independentia. Le resultato supportava le creation de un stato independente, e le 27 de octobre 1979, Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas obteneva formalmente su independentia del Regno Unite. Le pais deveniva le ultime del Insulas del Vento a attinger le independentia.

Le nove stato manteneva un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar, con le monarca britannic representate per un Governator General. [[Milton Cato]], chef del Saint Vincent Labour Party, deveniva le prime prime ministro del pais independente.

Le independentia permitteva al governamento definir su proprie politica exterior e participar directemente in organisationes regional e international. Le 27 de octobre es celebrate como le Die de Independentia National.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/saint-vincent-grenadines |titulo=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le insulas del Grenadinas ==
Le insulas del [[Grenadinas]] ha un historia associate al navigation, al commercio e al plantationes del Caribe. Le archipelago se extende verso le sud de Sancte Vincente usque al proximitate de Grenada e comprende insulas e insulettas de differente dimensiones.

Durante le periodo colonial, le insulas plus grande esseva usate pro agricultura e ganaderia, durante que altere insulas serviva como punctos de navigation, piscation e commercio. Le administration britannic includeva le Grenadinas in le structura colonial del territorio, ben que le insulas conservava differente relationes economic e social con Sancte Vincente e con le insulas vicin.

Post le independentia, le Grenadinas remaneva parte del nove stato. Le insulas contribueva al disveloppamento del turismo e al economia maritime, con un importantia crescente del navigation de recreation e del servicios associate al visitatores.

== Politica post le independentia ==
Post 1979, le politica national esseva marcate per le alternantia inter le [[Saint Vincent Labour Party]] e le [[New Democratic Party]]. Le governamentos successive tractava le disveloppamento economic, le education, le sanitate, le infrastructuras e le relationes regional.

Le pais manteneva un systema parlamentar basate super le tradition britannic. Le prime ministro es le chef del governamento, durante que le Governator General representa le Corona. Le Parlamento es unicameral e include membros eligite e, secundo le Constitution, membros nominate.

Le debattes politic ha includite le question del reforma constitutional, le relationes con le Regno Unite e le possibilitate de transformar le monarchia constitutional in un republica. Iste questiones es parte del discussion plus large super le evolution del institutiones e le identitate national.

== Eruption de La Soufrière in 1979 ==
In april 1979, La Soufrière eruptava de nove. Le eruption provocava evacuationes e damnos significative al agricultura, ma non causava le mortalitate del eruption de 1902. Le autoritates organisava le evacuation de personas ab zonas de risco e le gestion del emergentia.

Le eruption occurreva in le mesme anno que le independentia national, e le eventos demonstrava le importantia del preparation contra disastres natural in un stato insular volcanic.

== Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas in le seculo XXI ==
In le seculo XXI, Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas continua a esser un stato independente e un monarchia constitutional in le Commonwealth. Le pais es membro del [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), del [[Organisation del Statos del Caribe Oriental]] (OECS) e de altere institutiones regional e international.

Le economia combina agricultura, turismo, piscation, construction e servicios. Le exportation de bananas habeva historicamente un rolo importante, ma le cambios del commercio international e le competition de altere productores reduceva su importantia relative. Le turismo e le servicios maritime deveniva fontes plus significative de ingresos.

Le insulas resta vulnerabile a uraganos, inondationes, erosion costal e activitate volcanic. In april 2021, La Soufrière eruptava de nove, provocante evacuationes de massa e damnos a infrastructuras e agricultura. Le eruption affectava un grande parte del population e requireva assistentia humanitari e cooperation regional.

Le historia contemporanee del pais es assi marcate per le consolidation del independentia, le diversification economic e le adaptation al riscos natural, durante que le institutiones national continua a evolver in un quadro democratic e parlamentar.

== Cultura e memoria historic ==
Le cultura de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas reflecte le heritages indigene, african, europee e caribee. Le musica, le traditiones oral, le festivitates, le religion e le cocina local es elementos importante del identitate national.

Le memoria de [[Joseph Chatoyer]] occupa un position central in le historia del resistance indigene e del lucta contra le colonisation. Le 14 de martio es commemorate como Heritage Day e associa le memoria del chef Garifuna al recognition del heritages cultural del pais.

Le deportation del Garifuna in 1796–1797 remane un evento importante in le memoria regional. Le communitates Garifuna in America Central conserva linguas, musicas e traditiones que liga lor historia al insulas del Antillas.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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Le '''historia de Trinidad e Tobago''' describe le evolution del duo insulas del sud de [[Caribe]], desde le prime communitates indigene usque al formation del Stato independente contemporanee. Situate proxime al costa nord-oriental de [[America del Sud]], le insulas occupa un position strategic inter le Caribe e le continente sudamerican. Lor historia ha essite marcate per le culturas indigene, le colonisation europee, le sclavitude african, le immigration contractate, le disveloppamento del industria del zucchero e del petroleum, le movimento laboral e le independentia politic.

Trinidad e Tobago ha habite trajectorias colonial differente. Trinidad remaneva sub administration espaniol durante plus de tres seculos, ante esser conquerite per le [[Regno Unite]] in 1797. Tobago, al contrario, esseva disputate inter plure potentias europee, includente [[Francia]], [[Nederland]], le [[Ducato de Curlandia]] e le Regno Unite. Le insulas esseva reunite administrativemente in 1889, deveniva independente le 31 de augusto 1962 e adoptava un forma de republica in 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.natt.gov.tt/node/294 |titulo=61st Anniversary of Trinidad and Tobago's Independence: Guide to Information Resources on Independence |sitioweb=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nationaltrust.tt/about-us/tt-history-timeline/ |titulo=T&amp;T History Timeline |sitioweb=National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime populos ==
Le presentia human in Trinidad e Tobago precede de millennios le arrivata del europeos. Le proximitate de Trinidad al continente sudamerican facilitava le migration e le circulation de personas, technicas, alimentos e culturas inter le insulas e le region de [[Orinoco]].

Restos archaeologic indica que communitates indigene habitava Trinidad desde al minus circa 6000–7000 annos ante le presente. Un del sitos plus importante es Banwari Trace, in le sud de Trinidad, considerate un del plus ancian sitos de habitation human cognoscite in le Caribe oriental. Prime habitantes includiva communitates que practicava pisca, recolta e exploitation de recursos de ambiente tropic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/tt-content-guide/first-peoples/ |titulo=First Peoples |sitioweb=National Library and Information System Authority (NALIS) |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante millennios sequente, altere culturas se establiva in insulas, includente grupos associate al traditiones ceramica de [[Saladoid]], [[Barrancoid]] e [[Arauquinoid]]. Ceramica, utensiles e altere vestigios material demonstra que Trinidad participava in un rete regional de contactos con costa sudamerican e altere insulas de Caribe.

In periodo que precedeva arrivata europee, population includeva grupos que fontes colonial identifica como Nepoya, Shebaio e Yao, inter altere communitates. Linguas e identitates indigene non correspondeva semper al categorias usate per europeos, qui tendeva reunir populos differente sub denominationes general como «Arawak» e «Carib».&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/blog/celebrating-the-first-peoples-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |titulo=Celebrating the First Peoples of Trinidad and Tobago |sitioweb=National Library and Information System Authority |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Societates indigene practicava agricultura, piscation e commercio e disponeva de cognoscentias de navigation per canoas. Numerose nomines geographic e elementos de alimentation local conserva influentias indigene. Population indigene esseva tamen profundemente affectate per epidemias, sclavitude, guerras e politicas de conversion e controlo de administrationes colonial.

== Arrival de Cristophoro Columbo ==
Navigator genovese [[Christophoro Columbo]] avistava Trinidad durante su tertie viage transatlantic, in julio 1498. Expedition attingeva insula durante exploration de costa sudamerican e Caribe meridional. Columbo denominava insula Trinidad, traditionemente associate al tres montes que ille observava, in relation con doctrina christian de [[Trinitate]]. Tobago esseva etiam observate durante iste periodo, ma non deveniva immediatemente un colonia stabile.

Arrivata de Columbo initiava un nove fase de relationes inter insulas e potentias europee. Corona espaniol reclamava Trinidad e comenciava explorar possibilitates de colonisation, mission religiose e exploitation de recursos. Insulas remaneva tamen difficile controlar per administration colonial, in parte per resistentia indigene e per distantia de centros principal de imperio espaniol in America.

== Colonisation espaniol de Trinidad ==
In prime decennios de seculo XVI, autoritates espaniol tentava establir un presentia permanente in Trinidad. In 1530, Antonio Sedeño recipeva un commission pro explorar e colonisar insula. Su prime tentativas incontrava resistentia indigene, e establimento de un colonia permanente procedeva lentemente.

In 1592, espanioles fundava San José de Oruña, generalmente considerate prime settlement europee permanente in Trinidad. Urbe, situate in vicinitate de actual [[Saint Joseph]], deveniva un centro administrative e religiose de colonia. Administration espaniol se basava in parte super systema de missiones, tributos e controlo de labor indigene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ttps.gov.tt/about/history/ |titulo=History of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service |sitioweb=Trinidad and Tobago Police Service |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Resistentia indigene continuava limitar expansion de colonia. Inter figuras associate a iste resistentia se trova Hyarima, un chef nepuyo ligate al region de Arima, qui combatteva expansion de controlo espaniol. Administration colonial tentava incorporar population indigene in missiones religiose, ma relocationes forzate e obligationes de labor contribueva al declino demographic de numerose communitates.

In 1699, un rebellion occurreva al mission de Arena, ubi indigenas revoltava contra labor forzate e autoritate de missioneros. Rebellion esseva reprimite, e episodio demonstra conflictos persistente inter communitates indigene e systema colonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/tt-content-guide/first-peoples/ |titulo=First Peoples |sitioweb=National Library and Information System Authority (NALIS) |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante major parte de periodo espaniol, Trinidad habeva un population relativemente reducite e un economia minus disveloppate que de plure altere insulas caribee. Situation comenciava cambiar in ultime parte de seculo XVIII, quando corona espaniol promoveva immigration de colonos pro augmentar production agricole.

== Le Cedula de Population e le immigration francese ==
In 1783, corona espaniol promulgava Cedula de Population, un politica destinate attraher colonos catholic, specialmente francese, verso Trinidad. Incentivo includeva concessiones de terra e avantages fiscal pro colonos e lor familias. Mesura attraheva proprietarios de plantationes e colonos proveniente de Martinica, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Sancte Lucia e altere territorios caribee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/tt-content-guide/emancipation-day/ |titulo=Emancipation Day |sitioweb=National Library and Information System Authority |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nove arrivatos introduceva capital, mano de obra enslaveate e technicas agricole. Production de cacao, caffe e cotone se disveloppava, ma zuccaro deveniva progressivemente cultura commercial dominante. Immigration modificava composition linguistic e cultural de insula: ben que Trinidad restava formalmente espaniol, francese e creolo francese deveniva importante in societate colonial.

Plantationes dependeva in grande parte de labor de africanos enslaveate, importate per commercio transatlantic de sclavos. Expansion economic de insula esseva assi ligate al sclavitude e violenta exploitation de labor.

== Conquista britannic de Trinidad ==
[[Regno Unite]] conqueriva Trinidad in 1797, durante guerras revolutionary francese e conflictos inter potentias europee. Un expedition naval e militar britannic, sub commandamento de Ralph Abercromby, arrivava al insula. Governator espaniol, [[José María Chacón]], capitulava post destruction per incendio de naves espaniol que non poteva esser defendite contra flotta britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://nationaltrust.tt/about-us/tt-history-timeline/ |titulo=T&amp;T History Timeline |sitioweb=National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Possession britannic esseva formalmente confirmate per [[Tractato de Amiens]] de 1802. Trinidad deveniva un colonia britannic, ma conservava parte de structuras social e economic create durante periodo espaniol e immigration francese. Administration britannic introduceva gradualmente su proprie institutiones juridic e administrative.

Economia de plantationes continuava depender de sclavitude. Proprietarios de plantationes e mercatores controlava major parte de terra e ricchessas, durante que africanos enslaveate esseva subjicite a un regime de coercition e privation de libertate.

== Historia colonial de Tobago ==
Historia de Tobago differeva considerabilemente de celle de Trinidad. Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, insula esseva objecto de reclamationes e tentativas de colonisation per [[Ducato de Curlandia]], [[Nederland]], [[Regno Unite]] e [[Francia]]. Competitores establiva colonias e fortificationes, ma insula cambiava frequentemente de administration a causa de guerras europee.

Prime establimentos europee durabile includiva colonia curlandese de seculo XVII. Nederland establiva etiam settlementes e fortificationes, ma conflictos e destruction de colonias impediva un evolution stabile. Francia e britannicos se disputava controlo de insula durante guerras de seculo XVIII.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visittobago.gov.tt/local-culture-people-heritage/history-culture/historical-timeline |titulo=Historical Timeline: Tobago |sitioweb=Visit Tobago, Tobago House of Assembly |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Per Tractato de Paris de 1763, Francia cediva Tobago al Regno Unite. Insula disveloppava un economia de plantationes basate super zuccaro, cotone e tabaco, e proprietarios importava africanos enslaveate pro laborar in plantationes.

Tobago esseva recapturate per Francia in 1781, e tractato de 1783 confirmava controlo francese. Britannicos recapturava insula in 1793, e Tractato de Paris de 1814 la cediva definitivemente al Regno Unite. Sclavitude e plantationes restava central al economia de Tobago, ma declino de zuccaro e difficultates economic post emancipation debilitava systema plantationista.

== Sclavitude e plantationes ==
Sclavitude african forma un del elementos central de historia colonial de Trinidad e Tobago. Expansion de plantationes de zuccaro, cacao e cotone requireva un grande quantitate de labor, e proprietarios importava personas enslaveate desde Africa e altere territorios caribee.

Personas enslaveate esseva submittite a labor coercite, separation familial, punitiones e restrictiones juridic. Plantationes genera ricchessas pro proprietarios e mercatores, ma conditiones de labor esseva violente e mortalitate poteva esser alte.

In 1807, Regno Unite aboleva commercio de sclavos, ma iste mesura non aboleva immediatemente sclavitude in colonias. Emancipation esseva proclamate in 1834, e un periodo de apprendissage continuava usque a 1838, quando sclavitude esseva abolite definitivemente in colonias britannic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/tt-content-guide/emancipation-day/ |titulo=Emancipation Day |sitioweb=National Library and Information System Authority |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emancipatos acquireva formalmente lor libertate, ma multe remaneva dependente de plantationes pro salario e accesso a terra. Conflicto super salarios, proprietate e conditiones de labor continuava influentiar societate post-emancipation.

== Immigration post-emancipation ==
Post abolimento de sclavitude, proprietarios de plantationes cercava nove formas de labor. Administration britannic e proprietarios introduceva systemas de immigration contractate, specialmente desde India, ma etiam desde China, Madeira e altere territorios.

Prime grande grupos de immigrantes indianos contractate arrivava a Trinidad in 1845. Immigration continuava durante plure decennios e transformava profundemente composition cultural, religiose e linguistic de insula. Multe travaliatores indianos laborava in plantationes de zuccaro e cacao sub contractos que limitava lor libertate de movimento e conditiones de employment.

Communitates indiano-trinidadian manteneva e disveloppava traditiones hindu, musulman e altere formas cultural, includende musica, cocina, ceremonias religiose e festivitates. Divali, Hosay e Phagwa deveniva elementos importante de calendario cultural de pais.

Immigration includiva etiam personas de Madeira e altere insulas portugese, chinese e migrantes de altere partes de Caribe. Societate deveniva un mosaico de descendentes african, indiano, europee, chinese e indigene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://h.natt.gov.tt/our-collection?page=1 |titulo=Our Collection |sitioweb=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del colonia unificate ==
Durante seculo XIX, Trinidad e Tobago continuava sub administration britannic, ma lor organisation administrative restava differente. Trinidad habeva su proprie administration colonial, durante que Tobago passava per plure configurationes administrative e periodos de difficultates economic.

In 1833, Tobago perdeva su administration separate e deveniva parte de [[Insulas del Vento]]. Declino de economia de plantationes e problemas financiari complicava gestion de insula.

In 1889, Tobago esseva unite administrativemente con Trinidad pro formar colonia de Trinidad e Tobago. Iste union respondeva in parte al necessitate britannic de reducir costos administrative e centralisar governamento. Insulas continuava haber identitates local distincte, ma lor institutiones colonial deveniva progressivemente integrate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://h.natt.gov.tt/exhibitions |titulo=Exhibitions: The Road to Nationhood |sitioweb=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labor, sindicatos e agitation social ==
Fin de sclavitude e introduction de labor contractate non eliminava desigualitates social. Plantationes e industria de petroleum deveniva focos de conflictos super salarios, conditiones de labor e derectos politic.

Durante prime parte de seculo XX, travaliatores comenciava organisar se in sindicatos e movimentos politic. Labor agitation de 1937, associate al activista Uriah Butler, deveniva un momento importante de historia de movimento laboral. Protestas e conflictos in campos petrolifer e in plantationes revelava insatisfaction con salarios, conditiones de labor e absentia de representation politic effective.

Agitation contribueva al disveloppamento de sindicatos e reformas de governamento colonial. Movimento laboral deveniva un fundamento importante de nationalismo moderne e de subsequentemente disveloppamento de partidos politic.

== Petroleum e transformation economic ==
Industria de petroleum comenciava disveloppar se in Trinidad durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX. Production de petroleum e servicios industrial associava insula a un economia differente de celle de plantationes agricole.

Petroleum, e plus tarde gas natural, deveniva un del bases de economia national. Industria energetic contribueva al urbanisation, creation de postos de labor e expansion de infrastructura, ma etiam exponeva pais al fluctuationes de precios international de energia.

Disveloppamento industrial esseva specialmente concentrate in Trinidad. Tobago continuava depender plus largemente de agricultura e, ulteriormente, de turismo. Differentias economic inter duo insulas deveniva un question importante in politica national e in relationes inter administration central e Tobago House of Assembly.

== Autogovernamento e via verso le independentia ==
Post Secunde Guerra Mundial, demanda de representation politic e de autogovernamento cresceva in Trinidad e Tobago, como in altere colonias caribee. Introduction de suffragio universal adulte e evolution de institutiones legislative augmentava participation de population in politica.

In 1956, Eric Williams e [[People's National Movement]] (PNM) deveniva figuras central de politica national. Williams, historicista e leader politic, promoveva autogovernamento e independentia, e su partito dominava politica national durante transition al independentia.

Trinidad e Tobago participava in [[Federation of the West Indies]], create in 1958 como un tentativa de reunir plure colonias britannic caribee in un federation. Federation se dissolveva in 1962, post withdrawal de Jamaica e decision de altere territorios de prosequer lor proprie trajectorias constitutional.

Dissolution de federation accelera independentia de Trinidad e Tobago. Le 31 de augusto 1962, pais deveniva un Stato independente intra [[Commonwealth]]. Eric Williams deveniva prime prime ministro de pais independente. Independentia esseva accompaniate per adoption de un bandiera national, un armerias heraldic e un hymno national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.natt.gov.tt/node/294 |titulo=61st Anniversary of Trinidad and Tobago's Independence: Guide to Information Resources on Independence |sitioweb=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia e prime annos del Stato ==
Nove Stato hereditava institutiones parlamentari e juridic de tradition britannic, ma debeva adaptar su economia e su politica al conditiones de un pais independente. Governament de Williams poneva emphasis super education, industrialisation, expansion de servicios public e disveloppamento de identitate national.

Petroleum e industria energetic dava al pais un base economic importante. Ingresos de energia permitteva investir in infrastructuras, education e servicios social, ben que dependentia de exportationes de energia exponeva economia al fluctuationes de mercato international.

In 1970, pais esseva confrontate con Revolution de Black Power, un movimento de protesto contra desigualitates racial e economic, influentia de capital estranier e conditiones social de population. Movimento includiva manifestationes, grevas e mobilisationes de studentes e travaliatores. Governament declarava un stato de emergentia e arrestava plure leaders. Un motin militar occurreva etiam in contexto de crise, ma esseva isolate e terminate sin un cambiamento de governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://h.natt.gov.tt/exhibitions |titulo=Exhibitions: The 1970 Black Power Revolution |sitioweb=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Republica e constitution ==
Le 1 de augusto 1976, Trinidad e Tobago deveniva un republica, terminante rol de monarca britannic como capite de Stato. Pais manteneva su appartinentia al [[Commonwealth]], ma adoptava un presidente como capite de Stato e conservava un systema parlamentar inspirate per tradition britannic.

Constitution republican establi un presidente, un Parlamento bicameral e un governamento responsabile ante Camera de Representantes. Prime presidente esseva Ellis Clarke, qui habeva anteriorimente servite como Governator General.

Transformation constitutional marcava un nove etapes in evolution de institutiones national, ben que pais continuava enfrentar questiones relative al diversification economic, representation politic, relationes racial e distribution de recursos inter Trinidad e Tobago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://h.natt.gov.tt/exhibitions |titulo=Exhibitions: The Road to Nationhood |sitioweb=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tentativa de colpo de Stato de 1990 ==
Le 27 de julio 1990, membros de organisation Jamaat al-Muslimeen initiava un tentativa de colpo de Stato. Un grupo armate assaltava Parlamento e sede de governamento in Port of Spain, prendente como rehens prime ministro A. N. R. Robinson e altere personas. Assalto e subsequente assedio durava circa sex dies e causava mortes, ferimentos e damnos material importante.

Tentativa de colpo esseva un del crises plus grave de historia de pais independente. Officialitate de Presidente de Republica ha recordate que 24 personas perdeva lor vita e que numerose altere esseva affectate physic e emotionalmente per eventos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://otp.tt/message-on-the-31st-anniversary-of-the-1990-attempted-coup-detat/ |titulo=Message on the 31st Anniversary of the 1990 Attempted Coup d’Etat |sitioweb=Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Colpo falliva, ma eventos habeva effectos durabile super memoria national, securitate e debatte concernente stabilitate de institutiones democratic. Investigationes e discussion public subsequente tractava circumstantias de assalto e consequentias pro victimas e lor familias.

== Politica e societate contemporanee ==
Durante ultime decennios de seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI, politica de pais esseva marcate per alternation inter [[People's National Movement]] e [[United National Congress]], insimul con altere partidos e movimentos politic. Debates national includeva gestion de ingresos de petroleum e gas, diversification economic, corruption, criminalitate, education e relationes inter insulas.

Societate de Trinidad e Tobago es caracterisate per un grande diversitate ethnic e religiose. Descendentes de africanos e de indianos forma duo del principal grupos demographic, insimul con communitates de origine europee, chinese, medie-oriental e indigene. Iste diversitate es visibile in festivitates, musica, linguas, gastronomia e vita religiose de pais.

Carnaval de Trinidad e Tobago es un del expressiones cultural plus cognoscite de nation. Su evolution incorpora influentias africane, europee e caribee e include musica calypso, soca, steelpan e traditiones de mas. Musica steelpan, disveloppate in Trinidad durante seculo XX, deveniva un symbolo international de cultura national.

== Trinidad e Tobago in le seculo XXI ==
In seculo XXI, pais ha continuate affrontare necessitate de diversificar su economia, que resta fortemente influentiate per petroleum e gas natural. Industria energetic genera ingresos e empleo, ma fluctuationes de precios international e transition global verso fontes de energia a basse emissiones crea desafios economic.

Tobago ha promovite turismo e protection de patrimonio natural como partes de su disveloppamento. Relationes inter administration national e institutiones de Tobago resta un elemento importante de politica de pais, specialmente in materia de autonomia local, infrastructura e distribution de recursos.

Memoria de sclavitude, immigration contractate, colonialismo e movimentos de labor e de emancipation continua influentiar debattes super identitate national e justitia social. Institutiones cultural e archivistic, includente National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago e National Library and Information System Authority, conserva documentos e materiales que sustene recerca e transmission de iste historia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.moc.gov.tt/national-archives/ |titulo=National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago |sitioweb=Ministry of Culture and Community Development |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de America''' comprende le evolution del societates human in America del Nord, America Central, America del Sud e le insulas de Caribe, desde le prime migrations human usque al epocha contemporanee. Illa include le disveloppamento de culturas indigene, le formation de civilisationes urban e imperios, le arrivata e expansion de potentias europee, le sclavitude transatlantic, le creation de nove societates colonial e le forma...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de America''' comprende le evolution del societates human in America del Nord, America Central, America del Sud e le insulas de Caribe, desde le prime migrations human usque al epocha contemporanee. Illa include le disveloppamento de culturas indigene, le formation de civilisationes urban e imperios, le arrivata e expansion de potentias europee, le sclavitude transatlantic, le creation de nove societates colonial e le formation de estados independente.

Le historia del continente es caracterisate per un grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e cultural. Ante arrivata europee, Americas contineva numerose societates con proprie institutiones politic, systemas economic, traditiones religiose e formas de organisation social. Colonisation europee transformava profundemente iste societates, provocante guerras, epidemias, dislocationes e sclavitude, ma etiam nove formas de adaptation, resistentia e intercambio cultural. Populationes indigene, african, europee e asiatic contribueva, in modos differente e frequentemente in conditiones de inegalitate, al formation de societates american contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history |titulo=Latino History |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Latino, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Le historia human de Americas comencia millennios ante formation de estados moderne. Major parte de recercatores considera que ancestres de multe populos indigene arrivava desde Asia per [[Beringia]], region que durante ultime glaciation connecteva nord-est de Asia con nord-west de America del Nord. Altere rutas costal e maritime ha etiam essite discutite in recerca scientific.

Data exacte de prime habitationes continua esser studiate. Evidentia archaeologic demonstra que humanos viveva in diverse partes de continente al minus 15 000–20 000 annos retro, e possibilemente antea in certe regiones. Populationes se dispersava gradualmente desde regiones septentrional verso zonas temperate, tropical e austral, adaptante se a ambientes que variava desde tundra arctic usque al foreste tropic e regiones montaniose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prime communitates practicava cassa, piscation e recolta de plantas salvatic. Illas disveloppava utensiles de petra e osso, technicas de fabrication e cognoscentias detallicate de ambientes local. Mobilitate e adaptation ecologic permitteva occupation de un grande varietate de territorios.

Con tempore, multe communitates adoptava formas de agricultura e habitation sedentari. Domestication de plantas como mais, patata, cassava e fagiolo transformava alimentation e contribueva al expansion demographic. Agricultura non se disveloppava uniformemente: in certe regiones illo coexisteva con cassa e recolta, durante que in altere regiones illo susteneva communitates dense e centros urban importante.

== Societates indigene e culturas regional ==
Ante colonisation europee, Americas contineva milles de communitates con linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation distincte. Non existeva un sol cultura indigene american: societates variava grandemente in dimension, technologia, economia e structura politic.

In America del Nord, communitates indigene viveva in ambientes diverse, includente regiones arctic, foreste oriental, grande planuras, zonas desertic e costas de Pacifico. Illas practicava formas variate de cassa, piscation, agricultura e commercio. Alcon societates establiva aldeas e centros ceremonial, durante que altere communitates manteneva formas de habitation plus mobile o seasonal.

In Mesoamerica, region que comprende sud de actual Mexico e partes de America Central, agricultura de mais susteneva disveloppamento de centros urban, systemas politic e traditiones religiose complexe. In America del Sud, regiones andin e amazonic produceva formas de organisation adaptate a ambientes montaniose, costal e forestal.

Caribe esseva connectate per rotas maritime e redes de intercambio inter insulas e continente. Populos que europeos denominava taínos, kalinagos e altere nomines comprendeva societates differente, con proprie linguas e traditiones. Navigation e commercio facilitava circulation de alimentos, utensiles, ideas e practicas cultural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/mesoamerica-caribbean.html |titulo=Mesoamerica/Caribbean |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Populos indigene conserva ancora hodie lor identitates, linguas e traditiones. Lor historia non termina con colonisation: illes continua participar in vita politic, economic e cultural de paises american.

== Civilisations de Mesoamerica ==
Mesoamerica deveniva un del principal regiones de continente pro formation de societates urban e de estados organisate. Cultura olmeca, active principalmente inter circa 1500 e 400 a.C., es associate con grande centros ceremonial, sculptura monumental e redes regional de intercambio. Su influentia super culturas posterior es un subjecto importante de recerca archaeologic.

[[Maya]] disveloppava un civilisation que includiva numerose citates e regnos in sud-est de actual Mexico, Guatemala, Belize e partes de Honduras e El Salvador. Societates maya produceva un del systemas de scriptura plus elaborate de Americas, calendarios, cognoscentias astronomic e architectura monumental. Historia maya se extende sur plure millennios, e cultura maya continua esser vivente in seculo XXI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/mesoamerica-caribbean.html |titulo=Mesoamerica/Caribbean |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere culturas mesoamerican includiva [[Zapotecas]], [[Mixtecas]], [[Toltecas]] e habitantes de [[Teotihuacan]], un grande centro urban que prosperava durante prime seculos de nostre era. Relationes inter iste societates includiva commercio, alliantia, rivalitate e guerra.

Durante seculos XIV e XV, [[Mexicas]], generalmente cognoscite como Aztecas, establiva un imperio centrate in [[Tenochtitlan]], fundate secundo tradition in 1325 in region de actual [[Mexico City]]. Capital deveniva un importante centro politic, religiose e commercial. Imperio exercitava su autoritate super numerose communitates, que forniva tributos e recursos, ma manteneva etiam lor proprie institutiones local.

== Civilisations del Andes e America del Sud ==
In cordillera de [[Andes]], societates agricole e centros ceremonial disveloppava formas de organisation adaptate al altitudes, desertos costal e vallatas montaniose. Cultura de [[Chavin]], societates de [[Nazca]] e [[Moche]], imperios de [[Wari]] e [[Tiwanaku]] e regno de [[Chimor]] forma parte de un longe succession de culturas regional.

Civilisation [[Incas|inca]] deveniva principal potentia politic de Andes durante seculo XV. Su imperio, cognoscite como [[Tawantinsuyu]], se extendeva desde regiones de actual Ecuador e sud de Colombia usque al Chile central e nord-west de Argentina. Capital, [[Cusco]], esseva un centro politic e ceremonial.

Incas organisava un vaste rete de vias, pontes, magazzinos e centros administrative. Illes usava systemas de labor collective e de redistribution de recursos e adaptava agricultura al terreno montaniose mediante terrassas e obras de irrigation. Administration imperial empleava quipus, cordas nodate usate pro registrar information, inter altere functiones.

Americas meridional includiva etiam societates que non formava imperios centralisate. In Amazonia, foreste e fluvios susteneva communitates con cognoscentias ecologic specialisate e formas variate de agricultura. Regiones de Pampas, Patagonia e costa de Pacifico habeva lor proprie traditiones cultural e formas de organisation.

== Arrival europee e prime contactos ==
Expedition de navigator [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492 initiava un periodo de contactos permanentes inter Americas e monarchias europee. Viages esseva sustenite per corona de [[Castilia]] e aperiva via al exploration, conqueste e colonisation europee de Caribe e continente.

Contacto non esseva un incontro inter societates equal in potentia: expeditiones europee disponeva de naves oceanic, armamentos e supporto institutional, durante que epidemias de [[Variola|variola]], morbillo e altere maladias causava mortalitate enorme inter multe populationes indigene. Guerras, labor forzate, dislocationes e destruction de institutiones local contribueva etiam al crise demographic e social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/many-voices/online/unsettling-continent-1492-1776 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1776 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Imperio espaniol]] establiva rapidemente colonias in Caribe e in partes de America Central e de Sud. Expeditiones de [[Hernán Cortés]] conduceva al cadita de Tenochtitlan in 1521, durante que expedition de [[Francisco Pizarro]] e su alliatos contribueva al conqueste de Imperio Inca in decennios sequente.

Conquestas dependeva non solmente de armamentos europee, ma etiam de alliantias con grupos indigene que se opponeva al potentias regional dominante. Societates indigene resistiva, negotiava e se adaptava in modos differente, e domination colonial non esseva uniforme in tote continente.

== Expansion del colonias europee ==
Durante seculos XVI–XVIII, [[Espania]], [[Portugal]], [[Francia]], [[Nederland]] e [[Regno Unite]] establiva colonias in differente partes de Americas. Espania controlava grande territorios de America Central, de Sud, de Caribe e de partes de actual Statos Unite. Portugal colonisava principalmente territorio que deveniva [[Brasil]].

Francia establiva colonias in [[Canada]], in valle de [[Mississippi]] e in plure insulas caribee. Britannicos fundava colonias in costa oriental de America del Nord, in partes de Canada e in diverse insulas de Caribe. Nederland establiva settlementes commercial e plantationes in Caribe e in partes de nord de America del Sud.

Frontieras colonial esseva disputate e cambiava durante guerras europee. Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, religion, linguas, systemas juridic e economias regional. Societates colonial disveloppava etiam differente modelos de administration, includente vicerregnos, governamentos local, colonias de plantation e territorios controlate per companias commercial.

== Sclavitude africane e economias colonial ==
Expansion de plantationes de zuccaro, tabaco, cotone, cafe e altere productos commercial promoveva importation forzate de africanos enslaveate. Commercio transatlantic de sclavos transportava milliones de personas desde Africa al Americas, ubi illas esseva vendite e obligate laborar in plantationes, minas, casas e altere activitates economic.

Sclavitude esseva un institution juridic e economic que privava personas de libertate e de multe derectos fundamental. Systema esseva sustenite per violentia, separation de familias, coercition e leges que regulava status de personas enslaveate. Ricchessas generate per iste labor contribueva al expansion de economias colonial e al accumulation de capital in Europa e America.

Personas africane e lor descendentes tamen creava communitates, traditiones religiose, linguas, formas musical e practicas cultural que transformava societates american. Illes resistiva sclavitude per fugas, rebellion, organisation communal e altere formas de opposition. In plure regiones, communitates de fugitivos, como quilombos in Brasil e maroons in Caribe e in America del Nord, establiva settlementes autonome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history/early-latino-history |titulo=Early Latino History |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Latino, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societates colonial e intercambio cultural ==
Societates colonial deveniva ambientes de intense contacto e conflicto inter populos indigene, africanos, europeos e personas de origines mixte. Linguas, religion, alimentation, musica e formas artistic esseva transformate per iste interactiones.

[[Catholicismo]] se diffundeva largemente in colonias espaniol e portugese, durante que protestantismo deveniva importante in multe colonias britannic e nederlandese. Religiones africane e indigene persisteva e se transformava, frequentemente in relation con christianismo e con nove conditiones social.

Intercambio biologic e ecologic post 1492, sovente nominate [[Intercambio colombian]], includiva circulation transoceanic de plantas, animales, maladias e technicas. Mais, patatas e altere culturas american se diffundeva a altere partes del mundo, durante que cavallos, bovinos, tritico e altere organismos europee e african deveniva parte de ambientes american.

Iste processos augmentava connexion global, ma illos produceva etiam profundas perturbationes ecologic e demographic, specialmente inter populationes indigene.

== Revolutiones e independentia in America del Nord ==
Colonies britannic de America del Nord disveloppava durante seculo XVIII un opposition crescente al taxationes e al controlo politic de metropole. Conflictos inter colonos e governamento britannic conduceva al [[Revolution american]] e al declaration de independentia le 4 de julio 1776. [[Guerra de Independentia del Statos Unite]] terminava con recognition britannic de nove republica per [[Tractato de Paris (1783)|Tractato de Paris de 1783]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/creating-the-declaration-of-independence.html |titulo=Creating the Declaration of Independence |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statos Unite adoptava un constitution federal in 1787, que establiva un systema de governamento con division de poteres. Nonobstante, sclavitude persisteva e populationes indigene suffreva expansion territorial de nove republica. Contradictiones inter principios de libertate e realitates de sclavitude e exclusion deveniva un del principales conflictos de historia national.

In Canada, territorios britannic e francese evolveva verso formas differente de autogovernamento. Confederation canadese de 1867 creava Dominion de Canada, que obteneva progressivemente plus grande autonomia constitutional durante seculos XIX e XX.

== Independentia de America Hispanic ==
Crise de monarchia espaniol provocate per invasion napoleonica de 1808 e conflictos politic in Peninsula Iberic favorava formation de juntas e movimentos independentista in America Hispanic. Durante prime parte de seculo XIX, guerras e revolutiones poneva fin al major parte de domination espaniol continental.

Inter figuras central de independentia se trova [[Simón Bolívar]], [[José de San Martín]], [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], [[José María Morelos]] e numerose altere leaders e communitates. Processus variava secundo region: in Mexico, guerra comenciava in 1810 e independentia esseva effectuate in 1821; in partes de America del Sud, guerras continuava durante decennios 1810 e 1820.

[[Brasil]] habeva un trajectoria distincte. In 1822, [[Pedro I del Brasil]] proclamava independentia de Portugal, e pais deveniva un imperio independente. Independentia de major parte de America Hispanic e de Brasil transformava mapa politic de continente, ma non eliminava desigualitates social, concentration de terra o marginalisation de populos indigene e africane.

== Abolition e transformationes social ==
Abolimento de sclavitude occurreva in momentos differente secundo paises. Regno Unite aboleva sclavitude in major parte de su colonias in annos 1830; Statos Unite aboleva sclavitude in 1865 post [[Guerra Civil American]]; sclavitude esseva abolite in Puerto Rico in 1873, in Cuba in 1886 e in Brasil in 1888.

Abolition non produceva equalitate immediat. Ex-sclavos e lor descendentes affrontava discrimination, restrictiones al accesso a terra, segregation e formas de labor coercite o sub-pagate. In plure paises, populos indigene continuava perder territorios e autonomia per expansion de estados e economias commercial.

Immigration contractate, specialmente desde Asia e Europa, transformava etiam societates de Caribe e de partes de America del Sud durante seculos XIX e XX. Migrationes contribueva al diversitate cultural, ma esseva sovente associate a conditiones de labor dur e legislationes discriminatorie.

== Expansion territorial e formation de estados ==
Durante seculo XIX, multe estados american consolidava lor institutiones e extendava lor controlo territorial. In Statos Unite, expansion verso west causava guerras, dislocationes e relocationes forzate de communitates indigene, includente deportationes organisate per governamento federal.

[[Guerra mexicano-estatounitese]] de 1846–1848 terminava per [[Tractato de Guadalupe Hidalgo]], que transferiva al Statos Unite vaste territorios anteriormente mexican. In 1867, Statos Unite acquireva Alaska ab Russia.

In America del Sud, formation de estados esseva accompaniate per guerras civil, conflictos de frontiera e disputas super organisation de poter central. [[Guerra del Pacifico]] (1879–1884), per exemplo, oponeva Chile a Peru e Bolivia e modificava frontieras de region. [[Guerra del Paraguay]] (1864–1870) habeva effectos demographic e territorial importante in basin de Rio de la Plata.

Expansion de economias exportator, basate super productos como cafe, zuccaro, carne, cereales, nitratos e minerales, integra paises american plus profundemente in commercio global. Nonobstante, beneficios esseva repartite in modo inegal e multe economias remaneva dependente de un numero limitate de productos.

== Industrialisation e intervention estranier ==
Durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX, industrialisation se accelerava in partes de America del Nord e de America del Sud. Ferrovias, portos, industria extractive e production agricole commercial augmentava connexion inter regiones e mercatos international.

Capital estranier habeva un rolo importante in construction de infrastructuras e in exploitation de recursos natural. In certe paises, investimento contribueva al expansion economic, ma etiam augmentava dependentia verso interesses externe e accentuava conflictos super labor e distribution de profitos.

Statos Unite augmentava su influentia in Caribe e America Central, includente interventiones militar e diplomatic e controlo de infrastructuras strategic. Construction de [[Canal de Panama]], aperite in 1914, transformava navigation inter Atlantic e Pacifico e deveniva un elemento central de commercio international. Creation de Republica de Panama in 1903 esseva intimemente ligate al conflicto super canal e al relationes con Statos Unite.

== Revolutiones e movimentos social del seculo XX ==
Secundo seculo XX videva expansion de sindicatos, partidos de massa, movimentos feminista e organisationes que reclamava reformas social e politic. Industrialisation e urbanisation modificava relationes de labor e augmentava demandas pro suffragio, education, derectos laboral e participation politic.

In Mexico, [[Revolution mexican]] comenciava in 1910 contra regime de [[Porfirio Díaz]]. Revolution includiva diverse movimentos e leaders, inter illes [[Emiliano Zapata]], [[Pancho Villa]] e [[Venustiano Carranza]]. Conflicto conduceva a reformas constitutional e a nove debattes super terra, labor e autoritate de Stato.

In altere partes de continente, movimentos reformista e revolutionari respondeva a desigualitates social, concentration de terra e regimes autoritari. [[Revolution cuban]] de 1959 conduceva al cadita de governamento de [[Fulgencio Batista]] e al establimento de un nove regime sub [[Fidel Castro]]. Revolution e subsequentemente relationes inter Cuba e Statos Unite deveniva elementos central de [[Guerra Frie]] in hemispherio occidental.

== Le Grande Depressione e le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
[[Grande Depressione]] de annos 1930 habeva effectos importante in Americas. Reduction de commercio international e demanda de materias prime affectava economias exportator, provocante disoccupation, crise fiscal e instabilitate politic.

Multe governamentos respondeva per politicas de industrialisation substitutive de importationes, intervention economic e expansion de servicios public. In America del Sud e Mexico, Stato assumeva in plure casos un rolo plus grande in industrialisation e in exploitation de recursos natural.

Durante [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], major parte de estados american supportava effortio alleate, ben que lor participation variava. Statos Unite deveniva un potentia militar e industrial central. Cooperation hemispheric includiva accordos de defense, production industrial e supporto logistic, durante que plure paises declarava guerra al potentias de Axe.

Guerra augmentava production industrial e accelerava urbanisation. Post 1945, Statos Unite emergiva como un del principal potentias economic e militar de mundo, durante que relationes con Union Sovietic initiava un nove periodo de rivalitate global.

== Guerra Frie e interventiones politic ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], Americas deveniva un spatio importante de rivalitate inter Statos Unite e [[Union Sovietic]]. Politica exterior de Statos Unite poneva grande emphasis super prevention de expansion de communismo, durante que movimentos socialistas e revolutionari contestava structuras politic e economic existente in varie paises.

Region videva colpos de Stato, dictaturas militar, guerrillas, conflictos civil e interventiones externe. In [[Guatemala]], colpo de Stato de 1954 contra presidente [[Jacobo Árbenz]] esseva sustenite per Central Intelligence Agency de Statos Unite. In [[Chile]], governamento de [[Salvador Allende]] cadeva in 1973 per un colpo militar que conduceva al dictatura de [[Augusto Pinochet]].

In America Central, guerras civil de [[Nicaragua]], [[El Salvador]] e [[Guatemala]] involveva actores local e international durante annos 1970 e 1980. In altere paises, dictaturas militar utilisava repression, censura e detention illegal contra oppositores politic.

[[Crisis de missiles de Cuba]] de 1962 portava Statos Unite e Union Sovietic al bordo de un conflicto nuclear. Crisis terminava per accordos que includiva retiro de missiles sovietic de Cuba e compromisso public de Statos Unite de non invader insula, assi como un arrangement separate concernente missiles statounitese in Turquia.

== Descolonisation e independentia in le Caribe ==
Durante seculo XX, plure territorios caribee obteneva autogovernamento e independentia. Processus variava secundo historia colonial e relationes con potentias europee.

Jamaica e Trinidad e Tobago deveniva independente in 1962; Barbados in 1966; Bahamas in 1973; Grenada in 1974; Dominica in 1978; Sancte Lucia e Sancte Vincentio e le Grenadinas in 1979; Antigua e Barbuda in 1981; e Sancte Kitts e Nevis in 1983. Altere territorios remaneva sub administration britannic, francese, nederlandese o statounitese, con statutos constitutional differente.

Formation de organisationes regional, como [[Communitate del Caribe]] (CARICOM), promoveva cooperation economic, politic e cultural. Paises caribee affrontava tamen problemas commune, includente vulnerabilitate al uraganoes, dependentia economic, debita public e necessitate de proteger ecosistemas costal.

== Democratisation e transformationes economic ==
Durante annos 1980 e 1990, multe paises latinoamerican passava de dictaturas militar a governamentos civil elective. Transitiones democratic varia in lor rapiditate e stabilitate, e multe societates continuava confrontar impunitate, inegalitate, violentia politic e debattes super memoria de repression.

Economias american experimentava etiam reformas structural, liberalisation de commercio, privatizationes e integration regional. [[NAFTA]], entrate in vigor in 1994 inter Canada, Statos Unite e Mexico, modificava relationes commercial in America del Nord. In America del Sud, [[Mercosur]] deveniva un instrumento importante de cooperation economic regional.

Integration economic augmentava circulation de benes, capital e personas, ma effectos variava inter sectores e territorios. Inegalitates social, accesso a education e sanitate, derectos de travaliatores e protection de ambiente continuava esser questiones central de politica public.

== America contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, Americas continua esser marcate per un grande diversitate de systemas politic, economias e traditiones cultural. Statos Unite e Canada ha economias industrial e de servicios de grande dimension; Mexico combina industria manufacturera, agricultura e servicios; multe paises de America Central, de Sud e de Caribe depende in grados variate de agricultura, extraction de recursos, industria e turismo.

Region es etiam confrontate a questiones commune, includente migration, securitate public, inegalitate, cambio climatic, deforestation, protection de biodiversitate e accesso equitable a servicios public. Relationes inter Statos Unite e paises latinoamerican resta un elemento importante de politica hemispheric, ma paises de continente mantene etiam relationes economic e diplomatic con Europa, Asia e altere regiones de mundo.

Populos indigene continua defender lor territorios, linguas, culturas e derectos collective. Communitates afrodescendente reclama recognoscimento e equalitate, durante que movimentos feminista, laboral e ambiental participa in debattes super futuro de societates american.

Historia de Americas non constitue un trajectoria uniforme. Illa es un conjunto de historias interconnectite, marcate per migrations, innovationes, conquestas, resistentia, sclavitude, independentia e transformationes social. Heritages indigene, africane, europee e asiatic continua influentiar identitates e institutiones de continente.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

[[Categoria:Historia de America| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de America''' comprende le evolution del societates human in [[America del Nord]], [[America Central]], [[America del Sud]] e le insulas de [[Mar Caribe|Caribe]], desde le prime migrations human usque al epocha contemporanee. Illa include le disveloppamento de culturas indigene, le formation de civilisationes urban e imperios, le arrivata e expansion de potentias europee, le sclavitude transatlantic, le creation de nove societates colonial e le formation de estados independente.

Le historia del continente es caracterisate per un grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e cultural. Ante arrivata europee, Americas contineva numerose societates con proprie institutiones politic, systemas economic, traditiones religiose e formas de organisation social. Colonisation europee transformava profundemente iste societates, provocante guerras, epidemias, dislocationes e sclavitude, ma etiam nove formas de adaptation, resistentia e intercambio cultural. Populationes indigene, african, europee e asiatic contribueva, in modos differente e frequentemente in conditiones de inegalitate, al formation de societates american contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history |titulo=Latino History |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Latino, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Le historia human de Americas comencia millennios ante formation de estados moderne. Major parte de recercatores considera que ancestres de multe populos indigene arrivava desde Asia per [[Beringia]], region que durante ultime glaciation connecteva nord-est de Asia con nord-west de America del Nord. Altere rutas costal e maritime ha etiam essite discutite in recerca scientific.

Data exacte de prime habitationes continua esser studiate. Evidentia archaeologic demonstra que humanos viveva in diverse partes de continente al minus 15 000–20 000 annos retro, e possibilemente antea in certe regiones. Populationes se dispersava gradualmente desde regiones septentrional verso zonas temperate, tropical e austral, adaptante se a ambientes que variava desde tundra arctic usque al foreste tropic e regiones montaniose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prime communitates practicava cassa, piscation e recolta de plantas salvatic. Illas disveloppava utensiles de petra e osso, technicas de fabrication e cognoscentias detallicate de ambientes local. Mobilitate e adaptation ecologic permitteva occupation de un grande varietate de territorios.

Con tempore, multe communitates adoptava formas de agricultura e habitation sedentari. Domestication de plantas como mais, patata, cassava e fagiolo transformava alimentation e contribueva al expansion demographic. Agricultura non se disveloppava uniformemente: in certe regiones illo coexisteva con cassa e recolta, durante que in altere regiones illo susteneva communitates dense e centros urban importante.

== Societates indigene e culturas regional ==
Ante colonisation europee, Americas contineva milles de communitates con linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation distincte. Non existeva un sol cultura indigene american: societates variava grandemente in dimension, technologia, economia e structura politic.

In America del Nord, communitates indigene viveva in ambientes diverse, includente regiones arctic, foreste oriental, grande planuras, zonas desertic e costas de Pacifico. Illas practicava formas variate de cassa, piscation, agricultura e commercio. Alcon societates establiva aldeas e centros ceremonial, durante que altere communitates manteneva formas de habitation plus mobile o seasonal.

In Mesoamerica, region que comprende sud de actual Mexico e partes de America Central, agricultura de mais susteneva disveloppamento de centros urban, systemas politic e traditiones religiose complexe. In America del Sud, regiones andin e amazonic produceva formas de organisation adaptate a ambientes montaniose, costal e forestal.

Caribe esseva connectate per rotas maritime e redes de intercambio inter insulas e continente. Populos que europeos denominava taínos, kalinagos e altere nomines comprendeva societates differente, con proprie linguas e traditiones. Navigation e commercio facilitava circulation de alimentos, utensiles, ideas e practicas cultural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/mesoamerica-caribbean.html |titulo=Mesoamerica/Caribbean |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Populos indigene conserva ancora hodie lor identitates, linguas e traditiones. Lor historia non termina con colonisation: illes continua participar in vita politic, economic e cultural de paises american.

== Civilisations de Mesoamerica ==
Mesoamerica deveniva un del principal regiones de continente pro formation de societates urban e de estados organisate. Cultura olmeca, active principalmente inter circa 1500 e 400 a.C., es associate con grande centros ceremonial, sculptura monumental e redes regional de intercambio. Su influentia super culturas posterior es un subjecto importante de recerca archaeologic.

[[Maya]] disveloppava un civilisation que includiva numerose citates e regnos in sud-est de actual Mexico, Guatemala, Belize e partes de Honduras e El Salvador. Societates maya produceva un del systemas de scriptura plus elaborate de Americas, calendarios, cognoscentias astronomic e architectura monumental. Historia maya se extende sur plure millennios, e cultura maya continua esser vivente in seculo XXI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/mesoamerica-caribbean.html |titulo=Mesoamerica/Caribbean |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere culturas mesoamerican includiva [[Zapotecas]], [[Mixtecas]], [[Toltecas]] e habitantes de [[Teotihuacan]], un grande centro urban que prosperava durante prime seculos de nostre era. Relationes inter iste societates includiva commercio, alliantia, rivalitate e guerra.

Durante seculos XIV e XV, [[Mexicas]], generalmente cognoscite como Aztecas, establiva un imperio centrate in [[Tenochtitlan]], fundate secundo tradition in 1325 in region de actual [[Mexico City]]. Capital deveniva un importante centro politic, religiose e commercial. Imperio exercitava su autoritate super numerose communitates, que forniva tributos e recursos, ma manteneva etiam lor proprie institutiones local.

== Civilisations del Andes e America del Sud ==
In cordillera de [[Andes]], societates agricole e centros ceremonial disveloppava formas de organisation adaptate al altitudes, desertos costal e vallatas montaniose. Cultura de [[Chavin]], societates de [[Nazca]] e [[Moche]], imperios de [[Wari]] e [[Tiwanaku]] e regno de [[Chimor]] forma parte de un longe succession de culturas regional.

Civilisation [[Incas|inca]] deveniva principal potentia politic de Andes durante seculo XV. Su imperio, cognoscite como [[Tawantinsuyu]], se extendeva desde regiones de actual Ecuador e sud de Colombia usque al Chile central e nord-west de Argentina. Capital, [[Cusco]], esseva un centro politic e ceremonial.

Incas organisava un vaste rete de vias, pontes, magazzinos e centros administrative. Illes usava systemas de labor collective e de redistribution de recursos e adaptava agricultura al terreno montaniose mediante terrassas e obras de irrigation. Administration imperial empleava quipus, cordas nodate usate pro registrar information, inter altere functiones.

Americas meridional includiva etiam societates que non formava imperios centralisate. In Amazonia, foreste e fluvios susteneva communitates con cognoscentias ecologic specialisate e formas variate de agricultura. Regiones de Pampas, Patagonia e costa de Pacifico habeva lor proprie traditiones cultural e formas de organisation.

== Arrival europee e prime contactos ==
Expedition de navigator [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492 initiava un periodo de contactos permanentes inter Americas e monarchias europee. Viages esseva sustenite per corona de [[Castilia]] e aperiva via al exploration, conqueste e colonisation europee de Caribe e continente.

Contacto non esseva un incontro inter societates equal in potentia: expeditiones europee disponeva de naves oceanic, armamentos e supporto institutional, durante que epidemias de [[Variola|variola]], morbillo e altere maladias causava mortalitate enorme inter multe populationes indigene. Guerras, labor forzate, dislocationes e destruction de institutiones local contribueva etiam al crise demographic e social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/many-voices/online/unsettling-continent-1492-1776 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1776 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Imperio espaniol]] establiva rapidemente colonias in Caribe e in partes de America Central e de Sud. Expeditiones de [[Hernán Cortés]] conduceva al cadita de Tenochtitlan in 1521, durante que expedition de [[Francisco Pizarro]] e su alliatos contribueva al conqueste de Imperio Inca in decennios sequente.

Conquestas dependeva non solmente de armamentos europee, ma etiam de alliantias con grupos indigene que se opponeva al potentias regional dominante. Societates indigene resistiva, negotiava e se adaptava in modos differente, e domination colonial non esseva uniforme in tote continente.

== Expansion del colonias europee ==
Durante seculos XVI–XVIII, [[Espania]], [[Portugal]], [[Francia]], [[Nederland]] e [[Regno Unite]] establiva colonias in differente partes de Americas. Espania controlava grande territorios de America Central, de Sud, de Caribe e de partes de actual Statos Unite. Portugal colonisava principalmente territorio que deveniva [[Brasil]].

Francia establiva colonias in [[Canada]], in valle de [[Mississippi]] e in plure insulas caribee. Britannicos fundava colonias in costa oriental de America del Nord, in partes de Canada e in diverse insulas de Caribe. Nederland establiva settlementes commercial e plantationes in Caribe e in partes de nord de America del Sud.

Frontieras colonial esseva disputate e cambiava durante guerras europee. Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, religion, linguas, systemas juridic e economias regional. Societates colonial disveloppava etiam differente modelos de administration, includente vicerregnos, governamentos local, colonias de plantation e territorios controlate per companias commercial.

== Sclavitude africane e economias colonial ==
Expansion de plantationes de zuccaro, tabaco, cotone, cafe e altere productos commercial promoveva importation forzate de africanos enslaveate. Commercio transatlantic de sclavos transportava milliones de personas desde Africa al Americas, ubi illas esseva vendite e obligate laborar in plantationes, minas, casas e altere activitates economic.

Sclavitude esseva un institution juridic e economic que privava personas de libertate e de multe derectos fundamental. Systema esseva sustenite per violentia, separation de familias, coercition e leges que regulava status de personas enslaveate. Ricchessas generate per iste labor contribueva al expansion de economias colonial e al accumulation de capital in Europa e America.

Personas africane e lor descendentes tamen creava communitates, traditiones religiose, linguas, formas musical e practicas cultural que transformava societates american. Illes resistiva sclavitude per fugas, rebellion, organisation communal e altere formas de opposition. In plure regiones, communitates de fugitivos, como quilombos in Brasil e maroons in Caribe e in America del Nord, establiva settlementes autonome.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://latino.si.edu/learn/latino-history-and-culture/latino-history/early-latino-history |titulo=Early Latino History |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Latino, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societates colonial e intercambio cultural ==
Societates colonial deveniva ambientes de intense contacto e conflicto inter populos indigene, africanos, europeos e personas de origines mixte. Linguas, religion, alimentation, musica e formas artistic esseva transformate per iste interactiones.

[[Catholicismo]] se diffundeva largemente in colonias espaniol e portugese, durante que protestantismo deveniva importante in multe colonias britannic e nederlandese. Religiones africane e indigene persisteva e se transformava, frequentemente in relation con christianismo e con nove conditiones social.

Intercambio biologic e ecologic post 1492, sovente nominate [[Intercambio colombian]], includiva circulation transoceanic de plantas, animales, maladias e technicas. Mais, patatas e altere culturas american se diffundeva a altere partes del mundo, durante que cavallos, bovinos, tritico e altere organismos europee e african deveniva parte de ambientes american.

Iste processos augmentava connexion global, ma illos produceva etiam profundas perturbationes ecologic e demographic, specialmente inter populationes indigene.

== Revolutiones e independentia in America del Nord ==
Colonies britannic de America del Nord disveloppava durante seculo XVIII un opposition crescente al taxationes e al controlo politic de metropole. Conflictos inter colonos e governamento britannic conduceva al [[Revolution american]] e al declaration de independentia le 4 de julio 1776. [[Guerra de Independentia del Statos Unite]] terminava con recognition britannic de nove republica per [[Tractato de Paris (1783)|Tractato de Paris de 1783]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/creating-the-declaration-of-independence.html |titulo=Creating the Declaration of Independence |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statos Unite adoptava un constitution federal in 1787, que establiva un systema de governamento con division de poteres. Nonobstante, sclavitude persisteva e populationes indigene suffreva expansion territorial de nove republica. Contradictiones inter principios de libertate e realitates de sclavitude e exclusion deveniva un del principales conflictos de historia national.

In Canada, territorios britannic e francese evolveva verso formas differente de autogovernamento. Confederation canadese de 1867 creava Dominion de Canada, que obteneva progressivemente plus grande autonomia constitutional durante seculos XIX e XX.

== Independentia de America Hispanic ==
Crise de monarchia espaniol provocate per invasion napoleonica de 1808 e conflictos politic in Peninsula Iberic favorava formation de juntas e movimentos independentista in America Hispanic. Durante prime parte de seculo XIX, guerras e revolutiones poneva fin al major parte de domination espaniol continental.

Inter figuras central de independentia se trova [[Simón Bolívar]], [[José de San Martín]], [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], [[José María Morelos]] e numerose altere leaders e communitates. Processus variava secundo region: in Mexico, guerra comenciava in 1810 e independentia esseva effectuate in 1821; in partes de America del Sud, guerras continuava durante decennios 1810 e 1820.

[[Brasil]] habeva un trajectoria distincte. In 1822, [[Pedro I del Brasil]] proclamava independentia de Portugal, e pais deveniva un imperio independente. Independentia de major parte de America Hispanic e de Brasil transformava mapa politic de continente, ma non eliminava desigualitates social, concentration de terra o marginalisation de populos indigene e africane.

== Abolition e transformationes social ==
Abolimento de sclavitude occurreva in momentos differente secundo paises. Regno Unite aboleva sclavitude in major parte de su colonias in annos 1830; Statos Unite aboleva sclavitude in 1865 post [[Guerra Civil American]]; sclavitude esseva abolite in Puerto Rico in 1873, in Cuba in 1886 e in Brasil in 1888.

Abolition non produceva equalitate immediat. Ex-sclavos e lor descendentes affrontava discrimination, restrictiones al accesso a terra, segregation e formas de labor coercite o sub-pagate. In plure paises, populos indigene continuava perder territorios e autonomia per expansion de estados e economias commercial.

Immigration contractate, specialmente desde Asia e Europa, transformava etiam societates de Caribe e de partes de America del Sud durante seculos XIX e XX. Migrationes contribueva al diversitate cultural, ma esseva sovente associate a conditiones de labor dur e legislationes discriminatorie.

== Expansion territorial e formation de estados ==
Durante seculo XIX, multe estados american consolidava lor institutiones e extendava lor controlo territorial. In Statos Unite, expansion verso west causava guerras, dislocationes e relocationes forzate de communitates indigene, includente deportationes organisate per governamento federal.

[[Guerra mexicano-estatounitese]] de 1846–1848 terminava per [[Tractato de Guadalupe Hidalgo]], que transferiva al Statos Unite vaste territorios anteriormente mexican. In 1867, Statos Unite acquireva Alaska ab Russia.

In America del Sud, formation de estados esseva accompaniate per guerras civil, conflictos de frontiera e disputas super organisation de poter central. [[Guerra del Pacifico]] (1879–1884), per exemplo, oponeva Chile a Peru e Bolivia e modificava frontieras de region. [[Guerra del Paraguay]] (1864–1870) habeva effectos demographic e territorial importante in basin de Rio de la Plata.

Expansion de economias exportator, basate super productos como cafe, zuccaro, carne, cereales, nitratos e minerales, integra paises american plus profundemente in commercio global. Nonobstante, beneficios esseva repartite in modo inegal e multe economias remaneva dependente de un numero limitate de productos.

== Industrialisation e intervention estranier ==
Durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX, industrialisation se accelerava in partes de America del Nord e de America del Sud. Ferrovias, portos, industria extractive e production agricole commercial augmentava connexion inter regiones e mercatos international.

Capital estranier habeva un rolo importante in construction de infrastructuras e in exploitation de recursos natural. In certe paises, investimento contribueva al expansion economic, ma etiam augmentava dependentia verso interesses externe e accentuava conflictos super labor e distribution de profitos.

Statos Unite augmentava su influentia in Caribe e America Central, includente interventiones militar e diplomatic e controlo de infrastructuras strategic. Construction de [[Canal de Panama]], aperite in 1914, transformava navigation inter Atlantic e Pacifico e deveniva un elemento central de commercio international. Creation de Republica de Panama in 1903 esseva intimemente ligate al conflicto super canal e al relationes con Statos Unite.

== Revolutiones e movimentos social del seculo XX ==
Secundo seculo XX videva expansion de sindicatos, partidos de massa, movimentos feminista e organisationes que reclamava reformas social e politic. Industrialisation e urbanisation modificava relationes de labor e augmentava demandas pro suffragio, education, derectos laboral e participation politic.

In Mexico, [[Revolution mexican]] comenciava in 1910 contra regime de [[Porfirio Díaz]]. Revolution includiva diverse movimentos e leaders, inter illes [[Emiliano Zapata]], [[Pancho Villa]] e [[Venustiano Carranza]]. Conflicto conduceva a reformas constitutional e a nove debattes super terra, labor e autoritate de Stato.

In altere partes de continente, movimentos reformista e revolutionari respondeva a desigualitates social, concentration de terra e regimes autoritari. [[Revolution cuban]] de 1959 conduceva al cadita de governamento de [[Fulgencio Batista]] e al establimento de un nove regime sub [[Fidel Castro]]. Revolution e subsequentemente relationes inter Cuba e Statos Unite deveniva elementos central de [[Guerra Frie]] in hemispherio occidental.

== Le Grande Depressione e le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
[[Grande Depressione]] de annos 1930 habeva effectos importante in Americas. Reduction de commercio international e demanda de materias prime affectava economias exportator, provocante disoccupation, crise fiscal e instabilitate politic.

Multe governamentos respondeva per politicas de industrialisation substitutive de importationes, intervention economic e expansion de servicios public. In America del Sud e Mexico, Stato assumeva in plure casos un rolo plus grande in industrialisation e in exploitation de recursos natural.

Durante [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], major parte de estados american supportava effortio alleate, ben que lor participation variava. Statos Unite deveniva un potentia militar e industrial central. Cooperation hemispheric includiva accordos de defense, production industrial e supporto logistic, durante que plure paises declarava guerra al potentias de Axe.

Guerra augmentava production industrial e accelerava urbanisation. Post 1945, Statos Unite emergiva como un del principal potentias economic e militar de mundo, durante que relationes con Union Sovietic initiava un nove periodo de rivalitate global.

== Guerra Frie e interventiones politic ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], Americas deveniva un spatio importante de rivalitate inter Statos Unite e [[Union Sovietic]]. Politica exterior de Statos Unite poneva grande emphasis super prevention de expansion de communismo, durante que movimentos socialistas e revolutionari contestava structuras politic e economic existente in varie paises.

Region videva colpos de Stato, dictaturas militar, guerrillas, conflictos civil e interventiones externe. In [[Guatemala]], colpo de Stato de 1954 contra presidente [[Jacobo Árbenz]] esseva sustenite per Central Intelligence Agency de Statos Unite. In [[Chile]], governamento de [[Salvador Allende]] cadeva in 1973 per un colpo militar que conduceva al dictatura de [[Augusto Pinochet]].

In America Central, guerras civil de [[Nicaragua]], [[El Salvador]] e [[Guatemala]] involveva actores local e international durante annos 1970 e 1980. In altere paises, dictaturas militar utilisava repression, censura e detention illegal contra oppositores politic.

[[Crisis de missiles de Cuba]] de 1962 portava Statos Unite e Union Sovietic al bordo de un conflicto nuclear. Crisis terminava per accordos que includiva retiro de missiles sovietic de Cuba e compromisso public de Statos Unite de non invader insula, assi como un arrangement separate concernente missiles statounitese in Turquia.

== Descolonisation e independentia in le Caribe ==
Durante seculo XX, plure territorios caribee obteneva autogovernamento e independentia. Processus variava secundo historia colonial e relationes con potentias europee.

Jamaica e Trinidad e Tobago deveniva independente in 1962; Barbados in 1966; Bahamas in 1973; Grenada in 1974; Dominica in 1978; Sancte Lucia e Sancte Vincentio e le Grenadinas in 1979; Antigua e Barbuda in 1981; e Sancte Kitts e Nevis in 1983. Altere territorios remaneva sub administration britannic, francese, nederlandese o statounitese, con statutos constitutional differente.

Formation de organisationes regional, como [[Communitate del Caribe]] (CARICOM), promoveva cooperation economic, politic e cultural. Paises caribee affrontava tamen problemas commune, includente vulnerabilitate al uraganoes, dependentia economic, debita public e necessitate de proteger ecosistemas costal.

== Democratisation e transformationes economic ==
Durante annos 1980 e 1990, multe paises latinoamerican passava de dictaturas militar a governamentos civil elective. Transitiones democratic varia in lor rapiditate e stabilitate, e multe societates continuava confrontar impunitate, inegalitate, violentia politic e debattes super memoria de repression.

Economias american experimentava etiam reformas structural, liberalisation de commercio, privatizationes e integration regional. [[NAFTA]], entrate in vigor in 1994 inter Canada, Statos Unite e Mexico, modificava relationes commercial in America del Nord. In America del Sud, [[Mercosur]] deveniva un instrumento importante de cooperation economic regional.

Integration economic augmentava circulation de benes, capital e personas, ma effectos variava inter sectores e territorios. Inegalitates social, accesso a education e sanitate, derectos de travaliatores e protection de ambiente continuava esser questiones central de politica public.

== America contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, Americas continua esser marcate per un grande diversitate de systemas politic, economias e traditiones cultural. Statos Unite e Canada ha economias industrial e de servicios de grande dimension; Mexico combina industria manufacturera, agricultura e servicios; multe paises de America Central, de Sud e de Caribe depende in grados variate de agricultura, extraction de recursos, industria e turismo.

Region es etiam confrontate a questiones commune, includente migration, securitate public, inegalitate, cambio climatic, deforestation, protection de biodiversitate e accesso equitable a servicios public. Relationes inter Statos Unite e paises latinoamerican resta un elemento importante de politica hemispheric, ma paises de continente mantene etiam relationes economic e diplomatic con Europa, Asia e altere regiones de mundo.

Populos indigene continua defender lor territorios, linguas, culturas e derectos collective. Communitates afrodescendente reclama recognoscimento e equalitate, durante que movimentos feminista, laboral e ambiental participa in debattes super futuro de societates american.

Historia de Americas non constitue un trajectoria uniforme. Illa es un conjunto de historias interconnectite, marcate per migrations, innovationes, conquestas, resistentia, sclavitude, independentia e transformationes social. Heritages indigene, africane, europee e asiatic continua influentiar identitates e institutiones de continente.

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{{Historia de America}}

[[Categoria:Historia de America| ]]</text>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de America del Nord''' comprende le evolution del populos, culturas, societates e estados del parte septentrional del continente american, desde le prime habitationes human usque al epocha contemporanee. Secundo definition geographic empleate, America del Nord include regiones que hodie constitue Canada, Statos Unite e Mexico, assi como Groenlandia, America Central e insulas de Caribe in un interpretation continental plus a...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de America del Nord''' comprende le evolution del populos, culturas, societates e estados del parte septentrional del continente american, desde le prime habitationes human usque al epocha contemporanee. Secundo definition geographic empleate, America del Nord include regiones que hodie constitue Canada, Statos Unite e Mexico, assi como Groenlandia, America Central e insulas de Caribe in un interpretation continental plus ample.

Historia de region es marcate per millennios de civilisationes indigene, arrivata de exploratores europee, colonisation espaniol, francese, britannic e nederlandese, sclavitude african, formation de Statos Unite e de Canada, independentia de Mexico e transformationes politic e economic de seculos XIX e XX.

Populos indigene non es solmente un parte de passato de continente: illes continua mantener lor linguas, culturas, institutiones e relationes con lor territorios ancestral. Historia de America del Nord debe assi esser comprehendite como un proceso complexe de adaptation, intercambio, conqueste, resistentia e transformation social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html |titulo=History of Canada |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Habitation human de America del Nord comencia millennios ante formation de estados contemporanee. Hypothese scientific plus acceptate indica que ancestres de multe populos indigene arrivava desde Asia per region de [[Beringia]], que durante ultime glaciation connecteva nord-est de Asia con nord-west de America.

Chronologia exacte de prime migrationes continua esser studiate. Evidentia archaeologic demonstra que humanos habitava diverse partes de continente al minus 15 000 annos retro, e que certe sitos pote indicar un occupation plus ancian. Populationes se dispersava gradualmente verso regiones temperate, planuras central, costa de Pacifico, zonas desertic e region arctic.

Prime habitantes practicava cassa, piscation e recolta de plantas salvatic. Illes disveloppava utensiles de petra, osso e ligno, e acquireva cognoscentias detallicate de ambientes local. Mobilitate seasonal e adaptation a differente ecosistemas permitteva occupation de un territorio immense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/indigenous-peoples-resources |titulo=Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Guide to Resources |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In certe regiones, agricultura e habitation sedentari deveniva progressivement plus importante. Domestication de plantas como mais, fagiolo e cucurbita susteneva formation de aldeas permanente e de redes commercial. Agricultura se developpava tamen in modos differente secundo clima, solos e traditiones cultural.

== Societates indigene ante le colonisation ==
Ante arrivata europee, America del Nord contineva centos de communitates e nationes indigene, con linguas, institutiones politic, systemas economic e traditiones religiose distincte. Non existeva un sol cultura indigene nordamerican: formas de organisation variava inter Arctic, foreste oriental, planuras, regiones montaniose, desertos de sud-west e costa de Pacifico.

In Arctic, inuit e altere populos developpava technicas adaptate al cassa de mammiferos marin e al vita in ambientes frigide. In foreste oriental, numerose nationes practicava agricultura, cassa e piscation e establiva aldeas permanente. [[Confederation haudenosaunee]], cognoscite etiam como Confederation iroquese, reuniva plure nationes in un structura politic de cooperation.

In planuras central, communitates combina agricultura con cassa de bisontes, specialmente post introduction de cavallo in certe regiones. In sud-west, [[Pueblo]] developpava aldeas de habitation permanente e systemas agricole adaptate a ambientes aride. Populos de costa de Pacifico practicava piscation, exploitation de recursos marin e commercio inter communitates.

Redes commercial indigene conectava regiones distante. Illas facilitava intercambio de alimentos, petra, metalles, conchas, pigmentos, utensiles e ideas. Commercio e diplomatia contribueva al formation de alliantias, durante que conflictos e rivalitates inter nationes faceva etiam parte de historia precolonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Exploration europee ==
Exploration europee de America del Nord comenciava ante viages de [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492. Navigatores nordic, specialmente [[Leif Erikson]], attingeva costa de America del Nord circa anno 1000 e establiva settlementes temporari in partes de actual Terranova. Sito de [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in Canada constitue un evidentia archaeologic de presentia nordic in continente.

Post 1492, exploration european se intensificava. Expeditiones espaniol explorava regiones de Caribe, Golfo de Mexico e sud-est de actual Statos Unite. Navigatores como [[Juan Ponce de León]] e [[Hernando de Soto]] participa in explorationes que precedeva establimento de colonias permanente.

Francia establiva un presentia in nord-est e in valle de [[San Lorenzo]], durante que britannicos e nederlandeses explorava e colonisava partes de costa atlantic. Exploration esseva motivate per commercio, accesso a recursos, expansion territorial e rivalitate inter monarchias europee.

Contacto inter europeos e indigenas produceva intercambio cultural e economic, ma etiam guerras, epidemias e transformationes social. Maladias introducite desde Europa, como variola, causava mortalitate enorme in communitates que non habeva immunitate anterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/unsettling-continent-1492-1750 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1750 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation espaniol ==
[[Imperio espaniol]] establiva colonias in partes de actual Mexico e sud de America del Nord desde seculo XVI. Conquesta de Imperio Aztec in 1521, sub direction de [[Hernán Cortés]] e con auxilio de alliatos indigene, permitteva al espanioles establir un centro de poter in Valle de Mexico.

Colonisation se extendeva verso actual sud-west de Statos Unite, Texas, Florida e California. Missiones religiose, presidios militar e settlementes agricole deveniva instrumentos de administration espaniol. Colonias dependeva de labor indigene e, in certe regiones, de labor de africanos enslaveate.

Societates indigene resistiva, negotiava e se adaptava a iste expansion. Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, religion, institutiones politic e relationes commercial, ma culturas indigene continuava exister e exercere influentia super societate colonial.

Regiones de actual Mexico deveniva centro de [[Vice-regno de Nove Espania]], que includeva etiam vaste territorios al nord. Administration espaniol developpava urbes, vias, ecclesias e institutiones educational, ma systema colonial esseva marcate per hierarchias social e ethnic e per exploitation de labor.

== Nove Francia ==
Francia developpava su principal colonia nordamerican in valle de [[San Lorenzo]], con settlementes a [[Quebec]] e [[Montreal]]. Navigator [[Jacques Cartier]] explorava region in annos 1530, durante que [[Samuel de Champlain]] fundava Quebec in 1608.

Economia de Nove Francia dependeva in grande parte de commercio de pelles, specialmente con nationes indigene. Colonos francese forma alliantias commercial e militar con plure nationes, includente communitates algonquian e huron-wendat, ben que relationes variava e includiva etiam guerras e conflictos.

Expansion francese continuava verso [[Grande Lacus]] e valle de [[Mississippi]]. Missioneros catholic participa al expansion de rete colonial, durante que commercio de pelles conectava regiones distante. Population francese remaneva tamen relativemente reducite comparate con populationes de colonias britannic.

Guerra de Septem Annos, que involveva plure potentias europee e lor alliatos nordamerican, terminava in America con derrota francese. Per [[Tractato de Paris de 1763]], Francia cediva al Regno Unite major parte de su possessiones continental al est de Mississippi e al Espania Louisiana occidental, secundo conditiones de accordo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/new-france.html |titulo=New France (1534–1763) |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonias britannic ==
[[Regno Unite]] establiva plure colonias in costa oriental de America del Nord durante seculos XVII e XVIII. Prime settlementes includiva [[Jamestown]], fundate in Virginia in 1607, e colonias de [[Nova Anglia]], associate al migration de grupos puritan durante annos 1620.

Colonies britannic developpava economias variate. Regiones de nord se basava super commercio, navigation, piscation e agricultura familiar; colonias de medio produceva cereales e organisava portos commercial; e sud developpava plantationes de tabaco, riso e altere productos, usante labor enslaveate in grande scala.

Relationes inter colonos e nationes indigene variava inter cooperation, commercio e guerra. Expansion de settlementes britannic provocava perdita de territorios indigene e conflictos recurente. Colonies evolveva verso institutiones local con assembleas representative, ma autoritate final remaneva in manos de corona britannic e Parlamento.

Introduction e expansion de sclavitude african deveniva un elemento fundamental de economia de plure colonias. Personas enslaveate esseva private de libertate e submittite a labor forzate, durante que resistentia e formation de communitates africane e afrodescendente contribueva al evolution cultural de continente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/many-voices/online/unsettling-continent-1492-1776 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1776 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution american e independentia del Statos Unite ==
Conflictos inter colonias britannic e metropole se intensificava post Guerra de Septem Annos, specialmente a causa de taxationes, restrictiones commercial e question de representation politic. Slogan «no taxation without representation» exprimeva opposition de numerose colonos al imposition de taxas sin representation directe in Parlamento britannic.

Protestas conduceva al [[Revolution american]]. [[Declaration de Independentia del Statos Unite]] esseva adoptate le 4 de julio 1776, declarante que colonias esseva estados libere e independente. Guerra continuava usque al recognition britannic de independentia per Tractato de Paris de 1783.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history |titulo=The Declaration of Independence: A History |sitioweb=National Archives and Records Administration |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statos Unite adoptava Constitution in 1787, establi un governamento federal e organisa su institutiones super separation de poteres. Nove republica tamen manteneva sclavitude e limita derectos politic a plure categorias de population. Expansion territorial de Statos Unite se faceva frequentemente al costo de nationes indigene, cuje territorios esseva cedite, invadite o confiscate.

== Revolution francese e Louisiana ==
[[Louisiana]], originalmente un vaste territorio colonial francese, passava al controlo espaniol in 1762 e retornava al Francia in 1800. In 1803, governamento de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] vendeva Louisiana al Statos Unite per un accordo cognoscite como [[Acquisition de Louisiana]].

Acquisition duplicava quasi territorio de Statos Unite e accelerava expansion verso west. Explorationes de [[Lewis e Clark]] (1804–1806) documentava parte de nove territorio e establiva contactos con numerose nationes indigene. Expansion statounitese promoveva commercio e colonisation, ma etiam intensificava conflictos super terra e sovranitate indigene.

== Mexico e le independentia de America Central ==
[[Guerra de Independentia de Mexico]] comenciava in 1810 e terminava in 1821 con independentia de [[Mexico]] ab Espania. Nove Stato hereditava un vaste territorio que includeva actual Mexico e partes de actual sud-west de Statos Unite.

Expansion territorial de Statos Unite conduceva a conflictos con Mexico. [[Guerra mexicano-estatounitese]] de 1846–1848 terminava con Tractato de Guadalupe Hidalgo, per qual Mexico cedeva vaste territorios al Statos Unite, includente actual California, Nevada, Utah e partes de altere estados occidental. [[Compra de Gadsden]] de 1853 transferiva ulteriormente un altere territorio al Statos Unite.

Regiones de America Central, que habeva essite parte de Imperio espaniol e postea de [[Provincias Unite de America Central]], se divideva in estados independente durante seculo XIX. Lor evolution politic esseva marcate per conflictos inter grupos liberal e conservator, disputas territorial e interventiones estranier.

== Sclavitude, Guerra Civil e Reconstruction ==
In Statos Unite, sclavitude deveniva principal causa structural de conflictos inter estados slave-holding de sud e estados de nord. Election de [[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1860 e secession de plure estados de sud conduceva al [[Guerra Civil American]] (1861–1865).

Guerra terminava con victoria de Union e abolimento constitutional de sclavitude per Tertie Decime Emenda in 1865. Periodo de Reconstruction introduceva nove derectos politic pro afroamericanos, ma opposition de elite de sud e violentia racial limitava implementation de iste derectos.

Durante decennios sequente, segregation racial e restrictiones al voto deveniva institutional in multe partes de sud. Afroamericanos e lor alliatos organisava movimentos pro equalitate e derectos civil, que conduceva a reformas importante durante medietate de seculo XX.

== Expansion al west e displacemento indigene ==
Durante seculo XIX, Statos Unite expandiva su territorios verso west. Expansion esseva sustenite per migration, agricultura, miniera e construction de ferrovias, ma esseva accompaniate per displacemento forzate de nationes indigene.

[[Indian Removal Act]] de 1830 facilitava deportation de plure nationes indigene desde sud-est verso territorios al west de Mississippi. [[Trail of Tears]] deveniva un symbolo de mortes e suffrentia associate a iste politicas. Guerras, reduction de territorios indigene e creation de reservationes transformava profundemente vita de numerose nationes.

Expansion al west esseva etiam accompaniate per destruction de parte de ambientes traditional, specialmente reduction de bisontes in Grande Planuras. Nonobstante, populos indigene continuava resister, mantener lor identitates e defender lor territorios e derectos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canada e le formation del Confederation ==
Historia de actual [[Canada]] es marcate per societates indigene, colonisation francese e britannic e formation gradual de un federation. Colonies de Nove Francia passava al controlo britannic post 1763, ma lingua francese e traditiones juridic e religiose de francophones remaneva importante, specialmente in [[Quebec]].

[[Acto de America del Nord Britannic de 1867]] creava [[Dominion de Canada]], reuniente Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia e New Brunswick. Durante decennios sequente, altere provincias e territorios esseva incorporate. Construction de ferrovias, migration e expansion agricole contribueva al formation de stato federal.

Expansion canadese habeva etiam consequentias grave pro nationes indigene. Confiscation de territorios, creation de reservationes e systema de scholas residential, que separava infantes indigene de lor familias e culturas, produceva damnos social e cultural durabile. Recognoscentia de iste historia e relationes con First Nations, Inuit e Métis continua esser questiones central de societate canadese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html |titulo=History of Canada |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Industrialisation e immigration ==
Durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX, America del Nord experimentava un rapide industrialisation. Ferrovias, industrias de accaio, extraction de petroleum, agricultura commercial e expansion de citates transformava economia e structura social.

Statos Unite e Canada recipeva grande numeros de immigrantes proveniente de Europa e, in grados differente, de Asia. Migration augmentava population urban e contribueva al disveloppamento industrial, ma immigrantes affrontava etiam discrimination, conditiones de labor difficile e restrictiones juridic.

In Mexico, regime de [[Porfirio Díaz]] promoveva investimento estranier e modernisation economic, ma concentration de terra e desigualitates social alimentava oppositiones. [[Revolution mexican]], initiate in 1910, conduceva a un longe periodo de conflicto e a reformas politic e agrari.

== America del Nord durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Durante [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] (1939–1945), Statos Unite deveniva un del principal centros industrial e militar de [[Alliatos]]. Canada participa al effortio alleate desde 1939 e developpava un importante industria de guerra. Mexico entra in guerra in 1942, post ataques contra naves mexican, e contribueva con recursos e personal militar.

Mobilisation industrial augmentava production e transformava relationes de labor. Feminas occupava nove postos in industrias e servicios, durante que migration interne e urbanisation accelerava. Guerra habeva etiam effectos negative super certe grupos: in Statos Unite, americanos de origine japonese esseva internate in campos durante guerra.

Post 1945, Statos Unite emergeva como un potentia economic e militar central, durante que Canada augmentava su rolo in cooperation international e in institutiones de nove ordine mondial.

== Guerra Frie e movementos social ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], Statos Unite e Canada deveniva membros importante de [[NATO]], e securitate de continente deveniva ligate al rivalitate inter Statos Unite e Union Sovietic. Statos Unite interveniva in plure conflictos international e developpava un vaste systema de defense, includente armas nuclear e bases militar.

Secundo seculo XX videva etiam movimentos social importante. [[Movimento del Derectos Civil]] de Statos Unite luctava contra segregation racial e pro equalitate politic e social. [[Movimento feminista]] promoveva derectos de feminas, accesso a education e empleo e equalitate juridic.

In Canada, relationes inter communitates francophone e anglophone, recognoscentia de derectos indigene e evolution de federalismo deveniva questiones politic central. In Mexico, movimento studentile de 1968 e altere mobilisationes social poneva in question autoritarismo e restrictiones al participation politic.

== Transformationes politic e economic post 1980 ==
Desde ultime parte de seculo XX, economias de America del Nord deveniva plus interdependente. [[Accordo de Libere Commercio Nordamerican]] (NAFTA), entrate in vigor in 1994 inter Canada, Mexico e Statos Unite, augmentava integration commercial e transformava plure sectores industrial e agricole.

NAFTA esseva reimplaciate in 2020 per [[Accordo Statos Unite–Mexico–Canada]] (USMCA), cognoscite in Canada e in Statos Unite sub denominationes national differente. Accordo regula commercio regional, normas de origine, relationes laboral e altere materias economic.

Integration commercial produceva beneficios e custos differente secundo sectores, regiones e grupos social. Industrialisation de certe zonas cresceva, durante que altere regiones affrontava competition international, relocation de fabricas e transformationes de labor.

== America del Nord contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, America del Nord es un del principales centros economic, scientific e technologic de mundo. Statos Unite, Canada e Mexico mantene economias interconnectite, ma differente in dimension, structura e politicas public.

Region affronta questiones commune, includente migration, inegalitate economic, protection de ambiente, cambio climatic, accesso a sanitate e education, e relationes con nationes indigene. Cooperation inter tres paises es importante in materia de commercio, energia, securitate e infrastructura.

Historia indigene continua influentiar debates super territorio, sovranitate, linguas e patrimonio cultural. Communitates indigene de Canada, Mexico e Statos Unite mantene lor proprie institutiones e participa in vita politic e economic contemporanee.

Historia de America del Nord es assi un historia de migration e diversitate, ma etiam de conqueste, sclavitude, resistentia e transformation. Societates contemporanee de region es resultatos de iste procesos historic e de interaction inter populos indigene, africanos, europeos, asiatic e altere communitates.

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Historia de America del Nord| ]]
[[Categoria:America del Nord]]
[[Categoria:America Central]]
[[Categoria:Canada]]
[[Categoria:Mexico]]
[[Categoria:Statos Unite]</text>
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Le '''historia de America del Nord''' comprende le evolution del populos, culturas, societates e estados del parte septentrional del continente american, desde le prime habitationes human usque al epocha contemporanee. Secundo definition geographic empleate, America del Nord include regiones que hodie constitue Canada, Statos Unite e Mexico, assi como Groenlandia, America Central e insulas de Caribe in un interpretation continental plus ample.

Historia de region es marcate per millennios de civilisationes indigene, arrivata de exploratores europee, colonisation espaniol, francese, britannic e nederlandese, sclavitude african, formation de Statos Unite e de Canada, independentia de Mexico e transformationes politic e economic de seculos XIX e XX.

Populos indigene non es solmente un parte de passato de continente: illes continua mantener lor linguas, culturas, institutiones e relationes con lor territorios ancestral. Historia de America del Nord debe assi esser comprehendite como un proceso complexe de adaptation, intercambio, conqueste, resistentia e transformation social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html |titulo=History of Canada |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Habitation human de America del Nord comencia millennios ante formation de estados contemporanee. Hypothese scientific plus acceptate indica que ancestres de multe populos indigene arrivava desde Asia per region de [[Beringia]], que durante ultime glaciation connecteva nord-est de Asia con nord-west de America.

Chronologia exacte de prime migrationes continua esser studiate. Evidentia archaeologic demonstra que humanos habitava diverse partes de continente al minus 15 000 annos retro, e que certe sitos pote indicar un occupation plus ancian. Populationes se dispersava gradualmente verso regiones temperate, planuras central, costa de Pacifico, zonas desertic e region arctic.

Prime habitantes practicava cassa, piscation e recolta de plantas salvatic. Illes disveloppava utensiles de petra, osso e ligno, e acquireva cognoscentias detallicate de ambientes local. Mobilitate seasonal e adaptation a differente ecosistemas permitteva occupation de un territorio immense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/indigenous-peoples-resources |titulo=Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Guide to Resources |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In certe regiones, agricultura e habitation sedentari deveniva progressivement plus importante. Domestication de plantas como mais, fagiolo e cucurbita susteneva formation de aldeas permanente e de redes commercial. Agricultura se developpava tamen in modos differente secundo clima, solos e traditiones cultural.

== Societates indigene ante le colonisation ==
Ante arrivata europee, America del Nord contineva centos de communitates e nationes indigene, con linguas, institutiones politic, systemas economic e traditiones religiose distincte. Non existeva un sol cultura indigene nordamerican: formas de organisation variava inter Arctic, foreste oriental, planuras, regiones montaniose, desertos de sud-west e costa de Pacifico.

In Arctic, inuit e altere populos developpava technicas adaptate al cassa de mammiferos marin e al vita in ambientes frigide. In foreste oriental, numerose nationes practicava agricultura, cassa e piscation e establiva aldeas permanente. [[Confederation haudenosaunee]], cognoscite etiam como Confederation iroquese, reuniva plure nationes in un structura politic de cooperation.

In planuras central, communitates combina agricultura con cassa de bisontes, specialmente post introduction de cavallo in certe regiones. In sud-west, [[Pueblo]] developpava aldeas de habitation permanente e systemas agricole adaptate a ambientes aride. Populos de costa de Pacifico practicava piscation, exploitation de recursos marin e commercio inter communitates.

Redes commercial indigene conectava regiones distante. Illas facilitava intercambio de alimentos, petra, metalles, conchas, pigmentos, utensiles e ideas. Commercio e diplomatia contribueva al formation de alliantias, durante que conflictos e rivalitates inter nationes faceva etiam parte de historia precolonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Exploration europee ==
Exploration europee de America del Nord comenciava ante viages de [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492. Navigatores nordic, specialmente [[Leif Erikson]], attingeva costa de America del Nord circa anno 1000 e establiva settlementes temporari in partes de actual Terranova. Sito de [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in Canada constitue un evidentia archaeologic de presentia nordic in continente.

Post 1492, exploration european se intensificava. Expeditiones espaniol explorava regiones de Caribe, Golfo de Mexico e sud-est de actual Statos Unite. Navigatores como [[Juan Ponce de León]] e [[Hernando de Soto]] participa in explorationes que precedeva establimento de colonias permanente.

Francia establiva un presentia in nord-est e in valle de [[San Lorenzo]], durante que britannicos e nederlandeses explorava e colonisava partes de costa atlantic. Exploration esseva motivate per commercio, accesso a recursos, expansion territorial e rivalitate inter monarchias europee.

Contacto inter europeos e indigenas produceva intercambio cultural e economic, ma etiam guerras, epidemias e transformationes social. Maladias introducite desde Europa, como variola, causava mortalitate enorme in communitates que non habeva immunitate anterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/unsettling-continent-1492-1750 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1750 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation espaniol ==
[[Imperio espaniol]] establiva colonias in partes de actual Mexico e sud de America del Nord desde seculo XVI. Conquesta de Imperio Aztec in 1521, sub direction de [[Hernán Cortés]] e con auxilio de alliatos indigene, permitteva al espanioles establir un centro de poter in Valle de Mexico.

Colonisation se extendeva verso actual sud-west de Statos Unite, Texas, Florida e California. Missiones religiose, presidios militar e settlementes agricole deveniva instrumentos de administration espaniol. Colonias dependeva de labor indigene e, in certe regiones, de labor de africanos enslaveate.

Societates indigene resistiva, negotiava e se adaptava a iste expansion. Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, religion, institutiones politic e relationes commercial, ma culturas indigene continuava exister e exercere influentia super societate colonial.

Regiones de actual Mexico deveniva centro de [[Vice-regno de Nove Espania]], que includeva etiam vaste territorios al nord. Administration espaniol developpava urbes, vias, ecclesias e institutiones educational, ma systema colonial esseva marcate per hierarchias social e ethnic e per exploitation de labor.

== Nove Francia ==
Francia developpava su principal colonia nordamerican in valle de [[San Lorenzo]], con settlementes a [[Quebec]] e [[Montreal]]. Navigator [[Jacques Cartier]] explorava region in annos 1530, durante que [[Samuel de Champlain]] fundava Quebec in 1608.

Economia de Nove Francia dependeva in grande parte de commercio de pelles, specialmente con nationes indigene. Colonos francese forma alliantias commercial e militar con plure nationes, includente communitates algonquian e huron-wendat, ben que relationes variava e includiva etiam guerras e conflictos.

Expansion francese continuava verso [[Grande Lacus]] e valle de [[Mississippi]]. Missioneros catholic participa al expansion de rete colonial, durante que commercio de pelles conectava regiones distante. Population francese remaneva tamen relativemente reducite comparate con populationes de colonias britannic.

Guerra de Septem Annos, que involveva plure potentias europee e lor alliatos nordamerican, terminava in America con derrota francese. Per [[Tractato de Paris de 1763]], Francia cediva al Regno Unite major parte de su possessiones continental al est de Mississippi e al Espania Louisiana occidental, secundo conditiones de accordo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/new-france.html |titulo=New France (1534–1763) |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonias britannic ==
[[Regno Unite]] establiva plure colonias in costa oriental de America del Nord durante seculos XVII e XVIII. Prime settlementes includiva [[Jamestown]], fundate in Virginia in 1607, e colonias de [[Nova Anglia]], associate al migration de grupos puritan durante annos 1620.

Colonies britannic developpava economias variate. Regiones de nord se basava super commercio, navigation, piscation e agricultura familiar; colonias de medio produceva cereales e organisava portos commercial; e sud developpava plantationes de tabaco, riso e altere productos, usante labor enslaveate in grande scala.

Relationes inter colonos e nationes indigene variava inter cooperation, commercio e guerra. Expansion de settlementes britannic provocava perdita de territorios indigene e conflictos recurente. Colonies evolveva verso institutiones local con assembleas representative, ma autoritate final remaneva in manos de corona britannic e Parlamento.

Introduction e expansion de sclavitude african deveniva un elemento fundamental de economia de plure colonias. Personas enslaveate esseva private de libertate e submittite a labor forzate, durante que resistentia e formation de communitates africane e afrodescendente contribueva al evolution cultural de continente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/many-voices/online/unsettling-continent-1492-1776 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1776 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution american e independentia del Statos Unite ==
Conflictos inter colonias britannic e metropole se intensificava post Guerra de Septem Annos, specialmente a causa de taxationes, restrictiones commercial e question de representation politic. Slogan «no taxation without representation» exprimeva opposition de numerose colonos al imposition de taxas sin representation directe in Parlamento britannic.

Protestas conduceva al [[Revolution american]]. [[Declaration de Independentia del Statos Unite]] esseva adoptate le 4 de julio 1776, declarante que colonias esseva estados libere e independente. Guerra continuava usque al recognition britannic de independentia per Tractato de Paris de 1783.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history |titulo=The Declaration of Independence: A History |sitioweb=National Archives and Records Administration |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statos Unite adoptava Constitution in 1787, establi un governamento federal e organisa su institutiones super separation de poteres. Nove republica tamen manteneva sclavitude e limita derectos politic a plure categorias de population. Expansion territorial de Statos Unite se faceva frequentemente al costo de nationes indigene, cuje territorios esseva cedite, invadite o confiscate.

== Revolution francese e Louisiana ==
[[Louisiana]], originalmente un vaste territorio colonial francese, passava al controlo espaniol in 1762 e retornava al Francia in 1800. In 1803, governamento de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] vendeva Louisiana al Statos Unite per un accordo cognoscite como [[Acquisition de Louisiana]].

Acquisition duplicava quasi territorio de Statos Unite e accelerava expansion verso west. Explorationes de [[Lewis e Clark]] (1804–1806) documentava parte de nove territorio e establiva contactos con numerose nationes indigene. Expansion statounitese promoveva commercio e colonisation, ma etiam intensificava conflictos super terra e sovranitate indigene.

== Mexico e le independentia de America Central ==
[[Guerra de Independentia de Mexico]] comenciava in 1810 e terminava in 1821 con independentia de [[Mexico]] ab Espania. Nove Stato hereditava un vaste territorio que includeva actual Mexico e partes de actual sud-west de Statos Unite.

Expansion territorial de Statos Unite conduceva a conflictos con Mexico. [[Guerra mexicano-estatounitese]] de 1846–1848 terminava con Tractato de Guadalupe Hidalgo, per qual Mexico cedeva vaste territorios al Statos Unite, includente actual California, Nevada, Utah e partes de altere estados occidental. [[Compra de Gadsden]] de 1853 transferiva ulteriormente un altere territorio al Statos Unite.

Regiones de America Central, que habeva essite parte de Imperio espaniol e postea de [[Provincias Unite de America Central]], se divideva in estados independente durante seculo XIX. Lor evolution politic esseva marcate per conflictos inter grupos liberal e conservator, disputas territorial e interventiones estranier.

== Sclavitude, Guerra Civil e Reconstruction ==
In Statos Unite, sclavitude deveniva principal causa structural de conflictos inter estados slave-holding de sud e estados de nord. Election de [[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1860 e secession de plure estados de sud conduceva al [[Guerra Civil American]] (1861–1865).

Guerra terminava con victoria de Union e abolimento constitutional de sclavitude per Tertie Decime Emenda in 1865. Periodo de Reconstruction introduceva nove derectos politic pro afroamericanos, ma opposition de elite de sud e violentia racial limitava implementation de iste derectos.

Durante decennios sequente, segregation racial e restrictiones al voto deveniva institutional in multe partes de sud. Afroamericanos e lor alliatos organisava movimentos pro equalitate e derectos civil, que conduceva a reformas importante durante medietate de seculo XX.

== Expansion al west e displacemento indigene ==
Durante seculo XIX, Statos Unite expandiva su territorios verso west. Expansion esseva sustenite per migration, agricultura, miniera e construction de ferrovias, ma esseva accompaniate per displacemento forzate de nationes indigene.

[[Indian Removal Act]] de 1830 facilitava deportation de plure nationes indigene desde sud-est verso territorios al west de Mississippi. [[Trail of Tears]] deveniva un symbolo de mortes e suffrentia associate a iste politicas. Guerras, reduction de territorios indigene e creation de reservationes transformava profundemente vita de numerose nationes.

Expansion al west esseva etiam accompaniate per destruction de parte de ambientes traditional, specialmente reduction de bisontes in Grande Planuras. Nonobstante, populos indigene continuava resister, mantener lor identitates e defender lor territorios e derectos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canada e le formation del Confederation ==
Historia de actual [[Canada]] es marcate per societates indigene, colonisation francese e britannic e formation gradual de un federation. Colonies de Nove Francia passava al controlo britannic post 1763, ma lingua francese e traditiones juridic e religiose de francophones remaneva importante, specialmente in [[Quebec]].

[[Acto de America del Nord Britannic de 1867]] creava [[Dominion de Canada]], reuniente Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia e New Brunswick. Durante decennios sequente, altere provincias e territorios esseva incorporate. Construction de ferrovias, migration e expansion agricole contribueva al formation de stato federal.

Expansion canadese habeva etiam consequentias grave pro nationes indigene. Confiscation de territorios, creation de reservationes e systema de scholas residential, que separava infantes indigene de lor familias e culturas, produceva damnos social e cultural durabile. Recognoscentia de iste historia e relationes con First Nations, Inuit e Métis continua esser questiones central de societate canadese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html |titulo=History of Canada |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Industrialisation e immigration ==
Durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX, America del Nord experimentava un rapide industrialisation. Ferrovias, industrias de accaio, extraction de petroleum, agricultura commercial e expansion de citates transformava economia e structura social.

Statos Unite e Canada recipeva grande numeros de immigrantes proveniente de Europa e, in grados differente, de Asia. Migration augmentava population urban e contribueva al disveloppamento industrial, ma immigrantes affrontava etiam discrimination, conditiones de labor difficile e restrictiones juridic.

In Mexico, regime de [[Porfirio Díaz]] promoveva investimento estranier e modernisation economic, ma concentration de terra e desigualitates social alimentava oppositiones. [[Revolution mexican]], initiate in 1910, conduceva a un longe periodo de conflicto e a reformas politic e agrari.

== America del Nord durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Durante [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] (1939–1945), Statos Unite deveniva un del principal centros industrial e militar de [[Alliatos]]. Canada participa al effortio alleate desde 1939 e developpava un importante industria de guerra. Mexico entra in guerra in 1942, post ataques contra naves mexican, e contribueva con recursos e personal militar.

Mobilisation industrial augmentava production e transformava relationes de labor. Feminas occupava nove postos in industrias e servicios, durante que migration interne e urbanisation accelerava. Guerra habeva etiam effectos negative super certe grupos: in Statos Unite, americanos de origine japonese esseva internate in campos durante guerra.

Post 1945, Statos Unite emergeva como un potentia economic e militar central, durante que Canada augmentava su rolo in cooperation international e in institutiones de nove ordine mondial.

== Guerra Frie e movementos social ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], Statos Unite e Canada deveniva membros importante de [[NATO]], e securitate de continente deveniva ligate al rivalitate inter Statos Unite e Union Sovietic. Statos Unite interveniva in plure conflictos international e developpava un vaste systema de defense, includente armas nuclear e bases militar.

Secundo seculo XX videva etiam movimentos social importante. [[Movimento del Derectos Civil]] de Statos Unite luctava contra segregation racial e pro equalitate politic e social. [[Movimento feminista]] promoveva derectos de feminas, accesso a education e empleo e equalitate juridic.

In Canada, relationes inter communitates francophone e anglophone, recognoscentia de derectos indigene e evolution de federalismo deveniva questiones politic central. In Mexico, movimento studentile de 1968 e altere mobilisationes social poneva in question autoritarismo e restrictiones al participation politic.

== Transformationes politic e economic post 1980 ==
Desde ultime parte de seculo XX, economias de America del Nord deveniva plus interdependente. [[Accordo de Libere Commercio Nordamerican]] (NAFTA), entrate in vigor in 1994 inter Canada, Mexico e Statos Unite, augmentava integration commercial e transformava plure sectores industrial e agricole.

NAFTA esseva reimplaciate in 2020 per [[Accordo Statos Unite–Mexico–Canada]] (USMCA), cognoscite in Canada e in Statos Unite sub denominationes national differente. Accordo regula commercio regional, normas de origine, relationes laboral e altere materias economic.

Integration commercial produceva beneficios e custos differente secundo sectores, regiones e grupos social. Industrialisation de certe zonas cresceva, durante que altere regiones affrontava competition international, relocation de fabricas e transformationes de labor.

== America del Nord contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, America del Nord es un del principales centros economic, scientific e technologic de mundo. Statos Unite, Canada e Mexico mantene economias interconnectite, ma differente in dimension, structura e politicas public.

Region affronta questiones commune, includente migration, inegalitate economic, protection de ambiente, cambio climatic, accesso a sanitate e education, e relationes con nationes indigene. Cooperation inter tres paises es importante in materia de commercio, energia, securitate e infrastructura.

Historia indigene continua influentiar debates super territorio, sovranitate, linguas e patrimonio cultural. Communitates indigene de Canada, Mexico e Statos Unite mantene lor proprie institutiones e participa in vita politic e economic contemporanee.

Historia de America del Nord es assi un historia de migration e diversitate, ma etiam de conqueste, sclavitude, resistentia e transformation. Societates contemporanee de region es resultatos de iste procesos historic e de interaction inter populos indigene, africanos, europeos, asiatic e altere communitates.

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Le '''historia de America del Nord''' comprende le evolution del populos, culturas, societates e estados del parte septentrional del continente american, desde le prime habitationes human usque al epocha contemporanee. Secundo definition geographic empleate, America del Nord include regiones que hodie constitue Canada, Statos Unite e Mexico, assi como Groenlandia, America Central e insulas de Caribe in un interpretation continental plus ample.

Historia de region es marcate per millennios de civilisationes indigene, arrivata de exploratores europee, colonisation espaniol, francese, britannic e nederlandese, sclavitude african, formation de Statos Unite e de Canada, independentia de Mexico e transformationes politic e economic de seculos XIX e XX.

Populos indigene non es solmente un parte de passato de continente: illes continua mantener lor linguas, culturas, institutiones e relationes con lor territorios ancestral. Historia de America del Nord debe assi esser comprehendite como un proceso complexe de adaptation, intercambio, conqueste, resistentia e transformation social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html |titulo=History of Canada |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Habitation human de America del Nord comencia millennios ante formation de estados contemporanee. Hypothese scientific plus acceptate indica que ancestres de multe populos indigene arrivava desde Asia per region de [[Beringia]], que durante ultime glaciation connecteva nord-est de Asia con nord-west de America.

Chronologia exacte de prime migrationes continua esser studiate. Evidentia archaeologic demonstra que humanos habitava diverse partes de continente al minus 15 000 annos retro, e que certe sitos pote indicar un occupation plus ancian. Populationes se dispersava gradualmente verso regiones temperate, planuras central, costa de Pacifico, zonas desertic e region arctic.

Prime habitantes practicava cassa, piscation e recolta de plantas salvatic. Illes disveloppava utensiles de petra, osso e ligno, e acquireva cognoscentias detallicate de ambientes local. Mobilitate seasonal e adaptation a differente ecosistemas permitteva occupation de un territorio immense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/indigenous-peoples-resources |titulo=Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Guide to Resources |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In certe regiones, agricultura e habitation sedentari deveniva progressivement plus importante. Domestication de plantas como mais, fagiolo e cucurbita susteneva formation de aldeas permanente e de redes commercial. Agricultura se developpava tamen in modos differente secundo clima, solos e traditiones cultural.

== Societates indigene ante le colonisation ==
Ante arrivata europee, America del Nord contineva centos de communitates e nationes indigene, con linguas, institutiones politic, systemas economic e traditiones religiose distincte. Non existeva un sol cultura indigene nordamerican: formas de organisation variava inter Arctic, foreste oriental, planuras, regiones montaniose, desertos de sud-west e costa de Pacifico.

In Arctic, inuit e altere populos developpava technicas adaptate al cassa de mammiferos marin e al vita in ambientes frigide. In foreste oriental, numerose nationes practicava agricultura, cassa e piscation e establiva aldeas permanente. [[Confederation haudenosaunee]], cognoscite etiam como Confederation iroquese, reuniva plure nationes in un structura politic de cooperation.

In planuras central, communitates combina agricultura con cassa de bisontes, specialmente post introduction de cavallo in certe regiones. In sud-west, [[Pueblo]] developpava aldeas de habitation permanente e systemas agricole adaptate a ambientes aride. Populos de costa de Pacifico practicava piscation, exploitation de recursos marin e commercio inter communitates.

Redes commercial indigene conectava regiones distante. Illas facilitava intercambio de alimentos, petra, metalles, conchas, pigmentos, utensiles e ideas. Commercio e diplomatia contribueva al formation de alliantias, durante que conflictos e rivalitates inter nationes faceva etiam parte de historia precolonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Exploration europee ==
Exploration europee de America del Nord comenciava ante viages de [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492. Navigatores nordic, specialmente [[Leif Erikson]], attingeva costa de America del Nord circa anno 1000 e establiva settlementes temporari in partes de actual Terranova. Sito de [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in Canada constitue un evidentia archaeologic de presentia nordic in continente.

Post 1492, exploration european se intensificava. Expeditiones espaniol explorava regiones de Caribe, Golfo de Mexico e sud-est de actual Statos Unite. Navigatores como [[Juan Ponce de León]] e [[Hernando de Soto]] participa in explorationes que precedeva establimento de colonias permanente.

Francia establiva un presentia in nord-est e in valle de [[San Lorenzo]], durante que britannicos e nederlandeses explorava e colonisava partes de costa atlantic. Exploration esseva motivate per commercio, accesso a recursos, expansion territorial e rivalitate inter monarchias europee.

Contacto inter europeos e indigenas produceva intercambio cultural e economic, ma etiam guerras, epidemias e transformationes social. Maladias introducite desde Europa, como variola, causava mortalitate enorme in communitates que non habeva immunitate anterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/unsettling-continent-1492-1750 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1750 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation espaniol ==
[[Imperio espaniol]] establiva colonias in partes de actual Mexico e sud de America del Nord desde seculo XVI. Conquesta de Imperio Aztec in 1521, sub direction de [[Hernán Cortés]] e con auxilio de alliatos indigene, permitteva al espanioles establir un centro de poter in Valle de Mexico.

Colonisation se extendeva verso actual sud-west de Statos Unite, Texas, Florida e California. Missiones religiose, presidios militar e settlementes agricole deveniva instrumentos de administration espaniol. Colonias dependeva de labor indigene e, in certe regiones, de labor de africanos enslaveate.

Societates indigene resistiva, negotiava e se adaptava a iste expansion. Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, religion, institutiones politic e relationes commercial, ma culturas indigene continuava exister e exercere influentia super societate colonial.

Regiones de actual Mexico deveniva centro de [[Vice-regno de Nove Espania]], que includeva etiam vaste territorios al nord. Administration espaniol developpava urbes, vias, ecclesias e institutiones educational, ma systema colonial esseva marcate per hierarchias social e ethnic e per exploitation de labor.

== Nove Francia ==
Francia developpava su principal colonia nordamerican in valle de [[San Lorenzo]], con settlementes a [[Quebec]] e [[Montreal]]. Navigator [[Jacques Cartier]] explorava region in annos 1530, durante que [[Samuel de Champlain]] fundava Quebec in 1608.

Economia de Nove Francia dependeva in grande parte de commercio de pelles, specialmente con nationes indigene. Colonos francese forma alliantias commercial e militar con plure nationes, includente communitates algonquian e huron-wendat, ben que relationes variava e includiva etiam guerras e conflictos.

Expansion francese continuava verso [[Grande Lacus]] e valle de [[Mississippi]]. Missioneros catholic participa al expansion de rete colonial, durante que commercio de pelles conectava regiones distante. Population francese remaneva tamen relativemente reducite comparate con populationes de colonias britannic.

Guerra de Septem Annos, que involveva plure potentias europee e lor alliatos nordamerican, terminava in America con derrota francese. Per [[Tractato de Paris de 1763]], Francia cediva al Regno Unite major parte de su possessiones continental al est de Mississippi e al Espania Louisiana occidental, secundo conditiones de accordo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/new-france.html |titulo=New France (1534–1763) |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonias britannic ==
[[Regno Unite]] establiva plure colonias in costa oriental de America del Nord durante seculos XVII e XVIII. Prime settlementes includiva [[Jamestown]], fundate in Virginia in 1607, e colonias de [[Nova Anglia]], associate al migration de grupos puritan durante annos 1620.

Colonies britannic developpava economias variate. Regiones de nord se basava super commercio, navigation, piscation e agricultura familiar; colonias de medio produceva cereales e organisava portos commercial; e sud developpava plantationes de tabaco, riso e altere productos, usante labor enslaveate in grande scala.

Relationes inter colonos e nationes indigene variava inter cooperation, commercio e guerra. Expansion de settlementes britannic provocava perdita de territorios indigene e conflictos recurente. Colonies evolveva verso institutiones local con assembleas representative, ma autoritate final remaneva in manos de corona britannic e Parlamento.

Introduction e expansion de sclavitude african deveniva un elemento fundamental de economia de plure colonias. Personas enslaveate esseva private de libertate e submittite a labor forzate, durante que resistentia e formation de communitates africane e afrodescendente contribueva al evolution cultural de continente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/many-voices/online/unsettling-continent-1492-1776 |titulo=Unsettling the Continent, 1492–1776 |sitioweb=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Revolution american e independentia del Statos Unite ==
Conflictos inter colonias britannic e metropole se intensificava post Guerra de Septem Annos, specialmente a causa de taxationes, restrictiones commercial e question de representation politic. Slogan «no taxation without representation» exprimeva opposition de numerose colonos al imposition de taxas sin representation directe in Parlamento britannic.

Protestas conduceva al [[Revolution american]]. [[Declaration de Independentia del Statos Unite]] esseva adoptate le 4 de julio 1776, declarante que colonias esseva estados libere e independente. Guerra continuava usque al recognition britannic de independentia per Tractato de Paris de 1783.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history |titulo=The Declaration of Independence: A History |sitioweb=National Archives and Records Administration |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statos Unite adoptava Constitution in 1787, establi un governamento federal e organisa su institutiones super separation de poteres. Nove republica tamen manteneva sclavitude e limita derectos politic a plure categorias de population. Expansion territorial de Statos Unite se faceva frequentemente al costo de nationes indigene, cuje territorios esseva cedite, invadite o confiscate.

== Revolution francese e Louisiana ==
[[Louisiana]], originalmente un vaste territorio colonial francese, passava al controlo espaniol in 1762 e retornava al Francia in 1800. In 1803, governamento de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] vendeva Louisiana al Statos Unite per un accordo cognoscite como [[Acquisition de Louisiana]].

Acquisition duplicava quasi territorio de Statos Unite e accelerava expansion verso west. Explorationes de [[Lewis e Clark]] (1804–1806) documentava parte de nove territorio e establiva contactos con numerose nationes indigene. Expansion statounitese promoveva commercio e colonisation, ma etiam intensificava conflictos super terra e sovranitate indigene.

== Mexico e le independentia de America Central ==
[[Guerra de Independentia de Mexico]] comenciava in 1810 e terminava in 1821 con independentia de [[Mexico]] ab Espania. Nove Stato hereditava un vaste territorio que includeva actual Mexico e partes de actual sud-west de Statos Unite.

Expansion territorial de Statos Unite conduceva a conflictos con Mexico. [[Guerra mexicano-estatounitese]] de 1846–1848 terminava con Tractato de Guadalupe Hidalgo, per qual Mexico cedeva vaste territorios al Statos Unite, includente actual California, Nevada, Utah e partes de altere estados occidental. [[Compra de Gadsden]] de 1853 transferiva ulteriormente un altere territorio al Statos Unite.

Regiones de America Central, que habeva essite parte de Imperio espaniol e postea de [[Provincias Unite de America Central]], se divideva in estados independente durante seculo XIX. Lor evolution politic esseva marcate per conflictos inter grupos liberal e conservator, disputas territorial e interventiones estranier.

== Sclavitude, Guerra Civil e Reconstruction ==
In Statos Unite, sclavitude deveniva principal causa structural de conflictos inter estados slave-holding de sud e estados de nord. Election de [[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1860 e secession de plure estados de sud conduceva al [[Guerra Civil American]] (1861–1865).

Guerra terminava con victoria de Union e abolimento constitutional de sclavitude per Tertie Decime Emenda in 1865. Periodo de Reconstruction introduceva nove derectos politic pro afroamericanos, ma opposition de elite de sud e violentia racial limitava implementation de iste derectos.

Durante decennios sequente, segregation racial e restrictiones al voto deveniva institutional in multe partes de sud. Afroamericanos e lor alliatos organisava movimentos pro equalitate e derectos civil, que conduceva a reformas importante durante medietate de seculo XX.

== Expansion al west e displacemento indigene ==
Durante seculo XIX, Statos Unite expandiva su territorios verso west. Expansion esseva sustenite per migration, agricultura, miniera e construction de ferrovias, ma esseva accompaniate per displacemento forzate de nationes indigene.

[[Indian Removal Act]] de 1830 facilitava deportation de plure nationes indigene desde sud-est verso territorios al west de Mississippi. [[Trail of Tears]] deveniva un symbolo de mortes e suffrentia associate a iste politicas. Guerras, reduction de territorios indigene e creation de reservationes transformava profundemente vita de numerose nationes.

Expansion al west esseva etiam accompaniate per destruction de parte de ambientes traditional, specialmente reduction de bisontes in Grande Planuras. Nonobstante, populos indigene continuava resister, mantener lor identitates e defender lor territorios e derectos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/about/essential-understandings |titulo=Essential Understandings |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canada e le formation del Confederation ==
Historia de actual [[Canada]] es marcate per societates indigene, colonisation francese e britannic e formation gradual de un federation. Colonies de Nove Francia passava al controlo britannic post 1763, ma lingua francese e traditiones juridic e religiose de francophones remaneva importante, specialmente in [[Quebec]].

[[Acto de America del Nord Britannic de 1867]] creava [[Dominion de Canada]], reuniente Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia e New Brunswick. Durante decennios sequente, altere provincias e territorios esseva incorporate. Construction de ferrovias, migration e expansion agricole contribueva al formation de stato federal.

Expansion canadese habeva etiam consequentias grave pro nationes indigene. Confiscation de territorios, creation de reservationes e systema de scholas residential, que separava infantes indigene de lor familias e culturas, produceva damnos social e cultural durabile. Recognoscentia de iste historia e relationes con First Nations, Inuit e Métis continua esser questiones central de societate canadese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/history-canada.html |titulo=History of Canada |sitioweb=Government of Canada |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Industrialisation e immigration ==
Durante fin de seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX, America del Nord experimentava un rapide industrialisation. Ferrovias, industrias de accaio, extraction de petroleum, agricultura commercial e expansion de citates transformava economia e structura social.

Statos Unite e Canada recipeva grande numeros de immigrantes proveniente de Europa e, in grados differente, de Asia. Migration augmentava population urban e contribueva al disveloppamento industrial, ma immigrantes affrontava etiam discrimination, conditiones de labor difficile e restrictiones juridic.

In Mexico, regime de [[Porfirio Díaz]] promoveva investimento estranier e modernisation economic, ma concentration de terra e desigualitates social alimentava oppositiones. [[Revolution mexican]], initiate in 1910, conduceva a un longe periodo de conflicto e a reformas politic e agrari.

== America del Nord durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Durante [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] (1939–1945), Statos Unite deveniva un del principal centros industrial e militar de [[Alliatos]]. Canada participa al effortio alleate desde 1939 e developpava un importante industria de guerra. Mexico entra in guerra in 1942, post ataques contra naves mexican, e contribueva con recursos e personal militar.

Mobilisation industrial augmentava production e transformava relationes de labor. Feminas occupava nove postos in industrias e servicios, durante que migration interne e urbanisation accelerava. Guerra habeva etiam effectos negative super certe grupos: in Statos Unite, americanos de origine japonese esseva internate in campos durante guerra.

Post 1945, Statos Unite emergeva como un potentia economic e militar central, durante que Canada augmentava su rolo in cooperation international e in institutiones de nove ordine mondial.

== Guerra Frie e movementos social ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], Statos Unite e Canada deveniva membros importante de [[NATO]], e securitate de continente deveniva ligate al rivalitate inter Statos Unite e Union Sovietic. Statos Unite interveniva in plure conflictos international e developpava un vaste systema de defense, includente armas nuclear e bases militar.

Secundo seculo XX videva etiam movimentos social importante. [[Movimento del Derectos Civil]] de Statos Unite luctava contra segregation racial e pro equalitate politic e social. [[Movimento feminista]] promoveva derectos de feminas, accesso a education e empleo e equalitate juridic.

In Canada, relationes inter communitates francophone e anglophone, recognoscentia de derectos indigene e evolution de federalismo deveniva questiones politic central. In Mexico, movimento studentile de 1968 e altere mobilisationes social poneva in question autoritarismo e restrictiones al participation politic.

== Transformationes politic e economic post 1980 ==
Desde ultime parte de seculo XX, economias de America del Nord deveniva plus interdependente. [[Accordo de Libere Commercio Nordamerican]] (NAFTA), entrate in vigor in 1994 inter Canada, Mexico e Statos Unite, augmentava integration commercial e transformava plure sectores industrial e agricole.

NAFTA esseva reimplaciate in 2020 per [[Accordo Statos Unite–Mexico–Canada]] (USMCA), cognoscite in Canada e in Statos Unite sub denominationes national differente. Accordo regula commercio regional, normas de origine, relationes laboral e altere materias economic.

Integration commercial produceva beneficios e custos differente secundo sectores, regiones e grupos social. Industrialisation de certe zonas cresceva, durante que altere regiones affrontava competition international, relocation de fabricas e transformationes de labor.

== America del Nord contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, America del Nord es un del principales centros economic, scientific e technologic de mundo. Statos Unite, Canada e Mexico mantene economias interconnectite, ma differente in dimension, structura e politicas public.

Region affronta questiones commune, includente migration, inegalitate economic, protection de ambiente, cambio climatic, accesso a sanitate e education, e relationes con nationes indigene. Cooperation inter tres paises es importante in materia de commercio, energia, securitate e infrastructura.

Historia indigene continua influentiar debates super territorio, sovranitate, linguas e patrimonio cultural. Communitates indigene de Canada, Mexico e Statos Unite mantene lor proprie institutiones e participa in vita politic e economic contemporanee.

Historia de America del Nord es assi un historia de migration e diversitate, ma etiam de conqueste, sclavitude, resistentia e transformation. Societates contemporanee de region es resultatos de iste procesos historic e de interaction inter populos indigene, africanos, europeos, asiatic e altere communitates.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

[[Categoria:Historia de America del Nord| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de America Central''' comprende le evolution del populos, culturas, societates e estados del istmo que liga America del Nord con America del Sud. In su definition politic contemporanee, region include Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica e Panama. Su position inter oceano Pacific e Mar Caribe ha facite del istmo un zona de incontro inter culturas, un via de commercio e un spatio strategic pro potentias colonial e estados moderne.

Ante arrivata europee, America Central esseva habitate per numerosas societates indigene, includente communitates maya e altere culturas mesoamerican e isthmian. Colonisation espaniol transformava organisation politic, religion, economia e composition demographic de region. Post independentia de Espania in 1821, provincias centralamerican tentava formar un federation, ma conflictos politic e regional conduceva al separation in estados distincte.

Durante seculos XIX e XX, region esseva marcate per production agricole de exportation, intervention de potentias estranier, formation de institutiones national, conflictos social e guerras civil. Historia contemporanee es etiam influentiate per integration regional, migration, commercio international e importantia strategic de [[Canal de Panama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=946 |titulo=Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/central-american-federation |titulo=Central American Federation |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Habitation human de America Central precede de millennios formation de estados moderne. Region constitueva un corredor natural inter partes septentrional e meridional de continente, facilitante migration de personas, animales, plantas e technicas.

Populationes indigene developpava formas de habitation adaptate al grande diversitate ecologic de region, que includeva costas tropic, foreste pluvial, montanias, vallatas fertile e zonas vulcanic. Agricultura deveniva un fundamento de vita sedentari, specialmente per cultivation de mais, fagiolo, cucurbita e altere plantas alimentari.

Communitates establiva aldeas, centros ceremonial e redes commercial. Ceramica, utensiles de petra, ornamentos de jade, concha e auro e vestigios de construction demonstra complexitetate de culturas precolombian. Contactos inter region mesoamerican, Caribe e nord de America del Sud facilitava circulation de technicas, materias prime e ideas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=946 |titulo=Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culturas indigene e civilisationes precolombian ==
Culturas de America Central non formava un sol civilisation uniforme. Illas includeva societates con linguas, religion, institutiones politic e formas de organisation distincte. Region septentrional de istmo participava largemente in historia de [[Mesoamerica]], durante que regiones meridional developpava culturas ligate etiam al Caribe e al nord de America del Sud.

=== Le Maya ===
[[Maya|Civilisation maya]] esseva un del principales culturas de region. Su centros se trovava in actual Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador e sud-est de actual Mexico. Societates maya developpava systemas de scriptura, calendarios, cognoscentias astronomic, architectura monumental e formas complexe de organisation politic.

Inter citates e centros ceremonial plus importante se trova [[Tikal]], [[Copán]], [[Palenque]] e [[Calakmul]]. Historia maya comprende plure periodos e numerosos regnos, que formava alliantias e entrava in conflictos le unes con le alteres. Declino de multe centros de periodo classic non significava disparition de populos maya: communitates maya continuava viver e continua mantener lor linguas e traditiones usque hodie.

=== Altere culturas del region ===
In territorio de actual Honduras, El Salvador e Nicaragua, communitates indigene participava in redes de commercio e intercambio con culturas maya e con populos de nord de America del Sud. Region de Golfo de Fonseca e costa de Pacifico facilitava communication maritime e terrestre.

In Costa Rica e Panama, culturas indigene produceva ceramica elaborate, sculptura in petra, ornamentos de auro e altere objetos associate al status social e al ritual. Region centralamerican esseva assi un ponte cultural e commercial inter Mesoamerica e Andes, con contactos que precedeva de multe seculos arrivata europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=946 |titulo=Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrival europee e conquista espaniol ==
Viages de [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492 initiava un periodo de contacto permanente inter Europa e Americas. Durante annos sequente, exploratores espaniol navigava costas caribee e pacific de istmo in recerca de rotas commercial, territorios e recursos.

Conquista espaniol procedeva in etapas e involveva expeditiones militar, alliantias con certe communitates indigene e conflictos con altere grupos. Colonos establiva urbes, centros administrative e missiones religiose, incorporante gradualmente territorios in structuras de Imperio espaniol.

Conquista transformava profundemente societates indigene. Epidemias introducite desde Europa, includente variola e morbillo, causava mortalitate enorme. Guerras, labor forzate, dislocationes e conversion religiose affectava etiam populationes local. Nonobstante, resistentia indigene continuava in multe partes de region, e numerose communitates preservava elementos de lor organisation e cultura.

== Le administration colonial ==
Durante major parte de periodo colonial, territorios de America Central esseva incorporate al Regno de Guatemala, que faceva parte de Imperio espaniol. Administration comprendeva provincias e alcaldias con competentias differente, e centros principal includeva [[Ciudad de Guatemala]].

Economia colonial dependeva de agricultura, commercio, extraction de metalles in certe regiones e labor indigene. Production de cacao, indigo e altere productos agricole alimentava commercio regional e transatlantic. Proprietate de terra e accesso al autoritate esseva concentrate in grande parte in manos de elite colonial.

Societate esseva organisate per hierarchias juridic e social que distingueva inter europeos, descendentes de europeos, populos indigene, africanos e personas de origine mixte. Sclavitude african esseva presente in region, ben que su extension variava inter territorios e sectores economic. Communitates indigene esseva frequentemente obligate pagar tributos e prestar labor, e lor terras esseva subjicite a pression de colonos e institutiones colonial.

== Reformas e conflictos del seculo XVIII ==
Durante seculo XVIII, monarchia espaniol introduceva reformas administrative e fiscal pro reforçar controlo de imperio e augmentar ingresos. Reformas modificava administration local e augmentava tension inter autoritates colonial e certe sectores de societate.

Commercio international e rivalitate inter potentias europee habeva effectos importante in Caribe e in costas centralamerican. Britannicos establiva un presentia in certe zonas, specialmente in costa de actual Belize e in partes de Caribe, ubi exploitation de ligno e altere recursos promoveva settlementes e conflictos con autoritates espaniol.

Resistentia indigene e opposition al impostos e al labor forzate continuava influentiar vita politic de region. Ideas de reforma e de autonomia, que circulava in mundo atlantic, preparava terreno pro movimentos independentista de initio de seculo XIX.

== Independentia de Espania ==
Crise de monarchia espaniol durante [[Guerra Peninsular]] e invasion napoleonica de 1808 debilitava autoritate colonial. Movimentos de autonomia e independentia se developpava in diverse partes de America Hispanic, e provincias de Regno de Guatemala participava in iste proceso.

Le 15 de septembre 1821, autoritates e representantes politic reunite in Guatemala proclamava independentia de provincias centralamerican ab Espania. Declaration esseva effectuate in un contexto de transformation politic in mundo hispanic e de timor, inter certe sectores de elite, que movimentos popular poterea producer cambios social plus profund.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/central-american-federation |titulo=Central American Federation |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Independentia non conduceva immediatemente al formation de estados distincte. Provincias continuava haber institutiones e interesses regional differente, e futuro organisation politic de region deveniva objecto de debatte.

== Annexion al Imperio Mexican ==
In 1822, autoritates de Guatemala acceptava annexion de provincias centralamerican al [[Prime Imperio Mexican]] de [[Agustín de Iturbide]]. Decision esseva contestate per plure sectores, specialmente in El Salvador, ubi existiva opposition al incorporation in Mexico.

Interventione de tropas mexican e conflictos politic augmentava tensiones regional. Post cadita de Iturbide in 1823, provincias centralamerican recovrava possibilitate de decidir lor proprie forma de governamento e abandonava projecto de incorporation al Imperio Mexican.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://banguat.gob.gt/page/epoca-independiente-y-federacion-centroamericana |titulo=Época Independiente y Federación Centroamericana |sitioweb=Banco de Guatemala |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Federation Centralamerican ==
Le 1 de julio 1823, representantes de provincias proclamava independentia absolute ab Espania, Mexico e altere potentias externe e formava Provincias Unite del Centro de America. In 1824, nove entitate adoptava un constitution e assumeva denomination de Republica Federal de America Central. Federation includeva Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua e Costa Rica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/central-american-federation |titulo=Central American Federation |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Federation cercava crear institutiones commun e un mercato regional, ma affrontava conflictos inter federalistas e centralistas, rivalitates inter elites provincial, difficultates economic e oppositiones local. Differente regiones habeva interesses distincte concernente distribution de poder, fiscalitate, ecclesia e relationes con altere estados.

Instabilitate politic e guerras civil debilitava federation. Dissolution comenciava in 1838 e deveniva irreversible durante annos sequente. Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica e Guatemala se separava progressivemente, durante que El Salvador remaneva ultime defensor de federation usque al disintegration definitive circa 1840–1841.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/regionaleschwerpunkte/lateinamerika/2480956-2480956?isLocal=false&amp;isPreview=false |titulo=Central America: 200 years of independence |sitioweb=Federal Foreign Office of Germany |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del estados independente ==
Post dissolution de federation, cinco estados que hodie constitue nucleo politic de America Central —Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua e Costa Rica— developpava lor proprie institutiones national. Processo esseva marcate per conflictos civil, rivalitates inter elites regional e debattes super forma de governamento.

Distinctiones inter liberales e conservatores influentiava politica de seculo XIX. Liberales tendeva supportar reformas institutional, reduction de privilegios ecclesiastic e integration in commercio international; conservatores defendava formas plus traditional de autoritate e rolo de institutiones religiose. Orientationes concrete variava tamen de un pais al altere.

Frontieras e identitates national se consolidava gradualmente, e estados developpava differente modelos de agricultura, commercio e relationes international. Instabilitate non impediva expansion de infrastructuras e exportation de productos como cafe, indigo, bananas e altere productos tropical.

== Belize e le costa caribee ==
Historia de actual [[Belize]] differeva de trajectoria de cinco estados hispanic. Costa esseva frequentate per navigatores britannic e per grupos que exploita ligno, specialmente ligno de campeche e mahogany. Settlementes britannic se developpava in un territorio que Espania continuava reclamar.

Administration britannic se consolida durante seculo XIX, e territorio deveniva colonia de Honduras Britannic. Economia se basava in grande parte super exploitation forestal e, ulteriormente, super agricultura e servicios. Population includiva communitates maya, garifuna, mestice, creole e altere grupos.

Belize obteneva independentia in 1981. Su historia colonial e linguistic lo distingue de multe de altere paises centralamerican, ben que pais mantene ligamines historic, economic e cultural con region.

== Panama e le routes interoceanic ==
Territorio de actual [[Panama]] occupava un position strategic pro communication inter Mar Caribe e Oceano Pacific. Durante periodo colonial, istmo esseva un via importante pro transporto de mercantias e metalles inter America del Sud e portos caribee.

Post independentia de Espania, Panama faceva parte de [[Grande Colombia]] e ulteriormente de Colombia. Construction de ferrovia transistmic durante seculo XIX augmentava importantia de istmo pro commercio international.

In 1903, Panama se separava de Colombia in un proceso ligate al conflicto super construction de canal e al supporto de Statos Unite al independentia panamense. [[Canal de Panama]] esseva construite per Statos Unite e aperite in 1914, transformante navigation international e position strategic de pais.

Controlo de zona de canal e relationes con Statos Unite deveniva un del principales questiones politic de historia panamense. [[Tractatos Torrijos-Carter]] de 1977 establiva transferentia progressive de canal al Panama, que assumeva controlo complete in 1999.

== Economia de exportation e intervention estranier ==
Durante seculo XIX e prime parte de seculo XX, economias centralamerican deveniva plus dependente de exportation de productos agricole. Cafe habeva un rolo importante in Guatemala, El Salvador e Costa Rica, durante que production de bananas e exploitation de ferrovias e portos deveniva central in plure zonas de costa caribee.

Companias estranier, specialmente in industria bananera, acquireva grande proprietates de terra e influentia importante super infrastructura e politica local. Expression «republica bananera» deveniva associate a estados in quales exportation de bananas e potentia de companias estranier habeva un influentia disproportionate super economia e governamento.

Dependentia de exportationes rendeva paises vulnerabile al fluctuationes de precios international e crises economic. Concentration de terra, desigualitates rural e conditiones de labor provocava conflictos social e movimentos de reforma.

Statos Unite exerceva un influentia crescente in region, per medio de commercio, investimento, diplomatia e interventiones militar. Canal de Panama e rotas maritime de Caribe augmentava importantia strategic de istmo in politica hemispheric.

== Revolutiones e reformas del seculo XX ==
Durante seculo XX, America Central esseva marcate per reformas agrari, movimentos sindical, nationalismo, colpos de Stato e conflictos armate. Differentes paises habeva trajectorias distincte, ma plure affrontava concentration de terra e ricchessas, debilitate de institutiones democratic e repression de oppositiones politic.

In Guatemala, [[Revolution guatemalteca]] de 1944 removeva dictatura e initiava un periodo de reformas. Governamentos de [[Juan José Arévalo]] e [[Jacobo Árbenz]] promoveva reformas social e agrari. In 1954, un operation sustenite per [[Central Intelligence Agency]] de Statos Unite contribueva al removal de Árbenz, initiando un longe periodo de instabilitate politic e repression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/guatemala |titulo=1952–1954: Guatemala |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Nicaragua, [[Revolution sandinista]] de 1979 removeva regime de [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]. Governament sandinista promoveva reformas social, ma opposition armate de Contras e supporto statounitese a iste grupos conduceva a un guerra durante annos 1980.

In El Salvador, desigualitates agrari e repression politic contribueva al [[Guerra civil salvadoran]], que durava desde 1979 usque a 1992. In Honduras, politica esseva influentiate per institutiones militar e per relationes con Statos Unite. Costa Rica, in contraste, aboleva armea permanente in 1948 e developpava un systema politic civil que se distingueva in contexto regional.

== Guerras civil e interventiones durante le Guerra Frie ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], conflictos centralamerican deveniva parte de rivalitate global inter Statos Unite e Union Sovietic e lor alliatos. Statos Unite considerava region importante pro securitate de Canal de Panama e pro impedir expansion de movimentos revolutionari associate al marxismo.

In Guatemala, conflicto armate interne durava desde 1960 usque a 1996 e includiva repression statal, operationes militar e violentia contra communitates indigene. Commission pro Clarification Historic, establite post accordos de pace, documentava grande escala de violationes de derectos human durante guerra.

In El Salvador, guerra civil opponeva governamento e forzas armate al [[Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional]] (FMLN). Accordos de pace de 1992 permitteva integration de FMLN in vita politic legal.

In Nicaragua, guerra inter governamento sandinista e Contras termina in contexto de negotiationes regional e electiones de 1990. [[Accordos de Paz de Esquipulas]] de annos 1980 promoveva dialogo inter governamentos centralamerican e contribueva al termination de plure conflictos.

== Processos de pace e democratisation ==
Durante annos 1980 e 1990, paises de region initiava procesos de pacification e reformas institutional. Accordos de pace in Nicaragua, El Salvador e Guatemala contribueva al reduction de conflictos armate e al transition verso formas plus inclusive de participation politic.

In Guatemala, accordos de pace definitive esseva signate in 1996, terminante un guerra civil de plure decennios. In El Salvador, accordos de 1992 establi mesuras pro reforma de forzas armate, disarmamento de grupos guerrillero e integration de ex-combatentes in politica.

Democratisation non eliminava tote problemas structural. Inegalitates social, concentration de terra, criminalitate, corruption e debilitate de institutiones continuava afectar multe paises. Disveloppamento de societate civil e participation electoral deveniva tamen elementos importante de politica contemporanee.

== Integration regional ==
Cooperation inter paises de America Central un longe historia, desde tentativas de federation de seculo XIX. Durante seculo XX, governamentos developpava nove formas de cooperation economic e politic pro responder al necessitates commun.

Systema de Integration Centralamerican (SICA), establite in 1991, promove cooperation in materias politic, economic, social e ambiental. Region participa etiam in accordos commercial e in iniciativas pro circulation de benes e personas.

Integration regional es confrontate a differentias economic, divergentias politic e difficultates institutional, ma cooperation resta importante in materias como migration, securitate, protection de ambiente, gestion de disastres natural e commercio.

== America Central contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, America Central es marcate per un grande diversitate de trajectorias national. Economias combina agricultura, industria, commercio, servicios, turismo e remessas de migrantes. Canal de Panama resta un infrastructura de importantia global, durante que Belize e Costa Rica ha disveloppate sectores de turismo e servicios e altere paises depende in plus grande mesura de agricultura e manufactura.

Region affronta desafios importante: inegalitate social, migration, violentia criminal in certe territorios, vulnerabilitate al uraganoes e inundationes, deforestation e effectos de cambio climatic. Conditiones varia grandemente inter paises e inter zonas urban e rural.

Communitates indigene e afrodescendente continua defender lor derectos cultural, linguistic e territorial. Garifuna, Maya, Miskito e altere populos mantene traditiones e identitates distincte, durante que societates national continua evolver per migration, urbanisation e intercambio cultural.

Historia de America Central es assi un historia de culturas indigene, colonisation, sclavitude, independentia, conflictos e cooperation. Region continua esser un spatio de incontro inter America del Nord e America del Sud, con heritages historic que influentia su societates e su relationes international contemporanee.

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Le '''historia de America Central''' comprende le evolution del populos, culturas, societates e estados del istmo que liga America del Nord con America del Sud. In su definition politic contemporanee, region include Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica e Panama. Su position inter oceano Pacific e Mar Caribe ha facite del istmo un zona de incontro inter culturas, un via de commercio e un spatio strategic pro potentias colonial e estados moderne.

Ante arrivata europee, America Central esseva habitate per numerosas societates indigene, includente communitates maya e altere culturas mesoamerican e isthmian. Colonisation espaniol transformava organisation politic, religion, economia e composition demographic de region. Post independentia de Espania in 1821, provincias centralamerican tentava formar un federation, ma conflictos politic e regional conduceva al separation in estados distincte.

Durante seculos XIX e XX, region esseva marcate per production agricole de exportation, intervention de potentias estranier, formation de institutiones national, conflictos social e guerras civil. Historia contemporanee es etiam influentiate per integration regional, migration, commercio international e importantia strategic de [[Canal de Panama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=946 |titulo=Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/central-american-federation |titulo=Central American Federation |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime habitation human ==
Habitation human de America Central precede de millennios formation de estados moderne. Region constitueva un corredor natural inter partes septentrional e meridional de continente, facilitante migration de personas, animales, plantas e technicas.

Populationes indigene developpava formas de habitation adaptate al grande diversitate ecologic de region, que includeva costas tropic, foreste pluvial, montanias, vallatas fertile e zonas vulcanic. Agricultura deveniva un fundamento de vita sedentari, specialmente per cultivation de mais, fagiolo, cucurbita e altere plantas alimentari.

Communitates establiva aldeas, centros ceremonial e redes commercial. Ceramica, utensiles de petra, ornamentos de jade, concha e auro e vestigios de construction demonstra complexitetate de culturas precolombian. Contactos inter region mesoamerican, Caribe e nord de America del Sud facilitava circulation de technicas, materias prime e ideas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=946 |titulo=Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Culturas indigene e civilisationes precolombian ==
Culturas de America Central non formava un sol civilisation uniforme. Illas includeva societates con linguas, religion, institutiones politic e formas de organisation distincte. Region septentrional de istmo participava largemente in historia de [[Mesoamerica]], durante que regiones meridional developpava culturas ligate etiam al Caribe e al nord de America del Sud.

=== Le Maya ===
[[Maya|Civilisation maya]] esseva un del principales culturas de region. Su centros se trovava in actual Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador e sud-est de actual Mexico. Societates maya developpava systemas de scriptura, calendarios, cognoscentias astronomic, architectura monumental e formas complexe de organisation politic.

Inter citates e centros ceremonial plus importante se trova [[Tikal]], [[Copán]], [[Palenque]] e [[Calakmul]]. Historia maya comprende plure periodos e numerosos regnos, que formava alliantias e entrava in conflictos le unes con le alteres. Declino de multe centros de periodo classic non significava disparition de populos maya: communitates maya continuava viver e continua mantener lor linguas e traditiones usque hodie.

=== Altere culturas del region ===
In territorio de actual Honduras, El Salvador e Nicaragua, communitates indigene participava in redes de commercio e intercambio con culturas maya e con populos de nord de America del Sud. Region de Golfo de Fonseca e costa de Pacifico facilitava communication maritime e terrestre.

In Costa Rica e Panama, culturas indigene produceva ceramica elaborate, sculptura in petra, ornamentos de auro e altere objetos associate al status social e al ritual. Region centralamerican esseva assi un ponte cultural e commercial inter Mesoamerica e Andes, con contactos que precedeva de multe seculos arrivata europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/item?id=946 |titulo=Cerámica de los Ancestros: Central America’s Past Revealed |sitioweb=National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrival europee e conquista espaniol ==
Viages de [[Christophoro Columbo]] in 1492 initiava un periodo de contacto permanente inter Europa e Americas. Durante annos sequente, exploratores espaniol navigava costas caribee e pacific de istmo in recerca de rotas commercial, territorios e recursos.

Conquista espaniol procedeva in etapas e involveva expeditiones militar, alliantias con certe communitates indigene e conflictos con altere grupos. Colonos establiva urbes, centros administrative e missiones religiose, incorporante gradualmente territorios in structuras de Imperio espaniol.

Conquista transformava profundemente societates indigene. Epidemias introducite desde Europa, includente variola e morbillo, causava mortalitate enorme. Guerras, labor forzate, dislocationes e conversion religiose affectava etiam populationes local. Nonobstante, resistentia indigene continuava in multe partes de region, e numerose communitates preservava elementos de lor organisation e cultura.

== Le administration colonial ==
Durante major parte de periodo colonial, territorios de America Central esseva incorporate al Regno de Guatemala, que faceva parte de Imperio espaniol. Administration comprendeva provincias e alcaldias con competentias differente, e centros principal includeva [[Ciudad de Guatemala]].

Economia colonial dependeva de agricultura, commercio, extraction de metalles in certe regiones e labor indigene. Production de cacao, indigo e altere productos agricole alimentava commercio regional e transatlantic. Proprietate de terra e accesso al autoritate esseva concentrate in grande parte in manos de elite colonial.

Societate esseva organisate per hierarchias juridic e social que distingueva inter europeos, descendentes de europeos, populos indigene, africanos e personas de origine mixte. Sclavitude african esseva presente in region, ben que su extension variava inter territorios e sectores economic. Communitates indigene esseva frequentemente obligate pagar tributos e prestar labor, e lor terras esseva subjicite a pression de colonos e institutiones colonial.

== Reformas e conflictos del seculo XVIII ==
Durante seculo XVIII, monarchia espaniol introduceva reformas administrative e fiscal pro reforçar controlo de imperio e augmentar ingresos. Reformas modificava administration local e augmentava tension inter autoritates colonial e certe sectores de societate.

Commercio international e rivalitate inter potentias europee habeva effectos importante in Caribe e in costas centralamerican. Britannicos establiva un presentia in certe zonas, specialmente in costa de actual Belize e in partes de Caribe, ubi exploitation de ligno e altere recursos promoveva settlementes e conflictos con autoritates espaniol.

Resistentia indigene e opposition al impostos e al labor forzate continuava influentiar vita politic de region. Ideas de reforma e de autonomia, que circulava in mundo atlantic, preparava terreno pro movimentos independentista de initio de seculo XIX.

== Independentia de Espania ==
Crise de monarchia espaniol durante [[Guerra Peninsular]] e invasion napoleonica de 1808 debilitava autoritate colonial. Movimentos de autonomia e independentia se developpava in diverse partes de America Hispanic, e provincias de Regno de Guatemala participava in iste proceso.

Le 15 de septembre 1821, autoritates e representantes politic reunite in Guatemala proclamava independentia de provincias centralamerican ab Espania. Declaration esseva effectuate in un contexto de transformation politic in mundo hispanic e de timor, inter certe sectores de elite, que movimentos popular poterea producer cambios social plus profund.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/central-american-federation |titulo=Central American Federation |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Independentia non conduceva immediatemente al formation de estados distincte. Provincias continuava haber institutiones e interesses regional differente, e futuro organisation politic de region deveniva objecto de debatte.

== Annexion al Imperio Mexican ==
In 1822, autoritates de Guatemala acceptava annexion de provincias centralamerican al [[Prime Imperio Mexican]] de [[Agustín de Iturbide]]. Decision esseva contestate per plure sectores, specialmente in El Salvador, ubi existiva opposition al incorporation in Mexico.

Interventione de tropas mexican e conflictos politic augmentava tensiones regional. Post cadita de Iturbide in 1823, provincias centralamerican recovrava possibilitate de decidir lor proprie forma de governamento e abandonava projecto de incorporation al Imperio Mexican.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://banguat.gob.gt/page/epoca-independiente-y-federacion-centroamericana |titulo=Época Independiente y Federación Centroamericana |sitioweb=Banco de Guatemala |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Federation Centralamerican ==
Le 1 de julio 1823, representantes de provincias proclamava independentia absolute ab Espania, Mexico e altere potentias externe e formava Provincias Unite del Centro de America. In 1824, nove entitate adoptava un constitution e assumeva denomination de Republica Federal de America Central. Federation includeva Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua e Costa Rica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/central-american-federation |titulo=Central American Federation |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Federation cercava crear institutiones commun e un mercato regional, ma affrontava conflictos inter federalistas e centralistas, rivalitates inter elites provincial, difficultates economic e oppositiones local. Differente regiones habeva interesses distincte concernente distribution de poder, fiscalitate, ecclesia e relationes con altere estados.

Instabilitate politic e guerras civil debilitava federation. Dissolution comenciava in 1838 e deveniva irreversible durante annos sequente. Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica e Guatemala se separava progressivemente, durante que El Salvador remaneva ultime defensor de federation usque al disintegration definitive circa 1840–1841.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/regionaleschwerpunkte/lateinamerika/2480956-2480956?isLocal=false&amp;isPreview=false |titulo=Central America: 200 years of independence |sitioweb=Federal Foreign Office of Germany |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del estados independente ==
Post dissolution de federation, cinco estados que hodie constitue nucleo politic de America Central —Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua e Costa Rica— developpava lor proprie institutiones national. Processo esseva marcate per conflictos civil, rivalitates inter elites regional e debattes super forma de governamento.

Distinctiones inter liberales e conservatores influentiava politica de seculo XIX. Liberales tendeva supportar reformas institutional, reduction de privilegios ecclesiastic e integration in commercio international; conservatores defendava formas plus traditional de autoritate e rolo de institutiones religiose. Orientationes concrete variava tamen de un pais al altere.

Frontieras e identitates national se consolidava gradualmente, e estados developpava differente modelos de agricultura, commercio e relationes international. Instabilitate non impediva expansion de infrastructuras e exportation de productos como cafe, indigo, bananas e altere productos tropical.

== Belize e le costa caribee ==
Historia de actual [[Belize]] differeva de trajectoria de cinco estados hispanic. Costa esseva frequentate per navigatores britannic e per grupos que exploita ligno, specialmente ligno de campeche e mahogany. Settlementes britannic se developpava in un territorio que Espania continuava reclamar.

Administration britannic se consolida durante seculo XIX, e territorio deveniva colonia de Honduras Britannic. Economia se basava in grande parte super exploitation forestal e, ulteriormente, super agricultura e servicios. Population includiva communitates maya, garifuna, mestice, creole e altere grupos.

Belize obteneva independentia in 1981. Su historia colonial e linguistic lo distingue de multe de altere paises centralamerican, ben que pais mantene ligamines historic, economic e cultural con region.

== Panama e le routes interoceanic ==
Territorio de actual [[Panama]] occupava un position strategic pro communication inter Mar Caribe e Oceano Pacific. Durante periodo colonial, istmo esseva un via importante pro transporto de mercantias e metalles inter America del Sud e portos caribee.

Post independentia de Espania, Panama faceva parte de [[Grande Colombia]] e ulteriormente de Colombia. Construction de ferrovia transistmic durante seculo XIX augmentava importantia de istmo pro commercio international.

In 1903, Panama se separava de Colombia in un proceso ligate al conflicto super construction de canal e al supporto de Statos Unite al independentia panamense. [[Canal de Panama]] esseva construite per Statos Unite e aperite in 1914, transformante navigation international e position strategic de pais.

Controlo de zona de canal e relationes con Statos Unite deveniva un del principales questiones politic de historia panamense. [[Tractatos Torrijos-Carter]] de 1977 establiva transferentia progressive de canal al Panama, que assumeva controlo complete in 1999.

== Economia de exportation e intervention estranier ==
Durante seculo XIX e prime parte de seculo XX, economias centralamerican deveniva plus dependente de exportation de productos agricole. Cafe habeva un rolo importante in Guatemala, El Salvador e Costa Rica, durante que production de bananas e exploitation de ferrovias e portos deveniva central in plure zonas de costa caribee.

Companias estranier, specialmente in industria bananera, acquireva grande proprietates de terra e influentia importante super infrastructura e politica local. Expression «republica bananera» deveniva associate a estados in quales exportation de bananas e potentia de companias estranier habeva un influentia disproportionate super economia e governamento.

Dependentia de exportationes rendeva paises vulnerabile al fluctuationes de precios international e crises economic. Concentration de terra, desigualitates rural e conditiones de labor provocava conflictos social e movimentos de reforma.

Statos Unite exerceva un influentia crescente in region, per medio de commercio, investimento, diplomatia e interventiones militar. Canal de Panama e rotas maritime de Caribe augmentava importantia strategic de istmo in politica hemispheric.

== Revolutiones e reformas del seculo XX ==
Durante seculo XX, America Central esseva marcate per reformas agrari, movimentos sindical, nationalismo, colpos de Stato e conflictos armate. Differentes paises habeva trajectorias distincte, ma plure affrontava concentration de terra e ricchessas, debilitate de institutiones democratic e repression de oppositiones politic.

In Guatemala, [[Revolution guatemalteca]] de 1944 removeva dictatura e initiava un periodo de reformas. Governamentos de [[Juan José Arévalo]] e [[Jacobo Árbenz]] promoveva reformas social e agrari. In 1954, un operation sustenite per [[Central Intelligence Agency]] de Statos Unite contribueva al removal de Árbenz, initiando un longe periodo de instabilitate politic e repression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/guatemala |titulo=1952–1954: Guatemala |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Nicaragua, [[Revolution sandinista]] de 1979 removeva regime de [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]]. Governament sandinista promoveva reformas social, ma opposition armate de Contras e supporto statounitese a iste grupos conduceva a un guerra durante annos 1980.

In El Salvador, desigualitates agrari e repression politic contribueva al [[Guerra civil salvadoran]], que durava desde 1979 usque a 1992. In Honduras, politica esseva influentiate per institutiones militar e per relationes con Statos Unite. Costa Rica, in contraste, aboleva armea permanente in 1948 e developpava un systema politic civil que se distingueva in contexto regional.

== Guerras civil e interventiones durante le Guerra Frie ==
Durante [[Guerra Frie]], conflictos centralamerican deveniva parte de rivalitate global inter Statos Unite e Union Sovietic e lor alliatos. Statos Unite considerava region importante pro securitate de Canal de Panama e pro impedir expansion de movimentos revolutionari associate al marxismo.

In Guatemala, conflicto armate interne durava desde 1960 usque a 1996 e includiva repression statal, operationes militar e violentia contra communitates indigene. Commission pro Clarification Historic, establite post accordos de pace, documentava grande escala de violationes de derectos human durante guerra.

In El Salvador, guerra civil opponeva governamento e forzas armate al [[Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional]] (FMLN). Accordos de pace de 1992 permitteva integration de FMLN in vita politic legal.

In Nicaragua, guerra inter governamento sandinista e Contras termina in contexto de negotiationes regional e electiones de 1990. [[Accordos de Paz de Esquipulas]] de annos 1980 promoveva dialogo inter governamentos centralamerican e contribueva al termination de plure conflictos.

== Processos de pace e democratisation ==
Durante annos 1980 e 1990, paises de region initiava procesos de pacification e reformas institutional. Accordos de pace in Nicaragua, El Salvador e Guatemala contribueva al reduction de conflictos armate e al transition verso formas plus inclusive de participation politic.

In Guatemala, accordos de pace definitive esseva signate in 1996, terminante un guerra civil de plure decennios. In El Salvador, accordos de 1992 establi mesuras pro reforma de forzas armate, disarmamento de grupos guerrillero e integration de ex-combatentes in politica.

Democratisation non eliminava tote problemas structural. Inegalitates social, concentration de terra, criminalitate, corruption e debilitate de institutiones continuava afectar multe paises. Disveloppamento de societate civil e participation electoral deveniva tamen elementos importante de politica contemporanee.

== Integration regional ==
Cooperation inter paises de America Central un longe historia, desde tentativas de federation de seculo XIX. Durante seculo XX, governamentos developpava nove formas de cooperation economic e politic pro responder al necessitates commun.

Systema de Integration Centralamerican (SICA), establite in 1991, promove cooperation in materias politic, economic, social e ambiental. Region participa etiam in accordos commercial e in iniciativas pro circulation de benes e personas.

Integration regional es confrontate a differentias economic, divergentias politic e difficultates institutional, ma cooperation resta importante in materias como migration, securitate, protection de ambiente, gestion de disastres natural e commercio.

== America Central contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, America Central es marcate per un grande diversitate de trajectorias national. Economias combina agricultura, industria, commercio, servicios, turismo e remessas de migrantes. Canal de Panama resta un infrastructura de importantia global, durante que Belize e Costa Rica ha disveloppate sectores de turismo e servicios e altere paises depende in plus grande mesura de agricultura e manufactura.

Region affronta desafios importante: inegalitate social, migration, violentia criminal in certe territorios, vulnerabilitate al uraganoes e inundationes, deforestation e effectos de cambio climatic. Conditiones varia grandemente inter paises e inter zonas urban e rural.

Communitates indigene e afrodescendente continua defender lor derectos cultural, linguistic e territorial. Garifuna, Maya, Miskito e altere populos mantene traditiones e identitates distincte, durante que societates national continua evolver per migration, urbanisation e intercambio cultural.

Historia de America Central es assi un historia de culturas indigene, colonisation, sclavitude, independentia, conflictos e cooperation. Region continua esser un spatio de incontro inter America del Nord e America del Sud, con heritages historic que influentia su societates e su relationes international contemporanee.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

[[Categoria:Historia de America Central| ]]</text>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de America del Sud''' es le historia del territorio que se extende desde Mar Caribe al nord usque al Terra del Foco al sud, e desde Oceano Atlantic al est usque al Oceano Pacific al west. Illa comprende millennios de occupation human, disveloppamento de societates indigena, formation de civilisationes complexe in region andin, conqueste e colonisation europee, deportation de africanos in sclavitude, guerras de independentia...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de America del Sud''' es le historia del territorio que se extende desde Mar Caribe al nord usque al Terra del Foco al sud, e desde Oceano Atlantic al est usque al Oceano Pacific al west. Illa comprende millennios de occupation human, disveloppamento de societates indigena, formation de civilisationes complexe in region andin, conqueste e colonisation europee, deportation de africanos in sclavitude, guerras de independentia de seculo XIX, formation de statos national e transformationes politic, economic e social de seculos XX e XXI. Historia de region es marcate per su grande diversitate cultural e geographic e per interactiones inter populationes indigena, europee, africane e, plus tarde, immigrantes de altere partes de mundo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America |titulo=South America |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Historia sudamerican non es un trajectoria uniforme. Civilisationes de Andes, societates de Amazonia, populationes de region de Plata e communitates de litoral atlantic developpava formas de organisation e modos de vita distincte. Post arrivata de europeos al fin de seculo XV, region esseva progressivemente integrate in imperios colonial, specialmente Imperio Espaniol e Imperio Portugese. Independentias de prime parte de seculo XIX transformava iste territorios in nove statos, ma conflictos social, inegalitates e disputas territorial continuava influentiar lor evolution.

== Prime populationes e prehistoria ==
Prime populationes de Sudamerica arrivava durante prehistoria, post un longe proceso de migrationes human in continente american. Data exacte de prime occupation es ancora objecto de investigation scientific, e evidentia archeologic indica que diverse regiones esseva habitate durante ultime millennios de Pleistoceno.

Sito de Monte Verde, in actual Chile, es un del locos archeologic plus importante pro studio de prime populationes sudamerican. Su vestigios ha contribueva modificar interpretationes traditional de tempore e rotas de prime migrationes human in America. Altere sitios in region andin, in Brasil e in partes tropic de continente documenta occupation de ambientes multo differente.

Prime habitantes viveva de cassa, piscation e collection de plantas e altere recursos natural. Adaptation al ambientes local requireva cognoscentias profunde de ecosistemas, migrationes de animales e ciclos seasonal. In region amazonian, populationes developpava modos de vita adaptate al forestas, fluvios e planuras inundabile; in Andes, altitude e varietate de climas favorava disveloppamento de formas specific de subsistentia.

Durante millennios, populationes indigena developpava linguas, traditiones oral, practicas religiose e formas de organisation social que formava base de grande diversitate cultural sudamerican. Societates indigena non constitueva un grupo homogenee: illos comprendeva communitates de cassa e collection, agricultores sedentari, populationes piscatori e societates organisate in entitates politic plus grande.

== Agricultura e prime civilisations ==
Transition verso agricultura e sedentarismo occurreva in diverse partes de Sudamerica a tempos differente. Cultivation de plantas como patata, mais, manioca e quinoa, insimul con domestication de animales como lama e alpaca in Andes, permitteva production de excessos alimentari e formation de communitates plus stabile.

Region de actual Peru esseva un del centros importante de prime civilisationes de continente. In costa nord-central, civilisation de Caral-Supe, etiam cognoscite como Norte Chico, developpava centros monumental durante tertie millennio ante nostre era. Complex de Caral contineva constructiones ceremonial, plazzas e structuras architectural que indica un organisation social capable coordinar labores collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |titulo=Sacred City of Caral-Supe |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disveloppamento de agricultura, piscation e commercio regional contribueva al formation de redes de intercambio inter costa, valles e regiones montaniose. Societates sudamerican developpava technicas de irrigation, ceramica, textile, metallurgia e construction monumental, ben que iste procesos variava multo inter regiones.

== Culturas precolombian del Andes ==
Andes esseva spatio de un succession de culturas e civilisationes que influentiava historia de continente. Inter traditiones plus importante se trova Chavín, Moche, Nazca, Tiwanaku, Wari e Chimú. Cata un developpava formas proprie de arte, religion, organisation politic e exploitation de ambiente.

Cultura Chavín, que floriva durante prime millennio ante nostre era, exerceva un influentia religiose e artistic in diverse partes de Andes central. Cultura Moche, in costa nord de actual Peru, es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate, su sistemas de irrigation e su centros ceremonial. Cultura Nazca, in costa sud, es celebre pro su ceramica e pro grande figuras e lineas traciate in terreno desertic.

In region de lac Titicaca, Tiwanaku developpava un importante centro politic e ceremonial. Plus tarde, stato Wari contribueva al expansion de formas de administration e organisation urban in Andes central. Regno Chimú, con su capital in Chan Chan, developpava un grande centro urban e un systema de production artisanal e irrigation.

Iste societates preparava parte de contexto cultural e institutional in qual plus tarde se formava Imperio Inca. Illas demonstra que historia de Andes non comenciava con Inca, ma esseva resultato de millennios de innovation e interaction inter societates.

== Le Imperio Inca ==
Imperio Inca, cognoscite in quechua como Tawantinsuyu, se developpava durante seculos XV e initio de XVI in Andes. Su centro politic e ceremonial esseva citate de Cusco, in actual Peru. Durante su expansion, imperio incorporava territorios que corresponde hodie a partes de Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina e Colombia.

Inca organisava lor dominio per un rete de caminos, pontes, depositos, centros administrative e sistemas de communication. Qhapaq Ñan, grande rete vial andin, facilitava movemento de administratores, exercitos, messageros e recursos. Administration utilisava quipu, un systema de cordas e nodos que serviva registrar informationes numeric e administrative.

Economia imperial dependeva in grande parte de agricultura, labor collective e redistribution de recursos. Populationes produceva mais, patatas, quinoa e altere alimentos in ambientes que variava de costa aride al altitude andin. Lama e alpaca provideva lana, transporte e altere recursos.

Expansion de imperio involveva tanto accordos con potentias local como guerras e incorporationes forzate. Inca non governava tote territorio de Sudamerica, e multe populationes de Amazonia, costa atlantica e altere regiones remaneva foras de su dominio.

Durante ultime annos de imperio, un conflicto de succession inter Atahualpa e Huáscar debilitava autoritate central. Rivalitate occurreva poco ante arrivata de conquistatores espaniol, in un periodo de instabilitate politic que facilitava conqueste.

== Societates indigena foras del Imperio Inca ==
Grande majoritate de territorio sudamerican non esseva governate per Inca. In Amazonia, populationes developpava formas de organisation adaptate al forestas, fluvios e ambientes tropic. Evidentia archeologic indica que certe regiones habeva sustenite populationes importante e paisages transformate per activitate human, includente agricultura, canales, campos e terras arricchite.

In actual Brasil, numerose populationes de linguas tupí, jê e altere familias linguistic occupava ambientes costal, forestal e interior. Litoral atlantica contineva communitates que practica agricultura, piscation e commercio regional. Interior de continente includeva etiam societates con formas de subsistentia adaptate al planuras e savannas.

In region de actual Colombia, Muisca developpava un organisation politic regional e un economia que includeva agricultura, commercio e labor de auro. Tairona, in region de costa caribe e Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, construeva centros de habitation e sistemas de camminos e terrazas.

In territorio de actual Chile e Argentina, populos Mapuche manteneva formas de organisation local e redes de relationes que plus tarde deveniva importante in resistentia al expansion colonial e estatal. In planuras de sud e in Terra del Foco viveva communitates con modos de vita adaptate al clima e recursos local.

Iste diversitate monstra que historia precolombian de Sudamerica non pote esser reducite al Imperio Inca. Populationes indigena possedeva su proprie historias, linguas e formas de organisation, e multe de illos continua exister hodie.

== Arrivata del europeos ==
Arrivata europee in Sudamerica comenciava al fin de seculo XV, in quadro de expansion maritime de regnos iberic. Post viages de Cristophoro Colombo in Caribe in 1492, exploration europee de costa sudamerican se intensificava.

In 1494, Tractato de Tordesillas inter monarchias de Portugal e Castilia definiva un linea de division pro territorios que duo regnos sperava incorporar al expansion ultramarine. Linea contribueva al formation de futuro Brasil portugese, durante que major parte de altere territorios sudamerican deveniva subjecte al expansion espaniol. Tractato esseva un accordo inter potentias europee e non considerava derechos o interesses de populationes indigena que habitava territorio.

Prime expeditiones europee explorava costas, estuarios e fluvios, cercante rotas commercial, metales preciose e territorios pro colonisation. Contactos initial variava: in certe locos illos includeva intercambio e cooperation temporari; in altere, conflictos, sequestration, violentia e exploitation.

== Conqueste e colonisation espaniol ==
Durante prime medietate de seculo XVI, conquistatores espaniol establi controlo super grande parte de territorios andin e de region caribe. Expedition de Francisco Pizarro conduceva al captura de Atahualpa in 1532 e al expansion de controlo espaniol super Imperio Inca. Cusco cadeva sub controlo espaniol, e colonisatores fundava nove centros administrative e ecclesiastic.

Conqueste esseva facilitate per conflictos interne de imperio, alliantias con adversarios de Inca e effectos devastante de epidemias introducite per europeos. Resistentia indigena continuava durante longe tempore. In Andes, stato neo-Inca manteneva un centro de resistentia in Vilcabamba usque al decennio de 1570.

Monarchia espaniol organisava territorios conquistate in virreinatos, audientias e governationes. Virreinato de Peru, create in 1542, deveniva principal structura administrative de imperio espaniol in parte occidental e central de Sudamerica. In seculo XVIII, creation de Virreinato de Nueva Granada e Virreinato de Río de la Plata modificava organisation territorial e administration de imperio.

Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, sistemas de labor e relationes social. Institutiones colonial includiva encomienda, repartition de labor e extraction de tributos. Exploitation de minieras, specialmente de argento, deveniva un elemento central de economia colonial, con Potosí como un del principal centros de production in mundo de epocha.

Ecclesia catholic habeva un rolo importante in conversion religiose, education e administration local. Missiones e parochias esseva establite in diverse regiones, durante que linguas, practicas e credentias indigena continuava influentiar vita cultural e religiose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/sociedad.html |titulo=La sociedad colonial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation portugese e formation del Brasil ==
Portugal establiva su controlo super territorio que deveniva Brasil, in conformitate con expansion maritime portugese e partition de zonas de exploration de Tractato de Tordesillas. Durante seculo XVI, colonisatores fundava centros costal e developpava plantations, specialmente de canna de zucar.

Economia colonial portugese dependeva progressivemente de labor de personas enslavigate. Colonisatores inicialmente assujettava multe indigena al labor forzate, ma resistentia, mortalitate e politica de autoritates ecclesiastic e real contribueva a un expansion de importation de africanos enslavigate. Brasil deveniva un del principal destinos de commercio transatlantic de sclavos.

Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, expansion verso interior accompaniava exploration de minas de auro e diamantes, creation de nove centros urban e extension de controlo portugese ultra zonas costal. Societate colonial brasilian formava se per interaction e coercition inter populationes indigena, africanos e europeos, con un structura social profundemente inegal.

== Sclavitude e diaspora african ==
Colonisation sudamerican esseva accompagnate per deportation forzate de milliones de africanos trans Oceano Atlantic. Labor enslaveva esseva empleate in plantations, minieras, domos, portos e altere sectores economic. Brasil recipeva un parte substantial de africanos deportate al Americas e sclavitude remaneva legal in Brasil usque al 1888.

Populationes africane e lor descendentes preservava e transformava linguas, musicas, religiones, gastronomia e formas de organisation comunitari. Cultura afro-sudamerican deveniva un parte fundamental de identitates de Brasil, region de Caribe sudamerican e sociedades de costa de Pacific.

Sclavos resistiva per fugas, revoltas, sabotages, preservation cultural e creation de communitates autonome. In Brasil, quilombos, inter illes Palmares, deveniva symbolos de resistentia al sclavitude. Historia de sclavitude e de su abolition varia secundo pais e region, ma su effectos social e economic persistiva multo post abolition juridic.

== Reformas borbonic e conflictos del seculo XVIII ==
Durante seculo XVIII, monarchia espaniol introduceva reformas administrative, fiscal e commercial pro reforçar controlo de imperio e augmentar revenues de corona. Creation de nove virreinatos e reorganisation de commercio modificava relationes inter colonias e metropole.

Reformas provocava opposition in differente sectores, includente communitates indigena, mestizos e grupos de proprietarios creole. Rebelion de Túpac Amaru II, comenciate in 1780 in region andin, deveniva un del plus importante insurrectiones contra autoritate colonial. Rebelion combina reclamationes contra abusos de administration e de sistemas de labor con oppositiones plus general al domination colonial.

Altere revoltas e motines occurreva in Andes e in region de actual Colombia e Ecuador. Insurrectiones non habeva totes mesme objectivos: certe reclamava reduction de tributos o fin de abusos specific, durante que altere contestava structura politic de imperio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/las-independencias-iberoamericanas/causas-antecedentes/conflictos-sociales.html |titulo=Conflictos sociales en la América colonial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerras de independentia ==
Crise de monarchia espaniol post invasion napoleonica de 1808 contribueva al formation de juntas local e al ruptura progressiva de autoritate colonial. In plure citates sudamerican, elites creole, sectores popular e militares comenciava contestar governamento exercite in nomine de monarchia.

Proceso de independentia non esseva un guerra uniforme. Illo includeva conflictos civil, alliantias temporari, rivalitates regional e guerras contra forzas royaliste. In nord, Simón Bolívar conduceva campanias militar que contribueva al independentia de Venezuela, Nueva Granada e Ecuador. Victoria de Boyacá in 1819 e battalia de Carabobo in 1821 esseva eventos importante in iste proceso.

In sud, José de San Martín conduceva expedition de Andes, contribuente al independentia de Chile e campania in Peru. Independentia de Chile esseva consolidate post battalia de Maipú in 1818. In Peru, independentia esseva proclamate in 1821, ma guerra continuava usque al victorias patriot de Junín e Ayacucho in 1824.

Battalia de Ayacucho, le 9 de decembre 1824, marca frequentemente fin de principal campanias de guerras de independentia hispanoamerican in Sudamerica. Nonobstante, consolidation de nove statos requireva ulterior conflictos e negotiationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/latin-america-150-years-independence |titulo=Latin America: 150 years of independence |sitioweb=The UNESCO Courier |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia de Brasil ==
Proceso brasilian se distingueva de guerras de independentia hispanoamerican. In 1808, corte portugese se transferiva a Rio de Janeiro durante invasion napoleonica de Portugal. Iste decision transformava Brasil in centro politic de monarchia portugese durante plure annos.

In 1821, rege João VI retornava a Portugal, lassante su filio Pedro in Brasil. Tensiones inter cortes portugese e elites brasilian conduceva a un ruptura politic. Le 7 de septembre 1822, Pedro proclamava independentia de Brasil e deveniva imperator como Pedro I.

Independentia brasilian non aboleva sclavitude e manteneva monarchia. Nove Imperio de Brasil habeva dunque un evolution institutional differente de republicas formate in territorios que habeva essite governate per Espania.

== Formation del statos national ==
Post independentia, territorios sudamerican debeva definir lor frontieras, institutiones e modelos de governamento. Nove republicas confrontava rivalitates inter centralistas e federalistas, disputas inter elites regional e difficultates economic derivate de guerra.

Gran Colombia, que reuniva territorios de actual Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador e Panama, dissolveva durante annos 1830. Provincias Unidas de Río de la Plata non manteneva un unitate stabile, e formation de actual Argentina e Uruguay resultava de un longe proceso de conflictos interne e externe. Bolivia deveniva independente in 1825, e Paraguay consolidava un trajectoria politic distincte.

Guerras de independentia non conduceva immediatemente a societates egalitari. Proprietate de terra e poder politic remaneva concentrate in grande parte in manos de elites. Populationes indigena e afrodescendente, assi como sectores rural e urban plus povre, continuava enfrentar barreiras social e juridic.

== Guerras inter statos e frontieras ==
Secundo seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX esseva marcate per plure guerras inter statos sudamerican, multe de quales concerneva frontieras, accesso a recursos e controlo de rotas commercial.

Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864–1870) opponeva Paraguay a Brasil, Argentina e Uruguay. Guerra causa un enorme perdita de population in Paraguay e transformava equilibrio politic e territorial de region.

Guerra del Pacific (1879–1884) opponeva Chile a Bolivia e Peru. Chile obteneva controlo de territorios costal ric in nitratos e Bolivia perdeva su accesso sovereign al Oceano Pacific. Disputas relative al conflicto continuava influentiar relationes diplomatic in seculos sequente.

Guerra del Chaco (1932–1935) opponeva Bolivia e Paraguay pro controlo de region de Chaco Boreal. Conflicto causava grande perdas human e concludeva con un accordo que consolidava controlo paraguayan super major parte de territorio disputate.

Frontieras sudamerican esseva etiam influentiate per negotiationes diplomatic, tractatos e arbitrages international. In certe casos, delimitation definitive occurreva solmente durante seculo XX.

== Economias de exportation e transformation social ==
Durante seculo XIX, multe economias sudamerican deveniva plus dependente de exportation de productos primari. Argentina e Uruguay developpava exportation de carne, lana e cereales; Chile exportava nitratos e minerales; Peru exportava guano e altere recursos; e Brasil manteneva un economia importante basate super cafe e, ante abolition, labor enslave.

Expansion de vias ferrate, portos e infrastructuras de communication facilitava integration de economias national in commercio mundial. Capital estranier, specialmente britannic in certe sectores e regiones, participava in construction de infrastructuras e in exploitation de recursos.

Croissantia de exportationes non produceva un distribution equal de ricchessa. Proprietate de terra remaneva concentrate in latifundios in numerose regiones, e labor rural continuava esser marcate per relationes de dependentia e inegalitate. Immigration europee augmentava population de diverse paises, specialmente Argentina, Uruguay e Brasil, e transformava vita urban e composition demographic.

== Industrialisation e transformation politic ==
Durante prime medietate de seculo XX, crises international e difficultates de commercio exterior incitava plure paises sudamerican developpar industrias national. Industrialisation per substitution de importationes deveniva un strategia importante, specialmente in Argentina, Brasil e Chile.

Croissantia urban e industrial contribueva al expansion de classe operari, sindicatos e partidos de massa. In diverse paises, politica deveniva marcate per conflicto inter elites traditional, movimentos popular, militares e nove organisationes politic.

Revolution de 1930 in Brasil conduceva Getúlio Vargas al poder e inaugurava un periodo de transformation de relationes inter Stato, industria e labor. In Argentina, peronismo deveniva un importante movimento politic a partir de annos 1940. In Chile e Uruguay, partidos e institutiones parlamentar habeva lor proprie trajectorias, con grados differente de stabilitate politic.

== Regimes militar e autoritarismo ==
Durante Guerra Frie, plure paises sudamerican experimentava golpes de Stato, dictaturas militar e repression politic. Justificationes official frequentemente includeva necessitate de restaurar ordine, combatter communismo o resolver crises institutional, ma regimes autoritari limitava libertates politic e reprimeva oppositiones.

In Brasil, un colpo militar in 1964 inaugurava un dictatura que durava usque al transition democratic de annos 1980. In Chile, colpo de 11 de septembre 1973 removeva governamento de Salvador Allende e establi dictatura de Augusto Pinochet. In Argentina, colpo de 1976 conduceva a un regime responsabile de detentiones clandestin, tortura, disparitiones forzate e homicidios politic.

Uruguay, Paraguay e altere paises habeva etiam periodos de governamento autoritari. In quadro regional, operationes de cooperation inter servicios de securitate, includente Operation Condor, facilitava persecution transfrontalier de adversarios politic durante decennios de 1970 e 1980.

Experientias de dictaturas lassava profundas marcas in societates sudamerican. Familias de victimas, organisationes de derectos human e institutiones de memoria continua reclamar information, justitia e recognoscentia de crimine committite.

== Retour al democratia ==
Durante annos 1980, numerose paises sudamerican retornava a systemas democratic. Argentina initiava su nove periodo democratic in 1983; Brasil transitava verso un governamento civil in 1985; Uruguay retornava al governamento democratic in 1985; e Chile comenciava su transition post plebiscito de 1988 e election de 1989.

Transitiones non eliminava immediatemente difficultates economic e institutional. Debita externe, inflation, inegalitate e controlo de militares super certe institutiones remaneva questiones importante. In plure paises, nove democracias establi commissiones de veritate, procesos judicial e programas de recognition pro tractar violantias de periodos autoritari.

Consolididation democratic variava inter paises e esseva influentiate per fortia de institutiones, mobilisation social, reformas constitutional e relationes inter executivos, legislativos e forzas armate.

== Integration regional ==
Integration regional deveniva un componente importante de politica sudamerican durante fin de seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI. Mercosur, fundate in 1991 per Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay e Uruguay, promoveva cooperation economic e reduction de barreiras commercial; su composition e relationes institutional evolveva posteriormente.

Communitate Andin ha su origines in accordos de integration andin de 1969 e include paises que coopera in materias de commercio, mobilitate e coordination institutional. Altere iniciativas, como Union de Nationes Sudamerican (UNASUR), cercava promover cooperation politic e regional, ben que lor functionamento e participation cambiava durante annos.

Integration sudamerican es marcate per interesses commun, ma etiam per differencias economic, ideologic e diplomatic inter governamentos. Cooperation regional ha variate secundo situation politic de cata epocha.

== Societate indigena e derectos territorial ==
Populos indigena ha mantenite un rolo central in historia sudamerican, tanto como actores de resistentia como per lor contribution al agricultura, cultura e conservation de ambientes. Colonisation, expansion de frontieras agricole e extractive e formation de statos national ha transformate profundemente lor territorios e lor modos de vita.

Durante seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI, movimentos indigena ha reclamate derectos territorial, recognoscentia constitutional, protection de linguas e participation politic. In paises como Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil e Chile, relationes inter statos, industrias extractive e communitates indigena ha deveniva un thema central de debatte public.

Situation varia considerabilemente inter paises e communitates. In plure regiones, protection juridic de territorios indigena coexiste con conflictos concernente minieras, exploitation forestal, agricultura commercial e construction de infrastructuras.

== Sudamerica contemporanee ==
Durante seculo XXI, Sudamerica ha experimentate transformationes politic, economic e social importante. Expansion de education, urbanisation e accesso a nove technologias ha modificate vita quotidian, durante que inegalitate, precarietate laboral e difficultates de accesso a servicios public remane problemas in plure paises.

Economias regional depende ancora in grande parte de exportation de recursos natural, includente petroleum, gas, minerales, productos agricole e materias prime. Iste dependentia expone paises a fluctuationes de precios international e crea debattes super diversification economic e protection de ambientes.

Amazonia occupa un position central in debates super deforestation, biodiversitate e cambio climatic. Conservation de forestas, derechos de populos indigena e necessitates economic de communitates local constitue temas interligate e frequentemente contestate.

Democracias sudamerican continua confrontar question de corruption, securitate public, inegalitate e fiducia in institutiones. Resultatos varia inter paises e periodos, e evolution politic non es uniforme in tote region.

== Cultura e memoria historic ==
Cultura sudamerican es resultato de interactiones inter traditiones indigena, africane, europee e immigrante. Linguas espaniol e portugese es predominante, ma quechua, aimara, guarani e numerose linguas amazonian e altere linguas indigena continua esser parlate. Linguas e traditiones afrodescendente ha etiam un influentia importante in musica, religion, gastronomia e artes.

Historia de region es conservate in sitios archeologic, archives, traditiones oral, museos e monumentos. UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios sudamerican pro lor valor cultural e natural, includente centros ceremonial precolombian, citates colonial e paisages de grande biodiversitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/lac |titulo=América Latina y el Caribe |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studio de historia sudamerican require dunque considerar non solmente formation de statos e guerras, ma etiam experientias de populationes indigena, africane e immigrante, transformationes de economia e evolution de relationes social.

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Le '''historia de America del Sud''' es le historia del territorio que se extende desde Mar Caribe al nord usque al Terra del Foco al sud, e desde Oceano Atlantic al est usque al Oceano Pacific al west. Illa comprende millennios de occupation human, disveloppamento de societates indigena, formation de civilisationes complexe in region andin, conqueste e colonisation europee, deportation de africanos in sclavitude, guerras de independentia de seculo XIX, formation de statos national e transformationes politic, economic e social de seculos XX e XXI. Historia de region es marcate per su grande diversitate cultural e geographic e per interactiones inter populationes indigena, europee, africane e, plus tarde, immigrantes de altere partes de mundo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-America |titulo=South America |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Historia sudamerican non es un trajectoria uniforme. Civilisationes de Andes, societates de Amazonia, populationes de region de Plata e communitates de litoral atlantic developpava formas de organisation e modos de vita distincte. Post arrivata de europeos al fin de seculo XV, region esseva progressivemente integrate in imperios colonial, specialmente Imperio Espaniol e Imperio Portugese. Independentias de prime parte de seculo XIX transformava iste territorios in nove statos, ma conflictos social, inegalitates e disputas territorial continuava influentiar lor evolution.

== Prime populationes e prehistoria ==
Prime populationes de Sudamerica arrivava durante prehistoria, post un longe proceso de migrationes human in continente american. Data exacte de prime occupation es ancora objecto de investigation scientific, e evidentia archeologic indica que diverse regiones esseva habitate durante ultime millennios de Pleistoceno.

Sito de Monte Verde, in actual Chile, es un del locos archeologic plus importante pro studio de prime populationes sudamerican. Su vestigios ha contribueva modificar interpretationes traditional de tempore e rotas de prime migrationes human in America. Altere sitios in region andin, in Brasil e in partes tropic de continente documenta occupation de ambientes multo differente.

Prime habitantes viveva de cassa, piscation e collection de plantas e altere recursos natural. Adaptation al ambientes local requireva cognoscentias profunde de ecosistemas, migrationes de animales e ciclos seasonal. In region amazonian, populationes developpava modos de vita adaptate al forestas, fluvios e planuras inundabile; in Andes, altitude e varietate de climas favorava disveloppamento de formas specific de subsistentia.

Durante millennios, populationes indigena developpava linguas, traditiones oral, practicas religiose e formas de organisation social que formava base de grande diversitate cultural sudamerican. Societates indigena non constitueva un grupo homogenee: illos comprendeva communitates de cassa e collection, agricultores sedentari, populationes piscatori e societates organisate in entitates politic plus grande.

== Agricultura e prime civilisations ==
Transition verso agricultura e sedentarismo occurreva in diverse partes de Sudamerica a tempos differente. Cultivation de plantas como patata, mais, manioca e quinoa, insimul con domestication de animales como lama e alpaca in Andes, permitteva production de excessos alimentari e formation de communitates plus stabile.

Region de actual Peru esseva un del centros importante de prime civilisationes de continente. In costa nord-central, civilisation de Caral-Supe, etiam cognoscite como Norte Chico, developpava centros monumental durante tertie millennio ante nostre era. Complex de Caral contineva constructiones ceremonial, plazzas e structuras architectural que indica un organisation social capable coordinar labores collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269/ |titulo=Sacred City of Caral-Supe |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disveloppamento de agricultura, piscation e commercio regional contribueva al formation de redes de intercambio inter costa, valles e regiones montaniose. Societates sudamerican developpava technicas de irrigation, ceramica, textile, metallurgia e construction monumental, ben que iste procesos variava multo inter regiones.

== Culturas precolombian del Andes ==
Andes esseva spatio de un succession de culturas e civilisationes que influentiava historia de continente. Inter traditiones plus importante se trova Chavín, Moche, Nazca, Tiwanaku, Wari e Chimú. Cata un developpava formas proprie de arte, religion, organisation politic e exploitation de ambiente.

Cultura Chavín, que floriva durante prime millennio ante nostre era, exerceva un influentia religiose e artistic in diverse partes de Andes central. Cultura Moche, in costa nord de actual Peru, es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate, su sistemas de irrigation e su centros ceremonial. Cultura Nazca, in costa sud, es celebre pro su ceramica e pro grande figuras e lineas traciate in terreno desertic.

In region de lac Titicaca, Tiwanaku developpava un importante centro politic e ceremonial. Plus tarde, stato Wari contribueva al expansion de formas de administration e organisation urban in Andes central. Regno Chimú, con su capital in Chan Chan, developpava un grande centro urban e un systema de production artisanal e irrigation.

Iste societates preparava parte de contexto cultural e institutional in qual plus tarde se formava Imperio Inca. Illas demonstra que historia de Andes non comenciava con Inca, ma esseva resultato de millennios de innovation e interaction inter societates.

== Le Imperio Inca ==
Imperio Inca, cognoscite in quechua como Tawantinsuyu, se developpava durante seculos XV e initio de XVI in Andes. Su centro politic e ceremonial esseva citate de Cusco, in actual Peru. Durante su expansion, imperio incorporava territorios que corresponde hodie a partes de Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina e Colombia.

Inca organisava lor dominio per un rete de caminos, pontes, depositos, centros administrative e sistemas de communication. Qhapaq Ñan, grande rete vial andin, facilitava movemento de administratores, exercitos, messageros e recursos. Administration utilisava quipu, un systema de cordas e nodos que serviva registrar informationes numeric e administrative.

Economia imperial dependeva in grande parte de agricultura, labor collective e redistribution de recursos. Populationes produceva mais, patatas, quinoa e altere alimentos in ambientes que variava de costa aride al altitude andin. Lama e alpaca provideva lana, transporte e altere recursos.

Expansion de imperio involveva tanto accordos con potentias local como guerras e incorporationes forzate. Inca non governava tote territorio de Sudamerica, e multe populationes de Amazonia, costa atlantica e altere regiones remaneva foras de su dominio.

Durante ultime annos de imperio, un conflicto de succession inter Atahualpa e Huáscar debilitava autoritate central. Rivalitate occurreva poco ante arrivata de conquistatores espaniol, in un periodo de instabilitate politic que facilitava conqueste.

== Societates indigena foras del Imperio Inca ==
Grande majoritate de territorio sudamerican non esseva governate per Inca. In Amazonia, populationes developpava formas de organisation adaptate al forestas, fluvios e ambientes tropic. Evidentia archeologic indica que certe regiones habeva sustenite populationes importante e paisages transformate per activitate human, includente agricultura, canales, campos e terras arricchite.

In actual Brasil, numerose populationes de linguas tupí, jê e altere familias linguistic occupava ambientes costal, forestal e interior. Litoral atlantica contineva communitates que practica agricultura, piscation e commercio regional. Interior de continente includeva etiam societates con formas de subsistentia adaptate al planuras e savannas.

In region de actual Colombia, Muisca developpava un organisation politic regional e un economia que includeva agricultura, commercio e labor de auro. Tairona, in region de costa caribe e Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, construeva centros de habitation e sistemas de camminos e terrazas.

In territorio de actual Chile e Argentina, populos Mapuche manteneva formas de organisation local e redes de relationes que plus tarde deveniva importante in resistentia al expansion colonial e estatal. In planuras de sud e in Terra del Foco viveva communitates con modos de vita adaptate al clima e recursos local.

Iste diversitate monstra que historia precolombian de Sudamerica non pote esser reducite al Imperio Inca. Populationes indigena possedeva su proprie historias, linguas e formas de organisation, e multe de illos continua exister hodie.

== Arrivata del europeos ==
Arrivata europee in Sudamerica comenciava al fin de seculo XV, in quadro de expansion maritime de regnos iberic. Post viages de Cristophoro Colombo in Caribe in 1492, exploration europee de costa sudamerican se intensificava.

In 1494, Tractato de Tordesillas inter monarchias de Portugal e Castilia definiva un linea de division pro territorios que duo regnos sperava incorporar al expansion ultramarine. Linea contribueva al formation de futuro Brasil portugese, durante que major parte de altere territorios sudamerican deveniva subjecte al expansion espaniol. Tractato esseva un accordo inter potentias europee e non considerava derechos o interesses de populationes indigena que habitava territorio.

Prime expeditiones europee explorava costas, estuarios e fluvios, cercante rotas commercial, metales preciose e territorios pro colonisation. Contactos initial variava: in certe locos illos includeva intercambio e cooperation temporari; in altere, conflictos, sequestration, violentia e exploitation.

== Conqueste e colonisation espaniol ==
Durante prime medietate de seculo XVI, conquistatores espaniol establi controlo super grande parte de territorios andin e de region caribe. Expedition de Francisco Pizarro conduceva al captura de Atahualpa in 1532 e al expansion de controlo espaniol super Imperio Inca. Cusco cadeva sub controlo espaniol, e colonisatores fundava nove centros administrative e ecclesiastic.

Conqueste esseva facilitate per conflictos interne de imperio, alliantias con adversarios de Inca e effectos devastante de epidemias introducite per europeos. Resistentia indigena continuava durante longe tempore. In Andes, stato neo-Inca manteneva un centro de resistentia in Vilcabamba usque al decennio de 1570.

Monarchia espaniol organisava territorios conquistate in virreinatos, audientias e governationes. Virreinato de Peru, create in 1542, deveniva principal structura administrative de imperio espaniol in parte occidental e central de Sudamerica. In seculo XVIII, creation de Virreinato de Nueva Granada e Virreinato de Río de la Plata modificava organisation territorial e administration de imperio.

Colonisation transformava proprietate de terra, sistemas de labor e relationes social. Institutiones colonial includiva encomienda, repartition de labor e extraction de tributos. Exploitation de minieras, specialmente de argento, deveniva un elemento central de economia colonial, con Potosí como un del principal centros de production in mundo de epocha.

Ecclesia catholic habeva un rolo importante in conversion religiose, education e administration local. Missiones e parochias esseva establite in diverse regiones, durante que linguas, practicas e credentias indigena continuava influentiar vita cultural e religiose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/sociedad.html |titulo=La sociedad colonial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation portugese e formation del Brasil ==
Portugal establiva su controlo super territorio que deveniva Brasil, in conformitate con expansion maritime portugese e partition de zonas de exploration de Tractato de Tordesillas. Durante seculo XVI, colonisatores fundava centros costal e developpava plantations, specialmente de canna de zucar.

Economia colonial portugese dependeva progressivemente de labor de personas enslavigate. Colonisatores inicialmente assujettava multe indigena al labor forzate, ma resistentia, mortalitate e politica de autoritates ecclesiastic e real contribueva a un expansion de importation de africanos enslavigate. Brasil deveniva un del principal destinos de commercio transatlantic de sclavos.

Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, expansion verso interior accompaniava exploration de minas de auro e diamantes, creation de nove centros urban e extension de controlo portugese ultra zonas costal. Societate colonial brasilian formava se per interaction e coercition inter populationes indigena, africanos e europeos, con un structura social profundemente inegal.

== Sclavitude e diaspora african ==
Colonisation sudamerican esseva accompagnate per deportation forzate de milliones de africanos trans Oceano Atlantic. Labor enslaveva esseva empleate in plantations, minieras, domos, portos e altere sectores economic. Brasil recipeva un parte substantial de africanos deportate al Americas e sclavitude remaneva legal in Brasil usque al 1888.

Populationes africane e lor descendentes preservava e transformava linguas, musicas, religiones, gastronomia e formas de organisation comunitari. Cultura afro-sudamerican deveniva un parte fundamental de identitates de Brasil, region de Caribe sudamerican e sociedades de costa de Pacific.

Sclavos resistiva per fugas, revoltas, sabotages, preservation cultural e creation de communitates autonome. In Brasil, quilombos, inter illes Palmares, deveniva symbolos de resistentia al sclavitude. Historia de sclavitude e de su abolition varia secundo pais e region, ma su effectos social e economic persistiva multo post abolition juridic.

== Reformas borbonic e conflictos del seculo XVIII ==
Durante seculo XVIII, monarchia espaniol introduceva reformas administrative, fiscal e commercial pro reforçar controlo de imperio e augmentar revenues de corona. Creation de nove virreinatos e reorganisation de commercio modificava relationes inter colonias e metropole.

Reformas provocava opposition in differente sectores, includente communitates indigena, mestizos e grupos de proprietarios creole. Rebelion de Túpac Amaru II, comenciate in 1780 in region andin, deveniva un del plus importante insurrectiones contra autoritate colonial. Rebelion combina reclamationes contra abusos de administration e de sistemas de labor con oppositiones plus general al domination colonial.

Altere revoltas e motines occurreva in Andes e in region de actual Colombia e Ecuador. Insurrectiones non habeva totes mesme objectivos: certe reclamava reduction de tributos o fin de abusos specific, durante que altere contestava structura politic de imperio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/las-independencias-iberoamericanas/causas-antecedentes/conflictos-sociales.html |titulo=Conflictos sociales en la América colonial |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura de España |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guerras de independentia ==
Crise de monarchia espaniol post invasion napoleonica de 1808 contribueva al formation de juntas local e al ruptura progressiva de autoritate colonial. In plure citates sudamerican, elites creole, sectores popular e militares comenciava contestar governamento exercite in nomine de monarchia.

Proceso de independentia non esseva un guerra uniforme. Illo includeva conflictos civil, alliantias temporari, rivalitates regional e guerras contra forzas royaliste. In nord, Simón Bolívar conduceva campanias militar que contribueva al independentia de Venezuela, Nueva Granada e Ecuador. Victoria de Boyacá in 1819 e battalia de Carabobo in 1821 esseva eventos importante in iste proceso.

In sud, José de San Martín conduceva expedition de Andes, contribuente al independentia de Chile e campania in Peru. Independentia de Chile esseva consolidate post battalia de Maipú in 1818. In Peru, independentia esseva proclamate in 1821, ma guerra continuava usque al victorias patriot de Junín e Ayacucho in 1824.

Battalia de Ayacucho, le 9 de decembre 1824, marca frequentemente fin de principal campanias de guerras de independentia hispanoamerican in Sudamerica. Nonobstante, consolidation de nove statos requireva ulterior conflictos e negotiationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/latin-america-150-years-independence |titulo=Latin America: 150 years of independence |sitioweb=The UNESCO Courier |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Independentia de Brasil ==
Proceso brasilian se distingueva de guerras de independentia hispanoamerican. In 1808, corte portugese se transferiva a Rio de Janeiro durante invasion napoleonica de Portugal. Iste decision transformava Brasil in centro politic de monarchia portugese durante plure annos.

In 1821, rege João VI retornava a Portugal, lassante su filio Pedro in Brasil. Tensiones inter cortes portugese e elites brasilian conduceva a un ruptura politic. Le 7 de septembre 1822, Pedro proclamava independentia de Brasil e deveniva imperator como Pedro I.

Independentia brasilian non aboleva sclavitude e manteneva monarchia. Nove Imperio de Brasil habeva dunque un evolution institutional differente de republicas formate in territorios que habeva essite governate per Espania.

== Formation del statos national ==
Post independentia, territorios sudamerican debeva definir lor frontieras, institutiones e modelos de governamento. Nove republicas confrontava rivalitates inter centralistas e federalistas, disputas inter elites regional e difficultates economic derivate de guerra.

Gran Colombia, que reuniva territorios de actual Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador e Panama, dissolveva durante annos 1830. Provincias Unidas de Río de la Plata non manteneva un unitate stabile, e formation de actual Argentina e Uruguay resultava de un longe proceso de conflictos interne e externe. Bolivia deveniva independente in 1825, e Paraguay consolidava un trajectoria politic distincte.

Guerras de independentia non conduceva immediatemente a societates egalitari. Proprietate de terra e poder politic remaneva concentrate in grande parte in manos de elites. Populationes indigena e afrodescendente, assi como sectores rural e urban plus povre, continuava enfrentar barreiras social e juridic.

== Guerras inter statos e frontieras ==
Secundo seculo XIX e initio de seculo XX esseva marcate per plure guerras inter statos sudamerican, multe de quales concerneva frontieras, accesso a recursos e controlo de rotas commercial.

Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864–1870) opponeva Paraguay a Brasil, Argentina e Uruguay. Guerra causa un enorme perdita de population in Paraguay e transformava equilibrio politic e territorial de region.

Guerra del Pacific (1879–1884) opponeva Chile a Bolivia e Peru. Chile obteneva controlo de territorios costal ric in nitratos e Bolivia perdeva su accesso sovereign al Oceano Pacific. Disputas relative al conflicto continuava influentiar relationes diplomatic in seculos sequente.

Guerra del Chaco (1932–1935) opponeva Bolivia e Paraguay pro controlo de region de Chaco Boreal. Conflicto causava grande perdas human e concludeva con un accordo que consolidava controlo paraguayan super major parte de territorio disputate.

Frontieras sudamerican esseva etiam influentiate per negotiationes diplomatic, tractatos e arbitrages international. In certe casos, delimitation definitive occurreva solmente durante seculo XX.

== Economias de exportation e transformation social ==
Durante seculo XIX, multe economias sudamerican deveniva plus dependente de exportation de productos primari. Argentina e Uruguay developpava exportation de carne, lana e cereales; Chile exportava nitratos e minerales; Peru exportava guano e altere recursos; e Brasil manteneva un economia importante basate super cafe e, ante abolition, labor enslave.

Expansion de vias ferrate, portos e infrastructuras de communication facilitava integration de economias national in commercio mundial. Capital estranier, specialmente britannic in certe sectores e regiones, participava in construction de infrastructuras e in exploitation de recursos.

Croissantia de exportationes non produceva un distribution equal de ricchessa. Proprietate de terra remaneva concentrate in latifundios in numerose regiones, e labor rural continuava esser marcate per relationes de dependentia e inegalitate. Immigration europee augmentava population de diverse paises, specialmente Argentina, Uruguay e Brasil, e transformava vita urban e composition demographic.

== Industrialisation e transformation politic ==
Durante prime medietate de seculo XX, crises international e difficultates de commercio exterior incitava plure paises sudamerican developpar industrias national. Industrialisation per substitution de importationes deveniva un strategia importante, specialmente in Argentina, Brasil e Chile.

Croissantia urban e industrial contribueva al expansion de classe operari, sindicatos e partidos de massa. In diverse paises, politica deveniva marcate per conflicto inter elites traditional, movimentos popular, militares e nove organisationes politic.

Revolution de 1930 in Brasil conduceva Getúlio Vargas al poder e inaugurava un periodo de transformation de relationes inter Stato, industria e labor. In Argentina, peronismo deveniva un importante movimento politic a partir de annos 1940. In Chile e Uruguay, partidos e institutiones parlamentar habeva lor proprie trajectorias, con grados differente de stabilitate politic.

== Regimes militar e autoritarismo ==
Durante Guerra Frie, plure paises sudamerican experimentava golpes de Stato, dictaturas militar e repression politic. Justificationes official frequentemente includeva necessitate de restaurar ordine, combatter communismo o resolver crises institutional, ma regimes autoritari limitava libertates politic e reprimeva oppositiones.

In Brasil, un colpo militar in 1964 inaugurava un dictatura que durava usque al transition democratic de annos 1980. In Chile, colpo de 11 de septembre 1973 removeva governamento de Salvador Allende e establi dictatura de Augusto Pinochet. In Argentina, colpo de 1976 conduceva a un regime responsabile de detentiones clandestin, tortura, disparitiones forzate e homicidios politic.

Uruguay, Paraguay e altere paises habeva etiam periodos de governamento autoritari. In quadro regional, operationes de cooperation inter servicios de securitate, includente Operation Condor, facilitava persecution transfrontalier de adversarios politic durante decennios de 1970 e 1980.

Experientias de dictaturas lassava profundas marcas in societates sudamerican. Familias de victimas, organisationes de derectos human e institutiones de memoria continua reclamar information, justitia e recognoscentia de crimine committite.

== Retour al democratia ==
Durante annos 1980, numerose paises sudamerican retornava a systemas democratic. Argentina initiava su nove periodo democratic in 1983; Brasil transitava verso un governamento civil in 1985; Uruguay retornava al governamento democratic in 1985; e Chile comenciava su transition post plebiscito de 1988 e election de 1989.

Transitiones non eliminava immediatemente difficultates economic e institutional. Debita externe, inflation, inegalitate e controlo de militares super certe institutiones remaneva questiones importante. In plure paises, nove democracias establi commissiones de veritate, procesos judicial e programas de recognition pro tractar violantias de periodos autoritari.

Consolididation democratic variava inter paises e esseva influentiate per fortia de institutiones, mobilisation social, reformas constitutional e relationes inter executivos, legislativos e forzas armate.

== Integration regional ==
Integration regional deveniva un componente importante de politica sudamerican durante fin de seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI. Mercosur, fundate in 1991 per Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay e Uruguay, promoveva cooperation economic e reduction de barreiras commercial; su composition e relationes institutional evolveva posteriormente.

Communitate Andin ha su origines in accordos de integration andin de 1969 e include paises que coopera in materias de commercio, mobilitate e coordination institutional. Altere iniciativas, como Union de Nationes Sudamerican (UNASUR), cercava promover cooperation politic e regional, ben que lor functionamento e participation cambiava durante annos.

Integration sudamerican es marcate per interesses commun, ma etiam per differencias economic, ideologic e diplomatic inter governamentos. Cooperation regional ha variate secundo situation politic de cata epocha.

== Societate indigena e derectos territorial ==
Populos indigena ha mantenite un rolo central in historia sudamerican, tanto como actores de resistentia como per lor contribution al agricultura, cultura e conservation de ambientes. Colonisation, expansion de frontieras agricole e extractive e formation de statos national ha transformate profundemente lor territorios e lor modos de vita.

Durante seculo XX e initio de seculo XXI, movimentos indigena ha reclamate derectos territorial, recognoscentia constitutional, protection de linguas e participation politic. In paises como Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Brasil e Chile, relationes inter statos, industrias extractive e communitates indigena ha deveniva un thema central de debatte public.

Situation varia considerabilemente inter paises e communitates. In plure regiones, protection juridic de territorios indigena coexiste con conflictos concernente minieras, exploitation forestal, agricultura commercial e construction de infrastructuras.

== Sudamerica contemporanee ==
Durante seculo XXI, Sudamerica ha experimentate transformationes politic, economic e social importante. Expansion de education, urbanisation e accesso a nove technologias ha modificate vita quotidian, durante que inegalitate, precarietate laboral e difficultates de accesso a servicios public remane problemas in plure paises.

Economias regional depende ancora in grande parte de exportation de recursos natural, includente petroleum, gas, minerales, productos agricole e materias prime. Iste dependentia expone paises a fluctuationes de precios international e crea debattes super diversification economic e protection de ambientes.

Amazonia occupa un position central in debates super deforestation, biodiversitate e cambio climatic. Conservation de forestas, derechos de populos indigena e necessitates economic de communitates local constitue temas interligate e frequentemente contestate.

Democracias sudamerican continua confrontar question de corruption, securitate public, inegalitate e fiducia in institutiones. Resultatos varia inter paises e periodos, e evolution politic non es uniforme in tote region.

== Cultura e memoria historic ==
Cultura sudamerican es resultato de interactiones inter traditiones indigena, africane, europee e immigrante. Linguas espaniol e portugese es predominante, ma quechua, aimara, guarani e numerose linguas amazonian e altere linguas indigena continua esser parlate. Linguas e traditiones afrodescendente ha etiam un influentia importante in musica, religion, gastronomia e artes.

Historia de region es conservate in sitios archeologic, archives, traditiones oral, museos e monumentos. UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios sudamerican pro lor valor cultural e natural, includente centros ceremonial precolombian, citates colonial e paisages de grande biodiversitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/lac |titulo=América Latina y el Caribe |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studio de historia sudamerican require dunque considerar non solmente formation de statos e guerras, ma etiam experientias de populationes indigena, africane e immigrante, transformationes de economia e evolution de relationes social.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de America}}

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    <title>Historia del Caribe</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del Caribe''' tracta evolution de populationes, societates, culturas e territorios de region caribe, desde prime migrationes human usque al periodo contemporanee. Caribe comprende insulas de Mar Caribe, [[Antillas]], Bahamas e diverse territorios costal de [[America Central]] e [[America del Sud]]. Su historia es marcate per disveloppamento de societates indigena, conqueste europee, plantationes colonial, sclavitude e depor...”</comment>
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Le '''historia del Caribe''' tracta evolution de populationes, societates, culturas e territorios de region caribe, desde prime migrationes human usque al periodo contemporanee. Caribe comprende insulas de Mar Caribe, [[Antillas]], Bahamas e diverse territorios costal de [[America Central]] e [[America del Sud]]. Su historia es marcate per disveloppamento de societates indigena, conqueste europee, plantationes colonial, sclavitude e deportation forzate de africanos, rivalitate inter imperios, independentia de Haiti, formation de statos moderne e proceso de decolonisation.

Region occupa un position strategic inter Oceano Atlantic e continente american. Desde fin de seculo XV, insulas caribe deveniva un centro de expansion colonial europee e commercio transatlantic. Production de zucar e altere productos tropical, basate in grande parte super labor de personas africane enslavigate, transformava profundemente societates de region. Interaction inter populationes indigena, africane, europee e, plus tarde, asiatic contribueva al formation de un grande diversitate cultural e linguistic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-West-Indies |titulo=History of the West Indies |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia e definition historic ==
Termino Caribe pote designar tanto insulas de Mar Caribe como un region plus large que include Bahamas, Guyanas e partes de litoral de America Central e America del Sud. Limites geographic varia secundo contexto historic, cultural e politic.

Grande Antillas comprende Cuba, Hispaniola —dividite inter Haiti e Republica Dominican—, Jamaica e Puerto Rico. Pendente Antillas se extende desde Insulas Virge usque a Trinidad e Tobago, con un succession de insulas de differente dimensiones. Bahamas, ben que situate principalmente al nord de Mar Caribe, es frequentemente includite in historia regional.

Position de Caribe inter Atlantic, Golfo de Mexico e litoral american facilitava navigation e commercio, ma lo transformava etiam in un zona de rivalitate inter potentias maritime. Geographia de insulas, portos natural e clima tropical favorava plantationes e commercio maritime, durante que huracanes e altere fenomenos natural influentiava economia e habitation.

== Prime populationes e societates indigena ==
Prime populationes human arrivava al insulas caribe durante prehistoria, per migrationes desde continente american. Evidentia archeologic indica que habitation de insulas occurreva durante plure millennios, con migrationes e contactos inter insulas e regiones costal de America del Sud.

Prime communitates includeva grupos de cassa, piscation e collection, que utilisava recursos de litoral, forestas e ambientes insular. Con tempore, nove grupos introduceva e developpava agricultura, habitation sedentari e intercambio de productos inter insulas.

Inter populationes presente al epocha de contacto europee se trovava taíno, appartenente al insimul cultural de linguas arawak, specialmente importante in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica e partes de Cuba. In Pendente Antillas e in altere zonas viveva grupos que fontes europee designava frequentemente como caribes, ben que iste denomination esseva usate in modos variate e non correspondeva sempre a un identitate uniforme.

Societates indigena possedeva formas proprie de organisation politic, agricultura, artesania, religion e commercio. Taíno habitava villages, cultivava manioca e mais, piscava e produceva ceramica e objectos de ligno, petra e conchilia. Lor chefes, cognoscite como caciques, dirigeva communitates e territorios de dimensiones variabile.

Contactos inter insulas e continente susteneva redes de intercambio de alimentos, materias prime e objectos ritual. Cultura indigena de Caribe non esseva dunque un insimul isolate, ma un parte de mundo american plus large.

Arrivata de europeos in seculo XV provocava un discontinuitate demographic e cultural dramatic. Epidemias, labor forzate, violentia e dislocation de communitates causava un forte reduction de populationes indigena, ben que lor descendentes e traditiones continua esser presente in region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_14_en_1.pdf |titulo=Caribbean Archaeology and World Heritage Convention: Annexes |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arrivata de Christophoro Colombo ==
Contacto europee permanente comenciava in 1492, quando expedition de [[Christophoro Colombo]], sub patrocinio de corona de Castilia, attingeva Bahamas durante su prime viage transatlantic. Expedition continuava verso Cuba e Hispaniola, ubi navigatores establi contactos con populationes indigena.

In 1493, durante su secunde viage, Colombo retornava con un expedition plus grande, destinate stabilir colonias permanente. Prime insediamentos espaniol deveniva base de un expansion colonial que, in annos sequente, se extendeva a Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba e altere insulas.

Corona espaniol reclamava grande partes de region, in quadro de expansion maritime iberic e de accordos inter Espania e Portugal, includente [[Tractato de Tordesillas]] de 1494. Dominio espaniol non esseva tamen universal: durante seculos sequente, Francia, Anglaterra e Republica de Paises Basse establiva lor proprie colonias e postos commercial.

Prime decennios de colonisation establiva patronos que influentiava resto de Americas: fundation de citates, extraction de auro, conversion religiose, appropriation de terra e employment de labor indigena sub regimens coercitive. Mortalitate indigena e disorganisation de societates local deveniva un del consequentias plus grave de conquesta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://shop.unesco.org/en/products/general-history-of-the-caribbean-volume-ii-new-societies-the-caribbean-in-the-long-sixteenth-century |titulo=General History of the Caribbean, Volume II: New Societies |sitioweb=UNESCO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation espaniol ==
[[Imperio Espaniol]] establiva su principal centros colonial in Grande Antillas. Hispaniola deveniva un del prime bases administrative e militar de expansion espaniol in America. Santo Domingo, fundate durante prime periodo colonial, assumeva un rol importante in administration, religion e navigation.

Colonisatores cercava auro e altere recursos, ma extraction minier e agricultura exigeva labor in un periodo in qual populationes indigena esseva decimate per epidemias, violentia e exploitation. Sistema de encomienda attribueva a colonisatores derecto de demandar tributos e labor a communitates indigena, officialmente sub obligationes de protection e instruction christian.

Corona espaniol adoptava diversas normas pro limitar abusos contra indigena, includente [[Leyes de Burgos]] de 1512. Nonobstante, application de iste normas esseva irregular e coercition continuava.

Colonisation de Caribe servi como un laboratorio administrative e economic pro expansion espaniol in Mexico e Peru. Quando conquesta de imperios continental e exploitation de grandes depositos de metales preciose attirava plus attention, Caribe manteneva su importantia como centro maritime, militar e commercial.

Cuba deveniva un importante centro de navigation e administration, durante que Puerto Rico e Hispaniola occupava positiones strategic in rotas transatlantic. Production de zucar e altere productos agricole cresceva progressivemente, e labor enslaveva assumeva un rol crescente in economia colonial.

== Expansion del imperios europee ==
Durante seculos XVI e XVII, expansion de potentias europee transformava Caribe in un spatio de rivalitate colonial. Dominio espaniol esseva contestate per Francia, Anglaterra e Paises Basse, que establiva colonias in insulas que Espania non controlava efficacemente.

Colonies britannic se developpava in insulas como Barbados, Jamaica e Bahamas. Francia establiva colonias in Martinica, Guadeloupe e parte occidental de Hispaniola. Paises Basse occupava insulas e territorios como Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, Sint Maarten e altere territorios de region.

Rivalitate provocava guerras, ataques contra portos, occupationes territorial e commercio illegal. Corsarios e piratas operava in region, frequentemente in relation con conflictos inter imperios. Corsarios possedeva, in certe periodos, autorisationes official pro attaccar naves e insediamentos de potentias rival, durante que piratas agiva sin tal autorisation.

Insulas caribe deveniva un componente central de systema commercial transatlantic. Portos conectava plantationes e minieras american con mercatos europee, e navigation militar serviva proteger rotas e interesses colonial.

== Plantationes e economia del zucar ==
Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, plantationes de canna de zucar deveniva base economic de numerose colonias caribe. Zucar esseva un producto de grande demanda in Europa, e su production requireva terras fertile, capital, installationes de transformation e un grande numero de laboratores.

Plantationes developpava un economia orientate al exportation. In Barbados, Jamaica, Saint-Domingue e altere colonias, proprietarios europee possedeva grandes proprietates e investiva in molinos, transporto e commercio. Beneficios de zucar contribueva al ricchessa de mercantes e proprietarios, ma systema dependeva in grande parte de labor forzate.

Plantationes transformava paisages e organisation social de insulas. Forestas esseva abattite pro crear campos, terras esseva concentrate in grandes proprietates e populationes rural esseva submettite a un regime de labor intensive. Production de zucar era frequentemente accompaniate per cultivation de cafe, tabaco, cacao e coton.

Dependentia de monoculturas rendeva economias vulnerabile al fluctuationes de precios, huracanes, guerras e competition international. Nonobstante, durante plure seculos, zucar remaneva un del principal motores economic de Caribe colonial.

== Sclavitude e commercio transatlantic ==
Expansion de plantationes provocava un grande augmento de deportation forzate de africanos al Caribe. Commercio transatlantic de personas enslavigate transferiva milliones de africanos verso Americas, e un portion substantial esseva transportate al insulas caribe pro laborar in plantationes, minieras e altere sectores economic.

Sistema de sclavitude involveva separation de familias, violentia physic, coercition juridic e negation de libertate personal. Personas enslavigate esseva tractate como proprietate in legislation colonial e subjaceva a conditiones de vita e labor frequentemente extrememente dur.

Societates caribe deveniva in multe locos societates con un majoritate de population africane o de descendentes africane. Relationes inter proprietarios europee, populationes libere de color, africanos enslavigate e populationes indigena variava secundo colonia, ma esseva generalemente marcate per un forte inegalitate juridic e economic.

Africanos deportate preservava e transformava traditiones cultural, linguas, musicas, religiones e practicas de sanitate e agricultura. Culturas afrocaribe formava se per interaction de traditiones proveniente de diverse partes de Africa e per lor adaptation al conditiones colonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://caribbean.un.org/en/176198-legacy-slavery-caribbean-and-journey-towards-justice |titulo=The Legacy of Slavery in the Caribbean and the Journey Towards Justice |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in le Caribe |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Resistentia e rebelliones de personas enslavigate ==
Sclavitude incontrava resistentia continue. Personas enslavigate practicava formas de resistentia quotidian, como preservation de traditiones cultural, fuga, ralentisation de labor, destruction de instrumentos e formation de communitates autonome.

Marronage designa fuga de personas enslavigate e formation de communitates independente, frequentemente situate in forestas, montanias o altere territorios difficile de controlar. In Jamaica, communitates maroon manteneva un resistentia militar e obtineva accordos con autoritates britannic in certe periodos. In Suriname e in altere zonas de Caribe continental, communitates maroon preservava formas de organisation e traditiones que continua influentiar cultura contemporanee.

Rebelliones occurreva in plure colonias. Illas variava in dimension e objectivos, desde revoltas local usque a insurrectiones que contestava systema colonial e sclavitude como un toto. Rebellion de Saint-Domingue, comenciate in 1791, deveniva plus importante revolution de sclavos de region e conduceva al creation de Haiti.

== Revolution haitian e independentia de Haiti ==
Revolution haitian comenciava in 1791 in colonia francese de Saint-Domingue, un del plus ric regiones de plantation de mundo atlantique. Societate colonial esseva profundemente inegal, con proprietarios blanc, personas libere de color e un grande population de africanos enslavigate.

Rebellion se developpava in un contexto de crisis politic in Francia post Revolution Francese de 1789. Reclamationes de libertate e equalitate provocava conflictos inter grupos de societate colonial, durante que insurrection de personas enslavigate se transformava in un guerra de grande extension.

Toussaint Louverture deveniva un del principales chefes de revolution. Conflicto involveva Francia e altere potentias europee, e intervention de tropas francese esseva complicate per guerra, epidemias e resistentia local. Post captura de Louverture in 1802, lutte continuava sub altere chefes, includente Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

Le 1 de januario 1804, Haiti proclamava su independentia. Illo deveniva prime Stato moderne independente de Caribe e prime republica nascite de un revolution victoriose de personas enslavigate. Independentia haitian habeva un impacto considerabile super debates concernente sclavitude e colonialismo, ben que multe potentias europee e Statos Unite manteneva relationes restrictive con Haiti durante longe tempore.

Revolution contribueva tamben al expansion de migrationes e transformation de systemas de plantation in altere insulas, ma reaction international e difficultates economic complicava disveloppamento de nove Stato.

== Abolition gradual del sclavitude ==
Abolition de sclavitude occurreva in tempos differente secundo imperio colonial. Regno Unite prohibiva commercio de sclavos in 1807 e aboleva sclavitude in major parte de su colonias in annos 1830. Francia aboleva sclavitude in su colonias in 1848. Paises Basse aboleva lo in 1863, ben que labor contractual obligatori continuava durante un periodo de transition.

In territorios espaniol, abolition esseva plus tarde. Puerto Rico aboleva sclavitude in 1873, durante que Cuba lo faceva in 1886. In Haiti, abolition esseva ligate directemente al revolution e al independentia de pais.

Abolition legal non eliminava inegalitates social e economic. Ex-sclavos sovente continuava laborar in plantationes sub conditiones restrictive, e proprietate de terra remaneva concentrate. Sistemas de labor contractual e dependentia economic manteneva multe personas in situationes de vulnerabilitate.

Post abolition, plantationes continuava require labor. In seculo XIX, importation de laboratores contractualmente recrutate ab India e China deveniva importante in diverse colonias britannic, francese e nederlandese. Iste migrationes addeva nove elementos al composition cultural e linguistic de societates caribe.

== Guerras colonial e redistribution del territorios ==
Territorios caribe esseva frequentemente transferite inter potentias europee como resultato de guerras e tractatos. Jamaica passava sub controlo britannic in seculo XVII; parte occidental de Hispaniola deveniva colonia francese de Saint-Domingue, durante que parte oriental remaneva sub controlo espaniol durante grande parte de periodo colonial.

Insulas de Pendente Antillas esseva dividite inter britannicos, franceses e nederlandeses. Frontieras colonial non semper correspondeva a un division simple per insula, e in certe locos un mesme insula esseva repartite inter administrationes differente.

Rivalitate imperial se manifestava etiam per fortification de portos, stationamento de naves de guerra e controlo de rotas maritime. Guerras europee habeva frequentemente consequentias directe in Caribe, ubi occupation de un insula poteva modificar equilibrio economic e militar regional.

== Cuba, Puerto Rico e le fin del imperio espaniol ==
Cuba e Puerto Rico remaneva sub controlo espaniol post que multe de territorios continental de America Latin habeva obtenite lor independentia durante prime parte de seculo XIX. Economia de Cuba se expandiva super base de zucar e labor enslave, e insula deveniva un del principal centros de production de zucar de mundo.

Durante seculo XIX, movimentos independentista cuban organizava diverse insurrectiones contra governamento espaniol. Guerra de los Diez Años, inter 1868 e 1878, non conduceva al independentia, ma contribueva al disveloppamento de nationalismo cuban. Un nove insurrection comenciava in 1895, sub direction de figuras como José Martí e altere chefes independentista.

Explosion de nave de guerra american USS Maine in Havana in 1898 e intervention de Statos Unite conduceva al Guerra Hispano-American. Espania esseva vincite, e Tractato de Paris de 1898 terminava su controlo super Cuba, Puerto Rico e altere territorios. Cuba obteneva un independentia formal in 1902, ma sub forte influentia statounitese. Puerto Rico deveniva un territorio sub sovranitate de Statos Unite.

Iste evento marca fin de principal imperio colonial espaniol in Caribe, ma non fin de relationes colonial o influentia estranier in region.

== Expansion del influentia statounitese ==
Durante fin de seculo XIX e seculo XX, Statos Unite augmentava su influentia politic, economic e militar in Caribe. Region habeva un importantia strategic pro navigation, commercio e securitate de rotas maritime inter Atlantic e Pacific.

Post Guerra Hispano-American, Statos Unite exerceva un influentia directe super Cuba e Puerto Rico. In Cuba, Emendation Platt e accordos subsequente permitteva al Statos Unite intervenir in certe circumstantias e manteneva un relation asymmetric con nove republica. Puerto Rico remaneva sub administration statounitese.

Construction de Canal de Panama, inaugurate in 1914, augmentava importantia strategic de Caribe. Statos Unite interveniva militarmente in diverse paises de region durante prime medietate de seculo XX, includente Haiti e Republica Dominican, e exerceva un influentia importante in Nicaragua e Cuba.

Politica statounitese esseva justificate officialmente per argumentos concernente stabilitate, protection de interesses economic e securitate regional, ma interventiones provocava opposition e contribueva al disveloppamento de movimentos nationalista e antiimperialista.

== Movimentos laborista e nacionalista ==
Durante seculo XX, societates caribe experimentava un augmento de movimentos laborista, sindicatos e organisationes politic que reclamava melior conditiones de labor, representation e autonomia.

Conditiones de plantationes, concentration de terra e dependentia de exportation de productos primari contribueva al formation de movimentos social. In diverse insulas, greves e protestas de laboratores de plantationes, portos e minas deveniva eventos importante in evolution politic.

Movimentos nationalista promoveva autonomia, independentia e recognoscentia de identitate cultural caribe. Pensatores e activistas explorava relation inter racismo, sclavitude, colonialismo e inegalitate economic. Herencia de sclavitude e experientias de communitates afrodescendente occupava un position central in cultura e politica de region.

== Decolonisation e independentias del seculo XX ==
Post Secunde Guerra Mundial, imperios colonial europee entrava in un periodo de transformation. Debilitamento economic de plure potentias europee, expansion de movimentos nationalista e pressiones international favorava disveloppamento de autonomias e independentias.

Jamaica e Trinidad e Tobago deveniva independente in 1962. Guyana obteneva su independentia in 1966, durante que Barbados deveniva independente in 1966. Bahamas obteneva su independentia in 1973, Grenada in 1974, Dominica in 1978 e Sancte Lucia in 1979. Proceso continuava in altere insulas durante decennios sequente.

Transitiones non esseva identic in tote region. Certe territorios deveniva statos independente, durante que altere manteneva lor ligamines constitutional con Regno Unite, Francia, Paises Basse o Statos Unite. Statuto de Puerto Rico remaneva un thema politic distincte, con un relation territorial con Statos Unite e debates persistente super su futuro constitutional.

Decolonisation non resolveva automaticamente problemas economic e social. Multe statos independente heredava economias dependente de zucar, banano, bauxite, petroleum o turismo, assi como infrastructuras e institutiones formate durante periodo colonial.

== Cuba e le Revolution de 1959 ==
Cuba habeva un trajectoria distincte in historia contemporanee de Caribe. Independentia formal de 1902 esseva sequite per periodos de instabilitate politic, intervention statounitese e tensiones social. Regime de Fulgencio Batista, qui prendeva poder in 1952, deveniva objecto de opposition armate e politic.

Revolution Cuban, dirigite per Fidel Castro e altere revolutionarios, terminava regime de Batista in januario 1959. Nove governamento introduceva reformas agrari, nationalisationes e transformationes de education e sanitate, durante que relationes con Statos Unite deteriorava.

Rapprochement de Cuba con Union Sovietic e opposition de Statos Unite conduceva a un confrontation international. Invasion fallite de Baia de Porcos in 1961 e Crisis de missiles de Cuba in 1962 transformava insula in un puncto central de Guerra Frie.

Revolution Cuban inspirava movimentos politic in altere partes de region e provocava reactions differente inter governamentos caribe. Su evolution ha influentiate relationes diplomatic, economia e debates super politica social in tote region.

== Integration regional e cooperation ==
Statos caribe developpava diverse instrumentos de cooperation pro affrontar problemas economic, commercial e diplomatic commun. Communitate del Caribe (CARICOM) esseva establite in 1973 per Tractato de Chaguaramas e promove integration economic, cooperation functional e coordination de politicas inter su membros.

Organisation de Statos del Caribe Oriental (OECS) promova cooperation inter plure statos e territorios de Pendente Antillas, includente accordos economic e institutiones commun. Altere organisationes, como Association de Statos del Caribe, facilita cooperation inter paises de region plus large.

Integration regional cerca reducir vulnerabilitate de economias de parve dimension, coordinar responsa a disastres natural e reforçar position de statos caribe in negotiationes international. Nonobstante, differentias linguistic, economic e constitutional e dependentia de mercatos exterior continua representar desafios.

== Economia contemporanee ==
Economias de Caribe es diverse, ma multe paises e territorios depende de un numero limitate de sectores. Turismo es un del principales fontes de empleo e de valuta estranier in numerose insulas. Services financiari, commercio, agricultura, piscation, extraction de minerales e production de petroleum ha etiam importantia variabile secundo territorio.

Herencia de plantationes continua influentiar structura de proprietate e relationes social. In certe paises, exportation de zucar, bananos e altere productos agricole conserva un rol economic, durante que altere economias ha developpate industrias de services e sectores industrial specific.

Vulnerabilitate al huracanes, inundationes, augmento de nivello marin e altere effectos de cambio climatic es un problema importante pro numerose insulas e zonas litoral. Cooperation regional in materia de preparation a disastres, adaptation climatic e protection de ecosistemas ha deveniva un del prioritates de politica public.

== Societate, cultura e identitate caribe ==
Cultura caribe es resultato de seculos de interaction inter populationes indigena, africane, europee e asiatic. Linguas principal include espaniol, anglese, francese, nederlandese e diverse linguas creole. In Haiti, creole haitian e francese ha status official; in numerose insulas, linguas creole basate super anglese, francese o nederlandese es usate in vita quotidian.

Religiones de region include christianismo in su diverse traditiones, assi como religiones e practicas spiritual que incorpora elementos africane e indigena. Vodou haitian, santería cuban, rastafarianismo jamaican e altere traditiones es exemplos de creativitate cultural de societates caribe.

Musica e danza ha un rol central in identitate regional. Genres como reggae, calypso, salsa, merengue, zouk e soca reflecte interactiones cultural e transformationes social de region. Litteratura, artes visual e pensata politic caribe tracta frequentemente temas de memoria, migration, racismo, colonialismo e identitate.

== Herencia del sclavitude e del colonialismo ==
Sclavitude e colonialismo ha effectos de longe duration super structuras social e economic de Caribe. Concentration de proprietate, inegalitates de ricchessa, hierarchias racial e dependentia de exportationes remane elementos importante in interpretation de historia regional.

Abolition legal de sclavitude non eliminava discrimination o inegalitates. Societates caribe developpava movimentos de derectos civil, sindicatos, partidos politic e organisationes cultural que cercava contestar legatos de plantationes e obtener un recognition plus grande de contributiones de descendentes de africanos enslavigate.

Memoria de sclavitude es presente in museos, monumentos, archivos, ceremonias e debates super reparations. Nationes Unite e UNESCO ha promovite initiative pro documentar commercio transatlantic de sclavos e su consequentias contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://caribbean.un.org/en/176198-legacy-slavery-caribbean-and-journey-towards-justice |titulo=The Legacy of Slavery in the Caribbean and the Journey Towards Justice |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in le Caribe |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Situation contemporanee ==
In seculo XXI, Caribe es un region de statos independente, territorios autonome e territorios que mantene ligamines constitutional con statos europee o con Statos Unite. Situation politic e economic varia considerablemente inter insulas e territorios, e organisationes regional tenta promover cooperation super questiones de commercio, securitate, sanitate, education e cambio climatic.

Migration continua habera un rol importante in vita de region. Migration verso America del Nord e Europa crea grande communitates caribe in exterior e produce transferentias financiari que es importante pro numerose familias e economias national. Migration inter insulas es etiam un elemento historic de region.

Disveloppamento economic, vulnerabilitate climatic, debitas public, inegalitate e protection de identitates cultural figura inter principales questiones de Caribe contemporanee. Historia regional continua esser influentiate per interaction inter herencia colonial, initiative local e relationes con grande potentias economic.

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Historia del Caribe| ]]</text>
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    <title>Historia de Andorra</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Andorra''' tracta le evolution del territorio del actual [[Principato de Andorra]], desde su prime habitation human e le organisation del communitates del valles pirenaic usque al formation del Stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le [[Pireneos]], inter [[Francia]] e [[Espania]], Andorra developpava un tradition politic distinctive, marcate per le autonomia local, le relationes con le comtes de Urgell e de Foix e...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Andorra''' tracta le evolution del territorio del actual [[Principato de Andorra]], desde su prime habitation human e le organisation del communitates del valles pirenaic usque al formation del Stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le [[Pireneos]], inter [[Francia]] e [[Espania]], Andorra developpava un tradition politic distinctive, marcate per le autonomia local, le relationes con le comtes de Urgell e de Foix e le institution del coprincipato, que associa le episcopo de Urgell e le presidente del Republica Francese como chefes del Stato.

Le historia institutional de Andorra es specialmente notabile pro le duration del accordos medieval que establiva le sovranitate compartite super le valles. Le [[Constitution de Andorra]], approbate per referendum le 14 de martio 1993, modernisava le institutiones del pais e lo defini como un Stato independente, democratic e social sub le imperio del lege. Le Constitution manteneva le coprincipato, ma attribueva le poter executive al Governo e establi un systema parlamentar moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitation ==
Le territorio andorran es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archeologic trovate in locos como Balma de la Margineda, El Cedre, in Santa Coloma, e Antuix, in Escaldes-Engordany, documenta le presentia de communitates human que utilisava le ressources del ambientes montaniose.

Le montanias, le valles e le fluvios del territorio influentiava le modos de vita del prime habitantes. Le populationes practicava le cassa, le piscation, le collection de plantas e, progressivemente, le agricultura e le allevamento. Le utilisation del pascuos montaniose e le circulation inter le valles contribuiva al formation de communitates ligate per relationes economic e cultural.

Le position de Andorra inter le regiones del actual Catalonia e del sud de Francia favorava le contactos con altere partes del Pireneos. Durante le Antiquitate e le prime seculos del periodo medieval, le territorio esseva incorporate in le redes regional de communication e de poder que se transformava con le expansion del dominiones roman e postroman.

Le documentos historic relative al prime periodo de Andorra es limitate. Pro iste ration, le evolution del populationes e del institutiones ante le seculo IX debe esser reconstruite mediante le archeologia e le comparation con le historia del regiones vicin.

== Andorra in le periodo medieval initial ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le valles de Andorra esseva ligate al organisation politic e ecclesiastic del region de Urgell. Le formation del [[Comtat de Urgell]] e le disveloppamento del [[Diocesis de Urgell]] contribuiva al evolution del relationes de proprietate e de autoritate in le Pireneos.

Secundo un legenda traditional, [[Carlo Magno]] fundava Andorra in 805, como recognition del auxilio prestate per le habitantes del valles contra le musulmanos. Iste racconto ocupa un position importante in le memoria historic andorran, ma illo non debe esser considerate un facto documentate in le mesme maniera que le actos medieval conservate.

Le prime documento cognoscite que mentiona Andorra es un donation del 843, per le qual [[Carlo le Calve]], rege del Francos Occidental, confirmava o attribueva possessiones al comte Sunifred de Urgell e Cerdanya. Le documento liga le territorio al contexto politic del monarchia carolingian e del potentias local del Pireneos.

Durante le seculo X, le dominiones de seniores laic e ecclesiastic influentiava le construction de ecclesias, fortificationes e altere centros local. Le structura social remaneva principalement rural, con communitates dependente del agricultura, del allevamento e del exploitation del ressources montaniose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitandorra.com/en/a-brief-history/ |titulo=A brief history |sitioweb=Visit Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le dominio del episcopos de Urgell ==
Durante le seculo XI, le [[Episcopo de Urgell]] augmentava progressivemente su autoritate super le valles de Andorra. Le relationes inter le poteres ecclesiastic e le seniores local determinava le repartition del terras, del derectos e del obligationes del habitantes.

In 1133, le comte de Urgell cedeva al episcopo le derectos que ille possedeva super Andorra. Le territorio deveniva assi un dominio ecclesiastic, ma le extension del autoritate del episcopo non eliminava le interesses de altere seniores, specialmente del comtes de Foix.

Le controlo del valles habeva importantia economic e strategic. Le routes montaniose ligava le communitates del Pireneos e facilitava le circulation de animales, productos agricole e mercantias. Le possession del derectos de jurisdiction e del revenues local deveniva un fonte de conflictos inter le episcopato e le potentias secular.

Le rivalitate inter le episcopos de Urgell e le comtes de Foix se intensificava durante le seculo XIII. Le disputa concerniva le sovranitate super Andorra e le derectos de cada parte in materia de administration, tributos, justitia e obligationes militar.

== Le Pariatges de 1278 e 1288 ==
Le conflicto inter le episcopo de Urgell e le comte de Foix esseva resolvite per duo accordos juridic cognoscite como Pariatges. Le prime esseva signate le 8 de septembre 1278, inter le episcopo Pere d'Urtx e le comte Roger Bernat III de Foix. Le secunde accordo, del 1288, completava le dispositiones del prime e regulava altere aspectos del relationes inter le duo potentias.

Le Pariatge de 1278 establi un systema de sovranitate compartite super Andorra. Le episcopo e le comte recipeva derectos e obligationes in le governamento del territorio, con dispositiones concernente le tributos, le justitia e le obligationes del habitantes. Le accordo de 1288 preciseva le conditiones del administration e del obligationes mutue.

Iste systema institutional deveniva le fundamento del coprincipato andorran. Le valles non esseva transformate in un dominio exclusive de un sol senior, ma remaneva sub le autoritate compartite de duo potentias. Le habitantes continuava a conservar certe formas de organisation comunitari e administration local.

Le Pariatges es documentos fundamental del historia juridic de Andorra. Le accordos restava in vigor, con transformationes e interpretationes successive, usque al adoption del Constitution moderne in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668170/ |titulo=The First Pariatge of Andorra |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del Consell de la Terra ==
Durante le periodo medieval, le communitates del valles developpava formas de representation e cooperation local. Le organisation del parochias e le gestion del terras commun contribuiva al formation de institutiones que permitteva al habitantes de defender lor interesses collective.

In 1419, le episcopo de Urgell recognosceva le Consell de la Terra, un organo representative que reuniva representantes del communitates andorran. Iste institution es considerate le antecedente del actual [[Consell General d'Andorra]], le parlamento del pais.

Le Consell de la Terra participa in le administration del asuntos commun e in le coordination inter le parochias. Su evolution reflecteva le importantia del autonomie local in un territorio ubi le autoritate superior esseva dividite inter le coprincipes.

Le institutiones local non equivaleva a un democratia moderne. Le participation politic esseva limitate e dependente del normas social e del conditiones de proprietate del epocha. Nonobstante, le existentia de un organo representative contribuiva al preservation de un tradition de governamento local que continua a influentiar le systema politic andorran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le relation con le corona francese ==
Durante le seculo XV, le comtes de Foix acquireva un position plus importante in le politica regional e deveniva etiam sovranos de [[Navarra]]. Le successiones dinastic transferiva gradualmente lor derectos super Andorra a potentias de plus grande extension.

In 1589, [[Henrique IV de Francia]], qui esseva rege de Navarra e comte de Foix, deveniva rege de Francia. Su accession al corona francese liga le derectos del comtes de Foix super Andorra al monarchia francese.

Le relation institutional con Francia evolveva durante le seculos sequente. Le derectos del corona francese super Andorra non significava que le territorio deveniva un provincia ordinari francese; le systema del coprincipato e le autonomia local continuava a distinguer Andorra del territorios directamente governate per Francia o Espania.

Le institution del coprincipato superviveva a plure transformationes del monarchia francese, includente le Revolution Francese e le creation de nove formas de governamento.

== Revolution Francese e periodo napoleonian ==
Le [[Revolution Francese]] de 1789 transformava le institutiones del Francia e provocava un ruptura temporari in le relationes traditional inter le autoritates francese e Andorra. In 1793, le autoritates revolutionari francese refusava initialmente de continuar le relationes con Andorra, considerante que le derectos de coprincipato del corona francese derivava de un ordine feudal incompatible con le nove principios politic.

Le interruption del relationes creava difficultates pro le administration andorran, que dependeva del recognition del derectos compartite e del relationes con su vicinos. Le situazione esseva modificate durante le periodo napoleonian.

In 1806, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] restabliva le derectos de coprincipato francese super Andorra. Iste decision confirmava le continuation del institution traditional, malgrado le transformation del Francia in un Stato moderne.

Le restauration del derectos francese non eliminava le autonomia del valles. Andorra continuava a mantener su proprie institutiones local e su relationes specific con le episcopo de Urgell.

== Le Nova Reforma de 1866 ==
Durante le seculo XIX, Andorra conservava un systema politic basate super institutiones traditional e un participation restringite in le administration del asuntos public. Le evolution social e economic del region provocava demandas de reforma del representation e del governamento.

Le Nova Reforma de 1866 introduceva cambiamentos importante in le organisation politic e administrative. Illa extendeva le derecto de voto a tote le chefes de casa que satisfaceva le conditiones establite e augmentava le rolo del Consell General.

Le reforma contribueva a modernisar le institutiones del principato e a ampliar le participation del communitates in le decisiones public. Nonobstante, le systema continuava a esser multo different del democracias representative contemporanee, e le participation politic remaneva limitate per le normas social del epocha.

Le Nova Reforma deveniva un etapa importante in le transition gradual de Andorra desde un organisation traditional de valles verso un systema institutional plus moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Andorra al initio del seculo XX ==
Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Andorra remaneva un societate principalement rural, con un economia basate super agricultura, allevamento, exploitation del forestas e commercio local. Le difficultates del communication e le conditiones del ambiente montaniose contribuiva al mantenimento de formas de vita traditional.

Le relationes con Francia e Espania deveniva gradualmente plus importante con le melioramento del vias e del transporto. Le construction de routes facilitava le accesso al valles, le circulation de mercantias e le contactos con le citates del regiones vicin.

Le expansion del commercio e del services contribuiva al transformation del economia. Le position de Andorra inter duo statos e su regime fiscal particular deveniva un factor importante in le disveloppamento del activitate commercial.

== Conflictos politic e reformas durante le annos 1930 ==
Durante le annos 1930, Andorra experimentava tensiones politic concernente le representation, le derectos civic e le distribution del poter. Le crise economic international e le cambios politic in Francia e Espania influentiava etiam le debates interne.

In 1933, un periodo de conflictos politic e protestas conduceva a interventiones del autoritates francese e a medidas destinate a restaurar le ordine institutional. Le annos sequente esseva marcate per le necessitate de adaptar le governamento del principato al transformationes del societate.

Le proximitate de Andorra al [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] (1936–1939) e al altere conflictos europee del periodo influentiava su position regional. Le territorio non esseva transformate in un fronte militar principal, ma su geographia e su frontieras deveniva importante pro le circulation de personas, mercantias e refugiatos.

== Guerra Civil Espaniol e Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] provocava un grave crise human in le region pirenaic. Andorra recipeva personas que fugiva del violentia e del persecution politic in Espania. Le population local e le institutiones debeva adaptar se al influxo de refugiatos e al difficultates economic del periodo.

Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le position de Andorra inter Francia e Espania, assi como su terreno montaniose, lo situava in un zona de communication e passage. Le frontieras esseva usate per diverse personas que cercava a fugir del persecution nazista o a passar inter le territorios europee. Le rutas montaniose podia esser periculose, e le passage dependeva del circumstantias politic e del assistentia de personas local.

Le guerra e le difficultates economic del periodo augmentava le importantia del commercio de frontiera. Post le guerra, le circulation de mercantias e de divisas deveniva un del elementos que susteneva le transformation economic de Andorra.

== Transformation economic e turismo ==
Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Andorra initiava un transformation economic rapide. Le melioramento del vias, le expansion del commercio e le disveloppamento del infrastructuras facilitava le arrivata de visitatores e le integration del pais in le economia regional.

Le turismo deveniva gradualmente un del principales sectores economic. Le paisage montaniose, le deportes de hieme, le excursionismo e le shopping attirava visitatores de Francia, Espania e altere partes de Europa. Le construction de hoteles, stationes de ski, centros commercial e infrastructuras turistic transformava le paisages e le mercatos de labor.

Le disveloppamento del turismo accompagnava un expansion del population e un transformation del structura social. Le agricultura e le allevamento perdeva parte de lor importantia relative, durante que le services, le commercio e le construction deveniva fontes central de empleo.

Le evolution economic rendeva plus urgente le adaptation del institutiones traditional. Le crescimento del population, le diversification del activitates e le contactos international exigeva un quadro juridic e administrative plus clar.

== Reformas institutional e creation del Govern Executiv ==
Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le debates super le modernisation politic deveniva plus intense. Le institutiones traditional del principato non disponeva ancora de un separation del poteres e de un quadro constitutional comparabile a illo del statos democratic moderne.

In 1981, esseva create le Consell Executiu, que marca un etapa importante in le disveloppamento de un organo de governamento distincte del institutiones legislative e del coprincipes. Le reforma initiate durante iste periodo conduceva a un serie de cambios institutional e al elaboration de un nove quadro constitutional.

Le processus de reforma requireva negotiationes inter le Consell General, le representantes del coprincipes e le altere institutiones del principato. Le objectivo esseva adaptar le systema traditional al principios del Stato de derecto, clarificar le competentias del organos public e formalizar le derectos e libertates fundamental.

== Constitution de 1993 ==
Le Constitution del Principato de Andorra esseva approbate per referendum le 14 de martio 1993 e entrava in vigor post su promulgation. Illa establi que Andorra es un Stato independente, democratic e social sub le imperio del lege, e defini le principato como un democratia parlamentar.

Le Constitution clarificava le separation del poteres, le derectos fundamental, le function del Consell General, le competentias del Governo, le organisation territorial e le administration del justitia. Illa establi etiam le institution del Tribunal Constitucional e le proceduras de revision constitutional.

Le coprincipato esseva mantenite, ma su functiones esseva definite in le quadro del nove ordine constitutional. Le coprincipes deveniva chefes del Stato con competentias constitutional determinate, durante que le poter executive esseva exercite per le Governo e le poter legislative per le Consell General.

Le Constitution representa un ruptura juridic importante con le systema traditional, ma preserva le continuitate historic del coprincipato e del institutiones andorran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/ca/el-consell-dandorra/constitucio-i-reglament/la-constitucio-del-principat-d-andorra |titulo=La Constitució del Principat d'Andorra |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recognition international ==
Le adoption del Constitution aperiva le via al recognition international plen de Andorra como Stato independente. Le 28 de julio 1993, Andorra deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] (ONU). Iste adhesion confirmava su participation al systema international como un subjecto de derecto international.

In 1994, Andorra deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]], reinforce su integration in le institutiones europee e su participation in le cooperation international concernente le derectos human, le democratia e le Stato de derecto.

Le pais ha postea developpate relationes diplomatic e cooperation con altere statos e organisationes international. Su dimension reducite non ha impedi le participation in foros multilateral e le disveloppamento de un politica exterior orientate al cooperation e al recognition del su autonomia.

== Le coprincipato contemporanee ==
Le systema politic de Andorra conserva le institution del coprincipato, con duo coprincipes: le [[Episcopo de Urgell]] e le [[Presidente del Republica Francese]]. Le duo exerce le function de chefes del Stato a titulo personal e con equalitate constitutional, secundo le Constitution de 1993.

Le coprincipes non dirige ordinariamente le Governo. Le poder executive pertine al Govern, le poter legislative al Consell General e le administration del justitia al systema judicial andorran. Le coprincipato representa assi un combination de continuitate historic e institutiones democratic moderne.

Le Constitution regula le actos del coprincipes, le nomination del chef del Governo e le relationes inter le institutiones del Stato. Le function del coprincipes ha un character constitutional e institutional, e lor action debe respectar le proceduras establite per le Constitution.

== Andorra in le seculo XXI ==
Durante le seculo XXI, Andorra continua a evolver como un Stato european de parve dimension, con un economia fortement orientate al turismo, al commercio e al services. Le pais ha investite in infrastructuras, education, services public e cooperation international.

Le relationes con le Union Europee e con Francia e Espania es central pro le commercio, le circulation de personas e le cooperation economic. Andorra non es membro del Union Europee, ma mantene accordos e relationes que influentia su economia e su quadro regulatory.

Le transformation del economia ha etiam create questiones concernente le allogiamento, le costo del vita, le protection del paisage montaniose, le gestion del ressources natural e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic. Le dependentia del turismo rende le economia sensibile al crises international, al variationes del mobilitate e al cambiamentos del habitos de consumo.

Le institutiones andorran continua a affrontar le necessitate de conciliar le autonomia historic del pais con le cooperation regional, le integration economic e le exigentias del governamento democratic contemporanee.

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Andorra| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Andorra''' tracta le evolution del territorio del actual [[Principato de Andorra]], desde su prime habitation human e le organisation del communitates del valles pirenaic usque al formation del Stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le [[Pireneos]], inter [[Francia]] e [[Espania]], Andorra developpava un tradition politic distinctive, marcate per le autonomia local, le relationes con le comtes de Urgell e de Foix e le institution del coprincipato, que associa le episcopo de Urgell e le presidente del Republica Francese como chefes del Stato.

Le historia institutional de Andorra es specialmente notabile pro le duration del accordos medieval que establiva le sovranitate compartite super le valles. Le [[Constitution de Andorra]], approbate per referendum le 14 de martio 1993, modernisava le institutiones del pais e lo defini como un Stato independente, democratic e social sub le imperio del lege. Le Constitution manteneva le coprincipato, ma attribueva le poter executive al Governo e establi un systema parlamentar moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitation ==
Le territorio andorran es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archeologic trovate in locos como Balma de la Margineda, El Cedre, in Santa Coloma, e Antuix, in Escaldes-Engordany, documenta le presentia de communitates human que utilisava le ressources del ambientes montaniose.

Le montanias, le valles e le fluvios del territorio influentiava le modos de vita del prime habitantes. Le populationes practicava le cassa, le piscation, le collection de plantas e, progressivemente, le agricultura e le allevamento. Le utilisation del pascuos montaniose e le circulation inter le valles contribuiva al formation de communitates ligate per relationes economic e cultural.

Le position de Andorra inter le regiones del actual Catalonia e del sud de Francia favorava le contactos con altere partes del Pireneos. Durante le Antiquitate e le prime seculos del periodo medieval, le territorio esseva incorporate in le redes regional de communication e de poder que se transformava con le expansion del dominiones roman e postroman.

Le documentos historic relative al prime periodo de Andorra es limitate. Pro iste ration, le evolution del populationes e del institutiones ante le seculo IX debe esser reconstruite mediante le archeologia e le comparation con le historia del regiones vicin.

== Andorra in le periodo medieval initial ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le valles de Andorra esseva ligate al organisation politic e ecclesiastic del region de Urgell. Le formation del [[Comtat de Urgell]] e le disveloppamento del [[Diocesis de Urgell]] contribuiva al evolution del relationes de proprietate e de autoritate in le Pireneos.

Secundo un legenda traditional, [[Carlo Magno]] fundava Andorra in 805, como recognition del auxilio prestate per le habitantes del valles contra le musulmanos. Iste racconto ocupa un position importante in le memoria historic andorran, ma illo non debe esser considerate un facto documentate in le mesme maniera que le actos medieval conservate.

Le prime documento cognoscite que mentiona Andorra es un donation del 843, per le qual [[Carlo le Calve]], rege del Francos Occidental, confirmava o attribueva possessiones al comte Sunifred de Urgell e Cerdanya. Le documento liga le territorio al contexto politic del monarchia carolingian e del potentias local del Pireneos.

Durante le seculo X, le dominiones de seniores laic e ecclesiastic influentiava le construction de ecclesias, fortificationes e altere centros local. Le structura social remaneva principalement rural, con communitates dependente del agricultura, del allevamento e del exploitation del ressources montaniose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitandorra.com/en/a-brief-history/ |titulo=A brief history |sitioweb=Visit Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le dominio del episcopos de Urgell ==
Durante le seculo XI, le [[Episcopo de Urgell]] augmentava progressivemente su autoritate super le valles de Andorra. Le relationes inter le poteres ecclesiastic e le seniores local determinava le repartition del terras, del derectos e del obligationes del habitantes.

In 1133, le comte de Urgell cedeva al episcopo le derectos que ille possedeva super Andorra. Le territorio deveniva assi un dominio ecclesiastic, ma le extension del autoritate del episcopo non eliminava le interesses de altere seniores, specialmente del comtes de Foix.

Le controlo del valles habeva importantia economic e strategic. Le routes montaniose ligava le communitates del Pireneos e facilitava le circulation de animales, productos agricole e mercantias. Le possession del derectos de jurisdiction e del revenues local deveniva un fonte de conflictos inter le episcopato e le potentias secular.

Le rivalitate inter le episcopos de Urgell e le comtes de Foix se intensificava durante le seculo XIII. Le disputa concerniva le sovranitate super Andorra e le derectos de cada parte in materia de administration, tributos, justitia e obligationes militar.

== Le Pariatges de 1278 e 1288 ==
Le conflicto inter le episcopo de Urgell e le comte de Foix esseva resolvite per duo accordos juridic cognoscite como Pariatges. Le prime esseva signate le 8 de septembre 1278, inter le episcopo Pere d'Urtx e le comte Roger Bernat III de Foix. Le secunde accordo, del 1288, completava le dispositiones del prime e regulava altere aspectos del relationes inter le duo potentias.

Le Pariatge de 1278 establi un systema de sovranitate compartite super Andorra. Le episcopo e le comte recipeva derectos e obligationes in le governamento del territorio, con dispositiones concernente le tributos, le justitia e le obligationes del habitantes. Le accordo de 1288 preciseva le conditiones del administration e del obligationes mutue.

Iste systema institutional deveniva le fundamento del coprincipato andorran. Le valles non esseva transformate in un dominio exclusive de un sol senior, ma remaneva sub le autoritate compartite de duo potentias. Le habitantes continuava a conservar certe formas de organisation comunitari e administration local.

Le Pariatges es documentos fundamental del historia juridic de Andorra. Le accordos restava in vigor, con transformationes e interpretationes successive, usque al adoption del Constitution moderne in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668170/ |titulo=The First Pariatge of Andorra |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del Consell de la Terra ==
Durante le periodo medieval, le communitates del valles developpava formas de representation e cooperation local. Le organisation del parochias e le gestion del terras commun contribuiva al formation de institutiones que permitteva al habitantes de defender lor interesses collective.

In 1419, le episcopo de Urgell recognosceva le Consell de la Terra, un organo representative que reuniva representantes del communitates andorran. Iste institution es considerate le antecedente del actual [[Consell General d'Andorra]], le parlamento del pais.

Le Consell de la Terra participa in le administration del asuntos commun e in le coordination inter le parochias. Su evolution reflecteva le importantia del autonomie local in un territorio ubi le autoritate superior esseva dividite inter le coprincipes.

Le institutiones local non equivaleva a un democratia moderne. Le participation politic esseva limitate e dependente del normas social e del conditiones de proprietate del epocha. Nonobstante, le existentia de un organo representative contribuiva al preservation de un tradition de governamento local que continua a influentiar le systema politic andorran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le relation con le corona francese ==
Durante le seculo XV, le comtes de Foix acquireva un position plus importante in le politica regional e deveniva etiam sovranos de [[Navarra]]. Le successiones dinastic transferiva gradualmente lor derectos super Andorra a potentias de plus grande extension.

In 1589, [[Henrique IV de Francia]], qui esseva rege de Navarra e comte de Foix, deveniva rege de Francia. Su accession al corona francese liga le derectos del comtes de Foix super Andorra al monarchia francese.

Le relation institutional con Francia evolveva durante le seculos sequente. Le derectos del corona francese super Andorra non significava que le territorio deveniva un provincia ordinari francese; le systema del coprincipato e le autonomia local continuava a distinguer Andorra del territorios directamente governate per Francia o Espania.

Le institution del coprincipato superviveva a plure transformationes del monarchia francese, includente le Revolution Francese e le creation de nove formas de governamento.

== Revolution Francese e periodo napoleonian ==
Le [[Revolution Francese]] de 1789 transformava le institutiones del Francia e provocava un ruptura temporari in le relationes traditional inter le autoritates francese e Andorra. In 1793, le autoritates revolutionari francese refusava initialmente de continuar le relationes con Andorra, considerante que le derectos de coprincipato del corona francese derivava de un ordine feudal incompatible con le nove principios politic.

Le interruption del relationes creava difficultates pro le administration andorran, que dependeva del recognition del derectos compartite e del relationes con su vicinos. Le situazione esseva modificate durante le periodo napoleonian.

In 1806, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] restabliva le derectos de coprincipato francese super Andorra. Iste decision confirmava le continuation del institution traditional, malgrado le transformation del Francia in un Stato moderne.

Le restauration del derectos francese non eliminava le autonomia del valles. Andorra continuava a mantener su proprie institutiones local e su relationes specific con le episcopo de Urgell.

== Le Nova Reforma de 1866 ==
Durante le seculo XIX, Andorra conservava un systema politic basate super institutiones traditional e un participation restringite in le administration del asuntos public. Le evolution social e economic del region provocava demandas de reforma del representation e del governamento.

Le Nova Reforma de 1866 introduceva cambiamentos importante in le organisation politic e administrative. Illa extendeva le derecto de voto a tote le chefes de casa que satisfaceva le conditiones establite e augmentava le rolo del Consell General.

Le reforma contribueva a modernisar le institutiones del principato e a ampliar le participation del communitates in le decisiones public. Nonobstante, le systema continuava a esser multo different del democracias representative contemporanee, e le participation politic remaneva limitate per le normas social del epocha.

Le Nova Reforma deveniva un etapa importante in le transition gradual de Andorra desde un organisation traditional de valles verso un systema institutional plus moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Andorra al initio del seculo XX ==
Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Andorra remaneva un societate principalement rural, con un economia basate super agricultura, allevamento, exploitation del forestas e commercio local. Le difficultates del communication e le conditiones del ambiente montaniose contribuiva al mantenimento de formas de vita traditional.

Le relationes con Francia e Espania deveniva gradualmente plus importante con le melioramento del vias e del transporto. Le construction de routes facilitava le accesso al valles, le circulation de mercantias e le contactos con le citates del regiones vicin.

Le expansion del commercio e del services contribuiva al transformation del economia. Le position de Andorra inter duo statos e su regime fiscal particular deveniva un factor importante in le disveloppamento del activitate commercial.

== Conflictos politic e reformas durante le annos 1930 ==
Durante le annos 1930, Andorra experimentava tensiones politic concernente le representation, le derectos civic e le distribution del poter. Le crise economic international e le cambios politic in Francia e Espania influentiava etiam le debates interne.

In 1933, un periodo de conflictos politic e protestas conduceva a interventiones del autoritates francese e a medidas destinate a restaurar le ordine institutional. Le annos sequente esseva marcate per le necessitate de adaptar le governamento del principato al transformationes del societate.

Le proximitate de Andorra al [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] (1936–1939) e al altere conflictos europee del periodo influentiava su position regional. Le territorio non esseva transformate in un fronte militar principal, ma su geographia e su frontieras deveniva importante pro le circulation de personas, mercantias e refugiatos.

== Guerra Civil Espaniol e Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] provocava un grave crise human in le region pirenaic. Andorra recipeva personas que fugiva del violentia e del persecution politic in Espania. Le population local e le institutiones debeva adaptar se al influxo de refugiatos e al difficultates economic del periodo.

Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le position de Andorra inter Francia e Espania, assi como su terreno montaniose, lo situava in un zona de communication e passage. Le frontieras esseva usate per diverse personas que cercava a fugir del persecution nazista o a passar inter le territorios europee. Le rutas montaniose podia esser periculose, e le passage dependeva del circumstantias politic e del assistentia de personas local.

Le guerra e le difficultates economic del periodo augmentava le importantia del commercio de frontiera. Post le guerra, le circulation de mercantias e de divisas deveniva un del elementos que susteneva le transformation economic de Andorra.

== Transformation economic e turismo ==
Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Andorra initiava un transformation economic rapide. Le melioramento del vias, le expansion del commercio e le disveloppamento del infrastructuras facilitava le arrivata de visitatores e le integration del pais in le economia regional.

Le turismo deveniva gradualmente un del principales sectores economic. Le paisage montaniose, le deportes de hieme, le excursionismo e le shopping attirava visitatores de Francia, Espania e altere partes de Europa. Le construction de hoteles, stationes de ski, centros commercial e infrastructuras turistic transformava le paisages e le mercatos de labor.

Le disveloppamento del turismo accompagnava un expansion del population e un transformation del structura social. Le agricultura e le allevamento perdeva parte de lor importantia relative, durante que le services, le commercio e le construction deveniva fontes central de empleo.

Le evolution economic rendeva plus urgente le adaptation del institutiones traditional. Le crescimento del population, le diversification del activitates e le contactos international exigeva un quadro juridic e administrative plus clar.

== Reformas institutional e creation del Govern Executiv ==
Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le debates super le modernisation politic deveniva plus intense. Le institutiones traditional del principato non disponeva ancora de un separation del poteres e de un quadro constitutional comparabile a illo del statos democratic moderne.

In 1981, esseva create le Consell Executiu, que marca un etapa importante in le disveloppamento de un organo de governamento distincte del institutiones legislative e del coprincipes. Le reforma initiate durante iste periodo conduceva a un serie de cambios institutional e al elaboration de un nove quadro constitutional.

Le processus de reforma requireva negotiationes inter le Consell General, le representantes del coprincipes e le altere institutiones del principato. Le objectivo esseva adaptar le systema traditional al principios del Stato de derecto, clarificar le competentias del organos public e formalizar le derectos e libertates fundamental.

== Constitution de 1993 ==
Le Constitution del Principato de Andorra esseva approbate per referendum le 14 de martio 1993 e entrava in vigor post su promulgation. Illa establi que Andorra es un Stato independente, democratic e social sub le imperio del lege, e defini le principato como un democratia parlamentar.

Le Constitution clarificava le separation del poteres, le derectos fundamental, le function del Consell General, le competentias del Governo, le organisation territorial e le administration del justitia. Illa establi etiam le institution del Tribunal Constitucional e le proceduras de revision constitutional.

Le coprincipato esseva mantenite, ma su functiones esseva definite in le quadro del nove ordine constitutional. Le coprincipes deveniva chefes del Stato con competentias constitutional determinate, durante que le poter executive esseva exercite per le Governo e le poter legislative per le Consell General.

Le Constitution representa un ruptura juridic importante con le systema traditional, ma preserva le continuitate historic del coprincipato e del institutiones andorran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/ca/el-consell-dandorra/constitucio-i-reglament/la-constitucio-del-principat-d-andorra |titulo=La Constitució del Principat d'Andorra |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recognition international ==
Le adoption del Constitution aperiva le via al recognition international plen de Andorra como Stato independente. Le 28 de julio 1993, Andorra deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] (ONU). Iste adhesion confirmava su participation al systema international como un subjecto de derecto international.

In 1994, Andorra deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]], reinforce su integration in le institutiones europee e su participation in le cooperation international concernente le derectos human, le democratia e le Stato de derecto.

Le pais ha postea developpate relationes diplomatic e cooperation con altere statos e organisationes international. Su dimension reducite non ha impedi le participation in foros multilateral e le disveloppamento de un politica exterior orientate al cooperation e al recognition del su autonomia.

== Le coprincipato contemporanee ==
Le systema politic de Andorra conserva le institution del coprincipato, con duo coprincipes: le [[Episcopo de Urgell]] e le [[Presidente del Republica Francese]]. Le duo exerce le function de chefes del Stato a titulo personal e con equalitate constitutional, secundo le Constitution de 1993.

Le coprincipes non dirige ordinariamente le Governo. Le poder executive pertine al Govern, le poter legislative al Consell General e le administration del justitia al systema judicial andorran. Le coprincipato representa assi un combination de continuitate historic e institutiones democratic moderne.

Le Constitution regula le actos del coprincipes, le nomination del chef del Governo e le relationes inter le institutiones del Stato. Le function del coprincipes ha un character constitutional e institutional, e lor action debe respectar le proceduras establite per le Constitution.

== Andorra in le seculo XXI ==
Durante le seculo XXI, Andorra continua a evolver como un Stato european de parve dimension, con un economia fortement orientate al turismo, al commercio e al services. Le pais ha investite in infrastructuras, education, services public e cooperation international.

Le relationes con le Union Europee e con Francia e Espania es central pro le commercio, le circulation de personas e le cooperation economic. Andorra non es membro del Union Europee, ma mantene accordos e relationes que influentia su economia e su quadro regulatory.

Le transformation del economia ha etiam create questiones concernente le allogiamento, le costo del vita, le protection del paisage montaniose, le gestion del ressources natural e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic. Le dependentia del turismo rende le economia sensibile al crises international, al variationes del mobilitate e al cambiamentos del habitos de consumo.

Le institutiones andorran continua a affrontar le necessitate de conciliar le autonomia historic del pais con le cooperation regional, le integration economic e le exigentias del governamento democratic contemporanee.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Andorra| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Andorra''' tracta le evolution del territorio del actual [[Principato de Andorra]], desde su prime habitation human e le organisation del communitates del valles pirenaic usque al formation del Stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le [[Pireneos]], inter [[Francia]] e [[Espania]], Andorra developpava un tradition politic distinctive, marcate per le autonomia local, le relationes con le comtes de Urgell e de Foix e le institution del coprincipato, que associa le episcopo de Urgell e le presidente del Republica Francese como chefes del Stato.

Le historia institutional de Andorra es specialmente notabile pro le duration del accordos medieval que establiva le sovranitate compartite super le valles. Le [[Constitution de Andorra]], approbate per referendum le 14 de martio 1993, modernisava le institutiones del pais e lo defini como un Stato independente, democratic e social sub le imperio del lege. Le Constitution manteneva le coprincipato, ma attribueva le poter executive al Governo e establi un systema parlamentar moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitation ==
Le territorio andorran es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archeologic trovate in locos como Balma de la Margineda, El Cedre, in Santa Coloma, e Antuix, in Escaldes-Engordany, documenta le presentia de communitates human que utilisava le ressources del ambientes montaniose.

Le montanias, le valles e le fluvios del territorio influentiava le modos de vita del prime habitantes. Le populationes practicava le cassa, le piscation, le collection de plantas e, progressivemente, le agricultura e le allevamento. Le utilisation del pascuos montaniose e le circulation inter le valles contribuiva al formation de communitates ligate per relationes economic e cultural.

Le position de Andorra inter le regiones del actual Catalonia e del sud de Francia favorava le contactos con altere partes del Pireneos. Durante le Antiquitate e le prime seculos del periodo medieval, le territorio esseva incorporate in le redes regional de communication e de poder que se transformava con le expansion del dominiones roman e postroman.

Le documentos historic relative al prime periodo de Andorra es limitate. Pro iste ration, le evolution del populationes e del institutiones ante le seculo IX debe esser reconstruite mediante le archeologia e le comparation con le historia del regiones vicin.

== Andorra in le periodo medieval initial ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le valles de Andorra esseva ligate al organisation politic e ecclesiastic del region de Urgell. Le formation del [[Comtat de Urgell]] e le disveloppamento del [[Diocesis de Urgell]] contribuiva al evolution del relationes de proprietate e de autoritate in le Pireneos.

Secundo un legenda traditional, [[Carlo Magno]] fundava Andorra in 805, como recognition del auxilio prestate per le habitantes del valles contra le musulmanos. Iste racconto ocupa un position importante in le memoria historic andorran, ma illo non debe esser considerate un facto documentate in le mesme maniera que le actos medieval conservate.

Le prime documento cognoscite que mentiona Andorra es un donation del 843, per le qual [[Carlo le Calve]], rege del Francos Occidental, confirmava o attribueva possessiones al comte Sunifred de Urgell e Cerdanya. Le documento liga le territorio al contexto politic del monarchia carolingian e del potentias local del Pireneos.

Durante le seculo X, le dominiones de seniores laic e ecclesiastic influentiava le construction de ecclesias, fortificationes e altere centros local. Le structura social remaneva principalement rural, con communitates dependente del agricultura, del allevamento e del exploitation del ressources montaniose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitandorra.com/en/a-brief-history/ |titulo=A brief history |sitioweb=Visit Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le dominio del episcopos de Urgell ==
Durante le seculo XI, le [[Episcopo de Urgell]] augmentava progressivemente su autoritate super le valles de Andorra. Le relationes inter le poteres ecclesiastic e le seniores local determinava le repartition del terras, del derectos e del obligationes del habitantes.

In 1133, le comte de Urgell cedeva al episcopo le derectos que ille possedeva super Andorra. Le territorio deveniva assi un dominio ecclesiastic, ma le extension del autoritate del episcopo non eliminava le interesses de altere seniores, specialmente del comtes de Foix.

Le controlo del valles habeva importantia economic e strategic. Le routes montaniose ligava le communitates del Pireneos e facilitava le circulation de animales, productos agricole e mercantias. Le possession del derectos de jurisdiction e del revenues local deveniva un fonte de conflictos inter le episcopato e le potentias secular.

Le rivalitate inter le episcopos de Urgell e le comtes de Foix se intensificava durante le seculo XIII. Le disputa concerniva le sovranitate super Andorra e le derectos de cada parte in materia de administration, tributos, justitia e obligationes militar.

== Le Pariatges de 1278 e 1288 ==
Le conflicto inter le episcopo de Urgell e le comte de Foix esseva resolvite per duo accordos juridic cognoscite como Pariatges. Le prime esseva signate le 8 de septembre 1278, inter le episcopo Pere d'Urtx e le comte Roger Bernat III de Foix. Le secunde accordo, del 1288, completava le dispositiones del prime e regulava altere aspectos del relationes inter le duo potentias.

Le Pariatge de 1278 establi un systema de sovranitate compartite super Andorra. Le episcopo e le comte recipeva derectos e obligationes in le governamento del territorio, con dispositiones concernente le tributos, le justitia e le obligationes del habitantes. Le accordo de 1288 preciseva le conditiones del administration e del obligationes mutue.

Iste systema institutional deveniva le fundamento del coprincipato andorran. Le valles non esseva transformate in un dominio exclusive de un sol senior, ma remaneva sub le autoritate compartite de duo potentias. Le habitantes continuava a conservar certe formas de organisation comunitari e administration local.

Le Pariatges es documentos fundamental del historia juridic de Andorra. Le accordos restava in vigor, con transformationes e interpretationes successive, usque al adoption del Constitution moderne in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668170/ |titulo=The First Pariatge of Andorra |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del Consell de la Terra ==
Durante le periodo medieval, le communitates del valles developpava formas de representation e cooperation local. Le organisation del parochias e le gestion del terras commun contribuiva al formation de institutiones que permitteva al habitantes de defender lor interesses collective.

In 1419, le episcopo de Urgell recognosceva le Consell de la Terra, un organo representative que reuniva representantes del communitates andorran. Iste institution es considerate le antecedente del actual [[Consell General d'Andorra]], le parlamento del pais.

Le Consell de la Terra participa in le administration del asuntos commun e in le coordination inter le parochias. Su evolution reflecteva le importantia del autonomie local in un territorio ubi le autoritate superior esseva dividite inter le coprincipes.

Le institutiones local non equivaleva a un democratia moderne. Le participation politic esseva limitate e dependente del normas social e del conditiones de proprietate del epocha. Nonobstante, le existentia de un organo representative contribuiva al preservation de un tradition de governamento local que continua a influentiar le systema politic andorran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le relation con le corona francese ==
Durante le seculo XV, le comtes de Foix acquireva un position plus importante in le politica regional e deveniva etiam sovranos de [[Navarra]]. Le successiones dinastic transferiva gradualmente lor derectos super Andorra a potentias de plus grande extension.

In 1589, [[Henrique IV de Francia]], qui esseva rege de Navarra e comte de Foix, deveniva rege de Francia. Su accession al corona francese liga le derectos del comtes de Foix super Andorra al monarchia francese.

Le relation institutional con Francia evolveva durante le seculos sequente. Le derectos del corona francese super Andorra non significava que le territorio deveniva un provincia ordinari francese; le systema del coprincipato e le autonomia local continuava a distinguer Andorra del territorios directamente governate per Francia o Espania.

Le institution del coprincipato superviveva a plure transformationes del monarchia francese, includente le Revolution Francese e le creation de nove formas de governamento.

== Revolution Francese e periodo napoleonian ==
Le [[Revolution Francese]] de 1789 transformava le institutiones del Francia e provocava un ruptura temporari in le relationes traditional inter le autoritates francese e Andorra. In 1793, le autoritates revolutionari francese refusava initialmente de continuar le relationes con Andorra, considerante que le derectos de coprincipato del corona francese derivava de un ordine feudal incompatible con le nove principios politic.

Le interruption del relationes creava difficultates pro le administration andorran, que dependeva del recognition del derectos compartite e del relationes con su vicinos. Le situazione esseva modificate durante le periodo napoleonian.

In 1806, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] restabliva le derectos de coprincipato francese super Andorra. Iste decision confirmava le continuation del institution traditional, malgrado le transformation del Francia in un Stato moderne.

Le restauration del derectos francese non eliminava le autonomia del valles. Andorra continuava a mantener su proprie institutiones local e su relationes specific con le episcopo de Urgell.

== Le Nova Reforma de 1866 ==
Durante le seculo XIX, Andorra conservava un systema politic basate super institutiones traditional e un participation restringite in le administration del asuntos public. Le evolution social e economic del region provocava demandas de reforma del representation e del governamento.

Le Nova Reforma de 1866 introduceva cambiamentos importante in le organisation politic e administrative. Illa extendeva le derecto de voto a tote le chefes de casa que satisfaceva le conditiones establite e augmentava le rolo del Consell General.

Le reforma contribueva a modernisar le institutiones del principato e a ampliar le participation del communitates in le decisiones public. Nonobstante, le systema continuava a esser multo different del democracias representative contemporanee, e le participation politic remaneva limitate per le normas social del epocha.

Le Nova Reforma deveniva un etapa importante in le transition gradual de Andorra desde un organisation traditional de valles verso un systema institutional plus moderne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.govern.ad/ca/tematiques/cultura-i-esports/patrimoni-cultural/coneixer-el-patrimoni-cultural/historia-d-andorra |titulo=Història d'Andorra |sitioweb=Govern d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Andorra al initio del seculo XX ==
Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Andorra remaneva un societate principalement rural, con un economia basate super agricultura, allevamento, exploitation del forestas e commercio local. Le difficultates del communication e le conditiones del ambiente montaniose contribuiva al mantenimento de formas de vita traditional.

Le relationes con Francia e Espania deveniva gradualmente plus importante con le melioramento del vias e del transporto. Le construction de routes facilitava le accesso al valles, le circulation de mercantias e le contactos con le citates del regiones vicin.

Le expansion del commercio e del services contribuiva al transformation del economia. Le position de Andorra inter duo statos e su regime fiscal particular deveniva un factor importante in le disveloppamento del activitate commercial.

== Conflictos politic e reformas durante le annos 1930 ==
Durante le annos 1930, Andorra experimentava tensiones politic concernente le representation, le derectos civic e le distribution del poter. Le crise economic international e le cambios politic in Francia e Espania influentiava etiam le debates interne.

In 1933, un periodo de conflictos politic e protestas conduceva a interventiones del autoritates francese e a medidas destinate a restaurar le ordine institutional. Le annos sequente esseva marcate per le necessitate de adaptar le governamento del principato al transformationes del societate.

Le proximitate de Andorra al [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] (1936–1939) e al altere conflictos europee del periodo influentiava su position regional. Le territorio non esseva transformate in un fronte militar principal, ma su geographia e su frontieras deveniva importante pro le circulation de personas, mercantias e refugiatos.

== Guerra Civil Espaniol e Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]] provocava un grave crise human in le region pirenaic. Andorra recipeva personas que fugiva del violentia e del persecution politic in Espania. Le population local e le institutiones debeva adaptar se al influxo de refugiatos e al difficultates economic del periodo.

Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le position de Andorra inter Francia e Espania, assi como su terreno montaniose, lo situava in un zona de communication e passage. Le frontieras esseva usate per diverse personas que cercava a fugir del persecution nazista o a passar inter le territorios europee. Le rutas montaniose podia esser periculose, e le passage dependeva del circumstantias politic e del assistentia de personas local.

Le guerra e le difficultates economic del periodo augmentava le importantia del commercio de frontiera. Post le guerra, le circulation de mercantias e de divisas deveniva un del elementos que susteneva le transformation economic de Andorra.

== Transformation economic e turismo ==
Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Andorra initiava un transformation economic rapide. Le melioramento del vias, le expansion del commercio e le disveloppamento del infrastructuras facilitava le arrivata de visitatores e le integration del pais in le economia regional.

Le turismo deveniva gradualmente un del principales sectores economic. Le paisage montaniose, le deportes de hieme, le excursionismo e le shopping attirava visitatores de Francia, Espania e altere partes de Europa. Le construction de hoteles, stationes de ski, centros commercial e infrastructuras turistic transformava le paisages e le mercatos de labor.

Le disveloppamento del turismo accompagnava un expansion del population e un transformation del structura social. Le agricultura e le allevamento perdeva parte de lor importantia relative, durante que le services, le commercio e le construction deveniva fontes central de empleo.

Le evolution economic rendeva plus urgente le adaptation del institutiones traditional. Le crescimento del population, le diversification del activitates e le contactos international exigeva un quadro juridic e administrative plus clar.

== Reformas institutional e creation del Govern Executiv ==
Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le debates super le modernisation politic deveniva plus intense. Le institutiones traditional del principato non disponeva ancora de un separation del poteres e de un quadro constitutional comparabile a illo del statos democratic moderne.

In 1981, esseva create le Consell Executiu, que marca un etapa importante in le disveloppamento de un organo de governamento distincte del institutiones legislative e del coprincipes. Le reforma initiate durante iste periodo conduceva a un serie de cambios institutional e al elaboration de un nove quadro constitutional.

Le processus de reforma requireva negotiationes inter le Consell General, le representantes del coprincipes e le altere institutiones del principato. Le objectivo esseva adaptar le systema traditional al principios del Stato de derecto, clarificar le competentias del organos public e formalizar le derectos e libertates fundamental.

== Constitution de 1993 ==
Le Constitution del Principato de Andorra esseva approbate per referendum le 14 de martio 1993 e entrava in vigor post su promulgation. Illa establi que Andorra es un Stato independente, democratic e social sub le imperio del lege, e defini le principato como un democratia parlamentar.

Le Constitution clarificava le separation del poteres, le derectos fundamental, le function del Consell General, le competentias del Governo, le organisation territorial e le administration del justitia. Illa establi etiam le institution del Tribunal Constitucional e le proceduras de revision constitutional.

Le coprincipato esseva mantenite, ma su functiones esseva definite in le quadro del nove ordine constitutional. Le coprincipes deveniva chefes del Stato con competentias constitutional determinate, durante que le poter executive esseva exercite per le Governo e le poter legislative per le Consell General.

Le Constitution representa un ruptura juridic importante con le systema traditional, ma preserva le continuitate historic del coprincipato e del institutiones andorran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/ca/el-consell-dandorra/constitucio-i-reglament/la-constitucio-del-principat-d-andorra |titulo=La Constitució del Principat d'Andorra |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fr/le-consell-general/organes-et-procede-du-consell-general/constitution |titulo=Constitution |sitioweb=Consell General d'Andorra |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recognition international ==
Le adoption del Constitution aperiva le via al recognition international plen de Andorra como Stato independente. Le 28 de julio 1993, Andorra deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] (ONU). Iste adhesion confirmava su participation al systema international como un subjecto de derecto international.

In 1994, Andorra deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]], reinforce su integration in le institutiones europee e su participation in le cooperation international concernente le derectos human, le democratia e le Stato de derecto.

Le pais ha postea developpate relationes diplomatic e cooperation con altere statos e organisationes international. Su dimension reducite non ha impedi le participation in foros multilateral e le disveloppamento de un politica exterior orientate al cooperation e al recognition del su autonomia.

== Le coprincipato contemporanee ==
Le systema politic de Andorra conserva le institution del coprincipato, con duo coprincipes: le [[Episcopo de Urgell]] e le [[Presidente del Republica Francese]]. Le duo exerce le function de chefes del Stato a titulo personal e con equalitate constitutional, secundo le Constitution de 1993.

Le coprincipes non dirige ordinariamente le Governo. Le poder executive pertine al Govern, le poter legislative al Consell General e le administration del justitia al systema judicial andorran. Le coprincipato representa assi un combination de continuitate historic e institutiones democratic moderne.

Le Constitution regula le actos del coprincipes, le nomination del chef del Governo e le relationes inter le institutiones del Stato. Le function del coprincipes ha un character constitutional e institutional, e lor action debe respectar le proceduras establite per le Constitution.

== Andorra in le seculo XXI ==
Durante le seculo XXI, Andorra continua a evolver como un Stato european de parve dimension, con un economia fortement orientate al turismo, al commercio e al services. Le pais ha investite in infrastructuras, education, services public e cooperation international.

Le relationes con le Union Europee e con Francia e Espania es central pro le commercio, le circulation de personas e le cooperation economic. Andorra non es membro del Union Europee, ma mantene accordos e relationes que influentia su economia e su quadro regulatory.

Le transformation del economia ha etiam create questiones concernente le allogiamento, le costo del vita, le protection del paisage montaniose, le gestion del ressources natural e le adaptation al cambiamento climatic. Le dependentia del turismo rende le economia sensibile al crises international, al variationes del mobilitate e al cambiamentos del habitos de consumo.

Le institutiones andorran continua a affrontar le necessitate de conciliar le autonomia historic del pais con le cooperation regional, le integration economic e le exigentias del governamento democratic contemporanee.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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    <title>Historia de Danmark</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Danmark''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populo danese desde le prime habitation human post le ultime glaciation usque al Stato contemporanee. Situate in le nord de Europa, inter le Mar del Nord e le Mar Baltic, Danmark developpava un identitate politic e cultural ligate al navigation, al commercio maritime e al relationes con le altere populos nordic.  Durante le [[Era Viking]], le Daneses participava in expe...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Danmark''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populo danese desde le prime habitation human post le ultime glaciation usque al Stato contemporanee. Situate in le nord de Europa, inter le Mar del Nord e le Mar Baltic, Danmark developpava un identitate politic e cultural ligate al navigation, al commercio maritime e al relationes con le altere populos nordic.

Durante le [[Era Viking]], le Daneses participava in expeditiones commercial, migrationes e conquestas que extendeva lor influentia verso le Insulas Britannic, le costa del Mar del Nord e altere partes de Europa. Le monarchia danese deveniva un potentia regional importante e, durante le Union de Kalmar, Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia esseva reunite sub un sol corona. Le seculos sequente esseva marcate per le conflictos con Svedia, le adoption del [[lutheranismo]], le establishment del monarchia absolute, le expansion colonial e le transformationes del Stato.

Durante le seculo XIX, Danmark perdeva grande partes de su territorio historic, ma developpava un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar. Le industrialisation, le agricultura cooperative e le reformas social contribuiva al formation del Stato social danese. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Danmark esseva occupate per Germania, ma post 1945 deveniva un del fundatores del cooperation international de postguerra e un membro de NATO. In 1973, le pais entrava in le Communitate Economic Europee, predecessora del [[Union Europee]].

== Prehistoria e prime populationes ==
Le territorio del actual Danmark esseva habitate post le fin del ultime glaciation, circa 10 000 a.C. Le prime habitantes viveva principalmente de cassa, piscation e collection de plantas e altere ressources natural. Le paisage, marcate per costas, insulas, planuras e zonas humid, influentiava le modos de vita e le movementos del populationes.

Durante le millennios sequente, le communitates adoptava progressivemente le agricultura e le allevamento. Circa 4000–3000 a.C., le populationes agricole establi insediamentos plus permanente e utilisava instrumentos de petra, durante que le agricultura e le domestication de animales transformava le relationes con le ambiente.

Durante le Etate del Bronzo, le populationes del territorio participava in redes de intercambio que ligava le nord de Europa con altere regiones del continente. Le objetos de bronzo, le ornamentos e le repertores archeologic demonstra le existentia de relationes commercial e cultural a longe distantia.

Durante le Etate del Ferro, le societates del territorio continuava a developpar lor agricultura e lor contactos exterior. Le commercio con le [[Imperio Roman]] includeva productos como le succino, le pelles e altere benes proveniente del nord. Le inscriptiones runic, que appareva in le prime seculos de nostre era, constitue un del prime testimonios del linguas germanic del region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history |titulo=The history of Denmark |sitioweb=Denmark.dk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del regno danese ==
Le formation de un regno danese occurreva gradualmente durante le prime millennio de nostre era. Le fontes scritte e le evidentia archeologic indica le existentia de potentias regional, de chefes militar e de redes de relationes inter le communitates del actual Danmark e le regiones vicin.

Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le potere del chefes danese se consolidava e le navigation deveniva un instrumento importante del expansion economic e militar. Le societates del region developpava naves adaptate al navigation costal e oceanic, facilitante le commercio, le exploration e le expeditiones de guerra.

Le formation del monarchia esseva un processo longe e non un evento singular. Le traditiones medieval associa le prime reges danese a diverse dinastias e centros de potere, ma le documentation es irregular pro le prime seculos.

Le monarchia deveniva plus stabile durante le seculo X, quando le reges comenciava a centralisar le autoritate e a reforçar le administration del territorio. Le consolidation del regno e le conversion al christianismo contribuiva al formation de institutiones politic e ecclesiastic plus durable.

== Era Viking ==
Le Era Viking es un del periodos plus cognoscite del historia danese. Illa es generalmente situate inter le fin del seculo VIII e le seculo XI. Le Daneses participava in expeditiones maritime que combinava commercio, colonisation, exploration e incursiones militar.

Le tradition historic associa le initio simbolic del era al attacco contra le monasterio de Lindisfarne, in le costa nord-oriental de Anglaterra, in 793. Durante le annos sequente, expeditiones proveniente del Scandinavia attingeva Anglaterra, Irlanda, le costa francese e altere partes de Europa.

Le Vikingos danese establiva insediamentos in partes del Insulas Britannic e participa in le conquesta de territorios anglo-saxonic. Durante le seculo XI, [[Sven Tveskæg]] e su filio [[Canuto le Grande]] exerceva un grande influentia super Danmark, Norvegia e partes de Anglaterra. Canuto governava un imperio del Mar del Nord que liga temporarimente diverse territorios sub un mesme monarchia.

Le Vikingos non esseva solmente guerreros. Illes participa in redes commercial que connecteva Scandinavia con le insulas britannic, le Europa continental e, per rutas oriental, le regiones del actual Russia e plus lontan. Illes transportava metales, textile, vitro, armas, pelles e altere benes. Le sclavitude e le commercio de personas esseva etiam parte de iste redes.

Le Era Viking contribuiva al expansion del navigation, al disveloppamento del commercio e al formation de relationes politic que influentiava le historia del nord de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history |titulo=The history of Denmark |sitioweb=Denmark.dk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Christianisation ==
Le christianisation del Daneses se developpava gradualmente durante le seculos IX e X. Missionarios proveniente del Europa continental promoveva le nove religion, ma le adoption del christianismo esseva etiam ligate al consolidation del autoritate regal e al relationes diplomatic con altere regnos europee.

Le rege Harald Bluetooth es un figura central in iste processo. Secundo le tradition, ille esseva baptisate e promoveva le christianismo durante le seculo X. Le inscriptiones runic del petra de Jelling, que mentiona Harald e su regno, es un testimonia importante del formation del monarchia danese e del transformation religiose del periodo.

Le christianismo introduceva nove institutiones ecclesiastic, le dioceses e le monasterios, e promoveva le integration de Danmark in le mundo cultural e politic del Europa occidental. Le ecclesia deveniva un importante proprietario de terras e un actor in le education, le administration e le vita social.

Le conversion non eliminava immediatemente le traditiones religiose prechristian. Le transition esseva gradual e varia inter regiones, ma al fin del periodo medieval le christianismo habeva devenite le religion dominante del regno.

== Danmark durante le Medioevo ==
Post le consolidation del monarchia christian, Danmark developpava un systema politic basate super le rege, le aristocratia, le ecclesia e le institutiones local. Le agricultura constitueva le base del economia, durante que le commercio maritime e le controle del strettos del Mar Baltic augmentava le importantia strategic del regno.

Le monarchia danese exerceva un influentia importante super le rutas maritime que ligava le Mar Baltic al Mar del Nord. Le controlo del strettos permitteva al reges de participar in le commercio regional e de obtener revenues per le navigation e le tributos.

Le relationes con Svedia e Norvegia esseva marcate tanto per cooperation como per conflictos. Le reges danese cercava a extender lor influentia super le regiones scandinave, durante que le nobiles e le communitates local defendava lor proprie interesses.

Le institutiones medieval evolveva per medio de accordos, conflictos dinastic e reformas administrative. Le ecclesia continuava a exercer un rolo importante, ma le monarchia augmentava progressivemente su capacitate de governar le territorio e de organisar le defensa.

== Union de Kalmar ==
In 1397, le [[Union de Kalmar]] reuniva Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia sub le monarchia de Margareta I. Le union includeva etiam, per medio del relationes dynastic e territorial, Islanda, le Insulas Feroe e Groenlandia, ligate al corona norvegian.

Le objectivo del union esseva coordinar le monarchias scandinave e reforçar lor position in le relationes con le potentias europee e le commercios del Mar Baltic. Le union manteneva le regnos como entitates distincte, ma con un monarcha commun.

Le union esseva marcate per rivalitates inter le regnos, specialmente concernente le dominantia danese e le interesses del nobiles svedese. Le opposition a le autoritate del monarcha e le conflictos politic conduceva a rupturas e restaurationes successive.

In 1523, Svedia se separava definitivamente del Union de Kalmar, sub le direction de [[Gustav I Vasa]]. Danmark e Norvegia remaneva sub un mesme corona, durante que le relationes inter Danmark e Svedia continuava a esser marcate per rivalitate militar e politic.

== Expansion e conflictos con Svedia ==
Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, Danmark e Svedia luctava repetitemente pro le predominio in Scandinavia e le controlo del Mar Baltic. Le guerras inter le duo regnos causava grande damnos economic e territorial.

Danmark possedeva territorios in le sud del actual Svedia, includente Scania, Halland e Blekinge. Le conflictos militar del seculo XVII terminava con le perdita de iste provincias. Le Tractato de Roskilde de 1658 obligava Danmark a ceder grande partes de su territorio al corona svedese.

Le perdita de territorios transformava le position strategic del regno e contribuiva al disveloppamento de un Stato danese plus concentrate super le penisula de Jutlandia e le insulas danese.

Le rivalitate scandinave continua durante le resto del seculo XVII e le seculo XVIII, ma Danmark non recuperava le provincias perdite. Le transformation del equilibrios regional contribuiva al evolution del politica exterior e del organisation militar danese.

== Reformation e monarchia absolute ==
Durante le prime parte del seculo XVI, le ideas del [[Reformation protestante]] se diffundeva in Danmark. Le conflicto inter le defensores del catholicismo e le partidarios del lutheranismo conduceva a un transformation del institutiones religiose e politic.

In 1536, le monarchia danese adoptava le Reformation lutheran como parte del systema official del regno. Le proprietates del ecclesia catholic esseva in grande parte transferite al corona, e le ecclesia lutheran deveniva un institution central del Stato.

Le Reformation augmentava le ressources economic del monarchia e modificava le education, le cultura religiose e le relationes inter le autoritate secular e le ecclesia. Le monasterios esseva supprimite o transformate, e le administration ecclesiastic esseva integrate in le structura del regno.

In 1660–1661, post un periodo de crise militar e financial, Danmark introduceva le monarchia absolute. Le rege acquireva un autoritate multo plus grande, e le governamento deveniva plus centralisate. Le monarchia absolute remaneva in vigor usque al revolution constitutional del seculo XIX.

== Colonias e commercio ultramar ==
Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Danmark establiva un imperio colonial de dimensiones plus reducite que illos de Britannia, Francia o Espania, ma con possesssiones in le Caribe, Africa e Asia.

In le Caribe, Danmark possedeva le Insulas Danese del Antillas, que includeva Saint Thomas, Saint John e Saint Croix. Le insulas esseva usate pro le production de zucar e pro le commercio transatlantic. Le economia colonial dependeva in grande parte del labor de africanos enslavigate.

In Africa occidental, le Daneses establiva postos commercial e fortes in le region del actual Ghana, durante que in Asia illes establiva le colonias de Tranquebar e Serampore in le subcontinente indian. Le commercio colonial includeva productos agricole, textile e altere mercantias, assi como le commercio de personas enslavigate.

Le Stato danese participa in le commercio transatlantic de sclavos, e le plantationes del Antillas Danese dependeva del labor enslaveva. Danmark prohibiva le commercio de sclavos in 1792, con le interdiction entrante in vigor in 1803. Le sclavitude in le colonias esseva abolite plus tarde, in 1848.

In 1917, Danmark vendeva le Insulas Danese del Antillas al Statos Unite. Le insulas deveniva le actual Insulas Virge American. Le vendita marca le fin del principal possession colonial danese in le Caribe.

== Reformas social e agricultural ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, Danmark initiava reformas que transformava le societate rural. Le abolition progressive del servitute rural e le redistribution de terras contribuiva al formation de un agricultura plus productive e de un classe de agricultores con plus grande autonomia.

Le reformas agricultural, specialmente durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVIII, modifica le relationes inter proprietarios e agricultores. Le nove systemas de production e le melioramento del infrastructuras augmentava le capacitate del agricultura danese e preparava le terreno pro le transformation economic del seculo XIX.

Le education deveniva etiam un thema importante. In 1814, Danmark introduceva un systema de education primari obligatori, contribuente al expansion del alfabetisation e al formation de un population plus instruite.

Le movementos religiose, le societates cultural e le associationes agricole contribuiva al formation de un cultura de cooperation que deveniva un elemento importante del societate danese moderne.

== Guerras napoleonian e perdita de Norvegia ==
Durante le guerras napoleonian, Danmark cercava a mantener su position inter le potentias europee, ma su neutralitate deveniva difficile a preservar. Le [[Regno Unite]] attaccava Copenhagen in 1807 e capturava o destruiva grande parte del flotta danese, timente que illo poterea esser usate per Napoleon.

Danmark entrava ulteriormente in le campo de Napoleon. Post le derrota francese, le Tractato de Kiel de 1814 obligava Danmark a ceder Norvegia al rege de Svedia. Le union danese-norvegian terminava, ben que Groenlandia, Islanda e le Insulas Feroe remaneva ligate a Danmark.

Le perdita de Norvegia representa un ruptura importante in le historia del regno. Le Stato danese deveniva territorialmente plus reducite e debeva adaptar su economia e su politica exterior al nove equilibrios europee.

== Constitution e guerras de Schleswig ==
Le ideas liberal e nationalista del seculo XIX promoveva demandas de representation politic e de un constitution que limitava le poter del monarcha. Le revoltas e transformationes politic de 1848 in Europa influentiava etiam Danmark.

Le 5 de junio 1849, le rege [[Frederik VII de Danmark]] signava le prime constitution danese, que terminava le monarchia absolute e establi un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento. Le nove constitution esseva un passo importante verso le formation del systema democratic contemporanee.

Le question del ducatus de Schleswig e Holstein provocava tamen conflictos national e territorial. Le prime guerra de Schleswig, inter 1848 e 1851, opposeva Danmark a fortias german e terminava sin un solution definitive del disputa.

In 1864, Danmark esseva vincite per Prussia e Austria in le Secunde Guerra de Schleswig. Le pais perdeva Schleswig, Holstein e Lauenburg, territorios que esseva incorporate al structuras politic german. Le derrota habeva un impacto profunde super le identitate national danese e super le politica exterior del pais.

Le frontiera con Germania esseva ulteriormente modificate post le Prime Guerra Mundial. In 1920, post un plebiscito in Schleswig del Nord, le region esseva reunite con Danmark. Le region meridional remaneva in Germania, con un minoritate danese, durante que Danmark conserva un minoritate german in le parte septentrional.

== Industrialisation e disveloppamento del democratia ==
Post le derrota de 1864, Danmark adoptava un politica exterior plus prudente e se concentrava super le transformation interne. Le agricultura deveniva plus productive per le adoption de novas technicas, le cooperation inter agricultores e le disveloppamento de industrias de transformation, specialmente in le sectores del lacte e del carne.

Le movemento cooperative facilitava le commercialisation del productos agricole e contribuiva al disveloppamento de un economia rural moderne. Le industrialisation e le urbanisation augmentava gradualmente, durante que Copenhagen e altere citates deveniva centros de industria, commercio e cultura.

Le democratia se developpava per medio de reformas electoral e de un expansion progressive del participation politic. Le constitution esseva reformate in 1915, introducente le derecto de voto pro feminas e altere gruppos anteriorimente excluse. Le reforma constitueva un passo importante verso le suffragio plus universal.

Le relationes inter le partidos politic, le sindicatos e le associationes patronal conduceva al disveloppamento de formas de negotiation collective que influentiava le mercato de labor e le systema social danese.

== Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918), Danmark manteneva su neutralitate. Le governamento cercava a evitar le participation directe in le conflicto e a proteger le commercio e le securitate del territorio.

Le guerra habeva tamen effectos economic importante. Le navigation commercial esseva perturbate per le blocadas e le guerra submarin, e le population affrontava difficultates de approvisionamento e variationes del precios.

Post le guerra, le question del frontiera con Germania deveniva un thema central. Le plebiscitos de 1920 permitteva al population del Schleswig del Nord de decider su affiliation, e le region retornava a Danmark. Le nove frontiera esseva un elemento importante del organisation territorial contemporanee del pais.

== Danmark durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Le 9 de april 1940, Germania nazista invadeva Danmark. Le governamento danese, confrontate con le superioritate militar german, acceptava le occupation post un resistentia armate limitate. Le autoritates danese continuava inicialmente a functionar sub le occupation, durante que le pais conservava formalmente certe institutiones national.

Le relationes inter le governamento e le autoritates occupante deveniva plus difficile durante le guerra. Le resistentia danese se developpava gradualmente, includente sabotages, collection de information e assistentia a personas persecutate.

In 1943, post un augmento del resistentia e del conflictos, le autoritates german assumeva un controlo plus directe e le collaboration institutional deveniva plus limitate. In le mesme anno, un grande parte del population judee de Danmark esseva evacuate verso Svedia con le assistentia de personas e redes danese.

Le 4 de maio 1945, le capitulation del fortias german in Danmark esseva annunciate, e le liberation deveniva effective le die sequente in le major parte del pais. Bornholm remaneva sub controlo sovietic durante le periodo post le capitulation german.

Le occupation habeva effectos durabile super le memoria national, le politica de securitate e le relationes de Danmark con le altere statos europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cas.au.dk/en/danish-history/modules/module-7-the-world-war-era-1914-1945/6-the-occupation-1940-1945 |titulo=The occupation, 1940–1945 |sitioweb=Aarhus University |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Postguerra e Stato social ==
Post 1945, Danmark participa al reconstruction europee e al formation del institutiones international de postguerra. Illo deveniva membro fundator del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1945 e de [[NATO]] in 1949.

Le politica de securitate danese cambiava post le occupation german. Le governamento abandonava le neutralitate traditional e participava al cooperation militar occidental. Le pais contribuiva etiam a operationes de mantenimento del pace e a missiones international.

Le economia danese se modernisava durante le decennios postguerra. Le industria, le services e le exportationes augmentava, durante que le agricultura continuava a esser un sector importante. Le Stato developpava progressivemente un systema de protection social que includeva education, sanitate, securitate social e assistentia al population.

Le cooperation inter le sindicatos, le patronato e le autoritates public deveniva un elemento central del modello social danese. Le expansion del services public e le reformas del mercato de labor contribuiva al formation del Stato social contemporanee.

== Groenlandia e le Insulas Feroe ==
Le [[Groenlandia]] e le [[Insulas Feroe]] forma parte del Regno de Danmark, ma possede institutiones autonome e competentias interne distincte. Lor relationes con Danmark ha evolvite durante le seculo XX.

Le Insulas Feroe recipeva un regime de autonomia in 1948, que permitteva al territorio de gerer un grande parte de su asuntos interne. Groenlandia esseva transformate in un parte integral del regno in 1953, e in 1979 recipeva un autonomia que esseva ulteriormente extendite per le reforma de autogovernamento de 2009.

Le autonomia de iste territorios ha influentiate le politica exterior, le administration del ressources natural e le relationes constitutional del regno. Le question del independentia e del extension del autogovernamento remane objecto de debatte politic, specialmente in Groenlandia.

== Integration europee ==
Danmark deveniva membro del [[Communitate Economic Europee]] le 1 de januario 1973, post un referendum in 1972. Le adhesion facilitava le integration del economia danese in le mercato europee e augmentava le cooperation economic e politic con le altere statos membro.

Le Communitate Economic Europee esseva ulteriormente transformate in le Union Europee. Danmark participa al institutiones e al mercato commun, ma conserva certe opt-out, specialmente concernente le adoption del euro. Le corona danese remane le moneta national.

Le relationes con le Union Europee ha devenite un elemento central del politica economic e exterior danese. Le debates super le integration europee reflecte le tension inter le cooperation continental e le voluntate de preservar le autonomia national in certe materias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/denmark_en |titulo=Denmark – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Danmark contemporanee ==
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, Danmark developpava un economia moderne basate super industria, services, commercio international, agricultura technologicamente avantiate e innovation.

Le systema politic es un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento unicameral, le Folketing. Le governamento depende del supporto parlamentar e exerce le poter executive in le quadro del Constitution. Le monarcha es le chef del Stato, con functiones principalement representative e ceremonial.

Le pais participa in NATO, in le Union Europee e in numerose organisationes international. Le politica exterior combina le cooperation european, le securitate transatlantic e le participation in missiones international.

Le societate danese contemporanee es marcate per un alto grado de urbanisation, un systema de protection social developpate e un economia integrate al mercatos international. Le debates politic concerne inter altere cosas le immigration, le transition energetic, le protection del ambiente, le organisation del Stato social e le relationes inter le regno e le territorios autonome.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Le cultura danese ha su radices in le traditiones nordic, le christianismo, le navigation, le agricultura e le disveloppamento del institutiones democratic. Le linguage, le litteratura, le musica, le architectura e le design contribueva al formation de un identitate cultural distincte.

Le memoria del Era Viking, le monarchia, le Reformation, le guerras del seculos XVII e XIX e le occupation durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial occupa un position importante in le memoria historic del pais.

Le historia de Danmark es etiam ligate al transformation del relationes con Norvegia, Svedia, Islanda, Groenlandia e le Insulas Feroe. Le evolution del regno reflecte le transition desde un potentia regional nordic e un Stato colonial verso un monarchia parlamentar moderne e un membro active del cooperation international.

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Danmark| ]]
[[Categoria:Danmark]]
[[Categoria:Historia de Europa]]
[[Categoria:Era Viking]</text>
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Le '''historia de Danmark''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populo danese desde le prime habitation human post le ultime glaciation usque al Stato contemporanee. Situate in le nord de Europa, inter le Mar del Nord e le Mar Baltic, Danmark developpava un identitate politic e cultural ligate al navigation, al commercio maritime e al relationes con le altere populos nordic.

Durante le [[Era Viking]], le Daneses participava in expeditiones commercial, migrationes e conquestas que extendeva lor influentia verso le Insulas Britannic, le costa del Mar del Nord e altere partes de Europa. Le monarchia danese deveniva un potentia regional importante e, durante le Union de Kalmar, Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia esseva reunite sub un sol corona. Le seculos sequente esseva marcate per le conflictos con Svedia, le adoption del [[lutheranismo]], le establishment del monarchia absolute, le expansion colonial e le transformationes del Stato.

Durante le seculo XIX, Danmark perdeva grande partes de su territorio historic, ma developpava un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar. Le industrialisation, le agricultura cooperative e le reformas social contribuiva al formation del Stato social danese. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Danmark esseva occupate per Germania, ma post 1945 deveniva un del fundatores del cooperation international de postguerra e un membro de NATO. In 1973, le pais entrava in le Communitate Economic Europee, predecessora del [[Union Europee]].

== Prehistoria e prime populationes ==
Le territorio del actual Danmark esseva habitate post le fin del ultime glaciation, circa 10 000 a.C. Le prime habitantes viveva principalmente de cassa, piscation e collection de plantas e altere ressources natural. Le paisage, marcate per costas, insulas, planuras e zonas humid, influentiava le modos de vita e le movementos del populationes.

Durante le millennios sequente, le communitates adoptava progressivemente le agricultura e le allevamento. Circa 4000–3000 a.C., le populationes agricole establi insediamentos plus permanente e utilisava instrumentos de petra, durante que le agricultura e le domestication de animales transformava le relationes con le ambiente.

Durante le Etate del Bronzo, le populationes del territorio participava in redes de intercambio que ligava le nord de Europa con altere regiones del continente. Le objetos de bronzo, le ornamentos e le repertores archeologic demonstra le existentia de relationes commercial e cultural a longe distantia.

Durante le Etate del Ferro, le societates del territorio continuava a developpar lor agricultura e lor contactos exterior. Le commercio con le [[Imperio Roman]] includeva productos como le succino, le pelles e altere benes proveniente del nord. Le inscriptiones runic, que appareva in le prime seculos de nostre era, constitue un del prime testimonios del linguas germanic del region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history |titulo=The history of Denmark |sitioweb=Denmark.dk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del regno danese ==
Le formation de un regno danese occurreva gradualmente durante le prime millennio de nostre era. Le fontes scritte e le evidentia archeologic indica le existentia de potentias regional, de chefes militar e de redes de relationes inter le communitates del actual Danmark e le regiones vicin.

Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le potere del chefes danese se consolidava e le navigation deveniva un instrumento importante del expansion economic e militar. Le societates del region developpava naves adaptate al navigation costal e oceanic, facilitante le commercio, le exploration e le expeditiones de guerra.

Le formation del monarchia esseva un processo longe e non un evento singular. Le traditiones medieval associa le prime reges danese a diverse dinastias e centros de potere, ma le documentation es irregular pro le prime seculos.

Le monarchia deveniva plus stabile durante le seculo X, quando le reges comenciava a centralisar le autoritate e a reforçar le administration del territorio. Le consolidation del regno e le conversion al christianismo contribuiva al formation de institutiones politic e ecclesiastic plus durable.

== Era Viking ==
Le Era Viking es un del periodos plus cognoscite del historia danese. Illa es generalmente situate inter le fin del seculo VIII e le seculo XI. Le Daneses participava in expeditiones maritime que combinava commercio, colonisation, exploration e incursiones militar.

Le tradition historic associa le initio simbolic del era al attacco contra le monasterio de Lindisfarne, in le costa nord-oriental de Anglaterra, in 793. Durante le annos sequente, expeditiones proveniente del Scandinavia attingeva Anglaterra, Irlanda, le costa francese e altere partes de Europa.

Le Vikingos danese establiva insediamentos in partes del Insulas Britannic e participa in le conquesta de territorios anglo-saxonic. Durante le seculo XI, [[Sven Tveskæg]] e su filio [[Canuto le Grande]] exerceva un grande influentia super Danmark, Norvegia e partes de Anglaterra. Canuto governava un imperio del Mar del Nord que liga temporarimente diverse territorios sub un mesme monarchia.

Le Vikingos non esseva solmente guerreros. Illes participa in redes commercial que connecteva Scandinavia con le insulas britannic, le Europa continental e, per rutas oriental, le regiones del actual Russia e plus lontan. Illes transportava metales, textile, vitro, armas, pelles e altere benes. Le sclavitude e le commercio de personas esseva etiam parte de iste redes.

Le Era Viking contribuiva al expansion del navigation, al disveloppamento del commercio e al formation de relationes politic que influentiava le historia del nord de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history |titulo=The history of Denmark |sitioweb=Denmark.dk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Christianisation ==
Le christianisation del Daneses se developpava gradualmente durante le seculos IX e X. Missionarios proveniente del Europa continental promoveva le nove religion, ma le adoption del christianismo esseva etiam ligate al consolidation del autoritate regal e al relationes diplomatic con altere regnos europee.

Le rege Harald Bluetooth es un figura central in iste processo. Secundo le tradition, ille esseva baptisate e promoveva le christianismo durante le seculo X. Le inscriptiones runic del petra de Jelling, que mentiona Harald e su regno, es un testimonia importante del formation del monarchia danese e del transformation religiose del periodo.

Le christianismo introduceva nove institutiones ecclesiastic, le dioceses e le monasterios, e promoveva le integration de Danmark in le mundo cultural e politic del Europa occidental. Le ecclesia deveniva un importante proprietario de terras e un actor in le education, le administration e le vita social.

Le conversion non eliminava immediatemente le traditiones religiose prechristian. Le transition esseva gradual e varia inter regiones, ma al fin del periodo medieval le christianismo habeva devenite le religion dominante del regno.

== Danmark durante le Medioevo ==
Post le consolidation del monarchia christian, Danmark developpava un systema politic basate super le rege, le aristocratia, le ecclesia e le institutiones local. Le agricultura constitueva le base del economia, durante que le commercio maritime e le controle del strettos del Mar Baltic augmentava le importantia strategic del regno.

Le monarchia danese exerceva un influentia importante super le rutas maritime que ligava le Mar Baltic al Mar del Nord. Le controlo del strettos permitteva al reges de participar in le commercio regional e de obtener revenues per le navigation e le tributos.

Le relationes con Svedia e Norvegia esseva marcate tanto per cooperation como per conflictos. Le reges danese cercava a extender lor influentia super le regiones scandinave, durante que le nobiles e le communitates local defendava lor proprie interesses.

Le institutiones medieval evolveva per medio de accordos, conflictos dinastic e reformas administrative. Le ecclesia continuava a exercer un rolo importante, ma le monarchia augmentava progressivemente su capacitate de governar le territorio e de organisar le defensa.

== Union de Kalmar ==
In 1397, le [[Union de Kalmar]] reuniva Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia sub le monarchia de Margareta I. Le union includeva etiam, per medio del relationes dynastic e territorial, Islanda, le Insulas Feroe e Groenlandia, ligate al corona norvegian.

Le objectivo del union esseva coordinar le monarchias scandinave e reforçar lor position in le relationes con le potentias europee e le commercios del Mar Baltic. Le union manteneva le regnos como entitates distincte, ma con un monarcha commun.

Le union esseva marcate per rivalitates inter le regnos, specialmente concernente le dominantia danese e le interesses del nobiles svedese. Le opposition a le autoritate del monarcha e le conflictos politic conduceva a rupturas e restaurationes successive.

In 1523, Svedia se separava definitivamente del Union de Kalmar, sub le direction de [[Gustav I Vasa]]. Danmark e Norvegia remaneva sub un mesme corona, durante que le relationes inter Danmark e Svedia continuava a esser marcate per rivalitate militar e politic.

== Expansion e conflictos con Svedia ==
Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, Danmark e Svedia luctava repetitemente pro le predominio in Scandinavia e le controlo del Mar Baltic. Le guerras inter le duo regnos causava grande damnos economic e territorial.

Danmark possedeva territorios in le sud del actual Svedia, includente Scania, Halland e Blekinge. Le conflictos militar del seculo XVII terminava con le perdita de iste provincias. Le Tractato de Roskilde de 1658 obligava Danmark a ceder grande partes de su territorio al corona svedese.

Le perdita de territorios transformava le position strategic del regno e contribuiva al disveloppamento de un Stato danese plus concentrate super le penisula de Jutlandia e le insulas danese.

Le rivalitate scandinave continua durante le resto del seculo XVII e le seculo XVIII, ma Danmark non recuperava le provincias perdite. Le transformation del equilibrios regional contribuiva al evolution del politica exterior e del organisation militar danese.

== Reformation e monarchia absolute ==
Durante le prime parte del seculo XVI, le ideas del [[Reformation protestante]] se diffundeva in Danmark. Le conflicto inter le defensores del catholicismo e le partidarios del lutheranismo conduceva a un transformation del institutiones religiose e politic.

In 1536, le monarchia danese adoptava le Reformation lutheran como parte del systema official del regno. Le proprietates del ecclesia catholic esseva in grande parte transferite al corona, e le ecclesia lutheran deveniva un institution central del Stato.

Le Reformation augmentava le ressources economic del monarchia e modificava le education, le cultura religiose e le relationes inter le autoritate secular e le ecclesia. Le monasterios esseva supprimite o transformate, e le administration ecclesiastic esseva integrate in le structura del regno.

In 1660–1661, post un periodo de crise militar e financial, Danmark introduceva le monarchia absolute. Le rege acquireva un autoritate multo plus grande, e le governamento deveniva plus centralisate. Le monarchia absolute remaneva in vigor usque al revolution constitutional del seculo XIX.

== Colonias e commercio ultramar ==
Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Danmark establiva un imperio colonial de dimensiones plus reducite que illos de Britannia, Francia o Espania, ma con possesssiones in le Caribe, Africa e Asia.

In le Caribe, Danmark possedeva le Insulas Danese del Antillas, que includeva Saint Thomas, Saint John e Saint Croix. Le insulas esseva usate pro le production de zucar e pro le commercio transatlantic. Le economia colonial dependeva in grande parte del labor de africanos enslavigate.

In Africa occidental, le Daneses establiva postos commercial e fortes in le region del actual Ghana, durante que in Asia illes establiva le colonias de Tranquebar e Serampore in le subcontinente indian. Le commercio colonial includeva productos agricole, textile e altere mercantias, assi como le commercio de personas enslavigate.

Le Stato danese participa in le commercio transatlantic de sclavos, e le plantationes del Antillas Danese dependeva del labor enslaveva. Danmark prohibiva le commercio de sclavos in 1792, con le interdiction entrante in vigor in 1803. Le sclavitude in le colonias esseva abolite plus tarde, in 1848.

In 1917, Danmark vendeva le Insulas Danese del Antillas al Statos Unite. Le insulas deveniva le actual Insulas Virge American. Le vendita marca le fin del principal possession colonial danese in le Caribe.

== Reformas social e agricultural ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, Danmark initiava reformas que transformava le societate rural. Le abolition progressive del servitute rural e le redistribution de terras contribuiva al formation de un agricultura plus productive e de un classe de agricultores con plus grande autonomia.

Le reformas agricultural, specialmente durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVIII, modifica le relationes inter proprietarios e agricultores. Le nove systemas de production e le melioramento del infrastructuras augmentava le capacitate del agricultura danese e preparava le terreno pro le transformation economic del seculo XIX.

Le education deveniva etiam un thema importante. In 1814, Danmark introduceva un systema de education primari obligatori, contribuente al expansion del alfabetisation e al formation de un population plus instruite.

Le movementos religiose, le societates cultural e le associationes agricole contribuiva al formation de un cultura de cooperation que deveniva un elemento importante del societate danese moderne.

== Guerras napoleonian e perdita de Norvegia ==
Durante le guerras napoleonian, Danmark cercava a mantener su position inter le potentias europee, ma su neutralitate deveniva difficile a preservar. Le [[Regno Unite]] attaccava Copenhagen in 1807 e capturava o destruiva grande parte del flotta danese, timente que illo poterea esser usate per Napoleon.

Danmark entrava ulteriormente in le campo de Napoleon. Post le derrota francese, le Tractato de Kiel de 1814 obligava Danmark a ceder Norvegia al rege de Svedia. Le union danese-norvegian terminava, ben que Groenlandia, Islanda e le Insulas Feroe remaneva ligate a Danmark.

Le perdita de Norvegia representa un ruptura importante in le historia del regno. Le Stato danese deveniva territorialmente plus reducite e debeva adaptar su economia e su politica exterior al nove equilibrios europee.

== Constitution e guerras de Schleswig ==
Le ideas liberal e nationalista del seculo XIX promoveva demandas de representation politic e de un constitution que limitava le poter del monarcha. Le revoltas e transformationes politic de 1848 in Europa influentiava etiam Danmark.

Le 5 de junio 1849, le rege [[Frederik VII de Danmark]] signava le prime constitution danese, que terminava le monarchia absolute e establi un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento. Le nove constitution esseva un passo importante verso le formation del systema democratic contemporanee.

Le question del ducatus de Schleswig e Holstein provocava tamen conflictos national e territorial. Le prime guerra de Schleswig, inter 1848 e 1851, opposeva Danmark a fortias german e terminava sin un solution definitive del disputa.

In 1864, Danmark esseva vincite per Prussia e Austria in le Secunde Guerra de Schleswig. Le pais perdeva Schleswig, Holstein e Lauenburg, territorios que esseva incorporate al structuras politic german. Le derrota habeva un impacto profunde super le identitate national danese e super le politica exterior del pais.

Le frontiera con Germania esseva ulteriormente modificate post le Prime Guerra Mundial. In 1920, post un plebiscito in Schleswig del Nord, le region esseva reunite con Danmark. Le region meridional remaneva in Germania, con un minoritate danese, durante que Danmark conserva un minoritate german in le parte septentrional.

== Industrialisation e disveloppamento del democratia ==
Post le derrota de 1864, Danmark adoptava un politica exterior plus prudente e se concentrava super le transformation interne. Le agricultura deveniva plus productive per le adoption de novas technicas, le cooperation inter agricultores e le disveloppamento de industrias de transformation, specialmente in le sectores del lacte e del carne.

Le movemento cooperative facilitava le commercialisation del productos agricole e contribuiva al disveloppamento de un economia rural moderne. Le industrialisation e le urbanisation augmentava gradualmente, durante que Copenhagen e altere citates deveniva centros de industria, commercio e cultura.

Le democratia se developpava per medio de reformas electoral e de un expansion progressive del participation politic. Le constitution esseva reformate in 1915, introducente le derecto de voto pro feminas e altere gruppos anteriorimente excluse. Le reforma constitueva un passo importante verso le suffragio plus universal.

Le relationes inter le partidos politic, le sindicatos e le associationes patronal conduceva al disveloppamento de formas de negotiation collective que influentiava le mercato de labor e le systema social danese.

== Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918), Danmark manteneva su neutralitate. Le governamento cercava a evitar le participation directe in le conflicto e a proteger le commercio e le securitate del territorio.

Le guerra habeva tamen effectos economic importante. Le navigation commercial esseva perturbate per le blocadas e le guerra submarin, e le population affrontava difficultates de approvisionamento e variationes del precios.

Post le guerra, le question del frontiera con Germania deveniva un thema central. Le plebiscitos de 1920 permitteva al population del Schleswig del Nord de decider su affiliation, e le region retornava a Danmark. Le nove frontiera esseva un elemento importante del organisation territorial contemporanee del pais.

== Danmark durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Le 9 de april 1940, Germania nazista invadeva Danmark. Le governamento danese, confrontate con le superioritate militar german, acceptava le occupation post un resistentia armate limitate. Le autoritates danese continuava inicialmente a functionar sub le occupation, durante que le pais conservava formalmente certe institutiones national.

Le relationes inter le governamento e le autoritates occupante deveniva plus difficile durante le guerra. Le resistentia danese se developpava gradualmente, includente sabotages, collection de information e assistentia a personas persecutate.

In 1943, post un augmento del resistentia e del conflictos, le autoritates german assumeva un controlo plus directe e le collaboration institutional deveniva plus limitate. In le mesme anno, un grande parte del population judee de Danmark esseva evacuate verso Svedia con le assistentia de personas e redes danese.

Le 4 de maio 1945, le capitulation del fortias german in Danmark esseva annunciate, e le liberation deveniva effective le die sequente in le major parte del pais. Bornholm remaneva sub controlo sovietic durante le periodo post le capitulation german.

Le occupation habeva effectos durabile super le memoria national, le politica de securitate e le relationes de Danmark con le altere statos europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cas.au.dk/en/danish-history/modules/module-7-the-world-war-era-1914-1945/6-the-occupation-1940-1945 |titulo=The occupation, 1940–1945 |sitioweb=Aarhus University |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Postguerra e Stato social ==
Post 1945, Danmark participa al reconstruction europee e al formation del institutiones international de postguerra. Illo deveniva membro fundator del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1945 e de [[NATO]] in 1949.

Le politica de securitate danese cambiava post le occupation german. Le governamento abandonava le neutralitate traditional e participava al cooperation militar occidental. Le pais contribuiva etiam a operationes de mantenimento del pace e a missiones international.

Le economia danese se modernisava durante le decennios postguerra. Le industria, le services e le exportationes augmentava, durante que le agricultura continuava a esser un sector importante. Le Stato developpava progressivemente un systema de protection social que includeva education, sanitate, securitate social e assistentia al population.

Le cooperation inter le sindicatos, le patronato e le autoritates public deveniva un elemento central del modello social danese. Le expansion del services public e le reformas del mercato de labor contribuiva al formation del Stato social contemporanee.

== Groenlandia e le Insulas Feroe ==
Le [[Groenlandia]] e le [[Insulas Feroe]] forma parte del Regno de Danmark, ma possede institutiones autonome e competentias interne distincte. Lor relationes con Danmark ha evolvite durante le seculo XX.

Le Insulas Feroe recipeva un regime de autonomia in 1948, que permitteva al territorio de gerer un grande parte de su asuntos interne. Groenlandia esseva transformate in un parte integral del regno in 1953, e in 1979 recipeva un autonomia que esseva ulteriormente extendite per le reforma de autogovernamento de 2009.

Le autonomia de iste territorios ha influentiate le politica exterior, le administration del ressources natural e le relationes constitutional del regno. Le question del independentia e del extension del autogovernamento remane objecto de debatte politic, specialmente in Groenlandia.

== Integration europee ==
Danmark deveniva membro del [[Communitate Economic Europee]] le 1 de januario 1973, post un referendum in 1972. Le adhesion facilitava le integration del economia danese in le mercato europee e augmentava le cooperation economic e politic con le altere statos membro.

Le Communitate Economic Europee esseva ulteriormente transformate in le Union Europee. Danmark participa al institutiones e al mercato commun, ma conserva certe opt-out, specialmente concernente le adoption del euro. Le corona danese remane le moneta national.

Le relationes con le Union Europee ha devenite un elemento central del politica economic e exterior danese. Le debates super le integration europee reflecte le tension inter le cooperation continental e le voluntate de preservar le autonomia national in certe materias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/denmark_en |titulo=Denmark – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Danmark contemporanee ==
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, Danmark developpava un economia moderne basate super industria, services, commercio international, agricultura technologicamente avantiate e innovation.

Le systema politic es un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento unicameral, le Folketing. Le governamento depende del supporto parlamentar e exerce le poter executive in le quadro del Constitution. Le monarcha es le chef del Stato, con functiones principalement representative e ceremonial.

Le pais participa in NATO, in le Union Europee e in numerose organisationes international. Le politica exterior combina le cooperation european, le securitate transatlantic e le participation in missiones international.

Le societate danese contemporanee es marcate per un alto grado de urbanisation, un systema de protection social developpate e un economia integrate al mercatos international. Le debates politic concerne inter altere cosas le immigration, le transition energetic, le protection del ambiente, le organisation del Stato social e le relationes inter le regno e le territorios autonome.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Le cultura danese ha su radices in le traditiones nordic, le christianismo, le navigation, le agricultura e le disveloppamento del institutiones democratic. Le linguage, le litteratura, le musica, le architectura e le design contribueva al formation de un identitate cultural distincte.

Le memoria del Era Viking, le monarchia, le Reformation, le guerras del seculos XVII e XIX e le occupation durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial occupa un position importante in le memoria historic del pais.

Le historia de Danmark es etiam ligate al transformation del relationes con Norvegia, Svedia, Islanda, Groenlandia e le Insulas Feroe. Le evolution del regno reflecte le transition desde un potentia regional nordic e un Stato colonial verso un monarchia parlamentar moderne e un membro active del cooperation international.

{{Ref}}

{{Historia de Europ per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Danmark''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populo danese desde le prime habitation human post le ultime glaciation usque al Stato contemporanee. Situate in le nord de Europa, inter le Mar del Nord e le Mar Baltic, Danmark developpava un identitate politic e cultural ligate al navigation, al commercio maritime e al relationes con le altere populos nordic.

Durante le [[Era Viking]], le Daneses participava in expeditiones commercial, migrationes e conquestas que extendeva lor influentia verso le Insulas Britannic, le costa del Mar del Nord e altere partes de Europa. Le monarchia danese deveniva un potentia regional importante e, durante le Union de Kalmar, Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia esseva reunite sub un sol corona. Le seculos sequente esseva marcate per le conflictos con Svedia, le adoption del [[lutheranismo]], le establishment del monarchia absolute, le expansion colonial e le transformationes del Stato.

Durante le seculo XIX, Danmark perdeva grande partes de su territorio historic, ma developpava un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar. Le industrialisation, le agricultura cooperative e le reformas social contribuiva al formation del Stato social danese. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Danmark esseva occupate per Germania, ma post 1945 deveniva un del fundatores del cooperation international de postguerra e un membro de NATO. In 1973, le pais entrava in le Communitate Economic Europee, predecessora del [[Union Europee]].

== Prehistoria e prime populationes ==
Le territorio del actual Danmark esseva habitate post le fin del ultime glaciation, circa 10 000 a.C. Le prime habitantes viveva principalmente de cassa, piscation e collection de plantas e altere ressources natural. Le paisage, marcate per costas, insulas, planuras e zonas humid, influentiava le modos de vita e le movementos del populationes.

Durante le millennios sequente, le communitates adoptava progressivemente le agricultura e le allevamento. Circa 4000–3000 a.C., le populationes agricole establi insediamentos plus permanente e utilisava instrumentos de petra, durante que le agricultura e le domestication de animales transformava le relationes con le ambiente.

Durante le Etate del Bronzo, le populationes del territorio participava in redes de intercambio que ligava le nord de Europa con altere regiones del continente. Le objetos de bronzo, le ornamentos e le repertores archeologic demonstra le existentia de relationes commercial e cultural a longe distantia.

Durante le Etate del Ferro, le societates del territorio continuava a developpar lor agricultura e lor contactos exterior. Le commercio con le [[Imperio Roman]] includeva productos como le succino, le pelles e altere benes proveniente del nord. Le inscriptiones runic, que appareva in le prime seculos de nostre era, constitue un del prime testimonios del linguas germanic del region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history |titulo=The history of Denmark |sitioweb=Denmark.dk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation del regno danese ==
Le formation de un regno danese occurreva gradualmente durante le prime millennio de nostre era. Le fontes scritte e le evidentia archeologic indica le existentia de potentias regional, de chefes militar e de redes de relationes inter le communitates del actual Danmark e le regiones vicin.

Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le potere del chefes danese se consolidava e le navigation deveniva un instrumento importante del expansion economic e militar. Le societates del region developpava naves adaptate al navigation costal e oceanic, facilitante le commercio, le exploration e le expeditiones de guerra.

Le formation del monarchia esseva un processo longe e non un evento singular. Le traditiones medieval associa le prime reges danese a diverse dinastias e centros de potere, ma le documentation es irregular pro le prime seculos.

Le monarchia deveniva plus stabile durante le seculo X, quando le reges comenciava a centralisar le autoritate e a reforçar le administration del territorio. Le consolidation del regno e le conversion al christianismo contribuiva al formation de institutiones politic e ecclesiastic plus durable.

== Era Viking ==
Le Era Viking es un del periodos plus cognoscite del historia danese. Illa es generalmente situate inter le fin del seculo VIII e le seculo XI. Le Daneses participava in expeditiones maritime que combinava commercio, colonisation, exploration e incursiones militar.

Le tradition historic associa le initio simbolic del era al attacco contra le monasterio de Lindisfarne, in le costa nord-oriental de Anglaterra, in 793. Durante le annos sequente, expeditiones proveniente del Scandinavia attingeva Anglaterra, Irlanda, le costa francese e altere partes de Europa.

Le Vikingos danese establiva insediamentos in partes del Insulas Britannic e participa in le conquesta de territorios anglo-saxonic. Durante le seculo XI, [[Sven Tveskæg]] e su filio [[Canuto le Grande]] exerceva un grande influentia super Danmark, Norvegia e partes de Anglaterra. Canuto governava un imperio del Mar del Nord que liga temporarimente diverse territorios sub un mesme monarchia.

Le Vikingos non esseva solmente guerreros. Illes participa in redes commercial que connecteva Scandinavia con le insulas britannic, le Europa continental e, per rutas oriental, le regiones del actual Russia e plus lontan. Illes transportava metales, textile, vitro, armas, pelles e altere benes. Le sclavitude e le commercio de personas esseva etiam parte de iste redes.

Le Era Viking contribuiva al expansion del navigation, al disveloppamento del commercio e al formation de relationes politic que influentiava le historia del nord de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/history |titulo=The history of Denmark |sitioweb=Denmark.dk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Christianisation ==
Le christianisation del Daneses se developpava gradualmente durante le seculos IX e X. Missionarios proveniente del Europa continental promoveva le nove religion, ma le adoption del christianismo esseva etiam ligate al consolidation del autoritate regal e al relationes diplomatic con altere regnos europee.

Le rege Harald Bluetooth es un figura central in iste processo. Secundo le tradition, ille esseva baptisate e promoveva le christianismo durante le seculo X. Le inscriptiones runic del petra de Jelling, que mentiona Harald e su regno, es un testimonia importante del formation del monarchia danese e del transformation religiose del periodo.

Le christianismo introduceva nove institutiones ecclesiastic, le dioceses e le monasterios, e promoveva le integration de Danmark in le mundo cultural e politic del Europa occidental. Le ecclesia deveniva un importante proprietario de terras e un actor in le education, le administration e le vita social.

Le conversion non eliminava immediatemente le traditiones religiose prechristian. Le transition esseva gradual e varia inter regiones, ma al fin del periodo medieval le christianismo habeva devenite le religion dominante del regno.

== Danmark durante le Medioevo ==
Post le consolidation del monarchia christian, Danmark developpava un systema politic basate super le rege, le aristocratia, le ecclesia e le institutiones local. Le agricultura constitueva le base del economia, durante que le commercio maritime e le controle del strettos del Mar Baltic augmentava le importantia strategic del regno.

Le monarchia danese exerceva un influentia importante super le rutas maritime que ligava le Mar Baltic al Mar del Nord. Le controlo del strettos permitteva al reges de participar in le commercio regional e de obtener revenues per le navigation e le tributos.

Le relationes con Svedia e Norvegia esseva marcate tanto per cooperation como per conflictos. Le reges danese cercava a extender lor influentia super le regiones scandinave, durante que le nobiles e le communitates local defendava lor proprie interesses.

Le institutiones medieval evolveva per medio de accordos, conflictos dinastic e reformas administrative. Le ecclesia continuava a exercer un rolo importante, ma le monarchia augmentava progressivemente su capacitate de governar le territorio e de organisar le defensa.

== Union de Kalmar ==
In 1397, le [[Union de Kalmar]] reuniva Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia sub le monarchia de Margareta I. Le union includeva etiam, per medio del relationes dynastic e territorial, Islanda, le Insulas Feroe e Groenlandia, ligate al corona norvegian.

Le objectivo del union esseva coordinar le monarchias scandinave e reforçar lor position in le relationes con le potentias europee e le commercios del Mar Baltic. Le union manteneva le regnos como entitates distincte, ma con un monarcha commun.

Le union esseva marcate per rivalitates inter le regnos, specialmente concernente le dominantia danese e le interesses del nobiles svedese. Le opposition a le autoritate del monarcha e le conflictos politic conduceva a rupturas e restaurationes successive.

In 1523, Svedia se separava definitivamente del Union de Kalmar, sub le direction de [[Gustav I Vasa]]. Danmark e Norvegia remaneva sub un mesme corona, durante que le relationes inter Danmark e Svedia continuava a esser marcate per rivalitate militar e politic.

== Expansion e conflictos con Svedia ==
Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, Danmark e Svedia luctava repetitemente pro le predominio in Scandinavia e le controlo del Mar Baltic. Le guerras inter le duo regnos causava grande damnos economic e territorial.

Danmark possedeva territorios in le sud del actual Svedia, includente Scania, Halland e Blekinge. Le conflictos militar del seculo XVII terminava con le perdita de iste provincias. Le Tractato de Roskilde de 1658 obligava Danmark a ceder grande partes de su territorio al corona svedese.

Le perdita de territorios transformava le position strategic del regno e contribuiva al disveloppamento de un Stato danese plus concentrate super le penisula de Jutlandia e le insulas danese.

Le rivalitate scandinave continua durante le resto del seculo XVII e le seculo XVIII, ma Danmark non recuperava le provincias perdite. Le transformation del equilibrios regional contribuiva al evolution del politica exterior e del organisation militar danese.

== Reformation e monarchia absolute ==
Durante le prime parte del seculo XVI, le ideas del [[Reformation protestante]] se diffundeva in Danmark. Le conflicto inter le defensores del catholicismo e le partidarios del lutheranismo conduceva a un transformation del institutiones religiose e politic.

In 1536, le monarchia danese adoptava le Reformation lutheran como parte del systema official del regno. Le proprietates del ecclesia catholic esseva in grande parte transferite al corona, e le ecclesia lutheran deveniva un institution central del Stato.

Le Reformation augmentava le ressources economic del monarchia e modificava le education, le cultura religiose e le relationes inter le autoritate secular e le ecclesia. Le monasterios esseva supprimite o transformate, e le administration ecclesiastic esseva integrate in le structura del regno.

In 1660–1661, post un periodo de crise militar e financial, Danmark introduceva le monarchia absolute. Le rege acquireva un autoritate multo plus grande, e le governamento deveniva plus centralisate. Le monarchia absolute remaneva in vigor usque al revolution constitutional del seculo XIX.

== Colonias e commercio ultramar ==
Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Danmark establiva un imperio colonial de dimensiones plus reducite que illos de Britannia, Francia o Espania, ma con possesssiones in le Caribe, Africa e Asia.

In le Caribe, Danmark possedeva le Insulas Danese del Antillas, que includeva Saint Thomas, Saint John e Saint Croix. Le insulas esseva usate pro le production de zucar e pro le commercio transatlantic. Le economia colonial dependeva in grande parte del labor de africanos enslavigate.

In Africa occidental, le Daneses establiva postos commercial e fortes in le region del actual Ghana, durante que in Asia illes establiva le colonias de Tranquebar e Serampore in le subcontinente indian. Le commercio colonial includeva productos agricole, textile e altere mercantias, assi como le commercio de personas enslavigate.

Le Stato danese participa in le commercio transatlantic de sclavos, e le plantationes del Antillas Danese dependeva del labor enslaveva. Danmark prohibiva le commercio de sclavos in 1792, con le interdiction entrante in vigor in 1803. Le sclavitude in le colonias esseva abolite plus tarde, in 1848.

In 1917, Danmark vendeva le Insulas Danese del Antillas al Statos Unite. Le insulas deveniva le actual Insulas Virge American. Le vendita marca le fin del principal possession colonial danese in le Caribe.

== Reformas social e agricultural ==
Durante le seculo XVIII, Danmark initiava reformas que transformava le societate rural. Le abolition progressive del servitute rural e le redistribution de terras contribuiva al formation de un agricultura plus productive e de un classe de agricultores con plus grande autonomia.

Le reformas agricultural, specialmente durante le ultime decennios del seculo XVIII, modifica le relationes inter proprietarios e agricultores. Le nove systemas de production e le melioramento del infrastructuras augmentava le capacitate del agricultura danese e preparava le terreno pro le transformation economic del seculo XIX.

Le education deveniva etiam un thema importante. In 1814, Danmark introduceva un systema de education primari obligatori, contribuente al expansion del alfabetisation e al formation de un population plus instruite.

Le movementos religiose, le societates cultural e le associationes agricole contribuiva al formation de un cultura de cooperation que deveniva un elemento importante del societate danese moderne.

== Guerras napoleonian e perdita de Norvegia ==
Durante le guerras napoleonian, Danmark cercava a mantener su position inter le potentias europee, ma su neutralitate deveniva difficile a preservar. Le [[Regno Unite]] attaccava Copenhagen in 1807 e capturava o destruiva grande parte del flotta danese, timente que illo poterea esser usate per Napoleon.

Danmark entrava ulteriormente in le campo de Napoleon. Post le derrota francese, le Tractato de Kiel de 1814 obligava Danmark a ceder Norvegia al rege de Svedia. Le union danese-norvegian terminava, ben que Groenlandia, Islanda e le Insulas Feroe remaneva ligate a Danmark.

Le perdita de Norvegia representa un ruptura importante in le historia del regno. Le Stato danese deveniva territorialmente plus reducite e debeva adaptar su economia e su politica exterior al nove equilibrios europee.

== Constitution e guerras de Schleswig ==
Le ideas liberal e nationalista del seculo XIX promoveva demandas de representation politic e de un constitution que limitava le poter del monarcha. Le revoltas e transformationes politic de 1848 in Europa influentiava etiam Danmark.

Le 5 de junio 1849, le rege [[Frederik VII de Danmark]] signava le prime constitution danese, que terminava le monarchia absolute e establi un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento. Le nove constitution esseva un passo importante verso le formation del systema democratic contemporanee.

Le question del ducatus de Schleswig e Holstein provocava tamen conflictos national e territorial. Le prime guerra de Schleswig, inter 1848 e 1851, opposeva Danmark a fortias german e terminava sin un solution definitive del disputa.

In 1864, Danmark esseva vincite per Prussia e Austria in le Secunde Guerra de Schleswig. Le pais perdeva Schleswig, Holstein e Lauenburg, territorios que esseva incorporate al structuras politic german. Le derrota habeva un impacto profunde super le identitate national danese e super le politica exterior del pais.

Le frontiera con Germania esseva ulteriormente modificate post le Prime Guerra Mundial. In 1920, post un plebiscito in Schleswig del Nord, le region esseva reunite con Danmark. Le region meridional remaneva in Germania, con un minoritate danese, durante que Danmark conserva un minoritate german in le parte septentrional.

== Industrialisation e disveloppamento del democratia ==
Post le derrota de 1864, Danmark adoptava un politica exterior plus prudente e se concentrava super le transformation interne. Le agricultura deveniva plus productive per le adoption de novas technicas, le cooperation inter agricultores e le disveloppamento de industrias de transformation, specialmente in le sectores del lacte e del carne.

Le movemento cooperative facilitava le commercialisation del productos agricole e contribuiva al disveloppamento de un economia rural moderne. Le industrialisation e le urbanisation augmentava gradualmente, durante que Copenhagen e altere citates deveniva centros de industria, commercio e cultura.

Le democratia se developpava per medio de reformas electoral e de un expansion progressive del participation politic. Le constitution esseva reformate in 1915, introducente le derecto de voto pro feminas e altere gruppos anteriorimente excluse. Le reforma constitueva un passo importante verso le suffragio plus universal.

Le relationes inter le partidos politic, le sindicatos e le associationes patronal conduceva al disveloppamento de formas de negotiation collective que influentiava le mercato de labor e le systema social danese.

== Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918), Danmark manteneva su neutralitate. Le governamento cercava a evitar le participation directe in le conflicto e a proteger le commercio e le securitate del territorio.

Le guerra habeva tamen effectos economic importante. Le navigation commercial esseva perturbate per le blocadas e le guerra submarin, e le population affrontava difficultates de approvisionamento e variationes del precios.

Post le guerra, le question del frontiera con Germania deveniva un thema central. Le plebiscitos de 1920 permitteva al population del Schleswig del Nord de decider su affiliation, e le region retornava a Danmark. Le nove frontiera esseva un elemento importante del organisation territorial contemporanee del pais.

== Danmark durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
Le 9 de april 1940, Germania nazista invadeva Danmark. Le governamento danese, confrontate con le superioritate militar german, acceptava le occupation post un resistentia armate limitate. Le autoritates danese continuava inicialmente a functionar sub le occupation, durante que le pais conservava formalmente certe institutiones national.

Le relationes inter le governamento e le autoritates occupante deveniva plus difficile durante le guerra. Le resistentia danese se developpava gradualmente, includente sabotages, collection de information e assistentia a personas persecutate.

In 1943, post un augmento del resistentia e del conflictos, le autoritates german assumeva un controlo plus directe e le collaboration institutional deveniva plus limitate. In le mesme anno, un grande parte del population judee de Danmark esseva evacuate verso Svedia con le assistentia de personas e redes danese.

Le 4 de maio 1945, le capitulation del fortias german in Danmark esseva annunciate, e le liberation deveniva effective le die sequente in le major parte del pais. Bornholm remaneva sub controlo sovietic durante le periodo post le capitulation german.

Le occupation habeva effectos durabile super le memoria national, le politica de securitate e le relationes de Danmark con le altere statos europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cas.au.dk/en/danish-history/modules/module-7-the-world-war-era-1914-1945/6-the-occupation-1940-1945 |titulo=The occupation, 1940–1945 |sitioweb=Aarhus University |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Postguerra e Stato social ==
Post 1945, Danmark participa al reconstruction europee e al formation del institutiones international de postguerra. Illo deveniva membro fundator del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1945 e de [[NATO]] in 1949.

Le politica de securitate danese cambiava post le occupation german. Le governamento abandonava le neutralitate traditional e participava al cooperation militar occidental. Le pais contribuiva etiam a operationes de mantenimento del pace e a missiones international.

Le economia danese se modernisava durante le decennios postguerra. Le industria, le services e le exportationes augmentava, durante que le agricultura continuava a esser un sector importante. Le Stato developpava progressivemente un systema de protection social que includeva education, sanitate, securitate social e assistentia al population.

Le cooperation inter le sindicatos, le patronato e le autoritates public deveniva un elemento central del modello social danese. Le expansion del services public e le reformas del mercato de labor contribuiva al formation del Stato social contemporanee.

== Groenlandia e le Insulas Feroe ==
Le [[Groenlandia]] e le [[Insulas Feroe]] forma parte del Regno de Danmark, ma possede institutiones autonome e competentias interne distincte. Lor relationes con Danmark ha evolvite durante le seculo XX.

Le Insulas Feroe recipeva un regime de autonomia in 1948, que permitteva al territorio de gerer un grande parte de su asuntos interne. Groenlandia esseva transformate in un parte integral del regno in 1953, e in 1979 recipeva un autonomia que esseva ulteriormente extendite per le reforma de autogovernamento de 2009.

Le autonomia de iste territorios ha influentiate le politica exterior, le administration del ressources natural e le relationes constitutional del regno. Le question del independentia e del extension del autogovernamento remane objecto de debatte politic, specialmente in Groenlandia.

== Integration europee ==
Danmark deveniva membro del [[Communitate Economic Europee]] le 1 de januario 1973, post un referendum in 1972. Le adhesion facilitava le integration del economia danese in le mercato europee e augmentava le cooperation economic e politic con le altere statos membro.

Le Communitate Economic Europee esseva ulteriormente transformate in le Union Europee. Danmark participa al institutiones e al mercato commun, ma conserva certe opt-out, specialmente concernente le adoption del euro. Le corona danese remane le moneta national.

Le relationes con le Union Europee ha devenite un elemento central del politica economic e exterior danese. Le debates super le integration europee reflecte le tension inter le cooperation continental e le voluntate de preservar le autonomia national in certe materias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/denmark_en |titulo=Denmark – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Danmark contemporanee ==
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, Danmark developpava un economia moderne basate super industria, services, commercio international, agricultura technologicamente avantiate e innovation.

Le systema politic es un monarchia constitutional con un parlamento unicameral, le Folketing. Le governamento depende del supporto parlamentar e exerce le poter executive in le quadro del Constitution. Le monarcha es le chef del Stato, con functiones principalement representative e ceremonial.

Le pais participa in NATO, in le Union Europee e in numerose organisationes international. Le politica exterior combina le cooperation european, le securitate transatlantic e le participation in missiones international.

Le societate danese contemporanee es marcate per un alto grado de urbanisation, un systema de protection social developpate e un economia integrate al mercatos international. Le debates politic concerne inter altere cosas le immigration, le transition energetic, le protection del ambiente, le organisation del Stato social e le relationes inter le regno e le territorios autonome.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Le cultura danese ha su radices in le traditiones nordic, le christianismo, le navigation, le agricultura e le disveloppamento del institutiones democratic. Le linguage, le litteratura, le musica, le architectura e le design contribueva al formation de un identitate cultural distincte.

Le memoria del Era Viking, le monarchia, le Reformation, le guerras del seculos XVII e XIX e le occupation durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial occupa un position importante in le memoria historic del pais.

Le historia de Danmark es etiam ligate al transformation del relationes con Norvegia, Svedia, Islanda, Groenlandia e le Insulas Feroe. Le evolution del regno reflecte le transition desde un potentia regional nordic e un Stato colonial verso un monarchia parlamentar moderne e un membro active del cooperation international.

{{Ref}}

{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Islanda''' tracta le evolution del insula nord-atlantic desde su prime colonisation permanente durante le seculo IX usque al formation del moderne Republica de Islanda. Insula esseva populate principalmente per colonos nordic proveniente de Norvegia e insulas britannic. In 930, colonos establiva Althing, un assemblea legislative e juridic que deveniva centro de organisation de prime societate islandese. Islanda conservava un forma de independentia durante periodo de Commonwealth islandese, ma passava sub monarchia norvegese in seculo XIII e, ulteriormente, sub dominio de corona danese. Durante seculos XIX e XX, un movimento national promoveva autonomia e independentia. Islanda deveniva un Stato sovrane in union personal con Danmark in 1918 e un republica independente le 17 de junio 1944. Desde alora, pais ha evolvite verso un societate moderne, con un economia fortemente ligate al pisca, al energia renovabile, al servicios e al turismo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime exploratores ==
Iceland es un insula vulcanic situate in Atlantico del Nord, inter Groenlandia e Europa occidental. Su isolation geographic e clima oceanic distingueva insula de regiones europee ubi se habeva developpate sociedades agricole desde millennios ante.

Contrarimente a multe partes de Europa, Islanda non habeva un population human permanente cognoscite durante major parte de prehistoria. Prime vestigios archeologic de habitation permanente es associate al expansion maritime de populationes nordic durante Etate del Vikingos.

Fontes medieval islandese mentiona monachos christian de origine irlandese, sovente appellate papar, qui haberea visitate o habitate insula ante arrivata de colonos nordic. Extension e character exacte de iste prime presentia resta subjecto a interpretation, perque traditiones scripte esseva compilate multo post eventos que illos describe.

Colonisation permanente comenciava circa 870. Combination de vestigios archeologic, traditiones genealogic e relatos medieval permitte reconstruer transformation de insula in un territorio de colonisation nordic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland/History |titulo=History of Iceland |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation nordic e formation del societate ==
=== Le establimento del colonos ===
Secundo tradition historic, Ingólfur Arnarson es considerate un del prime colonos nordic qui se establiva permanentemente in Islanda, circa 874. Tradition associa su habitation al loco ubi se developpava posteriormente [[Reykjavík]], actual capital.

Colonos proveniva principalmente de Norvegia, ma un parte arrivava per medio de insulas britannic, ubi se habeva establite communitates nordic. Inter colonos e lor familias se trovava etiam personas de origine celta, includente personas que habeva essite transportate como servos o dependentes.

Colonisation diffundeva se progressivemente per zonas costal e valles habile pro agricultura e allevamento. Interior montaniose e glacial remaneva largemente inhabitabile. Colonos establiva fundos e organisava lor vita economic intorno al allevamento de oves e bovinos, pisca e exploitation de recursos local.

Societate se formava per grupos familial e redes de dependentia. Chefes regional, cognoscite como goðar, combinava frequentemente functiones politic, juridic e religiose. Non existiva un monarchia central que governava insula in su totalitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le economia del prime colonias ===
Economia de prime Islanda dependeva de utilisation de terra e mar. Allevamento de oves e bovinos procurava carne, lacte, lana e pelles. Agricultura, limitate per clima e breve station de crescimento, completava production de fundos.

Pisca deveniva progressivemente un recurso economic fundamental. Mar circumstante procurava pisces e altere recursos marin, durante que commercio maritime connectava insula con Norvegia e altere regiones de Atlantico del Nord.

Scarcity de ligno e conditiones climatic influentiava construction de habitationes. Edificios rural esseva frequentemente construite con turfa, petra e ligno disponibile, formando un tradition architectonic adaptate al ambiente islandese.

Societate manteneva relationes con mundo nordic, e naves permitteva circulation de personas, benes e informationes. Isolamento geographic non impediva dunque participation de Islanda in redes commercial e cultural de Etate del Vikingos.

== Le Commonwealth islandese ==
=== Creation del Althing ===
In 930, chefes islandese establiva Althing (Alþingi) in Þingvellir. Illo deveniva principal assemblea legislative e juridic de insula e un elemento central de organisation de prime societate islandese, que durava circa usque a 1262–1264.

Althing reuni representantes e chefes de differente regiones durante un session annual. Assemblea permitteva discutir leges, resolver disputas e mantener relationes inter communitates. Lögrétta, o Consilio de Lege, exerceva un rol central in deliberation legislative.

Administration de justitia dependiva de cortes e proceduras establite per systema legal. Organisation non esseva un democratia moderne: poder remaneva concentrate in manos de chefes e familias influente. Nonobstante, Althing deveniva un institution distinctive de historia politic islandese e un symbolo durable de identitate national.

Sito de Þingvellir, ubi assemblea se reuniva, manteneva su importantia historic e deveniva ulteriormente un loco central de memoria national islandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf |titulo=The History of Althingi |sitioweb=Althingi, Parlamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le adoption del christianismo ===
Durante seculo X, christianismo se diffundeva in Scandinavia e in regiones de Atlantico del Nord. Missionarios e contactos con altere sociedades christian contribueva al introduction de nove religion in Islanda, ubi cultos nordic traditional remaneva ancora importante.

Circa 1000, durante un session de Althing, conflicto inter grupos pagane e christian deveniva un problema politic. Secundo tradition, lögsögumaður Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði esseva incaricate de proponer un decision que permitterea mantener unitate de societate. Illo concludeva que Islanda deberea adoptar christianismo, ben que certe practicas pagane poteva continuar discretemente.

Decision esseva importante perque conversion occurreva per medio de un accordo politic, plus tosto que per un guerra general inter adherentes de duo religiones. Christianismo introducerea nove institutiones ecclesiastic e promoveva uso de alphabet latin e cultura scripte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/christianity/ |titulo=Christianity |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le cultura del sagas ===
Christianismo favorava disveloppamento de un cultura litterari in lingua nordic ancian. Durante seculos XII e XIII, scriptores islandese compilava chronicas, genealogias, textos religiose e relatos historic.

Íslendingabók, redigite per Ari Þorgilsson circa initio de seculo XII, es un del prime obras historic islandese conservate. Sagas de islandeses describi familias, disputas, viages e conflictos de prime seculos de colonisation, ben que lor composition litterari posterior exige cautela quando illos es usate como fontes pro historia de seculo X.

Edda e altere obras medieval contribueva al conservation de mythologia nordic e tradition poetic. Islanda deveniva assi un centro importante pro conservation de lingua, litteratura e memoria historic de mundo nordic medieval.

== Le crise del Commonwealth e le union con Norvegia ==
=== Le etate de Sturlung ===
Durante seculo XIII, rivalitates inter familias potente se intensificava. Conflictos, cognoscite como Etate de Sturlung (Sturlungaöld), involveva chefes regional que cercava ampliar lor potentia e influentia.

Absence de un autoritate central capabile de imponer stabilitate facilitava conflictos armate e debilitava systema politic de Commonwealth. Disputas inter familias se combina con interesse de monarchia norvegese, que cercava augmentar su influentia super Islanda.

Crise culminava con submissión de islandeses al rege de Norvegia. Inter 1262 e 1264, accordos cognoscite como Gamli sáttmáli, o Ancian Pacto, establiva relation politic de insula con corona norvegese. Iste transformation poneva fin al independentia politic de Commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf |titulo=The History of Althingi |sitioweb=Althingi, Parlamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le periodo norvegese ===
Sub corona norvegese, Islanda conservava institutiones e traditiones legal proprie, ma autoritate de rege deveniva plus importante. Administration de insula se integrava gradualmente in structuras de monarchia.

Codice legal Járnsíða esseva introducite durante seculo XIII e postea reimplaciate per Jónsbók in 1281. Iste textos contribueva al adaptation de systema juridic islandese al governamento monarchic, durante que Althing continuava exercer functiones administrative e judicial.

Relationes commercial con Norvegia remaneva importante, e societate islandese continuava depender principalmente de allevamento, pisca e commercio de productos marin e textile.

== Le union nordic e le dominio danese ==
=== Le Union de Kalmar ===
In 1380, union dinastic inter Norvegia e Danmark poneva Islanda sub corona danese-norvegese. In 1397, Union de Kalmar reuni Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia sub un monarcha commun, ben que relationes politic inter regnos variava durante periodo.

Quando Svedia se separava de union in seculo XVI, Islanda remaneva ligate al monarchia danese-norvegese. Distantia geographic e dependentia de commercio exterior augmentava importantia de decisiones adoptate per autoritates in Copenhagen.

Administration danese exerceva gradualmente un controlo plus directe super insula, ben que institutiones islandese e lingua islandese continuava subsister.

=== Le Reformation ===
Durante seculo XVI, Reformation protestante transformava organisation religiose de regnos nordic. Monarchia danese introduciva lutheranismo in Islanda, ubi transition esseva accompagnate per conflictos con partes de hierarchia catholic.

Episcopo catolic Jón Arason, un del principales defensores de tradition catholic, esseva capturate e executate in 1550. Su morte es frequentemente considerate un momento decisive in establimento de Reformation in Islanda.

Ecclesia lutheran deveniva un institution central de societate. Organisation religiose, education e cultura scripte continuava influentiar vita quotidian e conservation de lingua islandese.

=== Le monopolio commercial danese ===
Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, monarchia danese reforçava controlo economic de Islanda per medio de un monopolio commercial, que limitava commercio al exterior e participation de mercantes estranier.

Sistema restringiva libertate commercial de islandeses e contribueva al un economia vulnerabile. Societate dependeva de un numero limitate de productos e de relationes commercial administrate per interesses danese.

Difficultates economic esseva aggravate per epidemias, conditiones climatic adverse e catastrophes natural. Population restava relativamente reducite e multe communitates rural viveva in conditiones material difficile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland/History |titulo=History of Iceland |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Catastrophes natural e difficultates del seculos XVIII ==
Historia de Islanda es marcate per eruptiones vulcanic, terramotos, glaciares e periodos de clima extreme. Un del catastrophes le plus grave occurreva in 1783, quando fissura vulcanic de Laki entrava in eruption.

Eruption liberava enorme quantitates de lava e gases, includente dioxido de sulfure, que contaminava ambiente e danneggiava agricultura e pasturas. Mortalitate de bestial e penuria alimentari provocava un grave crise social e demographic.

Eventos de 1783–1784, cognoscite como Móðuharðindin, o «difficultates de nebula», es considerate un del plus devastante catastrophes natural in historia islandese. Consequentias se extenderea al population durante plure annos e aggravava difficultates economic ja existente.

== Le movemento national del seculo XIX ==
=== Le resurrection del Althing ===
Durante seculo XIX, ideas de nationalismo e liberalismo que se diffundeva in Europa influentiava societate islandese. Intellectuals e activistas demandava plus autonomia politic e un recognition de identitate national, lingua e traditiones historic de insula.

Figura Jón Sigurðsson deveniva principal symbolo de movimento pro derectos islandese. Ille susteneva que Islanda deberea dispor de su proprie institutiones e administrar su affaires interne.

In 1843, autoritates danese decideva restabilir Althing como assemblea consultive; illo se reuni de novo in Reykjavík in 1845. Institution non habeva initialmente plen potentia legislative de ancian Commonwealth, ma deveniva centro de movimento politic islandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le constitution de 1874 ===
In 1874, al occasion de millesime anniversario traditional de colonisation de Islanda, Danmark concedeva al insula un constitution que ampliava su autonomia. Althing recipeva competentias legislative in materias interne e un rol plus importante in administration de recursos public.

Nonobstante, governamento danese continuava controlar aspectos fundamental de administration e autoritate executive restava ligate al monarchia. Reformas de 1874 representava assi un passo importante, ma non satisfacia tote demandas de movimento national.

=== Le autonomia de 1904 ===
In 1904, Islanda obteneva heimastjórn, o governamento proprie. Un ministro responsabile de affaires islandese resideva in Reykjavík e respondeva ante Althing in materias interne.

Reforma augmentava capacitate de islandeses administrar su proprie institutiones e contribueva al disveloppamento de un administration moderne. Independentia complete remaneva tamen un objectivo de movimento national.

== Le Regno de Islanda e le sovranitate de 1918 ==
Acto de Union inter Islanda e Danmark entrava in vigor le 1 de decembre 1918. Secundo iste accordo, Danmark recognosceva Islanda como Stato sovrane, con su proprie governamento e institutiones, ma duo paises manteneva mesme monarcha.

Regno de Islanda disponeva de su proprie autoritate in multe materias interne, durante que Danmark continuava representar insula in relationes exterior e defense, secundo accordo.

Union personal esseva concepite como un arrangement que poteva esser terminate ulteriormente. Independentia de 1918 constitueva principal passo juridic ante creation de republica in 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Le occupation britannic ===
Le 9 de april 1940, Germania occupava Danmark, lo que impediva governamento danese de exercitar normalmente su competentias concernente Islanda. Insula assumeva progressivemente gestion de su relationes exterior.

In maio 1940, Regno Unite occupava Islanda pro impedir que territorio deveniva un base germanic in Atlantico del Nord. Occupation britannic transformava position strategic de insula e portava un grande numero de militares estranier.

In 1941, Statos Unite assumeva responsabilitate de defense de Islanda, secundo un accordo con autoritates islandese e britannic. Presentia militar american augmentava importantia strategic de insula durante guerra.

=== Le independentia de 1944 ===
Interruption de relationes normal con Danmark e evolution politic interne accelerava proceso verso independentia complete. In maio 1944, un referendum esseva organisate super termination de union con Danmark e establimento de un republica.

Electores approbava largemente separation. Le 17 de junio 1944, union personal esseva terminate e Republica de Islanda esseva proclamate in Þingvellir. Sveinn Björnsson deveniva prime presidente de republica.

Proclamation marca establimento de actual Stato islandese independente. Die de 17 de junio, que coincide con anniversario de nascentia de Jón Sigurðsson, es celebrate como festa national de Islanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/iceland |titulo=Iceland: Recognition of Independence, 1944 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, Department of State del Statos Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v03/d915 |titulo=Declaration del termination del union danese-islandese, 17 de junio 1944 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, Department of State del Statos Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le republica e le Guerra Frie ==
=== Ingressar in NATO ===
In 1949, Islanda deveniva membro fundator de Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord (NATO). Decision provocava protestas in Reykjavík e un debatte public super neutralitate, securitate e relationes con Statos Unite.

Iceland non possede un exercito permanent. Su participation in NATO es basate super cooperation in materia de defense e securitate, includente uso de installationes e servicios strategic de insula.

In 1951, Islanda e Statos Unite concludeva un accordo de defense que permitteva establimento de un presentia militar american in zona de Keflavík. Base deveniva un elemento importante de systema de surveillance e defense de Atlantico del Nord durante Guerra Frie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le Cod Wars ===
Cod Wars esseva un serie de conflictos diplomatic e confrontationes maritime inter Islanda e Regno Unite concernente derectos de pisca in aquas de Atlantico del Nord. Disputas intensificava se durante annos 1950, 1960 e 1970, quando Islanda cercava extender zona maritime reservate al pisca islandese.

Governamento islandese considerava pisca un recurso essential pro economia e independentia economic de pais. Extension progressive de zona de controlo de pisca incontrava opposition de flotta britannic e provocava incidentes inter naves de pisca e unitates de guardacostas.

Confrontation culminava durante annos 1970, quando Islanda establiva un zona economic de 200 millias nautic. Disputa contribueva al evolution de derecto international de mar e acceptation plus large de zonas economic exclusive de 200 millias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution economic e social ==
Durante seculo XX, Islanda passava de un societate principalmente rural e piscatori a un economia industrialisate e de servicios. Exploitation de pisca, transformation de productos marin e commercio exterior remaneva fundamental, ma energia geothermic e hydroelectric deveniva importante pro industria e servicios.

Urbanisation accelerava, specialmente in Reykjavík e su area circumjacente. Education, sanitate e systemas de protection social se disveloppava durante expansion de Stato moderne.

Population islandese cresceva durante seculo XX, ben que clima, isolation geographic e dependentia de mercatos exterior continuava influentiar economia. Exploitation de recursos marin e controlo de zonas de pisca remaneva elementos central de politica economic.

== Islanda contemporanee ==
=== Le fin del Guerra Frie ===
Fin de Guerra Frie modificava position strategic de Islanda. Cooperation con NATO e Statos Unite continuava, ma forma de presentia militar in insula esseva adaptate al nove circumstantias international.

In 1986, Reykjavík hospitava un incontro de grande importantia inter presidente american Ronald Reagan e leader sovietic Mikhail Gorbachev. Summit tracta controlo de armamentos nuclear e deveniva un momento importante in diplomatia de fin de Guerra Frie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le crisi financiari de 2008 ===
In 2008, systema bancari islandese collabava durante crise financiari global. Tres principal bancos de pais perdeva accesso al financiation international e governamento interveniva pro prevenir un disorganisation plus grande de economia.

Crise provocava un grave recession, un devaluation de corona islandese e un augmento de debita e disoccupation. Illo etiam provocava protestas e demandas de reforma institutional e de responsabilitate politic.

Recuperation esseva progressive e includiva restructuration bancari, adaptation de politicas economic e un evolution de exportationes. Pisca e turismo remaneva importante, durante que industria de energia e servicios international contribueva al diversification de economia.

=== Turismo e catastrophes natural ===
Paisage vulcanic, glaciers, cascatas e fontes geothermic faceva de Islanda un destination turistic international importante durante seculo XXI. Croissantia de turismo generava nove empleo e investitiones, ma etiam augmentava pression super infrastructuras, habitation e zonas natural sensibile.

Eruption de vulcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 produceva un nube de cinere que perturbava traffico aerie in grande parte de Europa. Evento demonstrava effectos international que pote haber activitate vulcanic islandese.

Gestion de riscos natural, includente eruptiones, terramotos, inundationes glacial e avalanches, remane un parte importante de administration public e preparation civil.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Lingua islandese ha un position central in identitate national. Illa deriva de nordic ancian e ha conservate multe characteristicas linguistic que se perdeva in altere linguas scandinave.

Sagas, poesias medieval, obras de Edda e chronicas historic constitue un parte importante de patrimonio cultural de pais. Publication e conservation de manuscritos medieval contribueva al disveloppamento de cultura scripte islandese e al conservation de memoria de Etate del Vikingos.

Althing e Þingvellir ha etiam un valor symbolic in historia national. Assemblea representa tradition institutional, durante que proclamation de republica in Þingvellir in 1944 liga independentia moderne al memoria de prime societate islandese.

Societate contemporanee combina iste traditiones con un cultura moderne, un alte nivello de education e un participation active in cooperation nordic e international.

{{Ref}}

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Le '''historia de Islanda''' tracta le evolution del insula nord-atlantic desde su prime colonisation permanente durante le seculo IX usque al formation del moderne Republica de Islanda. Insula esseva populate principalmente per colonos nordic proveniente de Norvegia e insulas britannic. In 930, colonos establiva Althing, un assemblea legislative e juridic que deveniva centro de organisation de prime societate islandese. Islanda conservava un forma de independentia durante periodo de Commonwealth islandese, ma passava sub monarchia norvegese in seculo XIII e, ulteriormente, sub dominio de corona danese. Durante seculos XIX e XX, un movimento national promoveva autonomia e independentia. Islanda deveniva un Stato sovrane in union personal con Danmark in 1918 e un republica independente le 17 de junio 1944. Desde alora, pais ha evolvite verso un societate moderne, con un economia fortemente ligate al pisca, al energia renovabile, al servicios e al turismo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime exploratores ==
Iceland es un insula vulcanic situate in Atlantico del Nord, inter Groenlandia e Europa occidental. Su isolation geographic e clima oceanic distingueva insula de regiones europee ubi se habeva developpate sociedades agricole desde millennios ante.

Contrarimente a multe partes de Europa, Islanda non habeva un population human permanente cognoscite durante major parte de prehistoria. Prime vestigios archeologic de habitation permanente es associate al expansion maritime de populationes nordic durante Etate del Vikingos.

Fontes medieval islandese mentiona monachos christian de origine irlandese, sovente appellate papar, qui haberea visitate o habitate insula ante arrivata de colonos nordic. Extension e character exacte de iste prime presentia resta subjecto a interpretation, perque traditiones scripte esseva compilate multo post eventos que illos describe.

Colonisation permanente comenciava circa 870. Combination de vestigios archeologic, traditiones genealogic e relatos medieval permitte reconstruer transformation de insula in un territorio de colonisation nordic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland/History |titulo=History of Iceland |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation nordic e formation del societate ==
=== Le establimento del colonos ===
Secundo tradition historic, Ingólfur Arnarson es considerate un del prime colonos nordic qui se establiva permanentemente in Islanda, circa 874. Tradition associa su habitation al loco ubi se developpava posteriormente [[Reykjavík]], actual capital.

Colonos proveniva principalmente de Norvegia, ma un parte arrivava per medio de insulas britannic, ubi se habeva establite communitates nordic. Inter colonos e lor familias se trovava etiam personas de origine celta, includente personas que habeva essite transportate como servos o dependentes.

Colonisation diffundeva se progressivemente per zonas costal e valles habile pro agricultura e allevamento. Interior montaniose e glacial remaneva largemente inhabitabile. Colonos establiva fundos e organisava lor vita economic intorno al allevamento de oves e bovinos, pisca e exploitation de recursos local.

Societate se formava per grupos familial e redes de dependentia. Chefes regional, cognoscite como goðar, combinava frequentemente functiones politic, juridic e religiose. Non existiva un monarchia central que governava insula in su totalitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le economia del prime colonias ===
Economia de prime Islanda dependeva de utilisation de terra e mar. Allevamento de oves e bovinos procurava carne, lacte, lana e pelles. Agricultura, limitate per clima e breve station de crescimento, completava production de fundos.

Pisca deveniva progressivemente un recurso economic fundamental. Mar circumstante procurava pisces e altere recursos marin, durante que commercio maritime connectava insula con Norvegia e altere regiones de Atlantico del Nord.

Scarcity de ligno e conditiones climatic influentiava construction de habitationes. Edificios rural esseva frequentemente construite con turfa, petra e ligno disponibile, formando un tradition architectonic adaptate al ambiente islandese.

Societate manteneva relationes con mundo nordic, e naves permitteva circulation de personas, benes e informationes. Isolamento geographic non impediva dunque participation de Islanda in redes commercial e cultural de Etate del Vikingos.

== Le Commonwealth islandese ==
=== Creation del Althing ===
In 930, chefes islandese establiva Althing (Alþingi) in Þingvellir. Illo deveniva principal assemblea legislative e juridic de insula e un elemento central de organisation de prime societate islandese, que durava circa usque a 1262–1264.

Althing reuni representantes e chefes de differente regiones durante un session annual. Assemblea permitteva discutir leges, resolver disputas e mantener relationes inter communitates. Lögrétta, o Consilio de Lege, exerceva un rol central in deliberation legislative.

Administration de justitia dependiva de cortes e proceduras establite per systema legal. Organisation non esseva un democratia moderne: poder remaneva concentrate in manos de chefes e familias influente. Nonobstante, Althing deveniva un institution distinctive de historia politic islandese e un symbolo durable de identitate national.

Sito de Þingvellir, ubi assemblea se reuniva, manteneva su importantia historic e deveniva ulteriormente un loco central de memoria national islandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf |titulo=The History of Althingi |sitioweb=Althingi, Parlamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le adoption del christianismo ===
Durante seculo X, christianismo se diffundeva in Scandinavia e in regiones de Atlantico del Nord. Missionarios e contactos con altere sociedades christian contribueva al introduction de nove religion in Islanda, ubi cultos nordic traditional remaneva ancora importante.

Circa 1000, durante un session de Althing, conflicto inter grupos pagane e christian deveniva un problema politic. Secundo tradition, lögsögumaður Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði esseva incaricate de proponer un decision que permitterea mantener unitate de societate. Illo concludeva que Islanda deberea adoptar christianismo, ben que certe practicas pagane poteva continuar discretemente.

Decision esseva importante perque conversion occurreva per medio de un accordo politic, plus tosto que per un guerra general inter adherentes de duo religiones. Christianismo introducerea nove institutiones ecclesiastic e promoveva uso de alphabet latin e cultura scripte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/christianity/ |titulo=Christianity |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le cultura del sagas ===
Christianismo favorava disveloppamento de un cultura litterari in lingua nordic ancian. Durante seculos XII e XIII, scriptores islandese compilava chronicas, genealogias, textos religiose e relatos historic.

Íslendingabók, redigite per Ari Þorgilsson circa initio de seculo XII, es un del prime obras historic islandese conservate. Sagas de islandeses describi familias, disputas, viages e conflictos de prime seculos de colonisation, ben que lor composition litterari posterior exige cautela quando illos es usate como fontes pro historia de seculo X.

Edda e altere obras medieval contribueva al conservation de mythologia nordic e tradition poetic. Islanda deveniva assi un centro importante pro conservation de lingua, litteratura e memoria historic de mundo nordic medieval.

== Le crise del Commonwealth e le union con Norvegia ==
=== Le etate de Sturlung ===
Durante seculo XIII, rivalitates inter familias potente se intensificava. Conflictos, cognoscite como Etate de Sturlung (Sturlungaöld), involveva chefes regional que cercava ampliar lor potentia e influentia.

Absence de un autoritate central capabile de imponer stabilitate facilitava conflictos armate e debilitava systema politic de Commonwealth. Disputas inter familias se combina con interesse de monarchia norvegese, que cercava augmentar su influentia super Islanda.

Crise culminava con submissión de islandeses al rege de Norvegia. Inter 1262 e 1264, accordos cognoscite como Gamli sáttmáli, o Ancian Pacto, establiva relation politic de insula con corona norvegese. Iste transformation poneva fin al independentia politic de Commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf |titulo=The History of Althingi |sitioweb=Althingi, Parlamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le periodo norvegese ===
Sub corona norvegese, Islanda conservava institutiones e traditiones legal proprie, ma autoritate de rege deveniva plus importante. Administration de insula se integrava gradualmente in structuras de monarchia.

Codice legal Járnsíða esseva introducite durante seculo XIII e postea reimplaciate per Jónsbók in 1281. Iste textos contribueva al adaptation de systema juridic islandese al governamento monarchic, durante que Althing continuava exercer functiones administrative e judicial.

Relationes commercial con Norvegia remaneva importante, e societate islandese continuava depender principalmente de allevamento, pisca e commercio de productos marin e textile.

== Le union nordic e le dominio danese ==
=== Le Union de Kalmar ===
In 1380, union dinastic inter Norvegia e Danmark poneva Islanda sub corona danese-norvegese. In 1397, Union de Kalmar reuni Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia sub un monarcha commun, ben que relationes politic inter regnos variava durante periodo.

Quando Svedia se separava de union in seculo XVI, Islanda remaneva ligate al monarchia danese-norvegese. Distantia geographic e dependentia de commercio exterior augmentava importantia de decisiones adoptate per autoritates in Copenhagen.

Administration danese exerceva gradualmente un controlo plus directe super insula, ben que institutiones islandese e lingua islandese continuava subsister.

=== Le Reformation ===
Durante seculo XVI, Reformation protestante transformava organisation religiose de regnos nordic. Monarchia danese introduciva lutheranismo in Islanda, ubi transition esseva accompagnate per conflictos con partes de hierarchia catholic.

Episcopo catolic Jón Arason, un del principales defensores de tradition catholic, esseva capturate e executate in 1550. Su morte es frequentemente considerate un momento decisive in establimento de Reformation in Islanda.

Ecclesia lutheran deveniva un institution central de societate. Organisation religiose, education e cultura scripte continuava influentiar vita quotidian e conservation de lingua islandese.

=== Le monopolio commercial danese ===
Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, monarchia danese reforçava controlo economic de Islanda per medio de un monopolio commercial, que limitava commercio al exterior e participation de mercantes estranier.

Sistema restringiva libertate commercial de islandeses e contribueva al un economia vulnerabile. Societate dependeva de un numero limitate de productos e de relationes commercial administrate per interesses danese.

Difficultates economic esseva aggravate per epidemias, conditiones climatic adverse e catastrophes natural. Population restava relativamente reducite e multe communitates rural viveva in conditiones material difficile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland/History |titulo=History of Iceland |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Catastrophes natural e difficultates del seculos XVIII ==
Historia de Islanda es marcate per eruptiones vulcanic, terramotos, glaciares e periodos de clima extreme. Un del catastrophes le plus grave occurreva in 1783, quando fissura vulcanic de Laki entrava in eruption.

Eruption liberava enorme quantitates de lava e gases, includente dioxido de sulfure, que contaminava ambiente e danneggiava agricultura e pasturas. Mortalitate de bestial e penuria alimentari provocava un grave crise social e demographic.

Eventos de 1783–1784, cognoscite como Móðuharðindin, o «difficultates de nebula», es considerate un del plus devastante catastrophes natural in historia islandese. Consequentias se extenderea al population durante plure annos e aggravava difficultates economic ja existente.

== Le movemento national del seculo XIX ==
=== Le resurrection del Althing ===
Durante seculo XIX, ideas de nationalismo e liberalismo que se diffundeva in Europa influentiava societate islandese. Intellectuals e activistas demandava plus autonomia politic e un recognition de identitate national, lingua e traditiones historic de insula.

Figura Jón Sigurðsson deveniva principal symbolo de movimento pro derectos islandese. Ille susteneva que Islanda deberea dispor de su proprie institutiones e administrar su affaires interne.

In 1843, autoritates danese decideva restabilir Althing como assemblea consultive; illo se reuni de novo in Reykjavík in 1845. Institution non habeva initialmente plen potentia legislative de ancian Commonwealth, ma deveniva centro de movimento politic islandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le constitution de 1874 ===
In 1874, al occasion de millesime anniversario traditional de colonisation de Islanda, Danmark concedeva al insula un constitution que ampliava su autonomia. Althing recipeva competentias legislative in materias interne e un rol plus importante in administration de recursos public.

Nonobstante, governamento danese continuava controlar aspectos fundamental de administration e autoritate executive restava ligate al monarchia. Reformas de 1874 representava assi un passo importante, ma non satisfacia tote demandas de movimento national.

=== Le autonomia de 1904 ===
In 1904, Islanda obteneva heimastjórn, o governamento proprie. Un ministro responsabile de affaires islandese resideva in Reykjavík e respondeva ante Althing in materias interne.

Reforma augmentava capacitate de islandeses administrar su proprie institutiones e contribueva al disveloppamento de un administration moderne. Independentia complete remaneva tamen un objectivo de movimento national.

== Le Regno de Islanda e le sovranitate de 1918 ==
Acto de Union inter Islanda e Danmark entrava in vigor le 1 de decembre 1918. Secundo iste accordo, Danmark recognosceva Islanda como Stato sovrane, con su proprie governamento e institutiones, ma duo paises manteneva mesme monarcha.

Regno de Islanda disponeva de su proprie autoritate in multe materias interne, durante que Danmark continuava representar insula in relationes exterior e defense, secundo accordo.

Union personal esseva concepite como un arrangement que poteva esser terminate ulteriormente. Independentia de 1918 constitueva principal passo juridic ante creation de republica in 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Le occupation britannic ===
Le 9 de april 1940, Germania occupava Danmark, lo que impediva governamento danese de exercitar normalmente su competentias concernente Islanda. Insula assumeva progressivemente gestion de su relationes exterior.

In maio 1940, Regno Unite occupava Islanda pro impedir que territorio deveniva un base germanic in Atlantico del Nord. Occupation britannic transformava position strategic de insula e portava un grande numero de militares estranier.

In 1941, Statos Unite assumeva responsabilitate de defense de Islanda, secundo un accordo con autoritates islandese e britannic. Presentia militar american augmentava importantia strategic de insula durante guerra.

=== Le independentia de 1944 ===
Interruption de relationes normal con Danmark e evolution politic interne accelerava proceso verso independentia complete. In maio 1944, un referendum esseva organisate super termination de union con Danmark e establimento de un republica.

Electores approbava largemente separation. Le 17 de junio 1944, union personal esseva terminate e Republica de Islanda esseva proclamate in Þingvellir. Sveinn Björnsson deveniva prime presidente de republica.

Proclamation marca establimento de actual Stato islandese independente. Die de 17 de junio, que coincide con anniversario de nascentia de Jón Sigurðsson, es celebrate como festa national de Islanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/iceland |titulo=Iceland: Recognition of Independence, 1944 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, Department of State del Statos Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v03/d915 |titulo=Declaration del termination del union danese-islandese, 17 de junio 1944 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, Department of State del Statos Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le republica e le Guerra Frie ==
=== Ingressar in NATO ===
In 1949, Islanda deveniva membro fundator de Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord (NATO). Decision provocava protestas in Reykjavík e un debatte public super neutralitate, securitate e relationes con Statos Unite.

Iceland non possede un exercito permanent. Su participation in NATO es basate super cooperation in materia de defense e securitate, includente uso de installationes e servicios strategic de insula.

In 1951, Islanda e Statos Unite concludeva un accordo de defense que permitteva establimento de un presentia militar american in zona de Keflavík. Base deveniva un elemento importante de systema de surveillance e defense de Atlantico del Nord durante Guerra Frie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le Cod Wars ===
Cod Wars esseva un serie de conflictos diplomatic e confrontationes maritime inter Islanda e Regno Unite concernente derectos de pisca in aquas de Atlantico del Nord. Disputas intensificava se durante annos 1950, 1960 e 1970, quando Islanda cercava extender zona maritime reservate al pisca islandese.

Governamento islandese considerava pisca un recurso essential pro economia e independentia economic de pais. Extension progressive de zona de controlo de pisca incontrava opposition de flotta britannic e provocava incidentes inter naves de pisca e unitates de guardacostas.

Confrontation culminava durante annos 1970, quando Islanda establiva un zona economic de 200 millias nautic. Disputa contribueva al evolution de derecto international de mar e acceptation plus large de zonas economic exclusive de 200 millias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution economic e social ==
Durante seculo XX, Islanda passava de un societate principalmente rural e piscatori a un economia industrialisate e de servicios. Exploitation de pisca, transformation de productos marin e commercio exterior remaneva fundamental, ma energia geothermic e hydroelectric deveniva importante pro industria e servicios.

Urbanisation accelerava, specialmente in Reykjavík e su area circumjacente. Education, sanitate e systemas de protection social se disveloppava durante expansion de Stato moderne.

Population islandese cresceva durante seculo XX, ben que clima, isolation geographic e dependentia de mercatos exterior continuava influentiar economia. Exploitation de recursos marin e controlo de zonas de pisca remaneva elementos central de politica economic.

== Islanda contemporanee ==
=== Le fin del Guerra Frie ===
Fin de Guerra Frie modificava position strategic de Islanda. Cooperation con NATO e Statos Unite continuava, ma forma de presentia militar in insula esseva adaptate al nove circumstantias international.

In 1986, Reykjavík hospitava un incontro de grande importantia inter presidente american Ronald Reagan e leader sovietic Mikhail Gorbachev. Summit tracta controlo de armamentos nuclear e deveniva un momento importante in diplomatia de fin de Guerra Frie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le crisi financiari de 2008 ===
In 2008, systema bancari islandese collabava durante crise financiari global. Tres principal bancos de pais perdeva accesso al financiation international e governamento interveniva pro prevenir un disorganisation plus grande de economia.

Crise provocava un grave recession, un devaluation de corona islandese e un augmento de debita e disoccupation. Illo etiam provocava protestas e demandas de reforma institutional e de responsabilitate politic.

Recuperation esseva progressive e includiva restructuration bancari, adaptation de politicas economic e un evolution de exportationes. Pisca e turismo remaneva importante, durante que industria de energia e servicios international contribueva al diversification de economia.

=== Turismo e catastrophes natural ===
Paisage vulcanic, glaciers, cascatas e fontes geothermic faceva de Islanda un destination turistic international importante durante seculo XXI. Croissantia de turismo generava nove empleo e investitiones, ma etiam augmentava pression super infrastructuras, habitation e zonas natural sensibile.

Eruption de vulcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 produceva un nube de cinere que perturbava traffico aerie in grande parte de Europa. Evento demonstrava effectos international que pote haber activitate vulcanic islandese.

Gestion de riscos natural, includente eruptiones, terramotos, inundationes glacial e avalanches, remane un parte importante de administration public e preparation civil.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Lingua islandese ha un position central in identitate national. Illa deriva de nordic ancian e ha conservate multe characteristicas linguistic que se perdeva in altere linguas scandinave.

Sagas, poesias medieval, obras de Edda e chronicas historic constitue un parte importante de patrimonio cultural de pais. Publication e conservation de manuscritos medieval contribueva al disveloppamento de cultura scripte islandese e al conservation de memoria de Etate del Vikingos.

Althing e Þingvellir ha etiam un valor symbolic in historia national. Assemblea representa tradition institutional, durante que proclamation de republica in Þingvellir in 1944 liga independentia moderne al memoria de prime societate islandese.

Societate contemporanee combina iste traditiones con un cultura moderne, un alte nivello de education e un participation active in cooperation nordic e international.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Islanda| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Islanda''' tracta le evolution del insula nord-atlantic desde su prime colonisation permanente durante le seculo IX usque al formation del moderne Republica de Islanda. Insula esseva populate principalmente per colonos nordic proveniente de Norvegia e insulas britannic. In 930, colonos establiva Althing, un assemblea legislative e juridic que deveniva centro de organisation de prime societate islandese. Islanda conservava un forma de independentia durante periodo de Commonwealth islandese, ma passava sub monarchia norvegese in seculo XIII e, ulteriormente, sub dominio de corona danese. Durante seculos XIX e XX, un movimento national promoveva autonomia e independentia. Islanda deveniva un Stato sovrane in union personal con Danmark in 1918 e un republica independente le 17 de junio 1944. Desde alora, pais ha evolvite verso un societate moderne, con un economia fortemente ligate al pisca, al energia renovabile, al servicios e al turismo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime exploratores ==
Iceland es un insula vulcanic situate in Atlantico del Nord, inter Groenlandia e Europa occidental. Su isolation geographic e clima oceanic distingueva insula de regiones europee ubi se habeva developpate sociedades agricole desde millennios ante.

Contrarimente a multe partes de Europa, Islanda non habeva un population human permanente cognoscite durante major parte de prehistoria. Prime vestigios archeologic de habitation permanente es associate al expansion maritime de populationes nordic durante Etate del Vikingos.

Fontes medieval islandese mentiona monachos christian de origine irlandese, sovente appellate papar, qui haberea visitate o habitate insula ante arrivata de colonos nordic. Extension e character exacte de iste prime presentia resta subjecto a interpretation, perque traditiones scripte esseva compilate multo post eventos que illos describe.

Colonisation permanente comenciava circa 870. Combination de vestigios archeologic, traditiones genealogic e relatos medieval permitte reconstruer transformation de insula in un territorio de colonisation nordic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland/History |titulo=History of Iceland |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Colonisation nordic e formation del societate ==
=== Le establimento del colonos ===
Secundo tradition historic, Ingólfur Arnarson es considerate un del prime colonos nordic qui se establiva permanentemente in Islanda, circa 874. Tradition associa su habitation al loco ubi se developpava posteriormente [[Reykjavík]], actual capital.

Colonos proveniva principalmente de Norvegia, ma un parte arrivava per medio de insulas britannic, ubi se habeva establite communitates nordic. Inter colonos e lor familias se trovava etiam personas de origine celta, includente personas que habeva essite transportate como servos o dependentes.

Colonisation diffundeva se progressivemente per zonas costal e valles habile pro agricultura e allevamento. Interior montaniose e glacial remaneva largemente inhabitabile. Colonos establiva fundos e organisava lor vita economic intorno al allevamento de oves e bovinos, pisca e exploitation de recursos local.

Societate se formava per grupos familial e redes de dependentia. Chefes regional, cognoscite como goðar, combinava frequentemente functiones politic, juridic e religiose. Non existiva un monarchia central que governava insula in su totalitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thjodminjasafn.is/en/syningar-og-vidburdir/thjod-verdur-til |titulo=Making of a Nation: Heritage and History in Iceland |sitioweb=National Museum of Iceland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le economia del prime colonias ===
Economia de prime Islanda dependeva de utilisation de terra e mar. Allevamento de oves e bovinos procurava carne, lacte, lana e pelles. Agricultura, limitate per clima e breve station de crescimento, completava production de fundos.

Pisca deveniva progressivemente un recurso economic fundamental. Mar circumstante procurava pisces e altere recursos marin, durante que commercio maritime connectava insula con Norvegia e altere regiones de Atlantico del Nord.

Scarcity de ligno e conditiones climatic influentiava construction de habitationes. Edificios rural esseva frequentemente construite con turfa, petra e ligno disponibile, formando un tradition architectonic adaptate al ambiente islandese.

Societate manteneva relationes con mundo nordic, e naves permitteva circulation de personas, benes e informationes. Isolamento geographic non impediva dunque participation de Islanda in redes commercial e cultural de Etate del Vikingos.

== Le Commonwealth islandese ==
=== Creation del Althing ===
In 930, chefes islandese establiva Althing (Alþingi) in Þingvellir. Illo deveniva principal assemblea legislative e juridic de insula e un elemento central de organisation de prime societate islandese, que durava circa usque a 1262–1264.

Althing reuni representantes e chefes de differente regiones durante un session annual. Assemblea permitteva discutir leges, resolver disputas e mantener relationes inter communitates. Lögrétta, o Consilio de Lege, exerceva un rol central in deliberation legislative.

Administration de justitia dependiva de cortes e proceduras establite per systema legal. Organisation non esseva un democratia moderne: poder remaneva concentrate in manos de chefes e familias influente. Nonobstante, Althing deveniva un institution distinctive de historia politic islandese e un symbolo durable de identitate national.

Sito de Þingvellir, ubi assemblea se reuniva, manteneva su importantia historic e deveniva ulteriormente un loco central de memoria national islandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf |titulo=The History of Althingi |sitioweb=Althingi, Parlamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le adoption del christianismo ===
Durante seculo X, christianismo se diffundeva in Scandinavia e in regiones de Atlantico del Nord. Missionarios e contactos con altere sociedades christian contribueva al introduction de nove religion in Islanda, ubi cultos nordic traditional remaneva ancora importante.

Circa 1000, durante un session de Althing, conflicto inter grupos pagane e christian deveniva un problema politic. Secundo tradition, lögsögumaður Þorgeir Ljósvetningagoði esseva incaricate de proponer un decision que permitterea mantener unitate de societate. Illo concludeva que Islanda deberea adoptar christianismo, ben que certe practicas pagane poteva continuar discretemente.

Decision esseva importante perque conversion occurreva per medio de un accordo politic, plus tosto que per un guerra general inter adherentes de duo religiones. Christianismo introducerea nove institutiones ecclesiastic e promoveva uso de alphabet latin e cultura scripte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/christianity/ |titulo=Christianity |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le cultura del sagas ===
Christianismo favorava disveloppamento de un cultura litterari in lingua nordic ancian. Durante seculos XII e XIII, scriptores islandese compilava chronicas, genealogias, textos religiose e relatos historic.

Íslendingabók, redigite per Ari Þorgilsson circa initio de seculo XII, es un del prime obras historic islandese conservate. Sagas de islandeses describi familias, disputas, viages e conflictos de prime seculos de colonisation, ben que lor composition litterari posterior exige cautela quando illos es usate como fontes pro historia de seculo X.

Edda e altere obras medieval contribueva al conservation de mythologia nordic e tradition poetic. Islanda deveniva assi un centro importante pro conservation de lingua, litteratura e memoria historic de mundo nordic medieval.

== Le crise del Commonwealth e le union con Norvegia ==
=== Le etate de Sturlung ===
Durante seculo XIII, rivalitates inter familias potente se intensificava. Conflictos, cognoscite como Etate de Sturlung (Sturlungaöld), involveva chefes regional que cercava ampliar lor potentia e influentia.

Absence de un autoritate central capabile de imponer stabilitate facilitava conflictos armate e debilitava systema politic de Commonwealth. Disputas inter familias se combina con interesse de monarchia norvegese, que cercava augmentar su influentia super Islanda.

Crise culminava con submissión de islandeses al rege de Norvegia. Inter 1262 e 1264, accordos cognoscite como Gamli sáttmáli, o Ancian Pacto, establiva relation politic de insula con corona norvegese. Iste transformation poneva fin al independentia politic de Commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.thingvellir.is/en/education/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Parco National de Þingvellir |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.althingi.is/pdf/Althingi2017_enska.pdf |titulo=The History of Althingi |sitioweb=Althingi, Parlamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le periodo norvegese ===
Sub corona norvegese, Islanda conservava institutiones e traditiones legal proprie, ma autoritate de rege deveniva plus importante. Administration de insula se integrava gradualmente in structuras de monarchia.

Codice legal Járnsíða esseva introducite durante seculo XIII e postea reimplaciate per Jónsbók in 1281. Iste textos contribueva al adaptation de systema juridic islandese al governamento monarchic, durante que Althing continuava exercer functiones administrative e judicial.

Relationes commercial con Norvegia remaneva importante, e societate islandese continuava depender principalmente de allevamento, pisca e commercio de productos marin e textile.

== Le union nordic e le dominio danese ==
=== Le Union de Kalmar ===
In 1380, union dinastic inter Norvegia e Danmark poneva Islanda sub corona danese-norvegese. In 1397, Union de Kalmar reuni Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia sub un monarcha commun, ben que relationes politic inter regnos variava durante periodo.

Quando Svedia se separava de union in seculo XVI, Islanda remaneva ligate al monarchia danese-norvegese. Distantia geographic e dependentia de commercio exterior augmentava importantia de decisiones adoptate per autoritates in Copenhagen.

Administration danese exerceva gradualmente un controlo plus directe super insula, ben que institutiones islandese e lingua islandese continuava subsister.

=== Le Reformation ===
Durante seculo XVI, Reformation protestante transformava organisation religiose de regnos nordic. Monarchia danese introduciva lutheranismo in Islanda, ubi transition esseva accompagnate per conflictos con partes de hierarchia catholic.

Episcopo catolic Jón Arason, un del principales defensores de tradition catholic, esseva capturate e executate in 1550. Su morte es frequentemente considerate un momento decisive in establimento de Reformation in Islanda.

Ecclesia lutheran deveniva un institution central de societate. Organisation religiose, education e cultura scripte continuava influentiar vita quotidian e conservation de lingua islandese.

=== Le monopolio commercial danese ===
Durante seculos XVII e XVIII, monarchia danese reforçava controlo economic de Islanda per medio de un monopolio commercial, que limitava commercio al exterior e participation de mercantes estranier.

Sistema restringiva libertate commercial de islandeses e contribueva al un economia vulnerabile. Societate dependeva de un numero limitate de productos e de relationes commercial administrate per interesses danese.

Difficultates economic esseva aggravate per epidemias, conditiones climatic adverse e catastrophes natural. Population restava relativamente reducite e multe communitates rural viveva in conditiones material difficile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland/History |titulo=History of Iceland |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Catastrophes natural e difficultates del seculos XVIII ==
Historia de Islanda es marcate per eruptiones vulcanic, terramotos, glaciares e periodos de clima extreme. Un del catastrophes le plus grave occurreva in 1783, quando fissura vulcanic de Laki entrava in eruption.

Eruption liberava enorme quantitates de lava e gases, includente dioxido de sulfure, que contaminava ambiente e danneggiava agricultura e pasturas. Mortalitate de bestial e penuria alimentari provocava un grave crise social e demographic.

Eventos de 1783–1784, cognoscite como Móðuharðindin, o «difficultates de nebula», es considerate un del plus devastante catastrophes natural in historia islandese. Consequentias se extenderea al population durante plure annos e aggravava difficultates economic ja existente.

== Le movemento national del seculo XIX ==
=== Le resurrection del Althing ===
Durante seculo XIX, ideas de nationalismo e liberalismo que se diffundeva in Europa influentiava societate islandese. Intellectuals e activistas demandava plus autonomia politic e un recognition de identitate national, lingua e traditiones historic de insula.

Figura Jón Sigurðsson deveniva principal symbolo de movimento pro derectos islandese. Ille susteneva que Islanda deberea dispor de su proprie institutiones e administrar su affaires interne.

In 1843, autoritates danese decideva restabilir Althing como assemblea consultive; illo se reuni de novo in Reykjavík in 1845. Institution non habeva initialmente plen potentia legislative de ancian Commonwealth, ma deveniva centro de movimento politic islandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le constitution de 1874 ===
In 1874, al occasion de millesime anniversario traditional de colonisation de Islanda, Danmark concedeva al insula un constitution que ampliava su autonomia. Althing recipeva competentias legislative in materias interne e un rol plus importante in administration de recursos public.

Nonobstante, governamento danese continuava controlar aspectos fundamental de administration e autoritate executive restava ligate al monarchia. Reformas de 1874 representava assi un passo importante, ma non satisfacia tote demandas de movimento national.

=== Le autonomia de 1904 ===
In 1904, Islanda obteneva heimastjórn, o governamento proprie. Un ministro responsabile de affaires islandese resideva in Reykjavík e respondeva ante Althing in materias interne.

Reforma augmentava capacitate de islandeses administrar su proprie institutiones e contribueva al disveloppamento de un administration moderne. Independentia complete remaneva tamen un objectivo de movimento national.

== Le Regno de Islanda e le sovranitate de 1918 ==
Acto de Union inter Islanda e Danmark entrava in vigor le 1 de decembre 1918. Secundo iste accordo, Danmark recognosceva Islanda como Stato sovrane, con su proprie governamento e institutiones, ma duo paises manteneva mesme monarcha.

Regno de Islanda disponeva de su proprie autoritate in multe materias interne, durante que Danmark continuava representar insula in relationes exterior e defense, secundo accordo.

Union personal esseva concepite como un arrangement que poteva esser terminate ulteriormente. Independentia de 1918 constitueva principal passo juridic ante creation de republica in 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/rikisstjorn/sogulegt-efni/heimastjorn-1904-1918/leidin-til-sjalfstaedis/ |titulo=Le via verso le independentia |sitioweb=Governamento de Islanda |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Le occupation britannic ===
Le 9 de april 1940, Germania occupava Danmark, lo que impediva governamento danese de exercitar normalmente su competentias concernente Islanda. Insula assumeva progressivemente gestion de su relationes exterior.

In maio 1940, Regno Unite occupava Islanda pro impedir que territorio deveniva un base germanic in Atlantico del Nord. Occupation britannic transformava position strategic de insula e portava un grande numero de militares estranier.

In 1941, Statos Unite assumeva responsabilitate de defense de Islanda, secundo un accordo con autoritates islandese e britannic. Presentia militar american augmentava importantia strategic de insula durante guerra.

=== Le independentia de 1944 ===
Interruption de relationes normal con Danmark e evolution politic interne accelerava proceso verso independentia complete. In maio 1944, un referendum esseva organisate super termination de union con Danmark e establimento de un republica.

Electores approbava largemente separation. Le 17 de junio 1944, union personal esseva terminate e Republica de Islanda esseva proclamate in Þingvellir. Sveinn Björnsson deveniva prime presidente de republica.

Proclamation marca establimento de actual Stato islandese independente. Die de 17 de junio, que coincide con anniversario de nascentia de Jón Sigurðsson, es celebrate como festa national de Islanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/iceland |titulo=Iceland: Recognition of Independence, 1944 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, Department of State del Statos Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1944v03/d915 |titulo=Declaration del termination del union danese-islandese, 17 de junio 1944 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, Department of State del Statos Unite |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le republica e le Guerra Frie ==
=== Ingressar in NATO ===
In 1949, Islanda deveniva membro fundator de Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord (NATO). Decision provocava protestas in Reykjavík e un debatte public super neutralitate, securitate e relationes con Statos Unite.

Iceland non possede un exercito permanent. Su participation in NATO es basate super cooperation in materia de defense e securitate, includente uso de installationes e servicios strategic de insula.

In 1951, Islanda e Statos Unite concludeva un accordo de defense que permitteva establimento de un presentia militar american in zona de Keflavík. Base deveniva un elemento importante de systema de surveillance e defense de Atlantico del Nord durante Guerra Frie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le Cod Wars ===
Cod Wars esseva un serie de conflictos diplomatic e confrontationes maritime inter Islanda e Regno Unite concernente derectos de pisca in aquas de Atlantico del Nord. Disputas intensificava se durante annos 1950, 1960 e 1970, quando Islanda cercava extender zona maritime reservate al pisca islandese.

Governamento islandese considerava pisca un recurso essential pro economia e independentia economic de pais. Extension progressive de zona de controlo de pisca incontrava opposition de flotta britannic e provocava incidentes inter naves de pisca e unitates de guardacostas.

Confrontation culminava durante annos 1970, quando Islanda establiva un zona economic de 200 millias nautic. Disputa contribueva al evolution de derecto international de mar e acceptation plus large de zonas economic exclusive de 200 millias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution economic e social ==
Durante seculo XX, Islanda passava de un societate principalmente rural e piscatori a un economia industrialisate e de servicios. Exploitation de pisca, transformation de productos marin e commercio exterior remaneva fundamental, ma energia geothermic e hydroelectric deveniva importante pro industria e servicios.

Urbanisation accelerava, specialmente in Reykjavík e su area circumjacente. Education, sanitate e systemas de protection social se disveloppava durante expansion de Stato moderne.

Population islandese cresceva durante seculo XX, ben que clima, isolation geographic e dependentia de mercatos exterior continuava influentiar economia. Exploitation de recursos marin e controlo de zonas de pisca remaneva elementos central de politica economic.

== Islanda contemporanee ==
=== Le fin del Guerra Frie ===
Fin de Guerra Frie modificava position strategic de Islanda. Cooperation con NATO e Statos Unite continuava, ma forma de presentia militar in insula esseva adaptate al nove circumstantias international.

In 1986, Reykjavík hospitava un incontro de grande importantia inter presidente american Ronald Reagan e leader sovietic Mikhail Gorbachev. Summit tracta controlo de armamentos nuclear e deveniva un momento importante in diplomatia de fin de Guerra Frie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/nato-history/history-by-theme/my-country-and-nato/iceland-and-nato |titulo=Iceland and NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le crisi financiari de 2008 ===
In 2008, systema bancari islandese collabava durante crise financiari global. Tres principal bancos de pais perdeva accesso al financiation international e governamento interveniva pro prevenir un disorganisation plus grande de economia.

Crise provocava un grave recession, un devaluation de corona islandese e un augmento de debita e disoccupation. Illo etiam provocava protestas e demandas de reforma institutional e de responsabilitate politic.

Recuperation esseva progressive e includiva restructuration bancari, adaptation de politicas economic e un evolution de exportationes. Pisca e turismo remaneva importante, durante que industria de energia e servicios international contribueva al diversification de economia.

=== Turismo e catastrophes natural ===
Paisage vulcanic, glaciers, cascatas e fontes geothermic faceva de Islanda un destination turistic international importante durante seculo XXI. Croissantia de turismo generava nove empleo e investitiones, ma etiam augmentava pression super infrastructuras, habitation e zonas natural sensibile.

Eruption de vulcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 produceva un nube de cinere que perturbava traffico aerie in grande parte de Europa. Evento demonstrava effectos international que pote haber activitate vulcanic islandese.

Gestion de riscos natural, includente eruptiones, terramotos, inundationes glacial e avalanches, remane un parte importante de administration public e preparation civil.

== Cultura e identitate national ==
Lingua islandese ha un position central in identitate national. Illa deriva de nordic ancian e ha conservate multe characteristicas linguistic que se perdeva in altere linguas scandinave.

Sagas, poesias medieval, obras de Edda e chronicas historic constitue un parte importante de patrimonio cultural de pais. Publication e conservation de manuscritos medieval contribueva al disveloppamento de cultura scripte islandese e al conservation de memoria de Etate del Vikingos.

Althing e Þingvellir ha etiam un valor symbolic in historia national. Assemblea representa tradition institutional, durante que proclamation de republica in Þingvellir in 1944 liga independentia moderne al memoria de prime societate islandese.

Societate contemporanee combina iste traditiones con un cultura moderne, un alte nivello de education e un participation active in cooperation nordic e international.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Norvegia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes del actual [[Norvegia]] desde le prime habitationes postglacial usque al Stato moderne. Le prime habitantes arrivava post le reculo del glaciares, e durante le [[Etate del Vikingos]] (circa 800–1050) le region se transformava in un importante centro de navigation, commercio e expansion maritime. Le consolidation del monarchia norvegese comenciava durante le seculos IX e X, e le christianismo deveniva gradualmente le religion dominante durante le seculo XI.

Durante le Etate Medieval, Norvegia developpava institutiones proprie, ma le peste e le difficultates economic debilitava le regno. Desde le fin del seculo XIV, le pais esseva ligate a Danmark e, post le guerras napoleonian, entrava in un union personal con Svedia in 1814. Le constitution adoptate le 17 de maio 1814 establiva un fundamento institutional que remaneva in vigor durante le union. Norvegia deveniva un Stato independente in 1905. Durante le seculo XX, le pais passava per industrialisation, occupation germanic durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], disveloppamento del Stato social e participation in le cooperation international. Su economia contemporanee es basate sur le industria, le energia, le exploitation del recursos natural, le navigation e le servicios.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://snl.no/Norges_historie |titulo=Norges historie |sitioweb=Store norske leksikon |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/the-government/previous-governments/historiske-artikler/offices/the-establishing-of-the-norwegian-state/id410040/ |titulo=The Re-establishing of a Norwegian State |sitioweb=Governamento de Norvegia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria ==
=== Le prime habitantes ===
Le territorio norvegese esseva coperite per grande glaciares durante le ultime glaciation. Quando le glaciares comenciava a recular, circa 10 000 annos ante le presente, gruppos de chassatores e collectores se moveva verso le regiones costal e interior del actual Norvegia.

Le prime habitantes dependiva del pisca, del cassa e del collection de plantas e altere recursos natural. Le costa, con su fiordos, insulas e numerose zonas de pesca, facilitava le movemento inter le communitates. Le navigation con embarcationes simple permitteva explorar le litoral e acceder a recursos que non esseva disponibile in le interior montaniose.

Le restos archeologic monstra que le occupation del territorio se extendiva progressivemente. Le differentias climatic e geographic produceva modos de vita regional distincte, specialmente inter le regiones costal del sud e le regiones septentrional, ubi le populationes continuava a depender largemente del cassa e del pisca.

=== Agricultura e Etate del Bronze ===
Le agricultura se diffundeva gradualmente in le regiones meridional e oriental durante le Neolithico. Le cultura de cereales e le allevamento de animales complementava le exploitation del recursos marin e del foreste.

Durante le Etate del Bronze, circa 1800–500 a.C., le societates local developpava contactos commercial con altere partes de Scandinavia e de Europa. Le objectos de bronze, le utensiles e le ornamentos archeologic monstra le existentia de redes de intercambio e de gruppos social con grados differente de ricchessa.

Le petroglifos e altere monumentos prehistorique documenta le credentias, le activitates e le representationes del mundo de iste societates. Le agricultura deveniva plus importante in le regiones fertile, durante que le cassa e le pisca continuava a haber un rolo fundamental in le regiones septentrional.

=== Etate del Ferro e formation de potentias regional ===
Durante le Etate del Ferro, le societates norvegese se complexificava. Le exploitation del ferro permitteva fabricar utensiles e armamentos, durante que le agricultura e le allevamento susteneva populationes plus stabile.

Le chefes regional acquireva influentia per le controlo del terras, del commercio e le relationes familial. Le sepulturas e le objectos funerari monstra le existentia de hierarchias social e de elites local.

Le contacts con le altere regiones de Scandinavia e con le Imperio Roman, directemente o indirectemente, contribuiva al circulation de objectos e ideas. Durante le ultime seculos ante le Etate del Vikingos, plure centros regional comenciava a developpar un organisation politic plus stabile.

== Le Etate del Vikingos ==
=== Navigation e expansion maritime ===
Le Etate del Vikingos, generalmente datate de circa 793 a 1066, esseva un periodo decisive in le historia de Norvegia. Le naves nordic permitteva navigar longe le costa, traversar le Atlantico del Nord e penetrar in le fluvios de Europa.

Le norvegianos participa in expeditions commercial, migrationes e incursiones militar. Illes establiva contactos con le insulas britannic, Irlanda, Islanda, Groenlandia e altere regiones del Atlantico. Le colonisation de Islanda comenciava principalmente durante le seculo IX, durante que gruppos nordic se establiva etiam in altere territorios del Atlantico del Nord.

Le naves viking, construite pro combinar velocitate, capacitate de navigation e accesso a aquas poco profunde, esseva fundamental pro iste expansion. Le expeditiones non esseva solmente militar: illos includeva commercio, colonisation, exploration e integration in redes politic e economic international.

Le societate viking era organisate in familias, communitates rural e gruppos de chefes. Le potentia dependeva in parte del controlo del terras e del recursos, ma etiam del capacitate de mobilisar guerreros e participar in expeditiones maritime.

=== Le unification del Norvegia ===
Durante le seculos IX e X, le chefes regional competeva pro le controlo de territorios e del rotas commercial. Le tradition historic norvegese attribue un rolo importante a Harald Fairhair (Harald Hårfagre), qui es traditionalment considerate le prime rege que reuniva grande parte del Norvegia sub un sol autoritate.

Secundo le sagas medieval, Harald consolidava su potentia post un serie de victorias e accordos con chefes regional. Le data exacte e le extension del unification resta debattite per le historiographia, ma le processo de consolidation monarchic esseva real e se extendiva durante plure generationes.

Le monarchia non eliminava immediatemente le potentias local. Le chefes regional conservava influentia e le autoritate del rege dependeva del su relationes con le elites, del fidelitate del guerreros e del capacitate de controlar le territorios dispersate.

Le unification contribuiva al formation gradual de un identitate politic norvegese e al disveloppamento de institutiones monarchic que deveniva plus stabile durante le seculos sequente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://snl.no/Norges_historie |titulo=Norges historie |sitioweb=Store norske leksikon |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le christianisation ===
Le christianismo se diffundeva in Norvegia durante le seculos X e XI, in parte per le contactos con le insulas britannic e le altere regnos europee, e in parte per le initiative del monarchia.

Le reges Olaf Tryggvason e Olaf Haraldsson es associate al consolidation del christianismo. Olaf Haraldsson, cognoscite post su morte como sancte Olaf, deveniva un figura central del tradition religiose norvegese.

Le adoption del christianismo transformava le organisation religiose e politic. Le ecclesia deveniva un institution importante in le administration, le education e le cultura scripte. Le erection de ecclesias e le establimento de dioceses contribuiva al integration del Norvegia in le mundo christian europee.

Le christianisation esseva un proces gradual e non un evento unique. Le traditiones nordic ancian continuava a influentiar le cultura popular, durante que le ecclesia christian acquireva un position crescente in le societate.

== Le Regno Medieval ==
=== Consolidation del monarchia ===
Durante le seculo XI, le monarchia norvegese se consolidava, ben que le successiones al throno e le rivalitates inter chefes poteva provocar guerras civil. Le reges cercava reforçar lor autoritate per le cooperation con le ecclesia e per le administration del territorios.

Le organisation del regno includeva assembleas regional, cortes e institutiones ecclesiastic. Le lege e le traditiones local continuava a haber importantia, ma le monarchia developpava instrumentos plus stabile de governamento.

Durante le seculo XII e le prime medietate del seculo XIII, le conflictos inter candidatos al throno provocava periodos de instabilitate. Le victoria de Håkon IV Håkonsson e le consolidation de su dynastia contribuiva al establimento de un monarchia plus stabile.

=== Expansion del commercio ===
Durante le Etate Medieval, le commercio maritime deveniva un elemento central del economia norvegese. Le pisca, specialmente le bacalhau, le productos forestal e le materia prime circulava inter le portos norvegese e le mercatos del Europa septentrional.

Bergen deveniva un centro commercial importante. Le mercantes del Liga Anseatic establiva un presentia durabile in le citate e exerceva un influentia significative super le commercio del pisca. Le relationes con le mercantes germanic connectava Norvegia al redes economic del Mar del Nord e del Mar Baltic.

Le economia remaneva tamen vulnerabile al fluctuationes del commercio, al guerras e al difficultates del agricultura in un ambiente climatic sever.

=== Le Peste Nere ===
Le Peste Nere attingeva Norvegia in 1349 e provocava un mortalitate massive. Le population esseva reducite dramaticamente, e multe fundos agricola esseva abandonate. Le consequentias demographic, economic e institutional esseva profunde.

Le mortalitate reduceva le numero de contribuintes e debilitava le elites local. Le ecclesia perdeva multe de su membros e le administration del regno deveniva plus difficile.

Le peste non esseva un evento isolate: epidemias recurrente continuava a affectar le population durante le seculos sequente. Le combination de crise demographic, difficultates economic e le potentia crescente de Danmark e Svedia contribuiva al reduction del autonomia norvegese.

== Le Union de Kalmar e le dominio danese ==
=== Le Union de Kalmar ===
In 1397, Norvegia entrava in le Union de Kalmar, un union dinastic que reuniva Norvegia, Danmark e Svedia sub un monarcha commun. Le union esseva concepite pro coordinar le regnos scandinave, specialmente in relation con le potentias commercial e politic del region.

Le union non functionava sempre como un Stato centralisate. Le regnos manteneva institutiones proprie, ma le influentia de Danmark cresceva gradualmente. Le conflictos politic e le opposition in Svedia provocava plure crises e le union se disfaciva progressivemente.

Svedia se separava definitivemente in 1523. Norvegia remaneva ligate a Danmark, e le relation deveniva plus asymmetric.

=== Le Reformation e le integration in Danmark-Norvegia ===
Durante le annos 1530, le monarchia danese adoptava le Reformation lutheran e transformava le organisation religiose del regno. In Norvegia, le transition esseva accompaniate per le suppression del institutiones catholic e per le integration plus directe in le administration danese.

In 1536–1537, le autonomia politic norvegese esseva reducite substantialmente. Norvegia continuava a esser considerate un regno, ma le principal decisiones administrative e politic veniva de Copenhagen.

Le possessiones ecclesiastic esseva transferite al corona e le ecclesia lutheran deveniva le religion official. Le reformas religiose e administrative contribuiva al transformation del cultura scripte, del education e le relationes inter le Stato e le societate.

=== Le societate sub le monarchia danese ===
Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Norvegia remaneva un parte del monarchia composite Danmark-Norvegia. Le administration central era situate in Copenhagen, ma Norvegia conservava institutiones territorial e un economia con characteristicas proprie.

Le exploitation del foreste, le navigation, le pisca e le industria del ferro contribuiva al economia. Le commercio del ligno con le Regno Unite e altere paises deveniva importante, specialmente pro le construction naval e le industria.

Le guerras inter Danmark-Norvegia e Svedia affectava le regiones frontalier e le rotas commercial. Le fortificationes e le guarniciones militar esseva developpate pro defender le territorio.

Le lingua e le cultura norvegese continuava a evolver, ben que le lingua scripte administrative e litterari era largemente influentiate per le danese.

== Le guerras napoleonian e le anno 1814 ==
Durante le Guerras Napoleonian, Danmark-Norvegia se trovava in le campo que perdeva le guerra contra le coalition anti-napoleonian. Le bombardamento britannic de Copenhagen in 1807 e le blocadas maritime perturbava le commercio norvegese e provocava penurias economic.

Per le Tractato de Kiel de januario 1814, le rege danese acceptava ceder Norvegia al rege de Svedia. Le decision esseva adoptate sin consultar le population norvegese, e provocava un reaction politic in le insula peninsular.

Le prince danese Christian Frederik, qui governava Norvegia como representante del rege, promoveva un processo que conduceva a un assemblea constitutional a Eidsvoll. Le representantes adoptava le Constitution del 17 de maio 1814 e proclamava Christian Frederik rege.

Le independentia non esseva recognoscite per le potentias europee, e Svedia initiava un intervention militar. Post un breve guerra, le Convention de Moss de augusto 1814 preparava le via pro un union con Svedia. Norvegia acceptava le union, ma conservava su constitution, su parlamento e multe institutiones proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/the-government/previous-governments/historiske-artikler/offices/the-establishing-of-the-norwegian-state/id410040/ |titulo=The Re-establishing of a Norwegian State |sitioweb=Governamento de Norvegia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Union con Svedia, 1814–1905 ==
=== Le constitution e le Storting ===
Le union con Svedia esseva un union personal: le duo regnos habeva le mesme monarcha, ma Norvegia conservava su proprie constitution, parlamento (Storting), governamento e administration interne.

Le Constitution de 1814 establiva un systema politic que, ben que initialmente limitate per le suffragio e le influentia del elites, deveniva un fundamento del evolution democratic norvegese. Le Storting exerceva le poter legislative e gradualmente augmentava su influentia super le governamento.

Durante le seculo XIX, le societate norvegese deveniva plus politicemente active. Le communitates rural, le burguesia e le grupos professional reclamava un participation plus grande in le administration e le decisions national.

=== Democratization e parlamentarismo ===
Le Leyes de Formannskap de 1837 introduceva formas de autogovernamento municipal e reforçava le participation politic al nivello local. Le agricultores e le representantes de communitates rural acquireva gradualmente un rolo plus importante in le politica national.

Durante le annos 1870 e 1880, le conflicto inter le Storting e le monarchia super le responsabilitate del ministros deveniva un questione central. Le adoption del parlamentarismo in 1884 significava que le governamento debeva dispor del supporto del majoritate parlamentari.

Le reforma transformava le systema politic norvegese e marcava un passo importante verso le monarchia constitutional moderne. Le partidos politic deveniva plus organisate, e le debattos super le suffragio, le education e le derectos social prendeva plus importantia.

=== Le movimento national e le union ===
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX, le demandas pro plus autonomia deveniva plus insistente. Le question del consulatos norvegese e del representation in le affaires exterior provocava conflictos con Svedia.

Le norvegianos susteneva que le commercio maritime e le interesses international del pais requireva un representation diplomatic e consular proprie. Le opposition del monarchia e del autoritates svedese aggravava le conflicto.

In 1905, le Storting adoptava un resolution que declarava que le union esseva terminate, perque le rege Oscar II non poteva formar un governamento norvegese in conformitate con le constitution. Le referendum de augusto confirmava le supporto popular al dissolution del union.

Post negotiationes in Karlstad, le union esseva terminate pacificamente. Le Storting offereva le corona a prince Carl de Danmark, qui acceptava post un referendum in favor del monarchia e assumeva le nomine de Haakon VII. Le nove familia royal arrivava in Norvegia in novembre 1905.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?sek=28571&amp;tid=28678 |titulo=King Haakon VII (1872–1957) |sitioweb=Le Casa Royal de Norvegia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://snl.no/Norges_historie_fra_1815_til_1905 |titulo=Norges historie fra 1815 til 1905 |sitioweb=Store norske leksikon |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Norvegia independente ante le guerras mundial ==
=== Modernisation economic ===
Post 1905, Norvegia developpava le su institutiones national e continuava le transformation economic comenciate durante le seculo XIX. Le industria, le navigation maritime, le pisca e le exploitation del foreste contribuiva al crescimento del economia.

Le hydroelectricitate deveniva gradualmente un recurso strategic. Le abundante aquas e le declivitate del territorio permitteva le construction de centrales hydroelectric, que susteneva le industria e le electrification.

Le expansion del industria e del servicios contribuiva al urbanisation. Oslo, Bergen e altere citates deveniva centros de administration, commercio e production. Le migration interne e le emigration verso America del Nord transformava le structura del population.

=== Derectos politic e reformas social ===
Le suffragio esseva extendite gradualmente durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Le suffragio universal masculin esseva introducite in 1898, e le feminas obteneva le derecto de voto in electiones national in 1913.

Le movimento del laboratores, le sindicatos e le partidos politic de massa contribuiva al disveloppamento de reformas social e al expansion del participation democratic.

Le education public, le administration municipal e le institutiones social deveniva elementos plus importante del Stato. Le debates super le conditiones de travalio, le protection social e le relation inter le capitale e le labor influentiava le politica durante le prime medietate del seculo XX.

=== Le Prime Guerra Mundial ===
Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918), Norvegia manteneva formalmente su neutralitate. Nonobstante, su flotta mercante esseva fortemente affectate per le guerra submarin e le interruption del rotas commercial.

Le navigation era fundamental pro le economia norvegese, e le perdita de naves e de marineros causava grave damnos human e economic. Le guerra augmentava le importantia del controlo del navigation, del approvisionamento e le relationes international.

Post 1918, Norvegia participa in le nove organisationes international e cercava defender le principios de cooperation e securitate collective, ben que le pais continuava a dar grande importantia a su neutralitate.

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial e le occupation germanic ==
=== Le invasion de 1940 ===
Le 9 de april 1940, le Germania nazista invadeva Norvegia como parte del Operation Weserübung. Le objectivo strategic includeva le controlo del costa norvegese, le accesso al Atlantico del Nord e le protection del rotas de mineral de ferro proveniente de Svedia.

Le invasion incontrava resistance militar norvegese, e le combate continuava durante plure septimanas. Le governamento e le familia royal abandonava Oslo e se retirava verso le nord, durante que le naves e le tropas allied interveniva in supporto del Norvegia.

Le operationes militar se concludeva in junio 1940 con le capitulation del forces norvegese. Le rege Haakon VII e le governamento se refugiava in le Regno Unite e continuava a representar le Stato norvegese exiliate.

=== Le occupation e le resistance ===
Durante le occupation, le autoritates germanic controlava le administration, le economia e le communicationes. Le regime collaborator de Vidkun Quisling esseva installate, ma il non obteneva un legitimitate popular general.

Le population norvegese respondeva per diverse formas de resistance, includente le diffusion clandestin de information, le obstruction del collaboration con le occupation, le actiones de sabotage e le supporto al movementos clandestin.

Le resistance includeva etiam operationes contra le industria norvegese que esseva importante pro le production de aqua pesante, un producto de interesse pro le programma nuclear germanic. Le operationes de sabotage a Vemork deveniva un del episodios le plus cognoscite del resistance norvegese.

Le occupation era marcate per repression, arrestationes, deportationes e persecution del judios norvegese. Plure personas esseva deportate e assassinate, durante que altere habitatores esseva capace de refugiar se in Svedia con le assistentia de redes de resistance.

=== Liberation in 1945 ===
Le occupation germanic terminava in maio 1945. Le rege e le governamento retornava a Norvegia, e le reconstruction politic e economic comenciava immediatemente.

Le autoritates norvegese processava personas accusate de collaboration con le occupation, includente membros del regime de Quisling. Le societate se concentrava sur le reconstruction del infrastructuras, le restauration del institutiones democratic e le recuperation del economia.

Le experientia del occupation reforçava le conviction que Norvegia besoniava cooperation international pro su securitate, durante que le memoria del resistance deveniva un elemento importante del identitate national.

== Le periodo del postguerra ==
=== NATO e securitate ===
In 1949, Norvegia deveniva un del membros fundatores del Organisation del Tractato del Atlantico Nord (NATO). Le decision reflecteva le perception del amenazas durante le initio del Guerra Frie e le necessitate de cooperation con altere paises occidental.

Le politica de securitate norvegese combinava le participation in NATO con un attention particular al relationes con le Union Sovietic, specialmente in le regiones septentrional e in le proximita del Peninsula de Kola.

Le presentia del Fortias Armate e le cooperation con le aliados deveniva elementos central del defense national. Le pais manteneva tamen certe principios politic concernente le stationamento de fortias estranier e le uso del territorio norvegese durante tempore de pace.

=== Le Stato social e le expansion economic ===
Post 1945, Norvegia developpava un Stato social extensive, con servicios public, education, sanitate e systemas de protection social. Le collaboration inter le Stato, le sindicatos e le organisationes del empleatores contribuiva al evolution del mercato de labor e al distribution del beneficios del crescimento economic.

Le industria, le pisca, le navigation e le production de energia susteneva le expansion del economia. Le investimento public in infrastructuras e services contribuiva al reduction del disparitates regional e al integration del regiones remote.

Le administration del recursos natural deveniva un elemento important del politica economic. Le descubrimento de petroleum e gas in le Mar del Nord durante le annos 1960 e 1970 transformava profundemente le perspectiva economic del pais.

== Petroleum e transformation economic ==
=== Le descubrimento del petroleum ===
Le descubrimento de petroleum in le Mar del Nord, specialmente le campo de Ekofisk in 1969, marcava le initio de un nove periodo economic. Le production commercial comenciava in le annos 1970, e le Stato establiva un quadro regulatory pro administrar le exploitation del recursos.

Le industria petrolifere produceva ingresos substantial e creava empleo in le sectores del energia, del construction naval, del ingenieria e del servicios technic. Le governamento adoptava politicas pro evitar que le fluctuationes del petroleum destabilizava le economia.

Norvegia developpava un systema de gestion del ingresos petrolifer, includente le Fondo Governmental Global de Pension, create in 1990 e alimentate per le revenus del petroleum e del gas. Le fundo deveniva un instrumento central pro administrar le ricchessa natural sur le longe termino e preparar le economia pro un futuro con un dependentia minor del combustibiles fossil.

=== Politica energetica e ambiente ===
Norvegia combina le exploitation del petroleum e del gas con un production electric dominata per le energia hydroelectric. Le politica energetic ha debattite recurrentemente le question del climate, del protection del ecosistemas e del ritmo de transition verso fontes de energia a basse emissiones.

Le industria energetica ha un rolo importante in le exportationes e in le relationes international del pais. Simultaneemente, le protection del ambiente e le gestion del recursos marin e forestal deveniva temas central del politica public.

== Norvegia e le Union Europee ==
Norvegia non es membro del Union Europee, ben que illo participa in plure formas de cooperation europee. Le pais es membro del Area Economic Europee (AEE) e participa in le mercato interne europee, con le obligation de applicar numerose normas del Union in le sectores coperite per le accordo.

Le relationes con le Union Europee ha essite marcate per referendos national. In 1972, le electores rejectava le adhesion al Communitate Economic Europee. In 1994, un secunde referendum rejectava le adhesion al Union Europee, ben que le cooperation economic continuava per medio del AEE e altere accordos.

Le position norvegese reflecte un debatte de longe termino super le autonomia national, le accesso al mercato europee, le piscation, le agricultura e le gestion del recursos natural.

== Societate e cultura contemporanee ==
Norvegia contemporanee es un monarchia constitutional e un democratia parlamentar. Le Storting es le parlamento unicameral, e le governamento es politicamente responsabile ante illo.

Le lingua norvegese ha duo formas scripte official, Bokmål e Nynorsk. Le lingua sami ha un recognition official in le regiones pertinente, e le population sami representa un del populos indigene del Europa septentrional.

Le cultura norvegese es influentiate per le paisage montaniose, le fiordos, le forestes e le litoral. Le litteratura, le musica, le arte e le sport ha un rolo importante in le vita public. Le deportes de hiberno, specialmente le esquia, ha un longe tradition, durante que le cultura maritim e le pesca continua a esser importante pro numerose communitates costal.

== Norvegia in le seculo XXI ==
Durante le seculo XXI, Norvegia ha continuate a combinar un economia prospere con un systema de protection social extensive e un participation active in le cooperation international. Le gestion del ingresos del petroleum, le transition energetic, le protection del ambiente e le evolution demographic es inter le questiones importante del politica national.

Le pais participa in NATO e in le cooperation nordic e europee. Su position geographic in le Atlantico del Nord e in le Artico da importantia al surveillance maritime, al securitate del rutas maritime e al relationes con le altere paises nordic.

Le debatte public contemporanee concerne le uso del recursos natural, le protection del ambiente, le relation inter le regiones, le integration social e le adaptation del economia a un mundo que cambia technologic e climaticamente.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Svedia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del societates que formava le actual [[Svedia]], desde le prime communitates de chassatores e collectores post le ultime glaciation usque al monarchia constitutional contemporanee. Durante le prehistoria, le populationes developpava culturas agricole e metallurgic, e durante le [[Etate del Vikingos]] (circa 800–1050) le region participa activemente in redes commercial e expeditiones maritime del mundo nordic. Durante le Etate Medieval, le monarchia svedese se consolidava gradualmente, e in 1397 le corona entrava in le [[Union de Kalmar]] con Danmark e Norvegia.

In 1523, post un rebellion contra le monarchia del Union, Gustav Vasa deveniva rege e establiva le fundamento del Stato svedese moderne. Durante le seculos XVII e initio del XVIII, Svedia deveniva un potentia militar europee, ma perdeva multe de su territorios e su position dominante post le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721). Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le pais experimentava reformas politic, industrialisation e transformationes social. In 1905, le union con Norvegia esseva dissolvite pacificamente. Svedia manteneva su neutralitate durante le duo guerras mundial, developpava un Stato social extensive post 1945 e deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] in 1995. In 2024, le pais entrava in le [[NATO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/sverige/historia |titulo=Historia de Svedia |sitioweb=Nationalencyklopedin |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://sweden.se/culture/history/history-of-sweden |titulo=History of Sweden – more than Vikings |sitioweb=Sweden.se |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria ==
=== Le prime habitantes ===
Le territorio del actual Svedia esseva largemente coperite per glaciares durante le ultime glaciation. Quando le glaciares comenciava a recular, circa 12 000 annos ante le presente, gruppos de chassatores, piscatores e collectores comenciava a habitar le regiones meridional e costal.

Le prime communitates dependiva del pisca, del cassa e del collection de plantas e altere recursos natural. Le population se diffundeva gradualmente verso le regiones central e septentrional, secundo le evolution del clima e le disponibilitate de recursos.

Le vestigios archeologic include utensiles de petra, restos de habitationes e sepulturas. Illos monstra que le prime habitantes adaptava lor modos de vita al differentes ambientes, desde le regiones costal del sud usque al forestes e lagos del interior.

=== Le Etate del Petra ===
Durante le Etate del Petra, le populationes developpava technicas de fabrication de utensiles e instrumentos de pisca e cassa. Le navigation per embarcationes simple permitteva le movemento inter insulas, lagos e zonas costal.

Le transformation del ambiente e le augmento del population contribuiva al formation de communitates plus stabile. In le regiones meridional, le contactos con le societates agricole del Europa continental promoveva gradualmente le introduction del agricultura e del allevamento.

=== Le agricultura e le Etate del Bronze ===
Le agricultura e le allevamento se diffundeva in Svedia durante le Neolithico. Le cultivos e le animal domestic complementava le exploitation del recursos natural, e le communitates establiva relationes commercial con altere partes de Scandinavia.

Durante le Etate del Bronze nordic, circa 1700–500 a.C., le elites local accumulava objectos de bronze e ornamentos que indicava contactos con regiones distante. Le gravuras rupestre, specialmente in le costa occidental, representa naves, figuras human, animales e rituales.

Le monumentos e le objectos funerari monstra le existentia de hierarchias social e de praticas religiose complexe. Le agricultura, le allevamento e le commercio contribuiva al transformation del societate.

=== Le Etate del Ferro ===
Post circa 500 a.C., le uso del ferro deveniva plus commun. Le fabrication de utensiles e armamentos de ferro promoveva nove formas de production e augmentava le capacitate de exploitation del terra.

Le societates regional se organisava in communitates agricole e centros de potentia local. Durante le ultime seculos ante le Etate del Vikingos, le contacts con le Imperio Roman e altere partes de Europa augmentava le circulation de objectos, monetas e ideas.

Le cultura de Vendela e le sepulturas riche del seculos VI e VII monstra que certe elites scandinave habeva accesso a benes de prestigio e mainteneva relationes con redes commercial del Europa septentrional.

== Le Etate del Vikingos ==
=== Navigation, commercio e expeditiones ===
Le Etate del Vikingos, circa 800–1050, esseva un periodo de intense navigation e contactos international. Le svedeses participa in redes commercial que connectava Scandinavia al Mar Baltic, al Europa oriental e al Imperio Bizantin.

Le expeditiones del populationes del actual Svedia se orientava frequentemente verso le region baltic e le rotas fluvial del Europa oriental. Mercantes e guerreros nordic navigava per le fluvios que conduceva al Mar Nere e al Mar Caspian. In le fontes exterior, certe gruppos nordic es associate al nomine Rus, ben que lor composition e relation con le formation del prime politias del Europa oriental es complexe.

Le navigation e le commercio permitteva le circulation de pelles, cera, metales, armas, sclavos e altere productos. Le naves nordic, adaptate al navigation costal e al transito per fluvios, esseva essential pro iste activitates.

Le expeditiones non esseva exclusivemente militar. Illos includeva etiam migration, commercio e contactos cultural con altere societates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://historiska.se/en/explore-history/history-hub/when-sweden-became-sweden/ |titulo=When Sweden became Sweden |sitioweb=Historiska museet, Museo Historic de Svedia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion e organisation social ===
Durante le Etate del Vikingos, le religion nordic traditional esseva ancora importante. Le cultos associate a Odin, Thor e altere deitates se practicava in conjunction con rituales e traditiones local.

Le societate era organisate in familias, fundos agricole e gruppos de chefes. Le potentia dependiva del proprietate del terra, del controllo del commercio e del capacitate de mobilisar guerreros.

Durante le seculos X e XI, le christianismo comenciava a diffunder se per medio de contactos con Danmark, Germania e le insulas britannic. Le conversion religiose contribuiva al transformation del monarchia e del institutiones.

== Formation del regno svedese ==
=== Le prime reges e le consolidation del monarchia ===
Le formation de Svedia como regno esseva un proceso gradual. Durante le seculos X e XI, le regiones de Svealand e Götaland se integrava progressivemente sub un monarchia commun, ben que le autoritate real restava initialmente limitate e dependente del chefes regional.

Olof Skötkonung, qui regnava circa 995–1022, es sovente considerate le prime rege svedese christian. Su regno marca un etapa importante in le establimento del monarchia e in le introduction del christianismo.

Le institutiones politic non deveniva immediatemente uniforme. Le provincias manteneva lor proprie leges, cortes e traditiones, durante que le poter del rege se extendeva gradualmente.

=== Le christianisation ===
Le christianismo se diffundeva in Svedia durante le seculos XI e XII. Le formation del dioceses e le establimento de un hierarchia ecclesiastic contribueva al integration del pais in le cultura christian del Europa occidental.

In 1164, Uppsala deveniva le sede de un archiepiscopato svedese. Iste evento reforçava le recognition de Svedia como un provincia ecclesiastic distincte e contribuiva al consolidation del identitate del regno.

Le ecclesia exerceva un rol central in le education, le administration e le cultura scripte. Le adoption del christianismo promoveva etiam le developpamento de institutiones juridic e de relationes con altere regnos europee.

=== Le developpamento del institutiones ===
Durante le seculos XII e XIII, le monarchia augmentava gradualmente su capacitate administrative e fiscal. Le collection de impostos deveniva plus regular, e le reges cercava reforçar lor autoritate super le provincias.

Le fundation de Stockholm, traditionalmente datate de 1252 e associate a Birger Jarl, marca le developpamento de un centro politic e commercial in le region del lac Mälaren. Le citate cresceva como puncto de contacto inter le interior del pais e le rotas maritime del Mar Baltic.

Durante le seculo XIV, le leges regional esseva progressivemente reunite in codices plus general. Le Lege del Regno de Magnus Eriksson, circa 1350, contribuiva al establimento de un quadro juridic applicabile a un parte plus grande del regno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.riksdagen.se/en/how-the-riksdag-works/the-history-of-the-riksdag/from-things-and-assemblies-to-the-riksdag-of-today/ |titulo=From things and assemblies to the Riksdag of today |sitioweb=Parlamento de Svedia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://historiska.se/en/explore-history/history-hub/when-sweden-became-sweden/ |titulo=When Sweden became Sweden |sitioweb=Historiska museet |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Union de Kalmar ==
=== Creation del union ===
In 1389, le regina Margareta I de Danmark deveniva le principal figura del union politic inter Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia. In 1397, le Union de Kalmar esseva formalmente establite, reuniente le tres regnos scandinave sub un monarcha commun.

Le union esseva concepite pro augmentar le cooperation inter le regnos e reforçar lor position contra le potentias commercial del Mar Baltic, specialmente le Liga Anseatic. Nonobstante, le tres regnos conservava institutiones proprie e le union era marcate per conflictos super le repartition del poter.

=== Le conflictos con Danmark ===
Durante le seculos XV e initio del XVI, plure gruppos svedese se opponeva al influentia danese e al monarchas que cercava reforçar le controlo central. Le nobilitate, le clericato e le communitates rural participa in rebelliones e conflictos politic.

In 1520, le rege Christian II de Danmark esseva coronate rege de Svedia. Poc postea, le execution de numerose nobiles e adversarios politic durante le Bagno de Sanguine de Stockholm provocava un forte reaction contra le union.

Le rebellion que se developpava post le massacre conduceva al ascension de Gustav Vasa, qui deveniva rege de Svedia in 1523. Iste evento marca le fin del Union de Kalmar in Svedia e le establimento de un monarchia svedese independente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://historiska.se/en/explore-history/historical-themes/people-and-culture/ |titulo=People and culture: Queen Margaret and the Union of Kalmar; The Stockholm blood bath |sitioweb=Historiska museet |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://sweden.se/culture/history/history-of-sweden |titulo=History of Sweden – more than Vikings |sitioweb=Sweden.se |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le periodo de Gustav Vasa e le Reformation ==
=== Formation del Stato moderne ===
Le rege Gustav Vasa (1523–1560) es considerate un del fundatores del Stato svedese moderne. Ille reforçava le autoritate monarchic, reorganisava le collection de impostos e augmentava le controlo del corona super le administration del pais.

In 1544, le monarchia deveniva hereditari, eliminante le election del rege per le representantes del regno. Le reforma contribuiva al stabilitate dinastic, ma etiam concentrava le poter in le manos del corona.

Le administration del Stato se professionalisava gradualmente, e le relationes inter le corona, le nobilitate e le communitates rural esseva reorganisate.

=== Le Reformation protestante ===
Durante le regno de Gustav Vasa, Svedia adoptava le Reformation lutheran. Le corona se appropriava de parte importante del benes ecclesiastic e reduceva le independentia economic del ecclesia catholic.

Le adoption del lutheranismo esseva tanto un transformation religiose como un reforma politic e economic. Le recursos del ecclesia deveniva un fonte de reddito pro le corona, e le administration religiose esseva integrate plus directemente in le structura del Stato.

Le lingua svedese acquireva un rolo plus importante in le culto e in le education religiose. Le traduction del Biblia in svedese, publicate in 1541, contribuiva al standardisation del lingua scripte.

== Le expansion del potentia svedese ==
=== Le seculo XVII e le Imperio svedese ===
Durante le seculo XVII, Svedia deveniva un potentia militar importante in le Europa del Nord. Le reges e le governamento cercava extender le influentia del pais in le Mar Baltic e controlar territorios que permitteva proteger le commercio e augmentar le recursos del corona.

Sub Gustav II Adolf (1611–1632), le exercito svedese esseva reformate e participa in le Guerra de Trenta Annos. In 1630, Svedia interveniva in le guerra germanic, supportante le forzas protestante contra le imperator del Sacre Imperio Roman.

Gustav II Adolf moriva in le battalia de Lützen in 1632, ma le intervention svedese continuava. Le pace de Westfalia de 1648 procurava a Svedia territorios e influentia in le region baltic e in le nord de Germania.

=== Le expansion territorial ===
Durante le seculo XVII, Svedia acquireva territorios in le costa del Mar Baltic. Danmark cedeva Scania, Blekinge e Halland per le Tractato de Roskilde in 1658, durante un periodo de guerras que transformava le equilibrio politic scandinave.

Le monarchia svedese etiam acquireva territorios in Finlandia, le regiones baltic e partes del Germania septentrional. Durante le apogeo de su potentia, le Stato svedese controlava un grande parte del litoral del Mar Baltic.

Le expansion requireva un administration fiscal e militar complexe. Le reclutamento, le impostos e le obligationes del population rural cresceva, e le guerra deveniva un factor central del organisation del Stato.

=== Le monarchia absolutista ===
Durante le regno de Carlo XI (1660–1697), le monarchia reforçava su controlo super le nobilitate e le administration. Le reforma de reduction permitteva al corona recuperar terras e recursos que habeva essite transferite a familias aristocratic.

Le monarchia deveniva plus centralisate e le administration militar e fiscal esseva reorganisate. Iste transformation contribuiva al preparation del Stato pro le guerras del fin del seculo XVII e initio del XVIII.

== Le Grande Guerra del Nord e le fin del imperio ==
=== Le guerra contra le coalition nordic ===
In 1700, Danmark-Norvegia, Svedia, Russia e Saxonia-Polonia initiava un conflicto que deveniva cognoscite como le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721). Le rege svedese Carlo XII dirigeva un parte importante del effortio militar del pais.

Le prime victorias svedese esseva importante, ma le guerra se prolongava e consumeva grande parte del recursos del regno. Le invasion de Russia in 1708–1709 culminava in le derrota svedese a Poltava in 1709, un momento decisivemente negative pro le expansion del potentia svedese.

Carlo XII moriva in 1718 durante un campanha in Norvegia. Le guerra continuava usque al tractatos de pace que poneva fin al major parte del conflicto in 1721.

=== Le perdita del territorios ===
Le pace de Nystad de 1721 confirma le perdita svedese de territorios importante in le region baltic, includente le provincias que passava sub le controlo russe. Russia deveniva le principal potentia del nord-est europee, durante que Svedia perdeva su position como grande potentia militar.

Le guerra habeva effectos economic e demographic considerabile. Le recursos del Stato esseva exhaurite e le population habeva suffrite le mobilization, le destruction e le interruption del commercio.

== Le Etate del Libertate e le reformas del seculo XVIII ==
Post le morte de Carlo XII, le monarchia absolutista perdeva parte importante de su potentia. Le Constitution de 1719–1720 establiva un systema in le qual le Riksdag, le parlamento svedese, habeva un rolo plus grande in le governamento.

Iste periodo es cognoscite como le Etate del Libertate (1719–1772). Le politica esseva marcate per le competition inter gruppos parlamentar, specialmente le Hattarna («le Cappellos») e le Mössorna («le Gorros»).

Le Riksdag exerceva un influentia importante super le politica exterior, le administration e le economia. Le pressa e le discussion public acquireva plus libertate, e le cultura scientific se disveloppava, includente le activitate de naturalistas como Carl von Linné.

In 1772, Gustav III effectuava un colpo de Stato e restabiliva un autoritate monarchic plus forte. Su regno promoveva le artes, le litteratura e le institutiones cultural, ma le conflictos con le nobilitate culminava in su assassination in 1792.

== Le seculo XIX: reformas e union con Norvegia ==
=== Le guerras napoleonian e le constitution de 1809 ===
Durante le guerras napoleonian, Svedia perdeva Finlandia in 1809, quando Russia occupava le territorio e le incorporate al Imperio russe como Granducato de Finlandia. Le perdita transformava profundemente le position strategic svedese.

Le crise politic conduceva al deposition de Gustav IV Adolf in 1809 e al adoption de un nove constitution que limitava le poter del rege e establi un plus clar separation del competentias del Stato.

=== Le union con Norvegia ===
In 1810, le parlamento svedese eligeva Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, un mariscal francese de Napoleon, como prince hereditaire. Ille deveniva rege como Carlo XIV Johan in 1818.

Post le guerras napoleonian, Norvegia esseva transferite de Danmark a Svedia per le Tractato de Kiel in 1814. Le norvegianos adoptava lor proprie constitution in Eidsvoll e declarava independentia, ma le guerra e le negotiationes conduceva a un union personal con Svedia plus tarde in 1814.

Le union manteneva le institutiones interne norvegese, ma le duo paises habeva le mesme monarcha e un parte de lor relationes exterior commun. Le union terminava pacificamente in 1905, quando Norvegia deveniva independente.

=== Industrialisation e transformation social ===
Durante le seculo XIX, Svedia passava de un societate predominantemente agricole a un economia industrial. Le construction ferroviari, le exploitation del ligno e del mineral de ferro, le industria siderurgic e le transformation del agricultura contribuiva al disveloppamento economic.

Le population cresceva, e le migration verso le citates augmentava. Un grande numero de svedeses emigrava etiam verso le Statos Unite e altere paises durante le seculo XIX e initio del seculo XX, frequentemente pro cercar terra, emploi e melior conditiones de vita.

Le education public, le organisation del sindicatos e le movimientos politic contribueva al transformation del societate. Le liberalismo, le movimento del laboratores e le demandas pro le suffragio universal deveniva elementos central del politica national.

== Le democratization e le prime seculo XX ==
=== Le reformas constitutional ===
Durante le initio del seculo XX, le conflictos super le suffragio e le representation politic se intensificava. Le industrialisation habeva create un classe laborista plus grande e un movimento sindical organisate.

Le suffragio esseva extendite gradualmente, e le reformas de 1918–1921 establiva le democratia parlamentar moderne con suffragio universal e equal pro homines e feminas. Le prime electiones national con le nove principios esseva organisate durante le initio del annos 1920.

Le monarchia remaneva como institution constitutional, ma le governamento deveniva dependente del supporto parlamentar. Le partidos socialdemocratic, liberal, conservator e agrari deveniva componentes central del systema politic.

=== Le Prime Guerra Mundial ===
Svedia manteneva su neutralitate durante le Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918). Le guerra affectava tamen le commercio, le importationes e le approvisionamento alimentari, provocante penurias e tensiones social.

Le interruption del rotas commercial e le restrictiones al navigation augmentava le difficultates economic. In 1917–1918, protestas e mobilizationes social contribuiva al acceleration del reformas politic.

== Svedia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Neutralitate e pression international ===
Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (1939–1945), Svedia declarava su neutralitate. Nonobstante, le position geographic del pais e su recursos industrial e mineral lo faceva importante pro le potentias beligerante.

Le governamento svedese permitteva certe formas de commercio con Germania, includente le exportation de mineral de ferro, e durante un periodo consentiva le transito de truppas germanic per territorio svedese in circumstantias specific. Iste decisiones ha essite objecto de debates historic concernente le limites del neutralitate e le necessitate de preservar le independentia del pais.

Le autoritates svedese accommodava etiam refugiatos e personas persecutate, e le politica evolveva durante le guerra conforme al situation militar e al pression international.

=== Refugiatos e actiones humanitari ===
Svedia deveniva un refugio pro personas que fugi­va le persecution nazi e le conflictos in Europa. Le pais accolligeva refugiatos proveniente de Norvegia, Danmark e altere territorios occupate.

In 1943, le autoritates svedese e numerose personas private participa­va al salvatage de plus de 7 000 judios danese, qui esseva transportate per mar a Svedia pro escapar le deportation nazi.

Le diplomate svedese Raoul Wallenberg deveniva cognoscite pro su activitate in Budapest in 1944, ubi ille emitteva documentos de protection e organisava refugios pro judios. Su disparition post le occupation sovietic de Budapest remane un del questiones historic plus importante del guerra.

== Le Stato social del postguerra ==
Post 1945, Svedia experimentava un periodo de croissance economic e expansion del services public. Le industria, le exportation e le disveloppamento technologic susteneva un augmento del nivello de vita.

Le socialdemocratas, frequentemente in cooperation con le sindicatos e le partidos agrari, promoveva un Stato social extensive. Le systemas de pension, sanitate, education e protection social esseva developpate, durante que le intervention public e le negotiation collective habeva un rolo importante in le economia.

Le pais manteneva un systema de economia de mercato, ma con un rete ample de services public e un forte organisation del mercato de labor. Le modelo svedese deveniva un referentia international in le debates super le Stato social.

== Politica exterior e le Guerra Frie ==
Durante le Guerra Frie, Svedia manteneva officialmente un politica de non-alignment militar, con le objectivo de poter evitar participation in un guerra inter le blocos. Nonobstante, le pais developpava cooperationes de securitate e manteneva un capacitate de defense national.

Svedia participa activemente in le Nationes Unite e promoveva le diplomatia, le disarmamento e le cooperation international. Le prime ministros Tage Erlander e Olof Palme es associate al developpamento del Stato social e al rolo international del pais.

Le morte de Olof Palme, assassin­ate in Stockholm in 1986, provocava un crise politic e un longe investigation judicial e policial. Le caso deveniva un del episodios le plus notabile del historia politic svedese contemporanee.

== Svedia e le Union Europee ==
In le annos 1990, Svedia experimentava un crise economic e un transformation del systema financiari. Le governamento adoptava reformas economic e restructurava certe sectores del economia.

In 1995, Svedia deveniva membro del Union Europee post un referendum national in 1994. Le pais participa in le mercato interne e in numerose politicas europee, ma mantene su proprie moneta, le corona svedese, e non ha adoptate le euro.

Le integration europee augmentava le cooperation commercial, juridic e institutional con le altere membros del Union. Simultaneemente, le debatte super le autonomia national, le politica social e le relation con le institutiones europee continuava a influentiar le politica interne.

== Le seculo XXI ==
=== Migration, economia e transformation social ===
Durante le seculo XXI, Svedia deveniva un societate plus diverse per effecto del migration international, del urbanisation e del transformation del economia. Le industrias traditional, como le siderurgia, le exploitation forestal e le production industrial, continuava a haber un rolo importante, durante que le technologias digital e le servicios augmentava lor peso economic.

Le pais manteneva un systema de protection social extensive, ma le questiones concernente le integration, le education, le securitate e le inequalitate deveniva plus importante in le debatte public.

Le migration e le integration social esseva particularmente discutite post le augmento del arrivatas de refugiatos in 2015. Le politicas public esseva modificate durante le annos sequente in relation con le asylum, le immigration e le integration.

=== Securitate e NATO ===
Le invasion russe de Ucraina in 2022 transformava le debatte svedese super le securitate europee. Post decennios de non-alignment militar, Svedia demandava su accession al NATO in 2022.

Le pais deveniva membro del Alliance le 7 de martio 2024, deveniente le 32e membro de NATO. Iste decision marcava un transformation importante del politica de securitate svedese e reforçava le cooperation militar con le paises nordic e le altere membros del Alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_223446.htm |titulo=Sweden officially joins NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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[[Categoria:Historia de Svedia| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Svedia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del societates que formava le actual [[Svedia]], desde le prime communitates de chassatores e collectores post le ultime glaciation usque al monarchia constitutional contemporanee. Durante le prehistoria, le populationes developpava culturas agricole e metallurgic, e durante le [[Etate del Vikingos]] (circa 800–1050) le region participa activemente in redes commercial e expeditiones maritime del mundo nordic. Durante le Etate Medieval, le monarchia svedese se consolidava gradualmente, e in 1397 le corona entrava in le [[Union de Kalmar]] con Danmark e Norvegia.

In 1523, post un rebellion contra le monarchia del Union, Gustav Vasa deveniva rege e establiva le fundamento del Stato svedese moderne. Durante le seculos XVII e initio del XVIII, Svedia deveniva un potentia militar europee, ma perdeva multe de su territorios e su position dominante post le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721). Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le pais experimentava reformas politic, industrialisation e transformationes social. In 1905, le union con Norvegia esseva dissolvite pacificamente. Svedia manteneva su neutralitate durante le duo guerras mundial, developpava un Stato social extensive post 1945 e deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] in 1995. In 2024, le pais entrava in le [[NATO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/sverige/historia |titulo=Historia de Svedia |sitioweb=Nationalencyklopedin |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://sweden.se/culture/history/history-of-sweden |titulo=History of Sweden – more than Vikings |sitioweb=Sweden.se |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria ==
=== Le prime habitantes ===
Le territorio del actual Svedia esseva largemente coperite per glaciares durante le ultime glaciation. Quando le glaciares comenciava a recular, circa 12 000 annos ante le presente, gruppos de chassatores, piscatores e collectores comenciava a habitar le regiones meridional e costal.

Le prime communitates dependiva del pisca, del cassa e del collection de plantas e altere recursos natural. Le population se diffundeva gradualmente verso le regiones central e septentrional, secundo le evolution del clima e le disponibilitate de recursos.

Le vestigios archeologic include utensiles de petra, restos de habitationes e sepulturas. Illos monstra que le prime habitantes adaptava lor modos de vita al differentes ambientes, desde le regiones costal del sud usque al forestes e lagos del interior.

=== Le Etate del Petra ===
Durante le Etate del Petra, le populationes developpava technicas de fabrication de utensiles e instrumentos de pisca e cassa. Le navigation per embarcationes simple permitteva le movemento inter insulas, lagos e zonas costal.

Le transformation del ambiente e le augmento del population contribuiva al formation de communitates plus stabile. In le regiones meridional, le contactos con le societates agricole del Europa continental promoveva gradualmente le introduction del agricultura e del allevamento.

=== Le agricultura e le Etate del Bronze ===
Le agricultura e le allevamento se diffundeva in Svedia durante le Neolithico. Le cultivos e le animal domestic complementava le exploitation del recursos natural, e le communitates establiva relationes commercial con altere partes de Scandinavia.

Durante le Etate del Bronze nordic, circa 1700–500 a.C., le elites local accumulava objectos de bronze e ornamentos que indicava contactos con regiones distante. Le gravuras rupestre, specialmente in le costa occidental, representa naves, figuras human, animales e rituales.

Le monumentos e le objectos funerari monstra le existentia de hierarchias social e de praticas religiose complexe. Le agricultura, le allevamento e le commercio contribuiva al transformation del societate.

=== Le Etate del Ferro ===
Post circa 500 a.C., le uso del ferro deveniva plus commun. Le fabrication de utensiles e armamentos de ferro promoveva nove formas de production e augmentava le capacitate de exploitation del terra.

Le societates regional se organisava in communitates agricole e centros de potentia local. Durante le ultime seculos ante le Etate del Vikingos, le contacts con le Imperio Roman e altere partes de Europa augmentava le circulation de objectos, monetas e ideas.

Le cultura de Vendela e le sepulturas riche del seculos VI e VII monstra que certe elites scandinave habeva accesso a benes de prestigio e mainteneva relationes con redes commercial del Europa septentrional.

== Le Etate del Vikingos ==
=== Navigation, commercio e expeditiones ===
Le Etate del Vikingos, circa 800–1050, esseva un periodo de intense navigation e contactos international. Le svedeses participa in redes commercial que connectava Scandinavia al Mar Baltic, al Europa oriental e al Imperio Bizantin.

Le expeditiones del populationes del actual Svedia se orientava frequentemente verso le region baltic e le rotas fluvial del Europa oriental. Mercantes e guerreros nordic navigava per le fluvios que conduceva al Mar Nere e al Mar Caspian. In le fontes exterior, certe gruppos nordic es associate al nomine Rus, ben que lor composition e relation con le formation del prime politias del Europa oriental es complexe.

Le navigation e le commercio permitteva le circulation de pelles, cera, metales, armas, sclavos e altere productos. Le naves nordic, adaptate al navigation costal e al transito per fluvios, esseva essential pro iste activitates.

Le expeditiones non esseva exclusivemente militar. Illos includeva etiam migration, commercio e contactos cultural con altere societates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://historiska.se/en/explore-history/history-hub/when-sweden-became-sweden/ |titulo=When Sweden became Sweden |sitioweb=Historiska museet, Museo Historic de Svedia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religion e organisation social ===
Durante le Etate del Vikingos, le religion nordic traditional esseva ancora importante. Le cultos associate a Odin, Thor e altere deitates se practicava in conjunction con rituales e traditiones local.

Le societate era organisate in familias, fundos agricole e gruppos de chefes. Le potentia dependiva del proprietate del terra, del controllo del commercio e del capacitate de mobilisar guerreros.

Durante le seculos X e XI, le christianismo comenciava a diffunder se per medio de contactos con Danmark, Germania e le insulas britannic. Le conversion religiose contribuiva al transformation del monarchia e del institutiones.

== Formation del regno svedese ==
=== Le prime reges e le consolidation del monarchia ===
Le formation de Svedia como regno esseva un proceso gradual. Durante le seculos X e XI, le regiones de Svealand e Götaland se integrava progressivemente sub un monarchia commun, ben que le autoritate real restava initialmente limitate e dependente del chefes regional.

Olof Skötkonung, qui regnava circa 995–1022, es sovente considerate le prime rege svedese christian. Su regno marca un etapa importante in le establimento del monarchia e in le introduction del christianismo.

Le institutiones politic non deveniva immediatemente uniforme. Le provincias manteneva lor proprie leges, cortes e traditiones, durante que le poter del rege se extendeva gradualmente.

=== Le christianisation ===
Le christianismo se diffundeva in Svedia durante le seculos XI e XII. Le formation del dioceses e le establimento de un hierarchia ecclesiastic contribueva al integration del pais in le cultura christian del Europa occidental.

In 1164, Uppsala deveniva le sede de un archiepiscopato svedese. Iste evento reforçava le recognition de Svedia como un provincia ecclesiastic distincte e contribuiva al consolidation del identitate del regno.

Le ecclesia exerceva un rol central in le education, le administration e le cultura scripte. Le adoption del christianismo promoveva etiam le developpamento de institutiones juridic e de relationes con altere regnos europee.

=== Le developpamento del institutiones ===
Durante le seculos XII e XIII, le monarchia augmentava gradualmente su capacitate administrative e fiscal. Le collection de impostos deveniva plus regular, e le reges cercava reforçar lor autoritate super le provincias.

Le fundation de Stockholm, traditionalmente datate de 1252 e associate a Birger Jarl, marca le developpamento de un centro politic e commercial in le region del lac Mälaren. Le citate cresceva como puncto de contacto inter le interior del pais e le rotas maritime del Mar Baltic.

Durante le seculo XIV, le leges regional esseva progressivemente reunite in codices plus general. Le Lege del Regno de Magnus Eriksson, circa 1350, contribuiva al establimento de un quadro juridic applicabile a un parte plus grande del regno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.riksdagen.se/en/how-the-riksdag-works/the-history-of-the-riksdag/from-things-and-assemblies-to-the-riksdag-of-today/ |titulo=From things and assemblies to the Riksdag of today |sitioweb=Parlamento de Svedia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://historiska.se/en/explore-history/history-hub/when-sweden-became-sweden/ |titulo=When Sweden became Sweden |sitioweb=Historiska museet |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Union de Kalmar ==
=== Creation del union ===
In 1389, le regina Margareta I de Danmark deveniva le principal figura del union politic inter Danmark, Norvegia e Svedia. In 1397, le Union de Kalmar esseva formalmente establite, reuniente le tres regnos scandinave sub un monarcha commun.

Le union esseva concepite pro augmentar le cooperation inter le regnos e reforçar lor position contra le potentias commercial del Mar Baltic, specialmente le Liga Anseatic. Nonobstante, le tres regnos conservava institutiones proprie e le union era marcate per conflictos super le repartition del poter.

=== Le conflictos con Danmark ===
Durante le seculos XV e initio del XVI, plure gruppos svedese se opponeva al influentia danese e al monarchas que cercava reforçar le controlo central. Le nobilitate, le clericato e le communitates rural participa in rebelliones e conflictos politic.

In 1520, le rege Christian II de Danmark esseva coronate rege de Svedia. Poc postea, le execution de numerose nobiles e adversarios politic durante le Bagno de Sanguine de Stockholm provocava un forte reaction contra le union.

Le rebellion que se developpava post le massacre conduceva al ascension de Gustav Vasa, qui deveniva rege de Svedia in 1523. Iste evento marca le fin del Union de Kalmar in Svedia e le establimento de un monarchia svedese independente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://historiska.se/en/explore-history/historical-themes/people-and-culture/ |titulo=People and culture: Queen Margaret and the Union of Kalmar; The Stockholm blood bath |sitioweb=Historiska museet |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://sweden.se/culture/history/history-of-sweden |titulo=History of Sweden – more than Vikings |sitioweb=Sweden.se |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le periodo de Gustav Vasa e le Reformation ==
=== Formation del Stato moderne ===
Le rege Gustav Vasa (1523–1560) es considerate un del fundatores del Stato svedese moderne. Ille reforçava le autoritate monarchic, reorganisava le collection de impostos e augmentava le controlo del corona super le administration del pais.

In 1544, le monarchia deveniva hereditari, eliminante le election del rege per le representantes del regno. Le reforma contribuiva al stabilitate dinastic, ma etiam concentrava le poter in le manos del corona.

Le administration del Stato se professionalisava gradualmente, e le relationes inter le corona, le nobilitate e le communitates rural esseva reorganisate.

=== Le Reformation protestante ===
Durante le regno de Gustav Vasa, Svedia adoptava le Reformation lutheran. Le corona se appropriava de parte importante del benes ecclesiastic e reduceva le independentia economic del ecclesia catholic.

Le adoption del lutheranismo esseva tanto un transformation religiose como un reforma politic e economic. Le recursos del ecclesia deveniva un fonte de reddito pro le corona, e le administration religiose esseva integrate plus directemente in le structura del Stato.

Le lingua svedese acquireva un rolo plus importante in le culto e in le education religiose. Le traduction del Biblia in svedese, publicate in 1541, contribuiva al standardisation del lingua scripte.

== Le expansion del potentia svedese ==
=== Le seculo XVII e le Imperio svedese ===
Durante le seculo XVII, Svedia deveniva un potentia militar importante in le Europa del Nord. Le reges e le governamento cercava extender le influentia del pais in le Mar Baltic e controlar territorios que permitteva proteger le commercio e augmentar le recursos del corona.

Sub Gustav II Adolf (1611–1632), le exercito svedese esseva reformate e participa in le Guerra de Trenta Annos. In 1630, Svedia interveniva in le guerra germanic, supportante le forzas protestante contra le imperator del Sacre Imperio Roman.

Gustav II Adolf moriva in le battalia de Lützen in 1632, ma le intervention svedese continuava. Le pace de Westfalia de 1648 procurava a Svedia territorios e influentia in le region baltic e in le nord de Germania.

=== Le expansion territorial ===
Durante le seculo XVII, Svedia acquireva territorios in le costa del Mar Baltic. Danmark cedeva Scania, Blekinge e Halland per le Tractato de Roskilde in 1658, durante un periodo de guerras que transformava le equilibrio politic scandinave.

Le monarchia svedese etiam acquireva territorios in Finlandia, le regiones baltic e partes del Germania septentrional. Durante le apogeo de su potentia, le Stato svedese controlava un grande parte del litoral del Mar Baltic.

Le expansion requireva un administration fiscal e militar complexe. Le reclutamento, le impostos e le obligationes del population rural cresceva, e le guerra deveniva un factor central del organisation del Stato.

=== Le monarchia absolutista ===
Durante le regno de Carlo XI (1660–1697), le monarchia reforçava su controlo super le nobilitate e le administration. Le reforma de reduction permitteva al corona recuperar terras e recursos que habeva essite transferite a familias aristocratic.

Le monarchia deveniva plus centralisate e le administration militar e fiscal esseva reorganisate. Iste transformation contribuiva al preparation del Stato pro le guerras del fin del seculo XVII e initio del XVIII.

== Le Grande Guerra del Nord e le fin del imperio ==
=== Le guerra contra le coalition nordic ===
In 1700, Danmark-Norvegia, Svedia, Russia e Saxonia-Polonia initiava un conflicto que deveniva cognoscite como le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721). Le rege svedese Carlo XII dirigeva un parte importante del effortio militar del pais.

Le prime victorias svedese esseva importante, ma le guerra se prolongava e consumeva grande parte del recursos del regno. Le invasion de Russia in 1708–1709 culminava in le derrota svedese a Poltava in 1709, un momento decisivemente negative pro le expansion del potentia svedese.

Carlo XII moriva in 1718 durante un campanha in Norvegia. Le guerra continuava usque al tractatos de pace que poneva fin al major parte del conflicto in 1721.

=== Le perdita del territorios ===
Le pace de Nystad de 1721 confirma le perdita svedese de territorios importante in le region baltic, includente le provincias que passava sub le controlo russe. Russia deveniva le principal potentia del nord-est europee, durante que Svedia perdeva su position como grande potentia militar.

Le guerra habeva effectos economic e demographic considerabile. Le recursos del Stato esseva exhaurite e le population habeva suffrite le mobilization, le destruction e le interruption del commercio.

== Le Etate del Libertate e le reformas del seculo XVIII ==
Post le morte de Carlo XII, le monarchia absolutista perdeva parte importante de su potentia. Le Constitution de 1719–1720 establiva un systema in le qual le Riksdag, le parlamento svedese, habeva un rolo plus grande in le governamento.

Iste periodo es cognoscite como le Etate del Libertate (1719–1772). Le politica esseva marcate per le competition inter gruppos parlamentar, specialmente le Hattarna («le Cappellos») e le Mössorna («le Gorros»).

Le Riksdag exerceva un influentia importante super le politica exterior, le administration e le economia. Le pressa e le discussion public acquireva plus libertate, e le cultura scientific se disveloppava, includente le activitate de naturalistas como Carl von Linné.

In 1772, Gustav III effectuava un colpo de Stato e restabiliva un autoritate monarchic plus forte. Su regno promoveva le artes, le litteratura e le institutiones cultural, ma le conflictos con le nobilitate culminava in su assassination in 1792.

== Le seculo XIX: reformas e union con Norvegia ==
=== Le guerras napoleonian e le constitution de 1809 ===
Durante le guerras napoleonian, Svedia perdeva Finlandia in 1809, quando Russia occupava le territorio e le incorporate al Imperio russe como Granducato de Finlandia. Le perdita transformava profundemente le position strategic svedese.

Le crise politic conduceva al deposition de Gustav IV Adolf in 1809 e al adoption de un nove constitution que limitava le poter del rege e establi un plus clar separation del competentias del Stato.

=== Le union con Norvegia ===
In 1810, le parlamento svedese eligeva Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, un mariscal francese de Napoleon, como prince hereditaire. Ille deveniva rege como Carlo XIV Johan in 1818.

Post le guerras napoleonian, Norvegia esseva transferite de Danmark a Svedia per le Tractato de Kiel in 1814. Le norvegianos adoptava lor proprie constitution in Eidsvoll e declarava independentia, ma le guerra e le negotiationes conduceva a un union personal con Svedia plus tarde in 1814.

Le union manteneva le institutiones interne norvegese, ma le duo paises habeva le mesme monarcha e un parte de lor relationes exterior commun. Le union terminava pacificamente in 1905, quando Norvegia deveniva independente.

=== Industrialisation e transformation social ===
Durante le seculo XIX, Svedia passava de un societate predominantemente agricole a un economia industrial. Le construction ferroviari, le exploitation del ligno e del mineral de ferro, le industria siderurgic e le transformation del agricultura contribuiva al disveloppamento economic.

Le population cresceva, e le migration verso le citates augmentava. Un grande numero de svedeses emigrava etiam verso le Statos Unite e altere paises durante le seculo XIX e initio del seculo XX, frequentemente pro cercar terra, emploi e melior conditiones de vita.

Le education public, le organisation del sindicatos e le movimientos politic contribueva al transformation del societate. Le liberalismo, le movimento del laboratores e le demandas pro le suffragio universal deveniva elementos central del politica national.

== Le democratization e le prime seculo XX ==
=== Le reformas constitutional ===
Durante le initio del seculo XX, le conflictos super le suffragio e le representation politic se intensificava. Le industrialisation habeva create un classe laborista plus grande e un movimento sindical organisate.

Le suffragio esseva extendite gradualmente, e le reformas de 1918–1921 establiva le democratia parlamentar moderne con suffragio universal e equal pro homines e feminas. Le prime electiones national con le nove principios esseva organisate durante le initio del annos 1920.

Le monarchia remaneva como institution constitutional, ma le governamento deveniva dependente del supporto parlamentar. Le partidos socialdemocratic, liberal, conservator e agrari deveniva componentes central del systema politic.

=== Le Prime Guerra Mundial ===
Svedia manteneva su neutralitate durante le Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918). Le guerra affectava tamen le commercio, le importationes e le approvisionamento alimentari, provocante penurias e tensiones social.

Le interruption del rotas commercial e le restrictiones al navigation augmentava le difficultates economic. In 1917–1918, protestas e mobilizationes social contribuiva al acceleration del reformas politic.

== Svedia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Neutralitate e pression international ===
Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (1939–1945), Svedia declarava su neutralitate. Nonobstante, le position geographic del pais e su recursos industrial e mineral lo faceva importante pro le potentias beligerante.

Le governamento svedese permitteva certe formas de commercio con Germania, includente le exportation de mineral de ferro, e durante un periodo consentiva le transito de truppas germanic per territorio svedese in circumstantias specific. Iste decisiones ha essite objecto de debates historic concernente le limites del neutralitate e le necessitate de preservar le independentia del pais.

Le autoritates svedese accommodava etiam refugiatos e personas persecutate, e le politica evolveva durante le guerra conforme al situation militar e al pression international.

=== Refugiatos e actiones humanitari ===
Svedia deveniva un refugio pro personas que fugi­va le persecution nazi e le conflictos in Europa. Le pais accolligeva refugiatos proveniente de Norvegia, Danmark e altere territorios occupate.

In 1943, le autoritates svedese e numerose personas private participa­va al salvatage de plus de 7 000 judios danese, qui esseva transportate per mar a Svedia pro escapar le deportation nazi.

Le diplomate svedese Raoul Wallenberg deveniva cognoscite pro su activitate in Budapest in 1944, ubi ille emitteva documentos de protection e organisava refugios pro judios. Su disparition post le occupation sovietic de Budapest remane un del questiones historic plus importante del guerra.

== Le Stato social del postguerra ==
Post 1945, Svedia experimentava un periodo de croissance economic e expansion del services public. Le industria, le exportation e le disveloppamento technologic susteneva un augmento del nivello de vita.

Le socialdemocratas, frequentemente in cooperation con le sindicatos e le partidos agrari, promoveva un Stato social extensive. Le systemas de pension, sanitate, education e protection social esseva developpate, durante que le intervention public e le negotiation collective habeva un rolo importante in le economia.

Le pais manteneva un systema de economia de mercato, ma con un rete ample de services public e un forte organisation del mercato de labor. Le modelo svedese deveniva un referentia international in le debates super le Stato social.

== Politica exterior e le Guerra Frie ==
Durante le Guerra Frie, Svedia manteneva officialmente un politica de non-alignment militar, con le objectivo de poter evitar participation in un guerra inter le blocos. Nonobstante, le pais developpava cooperationes de securitate e manteneva un capacitate de defense national.

Svedia participa activemente in le Nationes Unite e promoveva le diplomatia, le disarmamento e le cooperation international. Le prime ministros Tage Erlander e Olof Palme es associate al developpamento del Stato social e al rolo international del pais.

Le morte de Olof Palme, assassin­ate in Stockholm in 1986, provocava un crise politic e un longe investigation judicial e policial. Le caso deveniva un del episodios le plus notabile del historia politic svedese contemporanee.

== Svedia e le Union Europee ==
In le annos 1990, Svedia experimentava un crise economic e un transformation del systema financiari. Le governamento adoptava reformas economic e restructurava certe sectores del economia.

In 1995, Svedia deveniva membro del Union Europee post un referendum national in 1994. Le pais participa in le mercato interne e in numerose politicas europee, ma mantene su proprie moneta, le corona svedese, e non ha adoptate le euro.

Le integration europee augmentava le cooperation commercial, juridic e institutional con le altere membros del Union. Simultaneemente, le debatte super le autonomia national, le politica social e le relation con le institutiones europee continuava a influentiar le politica interne.

== Le seculo XXI ==
=== Migration, economia e transformation social ===
Durante le seculo XXI, Svedia deveniva un societate plus diverse per effecto del migration international, del urbanisation e del transformation del economia. Le industrias traditional, como le siderurgia, le exploitation forestal e le production industrial, continuava a haber un rolo importante, durante que le technologias digital e le servicios augmentava lor peso economic.

Le pais manteneva un systema de protection social extensive, ma le questiones concernente le integration, le education, le securitate e le inequalitate deveniva plus importante in le debatte public.

Le migration e le integration social esseva particularmente discutite post le augmento del arrivatas de refugiatos in 2015. Le politicas public esseva modificate durante le annos sequente in relation con le asylum, le immigration e le integration.

=== Securitate e NATO ===
Le invasion russe de Ucraina in 2022 transformava le debatte svedese super le securitate europee. Post decennios de non-alignment militar, Svedia demandava su accession al NATO in 2022.

Le pais deveniva membro del Alliance le 7 de martio 2024, deveniente le 32e membro de NATO. Iste decision marcava un transformation importante del politica de securitate svedese e reforçava le cooperation militar con le paises nordic e le altere membros del Alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_223446.htm |titulo=Sweden officially joins NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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    <title>Historia de Finlandia</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Finlandia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que forma le actual [[Finlandia]], desde le prime habitationes postglacial usque al Stato independente contemporanee. Le region esseva populate post le reculo del glaciares e developpava societates de chassatores, piscatores e agricultores. Durante le Etate Medieval, le territorio esseva incorporate gradualmente in le esfera de influentia del [[Svedia]],...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Finlandia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que forma le actual [[Finlandia]], desde le prime habitationes postglacial usque al Stato independente contemporanee. Le region esseva populate post le reculo del glaciares e developpava societates de chassatores, piscatores e agricultores. Durante le Etate Medieval, le territorio esseva incorporate gradualmente in le esfera de influentia del [[Svedia]], durante que le christianismo occidental se diffundeva desde le west e le tradition orthodox desde le east.

Durante circa cinque seculos, Finlandia faceva parte del Regno de Svedia. In 1809, post le Guerra de Finlandia, le territorio passava al [[Imperio Russe]] como Granducato autonome. Le disveloppamento de un administration proprie, le expansion del education e le emergentia del nationalismo finnic contribuiva al formation de un identitate national moderne. Finlandia proclamava su independentia le 6 de decembre 1917. Le guerra civil de 1918 esseva sequite per un periodo de reconstruction, durante que le pais preservava su independentia durante le duo guerras mundial. Post 1945, Finlandia developpava un democratia parlamentar, un economia industrialisate e un Stato social. In 1995, illa deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]], e in 2023 entrava in le [[NATO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://infofinland.fi/information-about-finland/finnish-history |titulo=History of Finland |sitioweb=InfoFinland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/history-and-buildings |titulo=History and buildings |sitioweb=Governamento de Finlandia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria ==
=== Le prime habitantes ===
Le territorio del actual Finlandia esseva inhabitate durante le major parte del ultime glaciation. Quando le glaciares comenciava a recular, circa 8800 a.C., gruppos de chassatores e collectores arrivava desde le regiones del Mar Baltic e del Europa septentrional.

Le prime communitates se establiva principalmente al margines del lagos e del fluvios e al longe del costa, ubi le pisca, le cassa e le collection de plantas procurava le recursos necessari pro le superviventia. Le population se diffundeva gradualmente verso le regiones interior e septentrional.

Le vestigios archeologic monstra un societate que adaptava su modos de vita al ambiente forestal e lacustre. Le utensiles de petra, le instrumentos de osso e le restos de habitationes revela le evolution del technicas de cassa, pisca e fabrication.

=== Le Etate del Petra e le agricultura ===
Durante le Etate del Petra, le communitates del territorio finnic developpava technicas de production de utensiles e instrumentos adaptate al exploitation del recursos natural. Le contactos con altere regiones del Mar Baltic contribuiva al circulation de objectos e ideas.

Le agricultura e le allevamento se diffundeva gradualmente durante le Neolithico, specialmente in le regiones meridional e occidental. Le cultivos e le animal domestic complementava le pisca e le cassa, ben que le transition verso un economia agricole esseva lente e differente secundo le regiones.

Le cultura material variava inter le regiones costal, le zonas lacustre del interior e le regiones septentrional, ubi le cassa e le pisca continuava a haber un rolo central.

=== Le Etate del Bronze e del Ferro ===
Durante le Etate del Bronze, circa 1700–500 a.C., le contactos commercial inter le regiones del Mar Baltic e Scandinavia se intensificava. Le objectos de bronze e le ornamentos importate indica que le communitates del territorio finnic participa­va in redes de intercambio plus ample.

Le uso del ferro se diffundeva durante le prime millennio a.C. e deveniva plus commun durante le Etate del Ferro. Le utensiles e instrumentos de ferro facilitava le agricultura, le exploitation del foreste e le fabrication de armamentos.

Le societates remaneva organisate principalmente in communitates local, sin un Stato central. Le contactos con Svedia, le regiones baltic e le territorios del east contribuiva al formation de traditiones cultural differente.

== Le populationes finnic e sami ==
Le historia del Finlandia es ligate al evolution de plure populationes e traditiones linguistic. Le major parte del population contemporanee parla finnese, un lingua del familia uralic. Le lingua svedese ha etiam un longe tradition in le regiones costal e in le insulas Åland.

Le Sami es un populo indigene del regiones septentrional de Finlandia, Norvegia, Svedia e Russia. Le traditiones sami include formas specific de allevamento de rangiferos, pisca, cassa e utilisation del territorios septentrional.

Le relationes inter le populationes sami e le autoritates del Statos nordic esseva marcate per le expansion del colonisation agricole, le taxation e le administration territorial. Durante le seculos, le population sami perdeva accesso a certe terras traditional e experimentava politicas de assimilation. Le recognition contemporanee del cultura e del derectos sami deveniva un parte importante del debatte public in Finlandia.

== Finlandia durante le Etate Medieval ==
=== Relationes con Svedia e Novgorod ===
Durante le seculos XII e XIII, le territorio finnic deveniva un area de competition inter le Regno de Svedia e le Republica de Novgorod, un potentia politic e commercial del Europa oriental.

Le expansion del christianismo occidental desde Svedia e le influentia del christianismo orthodox desde Novgorod contribuiva al formation de zonas cultural e religiose distincte. Le contactos commercial, le missiones religiose e le expeditiones militar transformava le relationes politic del region.

Le tradition historiographic svedese describe iste periodo in terminos de «crusadas» verso Finlandia, ma le extension e le natura exacte del expeditiones resta subjecto a interpretation historic. Le incorporation del territorio non esseva un processo instantanee, ma un evolution que combinava expansion politic, cooperation local e conflictos militar.

=== Le Tractato de Nöteborg ===
In 1323, Svedia e Novgorod concludeva le Tractato de Nöteborg, que establi un frontiera inter lor zonas de influentia. Le tractato es generalmente considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del relationes territorial del Finlandia medieval.

Le frontiera non correspondeva exactemente al limites national contemporanee, e le territorios oriental remaneva objecto de competition e de interpretationes differente. Nonobstante, le accordo stabiliva un quadro politic plus clar inter le potentias del west e del east.

Durante le seculos sequente, le major parte del territorio finnic esseva administrate como parte del Regno de Svedia. Le ecclesia catholic occidental deveniva le institution religiose dominante in le zonas sub influentia svedese.

=== Le administration svedese ===
Durante le Etate Medieval, le territorio finnic esseva integrate gradualmente in le structura administrative e juridic del monarchia svedese. Le leges svedese, le systema fiscal e le organisation ecclesiastic se diffundeva in le regiones sub administration del corona.

Le population local conservava su lingua e multe traditiones, durante que le svedese deveniva importante in le administration, le commercio e le ecclesia. Le citate de Turku (Åbo in svedese) developpava se como un centro religiose, administrative e commercial.

Le creation de institutiones ecclesiastic e de centros educational contribuiva al integration del territorio in le mundo politic e cultural del Europa occidental.

== Finlandia como parte del Regno de Svedia ==
=== Administration e societate ===
Desde le Etate Medieval usque al initio del seculo XIX, le historia de Finlandia esseva intimemente ligate al historia de Svedia. Le territorio finnic forma­va le parte oriental del regno e functionava frequentemente como zona de frontiera in le conflictos con le potentias oriental.

Le population participa­va in le systemas fiscal, militar e juridic del monarchia. Le agricultura, le exploitation forestal, le pisca e le commercio constituiva le fundamentos del economia, durante que le citates e le portos costal se developpava gradualmente.

Le religion lutheran deveniva dominante post le Reformation del seculo XVI. Le ecclesia participa­va in le education e le administration local, e le diffusion del textos religiose in finnese contribuiva al disveloppamento del lingua scripte.

=== Le Reformation e le lingua finnese ===
Durante le seculo XVI, le Reformation protestante transformava le organisation religiose del Regno de Svedia e de Finlandia. Le corona se apropriava de parte del benes ecclesiastic e le lutheranismo deveniva le religion official.

Le ecclesiastico Mikael Agricola es considerate un figura fundamental in le disveloppamento del lingua finnese scripte. Su traductiones religiose e le publication del prime textos in finnese contribueva al formation de un tradition litterari.

Le uso del finnese in textos religiose e educational augmentava le accesso al instruction pro le population local. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua continuava a developpar se, ben que le svedese remaneva le lingua dominante de multe institutiones administrative e de elites.

=== Guerra e frontieras oriental ===
Le guerras inter Svedia e Russia affectava repetitemente Finlandia. Le territorio esseva un zona de passage pro le exercitos e un objectivo strategic pro le controlo del Mar Baltic e del vias de accesso al interior del Europa septentrional.

Le Guerra del Nord del seculo XVIII e altere conflictos provocava occupationes, devastationes e displaciamentos de population. Le frontieras se modificava durante le guerras, e le fortificationes deveniva importante pro le defense del citates e del rotas commercial.

Le guerra de 1808–1809 esseva decisive, perque illo conduceva al transferentia del Finlandia de Svedia al Imperio Russe.

== Le Granducato autonome de Finlandia ==
=== Le Guerra de Finlandia e le annexation russe ===
Durante le Guerra de Finlandia (1808–1809), le Imperio Russe invadeva le territorio finnic e derrota­va le fortias svedese. Per le Tractato de Fredrikshamn del septembre 1809, Svedia cedeva Finlandia al Russia.

Le imperator russe Alexandre I establi le Granducato de Finlandia como un entitate autonome intra le Imperio Russe. Le legislations e plure institutiones del periodo svedese esseva mantenite, e Finlandia recipeva un administration central proprie.

Le Senado de Finlandia deveniva le principal organo administrative del Granducato. Le autonomia permitteva le disveloppamento gradual de un identitate politic finnic, ben que le imperator russe conservava le autoritate supreme.

Le capital esseva transferite de Turku a Helsinki in 1812, un decision que reforçava le orientation administrative verso le nove autoritate imperial. Le incendio de Turku in 1827 accelerava le concentration de institutiones in Helsinki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/history-and-buildings |titulo=History and buildings |sitioweb=Governamento de Finlandia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Autonomia e disveloppamento institutional ===
Durante le seculo XIX, Finlandia developpava institutiones administrative, juridic e educational proprie. Le Granducato conservava multe leges heredate del periodo svedese e disponeva de un systema administrative distincte del altere partes del Imperio Russe.

Le lingua finnese deveniva un elemento central del movemento national. Intellectuals, scriptores e linguistas promoveva le uso del finnese in le education, le litteratura e le administration. Le Kalevala, compilate per Elias Lönnrot e publicate in 1835 e in un edition expandite in 1849, deveniva un obra fundamental del cultura national.

Le disveloppamento de un identitate finnic non significava immediatemente un demanda uniforme pro independentia. Parte del elites susteneva le preservation del autonomia intra le Imperio Russe, durante que altere gruppos promoveva plus grande recognition del lingua e del institutiones national.

=== Industrialisation e transformation social ===
Durante le seculo XIX, Finlandia experimentava un transformation economic. Le exploitation del foreste, le industria del ligno e del papiro, le navigation e le construction ferroviari contribuiva al integration del mercatos e al disveloppamento del citates.

Le agricultura remaneva un activitate fundamental pro le major parte del population, ma le industria e le commercio augmentava in importantia. Le urbanisation se accelerava durante le ultime decennios del seculo.

Le education public e le instruction in finnese e svedese se expandiva. Le disveloppamento de institutiones educational e de un pressa national contribuiva al creation de un spatio public in le qual le questiones de autonomia, lingua e nationalitate poteva esser discutite.

=== Le russification ===
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX, le autoritates russe initiava politicas que cercava augmentar le integration del Granducato in le administration imperial. Iste politicas, cognoscite como russification, includeva mesuras concernente le administration, le exercito e le uso del linguas.

Le prime periodo de russification comenciava in 1899, quando le imperator Nicolaus II promulgava le Manifeste de Februario, que augmentava le capacitate del autoritates imperial de legislar super Finlandia sin le proceduras constitutional traditional del Granducato.

Le politicas provocava opposition e protestas inter le population finnic. Le movimento national se fortificava, e le question del autonomia deveniva plus urgente.

== Independentia de Finlandia ==
=== Le revolution russe de 1917 ===
Le Revolution russe de 1917 debilitava le autoritate del imperio e creava un opportunitate pro le independentia finnic. Le abdication del imperator Nicolaus II in martio 1917 e le subsequent crisis politic in Russia augmentava le incertitude super le status constitutional del Granducato.

Le 6 de decembre 1917, le Parlamento de Finlandia approbava le declaration de independentia. Le governamento bolchevic russe recognosceva le independentia finnic le 31 de decembre 1917, e altere paises recognosceva le nove Stato durante le menses sequente.

Le independentia non poneva fin immediatemente al conflictos interne. Le tensiones inter le movemento laborista e le forzas conservator e nationalista culminava in un guerra civil.

=== Le Guerra Civil de 1918 ===
In januario 1918, un Guerra Civil comenciava inter le «Rojos», associate al movemento laborista e socialista, e le «Blancos», qui representa­va le governamento e le forzas conservator.

Le Rojos recipeva supporto e armamentos desde le Russia bolchevic, durante que le Blancos recipeva supporto militar de Germania. Le conflicto involveva combats in plure partes del pais e provocava un grande numero de mortes, includente personas executate e decedite in campos de prisoneros.

Le guerra terminava in maio 1918 con le victoria del Blancos. Le conflicto lassava un profunda division social e politic que continua­va a influentiar le societate finnic durante plure decennios.

Post le guerra, le governamento adop­tava un constitution republicane in 1919. Le presidente recipeva competentias importante, durante que le Parlamento e le governamento deveniva elementos central del systema politic.

== Le Republica de Finlandia inter le guerras ==
=== Reconstruction e democratia ===
Durante le annos 1920, Finlandia se concentrava sur le reconstruction del economia e del institutiones. Le pais adoptava un systema politic multipartitic e developpava gradualmente le cooperation inter le partidos, ben que le memoria del Guerra Civil continuava a generar tensiones.

Le reforma agrari e le division de certe fundos contribuiva al formation de un societate rural con plus grande accesso al terra. Le industria del ligno, del papiro e del metallurgia cresceva, e le exportationes deveniva importante pro le economia.

Le education public e le administration national se developpava, durante que le finnese e le svedese manteneva status official in le quadro del Stato.

=== Le radicalismo politic ===
Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, Finlandia experimentava tensiones inter le democratia parlamentar e movimentos radical de derecta. Le movimento de Lapua, fundate in 1929, promoveva un forte anticommunismo e organiza­va actiones contra le movimento communista.

Le governamento adoptava mesuras contra le activitates communista, ma le systema parlamentar remaneva in vigor. Le rebellion de Mäntsälä in 1932, associate al movimento de Lapua e a elementos militar, esseva reprimite e marcava le limite del supporto institutional pro le insurrection.

Finlandia continuava a developpar un economia industrial e agricole, durante que le relationes con le Union Sovietic deveniva un questione central de securitate.

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Le Guerra de Hiberno, 1939–1940 ===
Le Guerra de Hiberno comenciava le 30 de novembre 1939, quando le Union Sovietic invadeva Finlandia. Le conflicto se produceva post le Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le demandas sovietic concernente le frontiera e le securitate de Leningrad.

Le fortias finnic resisteva durante 105 dies in conditiones hibernal extreme. Le defensa finnic, le uso del terreno e le difficultates logistic del exercito sovietic contribuiva al prolongation del guerra, ben que le Union Sovietic disponeva de un superioritate numeric e material.

Le guerra terminava per le Tractato de Moscova del 13 de martio 1940. Finlandia manteneva su independentia, ma debeva ceder circa 11% de su territorio, includente partes de Karelia. Circa 430 000 personas esseva displaciate e debeva esser reinstallate in altere partes del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/start-of-winter-war-commemorated-on-30-november |titulo=Start of Winter War commemorated on 30 November |sitioweb=Governamento de Finlandia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le Guerra de Continuation, 1941–1944 ===
In 1941, post le invasion germanic del Union Sovietic, Finlandia entrava de nove in guerra contra le Union Sovietic. Le conflicto es cognoscite como le Guerra de Continuation.

Finlandia collabora­va militarmente con Germania contra le Union Sovietic e recapturava territorios perdite in 1940, ma le objectivos del governamento finnic non coincideva in tote le aspectos con le planos germanic.

Le guerra se prolongava usque a 1944, quando le offensive sovietic e le deterioramento del situation militar conduceva a un armistitie. Finlandia acceptava retirar se del guerra contra le Union Sovietic e ceder altere territorios, includente Karelia oriental.

=== Le Guerra de Laponia ===
Le armistitie de 1944 exigeva que Finlandia expelleva le fortias germanic ancora presente in su territorio. Le retirada germanic transformava se in un conflicto armate, cognoscite como le Guerra de Laponia (1944–1945).

Le truppas germanic se retirava verso Norvegia e usava tacticas de terra bruciate, que causava destructiones extensive in le nord del pais. Plure citates e villagios esseva devastate, includente partes de Rovaniemi.

Le guerra terminava in 1945, ma le reconstruction del regiones septentrional requireva annos de travalio e investitiones.

== Finlandia post 1945 ==
=== Le tractatos de pace e le relationes con le Union Sovietic ===
Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Finlandia debeva acceptar conditiones de pace que includeva cessiones territorial, pagamento de reparationes e restrictiones militar. Le Tractato de Pace de Paris de 1947 formalizava le conditiones del pace.

Le pais conservava su independentia e su systema democratic, ma su politica exterior esseva fortemente influentiate per le proximita del Union Sovietic. Le governamento cercava mantener relationes stabile con Moscova durante que le institutiones democratic e le economia de mercato remaneva in vigor.

Le presidente Juho Kusti Paasikivi promoveva un politica orientate al maintenance de relationes functional con le Union Sovietic. Le successor, Urho Kekkonen, continuava iste orientation durante plure decennios.

Le politica exterior finnic deveniva cognoscite frequentemente como «finlandisation», un termino usate in le debatte international pro describer le adaptation de un Stato al potentia de un vicino plus potente. Le interpretation del termino e su application al caso finnic ha essite subjecto a debatte historic e politic.

=== Le developpamento del Stato social ===
Durante le annos 1950–1970, Finlandia experimentava un rapide industrialisation e urbanisation. Le agricultura perdeva gradualmente su position dominante, durante que le industria del ligno, del papiro, del metallurgia e del manufactura augmentava su importantia.

Le disveloppamento del education public, del services sanitari e del systemas de pension contribuiva al formation de un Stato social moderne. Le cooperation inter le sindicatos, le empleatores e le governamento facilitava le negotiationes salarial e le disveloppamento del protection social.

Le economia finnic se integra­va plus fortemente in le commercio international, e le exportationes industrial deveniva un del fundamentos del crescimento.

=== Le relationes nordic e international ===
Finlandia participa­va in le cooperation nordic con Svedia, Norvegia, Danmark e Islanda. Le cooperation includeva relationes economic, cultural e politic, e contribuiva al disveloppamento de institutiones commun.

In 1955, Finlandia deveniva membro del Nationes Unite. Le pais participa­va etiam in le Conferentia super le Securitate e le Cooperation in Europa, que conduceva al Acto Final de Helsinki de 1975. Le politica exterior finnic combinava le cooperation international con le attention al relationes con le Union Sovietic.

== Le fin del Guerra Frie e le integration europee ==
=== Le crise del initio del annos 1990 ===
Le disintegration del Union Sovietic in 1991 transformava le position international de Finlandia e provoca­va un crise economic importante. Le commercio con le Union Sovietic, que habeva representate un parte importante del exportationes finnic, se reduceva dramaticamente.

Le economia experimentava un recession, un augmento del disoccupation e difficultates in le systema bancari. Le governamento adoptava reformas economic e restructurava le politicas industrial e financiari.

Le crise accelerava le diversification del economia e le expansion de industrias basate sur technologia, telecom­munication e services.

=== Ingresso in le Union Europee ===
Finlandia presenta­va su candidatura al Union Europee post le fin del Guerra Frie. Un referendum national in 1994 approbava le accession, e le pais deveniva membro del Union Europee le 1 de januario 1995, insimul con Austria e Svedia.

Le integration europee augmentava le accesso al mercato interne e reforçava le cooperation economic e politic con le altere membros. Finlandia adoptava le euro como moneta in 1999, e le billetes e monetas entrava in circulation in 2002.

Le pais manteneva un systema politic national proprie e continua a participar in le debates europee super le economia, le securitate, le ambiente e le cooperation international.

== Finlandia in le seculo XXI ==
=== Technologia e transformation economic ===
Durante le initio del seculo XXI, Finlandia deveniva cognoscite pro su industria technologic, specialmente in le campos del telecommunication, del electronica e del software. Le compania Nokia habeva un rolo importante in le disveloppamento del industria mobile e in le expansion international del economia finnic.

Le transformation del industria e le evolution del mercatos international provocava tamen nove difficultates. Le pais cercava diversificar su economia, reforçar le innovation e adaptar le systema educational e industrial al nove technologia.

Le forestes, le industria del ligno e del papiro, le metallurgia e le servicios public continua a haber importantia, durante que le technologia e le servicios digital deveniva sectores significative.

=== Le accession al NATO ===
Durante plure decennios, Finlandia manteneva un politica de non-alignment militar, ben que illo coopera­va con le paises occidental e participa­va in le cooperation europee.

Le invasion russe de Ucraina in februario 2022 transformava le debatte finnic super le securitate. Le governamento e le Parlamento decideva demandar le accession al NATO, e Finlandia deveniva membro del Alliance le 4 de april 2023.

Le accession marca­va un transformation importante del politica de securitate finnic e reforçava le cooperation militar con le altere paises nordic e le membros del NATO. Le longe frontiera con Russia deveniva un elemento central del analyse strategic del pais.

== Societate e cultura contemporanee ==
Finlandia es un republica parlamentar con un presidente e un governamento responsabile ante le Parlamento. Le systema politic combina un democratia representativa con institutiones de Stato social e un administration public extensive.

Le linguas official national es finnese e svedese. Le lingua sami ha un position special in le regiones del nord, ubi vive parte del population indigene sami. Le historia del sami, lor cultura e lor derectos territorial face parte del debatte contemporanee super le diversitate e le recognition del populos indigene.

Le cultura finnic es influentiate per le traditiones nordic, le relationes con Svedia e Russia, le litteratura, le musica e le ambiente natural. Le Kalevala remane un obra importante del patrimonio cultural, durante que le design, le education, le musica e le cultura digital es elementos recognoscible del societate contemporanee.

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Le '''historia de Finlandia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que forma le actual [[Finlandia]], desde le prime habitationes postglacial usque al Stato independente contemporanee. Le region esseva populate post le reculo del glaciares e developpava societates de chassatores, piscatores e agricultores. Durante le Etate Medieval, le territorio esseva incorporate gradualmente in le esfera de influentia del [[Svedia]], durante que le christianismo occidental se diffundeva desde le west e le tradition orthodox desde le east.

Durante circa cinque seculos, Finlandia faceva parte del Regno de Svedia. In 1809, post le Guerra de Finlandia, le territorio passava al [[Imperio Russe]] como Granducato autonome. Le disveloppamento de un administration proprie, le expansion del education e le emergentia del nationalismo finnic contribuiva al formation de un identitate national moderne. Finlandia proclamava su independentia le 6 de decembre 1917. Le guerra civil de 1918 esseva sequite per un periodo de reconstruction, durante que le pais preservava su independentia durante le duo guerras mundial. Post 1945, Finlandia developpava un democratia parlamentar, un economia industrialisate e un Stato social. In 1995, illa deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]], e in 2023 entrava in le [[NATO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://infofinland.fi/information-about-finland/finnish-history |titulo=History of Finland |sitioweb=InfoFinland |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/history-and-buildings |titulo=History and buildings |sitioweb=Governamento de Finlandia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria ==
=== Le prime habitantes ===
Le territorio del actual Finlandia esseva inhabitate durante le major parte del ultime glaciation. Quando le glaciares comenciava a recular, circa 8800 a.C., gruppos de chassatores e collectores arrivava desde le regiones del Mar Baltic e del Europa septentrional.

Le prime communitates se establiva principalmente al margines del lagos e del fluvios e al longe del costa, ubi le pisca, le cassa e le collection de plantas procurava le recursos necessari pro le superviventia. Le population se diffundeva gradualmente verso le regiones interior e septentrional.

Le vestigios archeologic monstra un societate que adaptava su modos de vita al ambiente forestal e lacustre. Le utensiles de petra, le instrumentos de osso e le restos de habitationes revela le evolution del technicas de cassa, pisca e fabrication.

=== Le Etate del Petra e le agricultura ===
Durante le Etate del Petra, le communitates del territorio finnic developpava technicas de production de utensiles e instrumentos adaptate al exploitation del recursos natural. Le contactos con altere regiones del Mar Baltic contribuiva al circulation de objectos e ideas.

Le agricultura e le allevamento se diffundeva gradualmente durante le Neolithico, specialmente in le regiones meridional e occidental. Le cultivos e le animal domestic complementava le pisca e le cassa, ben que le transition verso un economia agricole esseva lente e differente secundo le regiones.

Le cultura material variava inter le regiones costal, le zonas lacustre del interior e le regiones septentrional, ubi le cassa e le pisca continuava a haber un rolo central.

=== Le Etate del Bronze e del Ferro ===
Durante le Etate del Bronze, circa 1700–500 a.C., le contactos commercial inter le regiones del Mar Baltic e Scandinavia se intensificava. Le objectos de bronze e le ornamentos importate indica que le communitates del territorio finnic participa­va in redes de intercambio plus ample.

Le uso del ferro se diffundeva durante le prime millennio a.C. e deveniva plus commun durante le Etate del Ferro. Le utensiles e instrumentos de ferro facilitava le agricultura, le exploitation del foreste e le fabrication de armamentos.

Le societates remaneva organisate principalmente in communitates local, sin un Stato central. Le contactos con Svedia, le regiones baltic e le territorios del east contribuiva al formation de traditiones cultural differente.

== Le populationes finnic e sami ==
Le historia del Finlandia es ligate al evolution de plure populationes e traditiones linguistic. Le major parte del population contemporanee parla finnese, un lingua del familia uralic. Le lingua svedese ha etiam un longe tradition in le regiones costal e in le insulas Åland.

Le Sami es un populo indigene del regiones septentrional de Finlandia, Norvegia, Svedia e Russia. Le traditiones sami include formas specific de allevamento de rangiferos, pisca, cassa e utilisation del territorios septentrional.

Le relationes inter le populationes sami e le autoritates del Statos nordic esseva marcate per le expansion del colonisation agricole, le taxation e le administration territorial. Durante le seculos, le population sami perdeva accesso a certe terras traditional e experimentava politicas de assimilation. Le recognition contemporanee del cultura e del derectos sami deveniva un parte importante del debatte public in Finlandia.

== Finlandia durante le Etate Medieval ==
=== Relationes con Svedia e Novgorod ===
Durante le seculos XII e XIII, le territorio finnic deveniva un area de competition inter le Regno de Svedia e le Republica de Novgorod, un potentia politic e commercial del Europa oriental.

Le expansion del christianismo occidental desde Svedia e le influentia del christianismo orthodox desde Novgorod contribuiva al formation de zonas cultural e religiose distincte. Le contactos commercial, le missiones religiose e le expeditiones militar transformava le relationes politic del region.

Le tradition historiographic svedese describe iste periodo in terminos de «crusadas» verso Finlandia, ma le extension e le natura exacte del expeditiones resta subjecto a interpretation historic. Le incorporation del territorio non esseva un processo instantanee, ma un evolution que combinava expansion politic, cooperation local e conflictos militar.

=== Le Tractato de Nöteborg ===
In 1323, Svedia e Novgorod concludeva le Tractato de Nöteborg, que establi un frontiera inter lor zonas de influentia. Le tractato es generalmente considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del relationes territorial del Finlandia medieval.

Le frontiera non correspondeva exactemente al limites national contemporanee, e le territorios oriental remaneva objecto de competition e de interpretationes differente. Nonobstante, le accordo stabiliva un quadro politic plus clar inter le potentias del west e del east.

Durante le seculos sequente, le major parte del territorio finnic esseva administrate como parte del Regno de Svedia. Le ecclesia catholic occidental deveniva le institution religiose dominante in le zonas sub influentia svedese.

=== Le administration svedese ===
Durante le Etate Medieval, le territorio finnic esseva integrate gradualmente in le structura administrative e juridic del monarchia svedese. Le leges svedese, le systema fiscal e le organisation ecclesiastic se diffundeva in le regiones sub administration del corona.

Le population local conservava su lingua e multe traditiones, durante que le svedese deveniva importante in le administration, le commercio e le ecclesia. Le citate de Turku (Åbo in svedese) developpava se como un centro religiose, administrative e commercial.

Le creation de institutiones ecclesiastic e de centros educational contribuiva al integration del territorio in le mundo politic e cultural del Europa occidental.

== Finlandia como parte del Regno de Svedia ==
=== Administration e societate ===
Desde le Etate Medieval usque al initio del seculo XIX, le historia de Finlandia esseva intimemente ligate al historia de Svedia. Le territorio finnic forma­va le parte oriental del regno e functionava frequentemente como zona de frontiera in le conflictos con le potentias oriental.

Le population participa­va in le systemas fiscal, militar e juridic del monarchia. Le agricultura, le exploitation forestal, le pisca e le commercio constituiva le fundamentos del economia, durante que le citates e le portos costal se developpava gradualmente.

Le religion lutheran deveniva dominante post le Reformation del seculo XVI. Le ecclesia participa­va in le education e le administration local, e le diffusion del textos religiose in finnese contribuiva al disveloppamento del lingua scripte.

=== Le Reformation e le lingua finnese ===
Durante le seculo XVI, le Reformation protestante transformava le organisation religiose del Regno de Svedia e de Finlandia. Le corona se apropriava de parte del benes ecclesiastic e le lutheranismo deveniva le religion official.

Le ecclesiastico Mikael Agricola es considerate un figura fundamental in le disveloppamento del lingua finnese scripte. Su traductiones religiose e le publication del prime textos in finnese contribueva al formation de un tradition litterari.

Le uso del finnese in textos religiose e educational augmentava le accesso al instruction pro le population local. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua continuava a developpar se, ben que le svedese remaneva le lingua dominante de multe institutiones administrative e de elites.

=== Guerra e frontieras oriental ===
Le guerras inter Svedia e Russia affectava repetitemente Finlandia. Le territorio esseva un zona de passage pro le exercitos e un objectivo strategic pro le controlo del Mar Baltic e del vias de accesso al interior del Europa septentrional.

Le Guerra del Nord del seculo XVIII e altere conflictos provocava occupationes, devastationes e displaciamentos de population. Le frontieras se modificava durante le guerras, e le fortificationes deveniva importante pro le defense del citates e del rotas commercial.

Le guerra de 1808–1809 esseva decisive, perque illo conduceva al transferentia del Finlandia de Svedia al Imperio Russe.

== Le Granducato autonome de Finlandia ==
=== Le Guerra de Finlandia e le annexation russe ===
Durante le Guerra de Finlandia (1808–1809), le Imperio Russe invadeva le territorio finnic e derrota­va le fortias svedese. Per le Tractato de Fredrikshamn del septembre 1809, Svedia cedeva Finlandia al Russia.

Le imperator russe Alexandre I establi le Granducato de Finlandia como un entitate autonome intra le Imperio Russe. Le legislations e plure institutiones del periodo svedese esseva mantenite, e Finlandia recipeva un administration central proprie.

Le Senado de Finlandia deveniva le principal organo administrative del Granducato. Le autonomia permitteva le disveloppamento gradual de un identitate politic finnic, ben que le imperator russe conservava le autoritate supreme.

Le capital esseva transferite de Turku a Helsinki in 1812, un decision que reforçava le orientation administrative verso le nove autoritate imperial. Le incendio de Turku in 1827 accelerava le concentration de institutiones in Helsinki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/history-and-buildings |titulo=History and buildings |sitioweb=Governamento de Finlandia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Autonomia e disveloppamento institutional ===
Durante le seculo XIX, Finlandia developpava institutiones administrative, juridic e educational proprie. Le Granducato conservava multe leges heredate del periodo svedese e disponeva de un systema administrative distincte del altere partes del Imperio Russe.

Le lingua finnese deveniva un elemento central del movemento national. Intellectuals, scriptores e linguistas promoveva le uso del finnese in le education, le litteratura e le administration. Le Kalevala, compilate per Elias Lönnrot e publicate in 1835 e in un edition expandite in 1849, deveniva un obra fundamental del cultura national.

Le disveloppamento de un identitate finnic non significava immediatemente un demanda uniforme pro independentia. Parte del elites susteneva le preservation del autonomia intra le Imperio Russe, durante que altere gruppos promoveva plus grande recognition del lingua e del institutiones national.

=== Industrialisation e transformation social ===
Durante le seculo XIX, Finlandia experimentava un transformation economic. Le exploitation del foreste, le industria del ligno e del papiro, le navigation e le construction ferroviari contribuiva al integration del mercatos e al disveloppamento del citates.

Le agricultura remaneva un activitate fundamental pro le major parte del population, ma le industria e le commercio augmentava in importantia. Le urbanisation se accelerava durante le ultime decennios del seculo.

Le education public e le instruction in finnese e svedese se expandiva. Le disveloppamento de institutiones educational e de un pressa national contribuiva al creation de un spatio public in le qual le questiones de autonomia, lingua e nationalitate poteva esser discutite.

=== Le russification ===
Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX, le autoritates russe initiava politicas que cercava augmentar le integration del Granducato in le administration imperial. Iste politicas, cognoscite como russification, includeva mesuras concernente le administration, le exercito e le uso del linguas.

Le prime periodo de russification comenciava in 1899, quando le imperator Nicolaus II promulgava le Manifeste de Februario, que augmentava le capacitate del autoritates imperial de legislar super Finlandia sin le proceduras constitutional traditional del Granducato.

Le politicas provocava opposition e protestas inter le population finnic. Le movimento national se fortificava, e le question del autonomia deveniva plus urgente.

== Independentia de Finlandia ==
=== Le revolution russe de 1917 ===
Le Revolution russe de 1917 debilitava le autoritate del imperio e creava un opportunitate pro le independentia finnic. Le abdication del imperator Nicolaus II in martio 1917 e le subsequent crisis politic in Russia augmentava le incertitude super le status constitutional del Granducato.

Le 6 de decembre 1917, le Parlamento de Finlandia approbava le declaration de independentia. Le governamento bolchevic russe recognosceva le independentia finnic le 31 de decembre 1917, e altere paises recognosceva le nove Stato durante le menses sequente.

Le independentia non poneva fin immediatemente al conflictos interne. Le tensiones inter le movemento laborista e le forzas conservator e nationalista culminava in un guerra civil.

=== Le Guerra Civil de 1918 ===
In januario 1918, un Guerra Civil comenciava inter le «Rojos», associate al movemento laborista e socialista, e le «Blancos», qui representa­va le governamento e le forzas conservator.

Le Rojos recipeva supporto e armamentos desde le Russia bolchevic, durante que le Blancos recipeva supporto militar de Germania. Le conflicto involveva combats in plure partes del pais e provocava un grande numero de mortes, includente personas executate e decedite in campos de prisoneros.

Le guerra terminava in maio 1918 con le victoria del Blancos. Le conflicto lassava un profunda division social e politic que continua­va a influentiar le societate finnic durante plure decennios.

Post le guerra, le governamento adop­tava un constitution republicane in 1919. Le presidente recipeva competentias importante, durante que le Parlamento e le governamento deveniva elementos central del systema politic.

== Le Republica de Finlandia inter le guerras ==
=== Reconstruction e democratia ===
Durante le annos 1920, Finlandia se concentrava sur le reconstruction del economia e del institutiones. Le pais adoptava un systema politic multipartitic e developpava gradualmente le cooperation inter le partidos, ben que le memoria del Guerra Civil continuava a generar tensiones.

Le reforma agrari e le division de certe fundos contribuiva al formation de un societate rural con plus grande accesso al terra. Le industria del ligno, del papiro e del metallurgia cresceva, e le exportationes deveniva importante pro le economia.

Le education public e le administration national se developpava, durante que le finnese e le svedese manteneva status official in le quadro del Stato.

=== Le radicalismo politic ===
Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, Finlandia experimentava tensiones inter le democratia parlamentar e movimentos radical de derecta. Le movimento de Lapua, fundate in 1929, promoveva un forte anticommunismo e organiza­va actiones contra le movimento communista.

Le governamento adoptava mesuras contra le activitates communista, ma le systema parlamentar remaneva in vigor. Le rebellion de Mäntsälä in 1932, associate al movimento de Lapua e a elementos militar, esseva reprimite e marcava le limite del supporto institutional pro le insurrection.

Finlandia continuava a developpar un economia industrial e agricole, durante que le relationes con le Union Sovietic deveniva un questione central de securitate.

== Le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
=== Le Guerra de Hiberno, 1939–1940 ===
Le Guerra de Hiberno comenciava le 30 de novembre 1939, quando le Union Sovietic invadeva Finlandia. Le conflicto se produceva post le Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le demandas sovietic concernente le frontiera e le securitate de Leningrad.

Le fortias finnic resisteva durante 105 dies in conditiones hibernal extreme. Le defensa finnic, le uso del terreno e le difficultates logistic del exercito sovietic contribuiva al prolongation del guerra, ben que le Union Sovietic disponeva de un superioritate numeric e material.

Le guerra terminava per le Tractato de Moscova del 13 de martio 1940. Finlandia manteneva su independentia, ma debeva ceder circa 11% de su territorio, includente partes de Karelia. Circa 430 000 personas esseva displaciate e debeva esser reinstallate in altere partes del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/start-of-winter-war-commemorated-on-30-november |titulo=Start of Winter War commemorated on 30 November |sitioweb=Governamento de Finlandia |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Le Guerra de Continuation, 1941–1944 ===
In 1941, post le invasion germanic del Union Sovietic, Finlandia entrava de nove in guerra contra le Union Sovietic. Le conflicto es cognoscite como le Guerra de Continuation.

Finlandia collabora­va militarmente con Germania contra le Union Sovietic e recapturava territorios perdite in 1940, ma le objectivos del governamento finnic non coincideva in tote le aspectos con le planos germanic.

Le guerra se prolongava usque a 1944, quando le offensive sovietic e le deterioramento del situation militar conduceva a un armistitie. Finlandia acceptava retirar se del guerra contra le Union Sovietic e ceder altere territorios, includente Karelia oriental.

=== Le Guerra de Laponia ===
Le armistitie de 1944 exigeva que Finlandia expelleva le fortias germanic ancora presente in su territorio. Le retirada germanic transformava se in un conflicto armate, cognoscite como le Guerra de Laponia (1944–1945).

Le truppas germanic se retirava verso Norvegia e usava tacticas de terra bruciate, que causava destructiones extensive in le nord del pais. Plure citates e villagios esseva devastate, includente partes de Rovaniemi.

Le guerra terminava in 1945, ma le reconstruction del regiones septentrional requireva annos de travalio e investitiones.

== Finlandia post 1945 ==
=== Le tractatos de pace e le relationes con le Union Sovietic ===
Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Finlandia debeva acceptar conditiones de pace que includeva cessiones territorial, pagamento de reparationes e restrictiones militar. Le Tractato de Pace de Paris de 1947 formalizava le conditiones del pace.

Le pais conservava su independentia e su systema democratic, ma su politica exterior esseva fortemente influentiate per le proximita del Union Sovietic. Le governamento cercava mantener relationes stabile con Moscova durante que le institutiones democratic e le economia de mercato remaneva in vigor.

Le presidente Juho Kusti Paasikivi promoveva un politica orientate al maintenance de relationes functional con le Union Sovietic. Le successor, Urho Kekkonen, continuava iste orientation durante plure decennios.

Le politica exterior finnic deveniva cognoscite frequentemente como «finlandisation», un termino usate in le debatte international pro describer le adaptation de un Stato al potentia de un vicino plus potente. Le interpretation del termino e su application al caso finnic ha essite subjecto a debatte historic e politic.

=== Le developpamento del Stato social ===
Durante le annos 1950–1970, Finlandia experimentava un rapide industrialisation e urbanisation. Le agricultura perdeva gradualmente su position dominante, durante que le industria del ligno, del papiro, del metallurgia e del manufactura augmentava su importantia.

Le disveloppamento del education public, del services sanitari e del systemas de pension contribuiva al formation de un Stato social moderne. Le cooperation inter le sindicatos, le empleatores e le governamento facilitava le negotiationes salarial e le disveloppamento del protection social.

Le economia finnic se integra­va plus fortemente in le commercio international, e le exportationes industrial deveniva un del fundamentos del crescimento.

=== Le relationes nordic e international ===
Finlandia participa­va in le cooperation nordic con Svedia, Norvegia, Danmark e Islanda. Le cooperation includeva relationes economic, cultural e politic, e contribuiva al disveloppamento de institutiones commun.

In 1955, Finlandia deveniva membro del Nationes Unite. Le pais participa­va etiam in le Conferentia super le Securitate e le Cooperation in Europa, que conduceva al Acto Final de Helsinki de 1975. Le politica exterior finnic combinava le cooperation international con le attention al relationes con le Union Sovietic.

== Le fin del Guerra Frie e le integration europee ==
=== Le crise del initio del annos 1990 ===
Le disintegration del Union Sovietic in 1991 transformava le position international de Finlandia e provoca­va un crise economic importante. Le commercio con le Union Sovietic, que habeva representate un parte importante del exportationes finnic, se reduceva dramaticamente.

Le economia experimentava un recession, un augmento del disoccupation e difficultates in le systema bancari. Le governamento adoptava reformas economic e restructurava le politicas industrial e financiari.

Le crise accelerava le diversification del economia e le expansion de industrias basate sur technologia, telecom­munication e services.

=== Ingresso in le Union Europee ===
Finlandia presenta­va su candidatura al Union Europee post le fin del Guerra Frie. Un referendum national in 1994 approbava le accession, e le pais deveniva membro del Union Europee le 1 de januario 1995, insimul con Austria e Svedia.

Le integration europee augmentava le accesso al mercato interne e reforçava le cooperation economic e politic con le altere membros. Finlandia adoptava le euro como moneta in 1999, e le billetes e monetas entrava in circulation in 2002.

Le pais manteneva un systema politic national proprie e continua a participar in le debates europee super le economia, le securitate, le ambiente e le cooperation international.

== Finlandia in le seculo XXI ==
=== Technologia e transformation economic ===
Durante le initio del seculo XXI, Finlandia deveniva cognoscite pro su industria technologic, specialmente in le campos del telecommunication, del electronica e del software. Le compania Nokia habeva un rolo importante in le disveloppamento del industria mobile e in le expansion international del economia finnic.

Le transformation del industria e le evolution del mercatos international provocava tamen nove difficultates. Le pais cercava diversificar su economia, reforçar le innovation e adaptar le systema educational e industrial al nove technologia.

Le forestes, le industria del ligno e del papiro, le metallurgia e le servicios public continua a haber importantia, durante que le technologia e le servicios digital deveniva sectores significative.

=== Le accession al NATO ===
Durante plure decennios, Finlandia manteneva un politica de non-alignment militar, ben que illo coopera­va con le paises occidental e participa­va in le cooperation europee.

Le invasion russe de Ucraina in februario 2022 transformava le debatte finnic super le securitate. Le governamento e le Parlamento decideva demandar le accession al NATO, e Finlandia deveniva membro del Alliance le 4 de april 2023.

Le accession marca­va un transformation importante del politica de securitate finnic e reforçava le cooperation militar con le altere paises nordic e le membros del NATO. Le longe frontiera con Russia deveniva un elemento central del analyse strategic del pais.

== Societate e cultura contemporanee ==
Finlandia es un republica parlamentar con un presidente e un governamento responsabile ante le Parlamento. Le systema politic combina un democratia representativa con institutiones de Stato social e un administration public extensive.

Le linguas official national es finnese e svedese. Le lingua sami ha un position special in le regiones del nord, ubi vive parte del population indigene sami. Le historia del sami, lor cultura e lor derectos territorial face parte del debatte contemporanee super le diversitate e le recognition del populos indigene.

Le cultura finnic es influentiate per le traditiones nordic, le relationes con Svedia e Russia, le litteratura, le musica e le ambiente natural. Le Kalevala remane un obra importante del patrimonio cultural, durante que le design, le education, le musica e le cultura digital es elementos recognoscible del societate contemporanee.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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    <title>Historia de Estonia</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Estonia''' describe le evolution del territorio e del populo estonian desde le prime habitationes post le fin del ultime glaciation usque al formation del Republica de Estonia independente e su integration in le structuras europee e euro-atlantic. Situate al costa oriental del Mar Baltic, Estonia ha essite influentiate per su proximitate al Scandinavia, al mundo germanic e al Russia. Durante plure seculos, le territorio...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Estonia''' describe le evolution del territorio e del populo estonian desde le prime habitationes post le fin del ultime glaciation usque al formation del Republica de Estonia independente e su integration in le structuras europee e euro-atlantic. Situate al costa oriental del Mar Baltic, Estonia ha essite influentiate per su proximitate al Scandinavia, al mundo germanic e al Russia. Durante plure seculos, le territorio esseva sub dominio danese, germanic, svedese e russe, ante que le Republica de Estonia proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes del Union Sovietic e del Germania nazi durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, ma esseva restabilite in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitestonia.com/en/what-to-do/a-brief-history-of-estonia |titulo=A brief history of Estonia |sitioweb=Visit Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/estonia |titulo=Estonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Estonia esseva habitate poco post le reculo del glacieos al fin del ultime glaciation. Le vestigios archeologic indica que le prime communitates human se establiva in le region circa le millennio IX ante nostre era, quando le clima e le conditiones natural permitteva le occupation del costas e del zonas interior.

Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de plantas e altere ressources natural. Le costas, le fluvios e le numerosas insulas del Mar Baltic provideva ressources alimentari e vias de communication.

Durante le millennios sequente, le population developpava formas de agricultura, allevamento e habitation sedentari. Le uso del instrumentos de metallo se diffundeva gradualmente e le communitates local evolveva verso societates rural con traditiones e structuras social plus complexe.

Le lingua estonian pertine al familia de linguas finnicas del gruppo uralic. Su parentela linguistic con le finnese reflecte le historia longe del populationes del region baltic nord-oriental, ben que le identitates national moderne se developpava multo plus tarde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitestonia.com/en/what-to-do/a-brief-history-of-estonia |titulo=A brief history of Estonia |sitioweb=Visit Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societate e cultura ante le conquestas medieval ==
Ante le expansion del potentias christian del Europa occidental, le territorio estonian esseva inhabitate per communitates rural organisate in territorios e regiones local. Le societate se basava principalement super agricultura, allevamento, pisca e commercio regional.

Le religiositate traditional includeva cultos e credentias associate al natura, al ancestres e a locos considerate sacre. Le traditiones oral, le canto e le celebrationes stagional habeva un rolo importante in le transmission del cultura.

Le costa estonian manteneva relationes commercial con altere regiones del Mar Baltic. Le mercantes scandinave e altere viagiatores visitava le region, e le portos e insulas serviva como punctos de contacto inter le populationes del litoral.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le societates del region participava in redes de commercio e contacto que ligava le Scandinavia, le regiones slave e le territorios del Mar Baltic. Tamen, le population local non formava ancora un stato centralisate comparabile al regnos medieval del Europa occidental.

== Conquestas e christianisation in le seculo XIII ==
Le seculo XIII marcava un transformation profunde del historia de Estonia. Le expansion del potentias christian del Scandinavia e del Europa germanic conduceva a expeditiones militar contra le populationes del region. Le conquestas esseva accompaniate per le christianisation, le construction de castellos e le introduction de nove formas de administration e proprietate del terra.

In 1219, le rege Valdemar II de Danmark conduceva un expedition contra le costa nord de Estonia e prendeva le controlo de Tallinn e del territorios circumjacente. Le dominio danese in le nord esseva un del elementos principal del nove organisation politic del region.

Simultaneemente, le Ordine del Fratres del Militia de Christo, cognoscite como le Fratres del Espada, e altere potentias germanic expandiva lor controlo in le resto del territorio. Le conquestas conduceva al formation de structuras politic que esseva ulteriormente integrate in le Confederation Livon.

Le population estonian perdeva le autonomia politic que illo habeva possedite in le periodo anterior. Le grande proprietates e plure cargos administrative deveniva progressivemente controlate per nobiles germanic, durante que le major parte del population rural remaneva estonianophone.

Le christianisation transformava le vita religiose e institutional. Le ecclesias, le monasterios e le castellos deveniva elementos central del nove organisation territorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Estonia in le Confederation Livon ==
Durante le seculos XIV e XV, le territorio estonian esseva repartite inter differente potentias e structuras feudal. Le nord remaneva durante un periodo sub dominio danese, durante que le partes central e meridional esseva governate per potentias germanic e per le Ordine Livon.

In 1346, Danmark vendeva le Ducato de Estonia al Ordine Teutonic, que lo incorporava in le structura del dominio germanic del region. Le administration, le commercio e le vita urban esseva fortemente influentiate per le cultura germanic, specialmente in Tallinn e in altere centros commercial.

Le Liga Hanseatic, un rete de citates commercial del Europa septentrional, promoveva le commercio maritime e le integration del portos estonian in le economia del Mar Baltic. Tallinn deveniva un centro commercial importante, ligate al citates de Germania, Scandinavia e Russia.

Le population rural estonian continuava a esser subjecte a obligationes feudal. Le nobiles germanic exerceva un grande influentia super le proprietate del terra, le administration local e le relationes social.

Le Confederation Livon non esseva un stato unificate in le senso moderne, ma un insimul de territorios ecclesiastic, ordines militar e citates que compartiva certe structuras politic e commercial. Su equilibrio esseva finalmente destruite per le guerras del seculo XVI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Guerra Livon e le domination svedese ==
In 1558, le [[Russia]] initiava le Guerra Livon, que provocava le disintegration del Confederation Livon e le intervention de plure potentias regional. Le conflicto involveva Russia, Svedia, Danmark e le Union polono-lituan.

Le territorio estonian deveniva un campo de confrontation inter iste potentias. Le partes septentrional esseva progressivemente incorporate al dominio svedese, durante que le partes meridional passava sub le influentia del Union polono-lituan. Le insulas e altere territorios costal esseva etiam objecto de competition.

In 1561, Tallinn e le nobiles del nord de Estonia acceptava le protection del rege de Svedia. Iste evento marcava le initio del dominio svedese super le nord del territorio, que se extenderea ulteriormente a altere partes del region.

Durante le periodo svedese, le administration esseva reorganisate e le autoritates promoveva plure reformas. Le conditiones del population rural variava secundo le region e le proprietario del terra, ma le societate remaneva marcatemente hierarchic e le nobiles germanic conservava un influentia importante.

Le dominio svedese non eliminava le distinctiones social e ethnic, ma le administration royal exerceva un controlo plus directe super le territorio. Le guerras regional continuava a afectar le economia e le population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le dominio del Imperio Russe ==
Le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721) transformava de nove le equilibrio politic del Mar Baltic. Russia, sub le direction de Petro I, combatteva contra Svedia pro establir su position como potentia regional.

Le fortias russe occupava Tallinn in 1710, e le pace de Nystad de 1721 confirma le transferentia de grande parte del Estonia actual al Imperio Russe. Le territorio deveniva parte del governationes baltic del imperio, durante que le nobiles germanic conservava un grande parte de su privilegios e proprietates.

Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le societate estonian continuava a esser predominantemente rural. Le relationes feudal manteneva le major parte del paisanos in un position de dependentia. Le reformas del seculo XIX conduceva gradualmente al abolition del servitute personal: in le provincias estonian, le emancipation esseva introducite in 1816 e in le region livon in 1819, ben que le accesso al terra e al autonomia economic remaneva limitate.

Le administration russe augmentava su influentia politic e militar, ma le lingua e le cultura germanic continuava a haber un position importante in le elites urban e in le administration local. Durante le seculo XIX, le formation de un intelligentsia estonian contribuiva al disveloppamento de un identitate cultural national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Estonian ==
Durante le seculo XIX, le Despertamento National Estonian deveniva un movimento cultural e social que promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del population estonian. Le expansion del education e del publicationes in lingua estonian permitteva a un numero crescente de personas de participar in le vita cultural.

Le collection e publication de cantos traditional, le studio del folklore e le elaboration de un historia national contribuiva al construction de un identitate commun. Le lingua estonian, antea frequentemente marginalisate in le administration e in le education superior, deveniva gradualmente un instrumento de expression cultural e politic.

Le prime periodicos e obras litterari in estonian habeva un rolo importante in iste transformation. Le movimento cultural era accompaniate per le creation de societates, associationes e iniciativas dedicate al education e al cultura.

Un del eventos cultural le plus importante esseva le prime Festa del Canto Estonian, organisate in Tartu in 1869. Le tradition del festas del canto deveniva ulteriormente un elemento central del cultura national e un forma de mobilization collective.

Le Despertamento National non implicava immediatemente un demanda uniforme pro independentia, ma illo establi le bases cultural e linguistic del futuro stato estonian. Le disveloppamento de un identitate national distincte deveniva particularmente importante durante le crisis politic del Imperio Russe al initio del seculo XX.

== Revolutiones russe e le Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava protestas, manifestationes e conflictos in le provincias baltic. In Estonia, le agitation includeva demandas de reformas politic, melior conditiones social e plus grande recognition del lingua e del cultura estonian.

Le repression del autoritates russe esseva sever, e numerose participantes esseva arrestate, executate o obligate a exilar se. Tamen, le movimento national continuava a developpar se e le participation politic del population cresceva.

Le Prime Guerra Mundial initiava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le Imperio Russe. Le population estonian esseva mobilisate in le armea russe, durante que le guerra aggravava le problemas economic e politic del imperio.

Post le Revolution de Februario 1917, le nove autoritates russe concedeva un grado de autonomia administrative al provincias estonian e permitteva le formation de institutiones politic local. Le Assemblea Provincial Estonian deveniva un centro importante del aspirationes national.

Le Revolution Bolchevic de octobre 1917 e le disintegration del autoritate russe accelerava le crise. Le occupation german del partes del territorio in 1918 creava un situation in le qual le leaders estonian tentava proclamar un stato independente ante le establimento de un nove dominio estranier.

== Proclamation del independentia e Guerra de Independentia ==
Le Republica de Estonia esseva proclamate como stato independente le 24 de februario 1918, quando le Manifesto al Populos de Estonia esseva publicate. Le proclamation occurreva durante le retirada del autoritate russe e ante le consolidation del occupation german.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.riigikantselei.ee/en/national-holiday |titulo=National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, Independence Day |sitioweb=Riigikantselei – Government Office of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le occupation german impediva inicialmente le nove republica de exercer su independentia. Post le capitulation de Germania in novembre 1918, le Governo Provisori Estonian poteva reassumer su activitate, ma le fortias bolchevic russe initiava un invasion que menaciava le existentia del nove stato.

Le Guerra de Independentia Estonian durava de 1918 a 1920. Le fortias estonian combatteva contra le Armeate Rubie e contra altere actores militar, con supporto international que includeva assistentia britannic e cooperation con fortias finnic e altere alliatos regional.

Le guerra terminava con le Tractato de Pace de Tartu, signate le 2 de februario 1920 inter Estonia e Russia Sovietic. Russia renunciava a su pretensiones super Estonia e recognosceva su independentia. Le tractato establi le base juridic del relationes inter le duo paises durante le periodo interbellic.

Le guerra e le creation del institutiones national contribuiva al formation de un armea national, un administration public e un systema politic proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/world-war-i-and-the-war-of-independence/ |titulo=World War I and the War of Independence |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Estonia construeva un systema politic parlamentar e developpava su administration, su education e su economia. Le Constitution de 1920 establiva un systema parlamentar con un parlamento unicameral, le Riigikogu, e un executive que dependeva del majoritates parlamentar.

Le economia esseva basate super agricultura, industria in disveloppamento e commercio exterior. Le reforma agrari post le guerra reduceva le dominio del grande proprietates, specialmente illos ligate al nobiles germanic, e redistribueva terras a numerose agricultores estonian.

Le cultura national continuava a developpar se. Le lingua estonian deveniva le lingua del administration, del education e del vita public, e le nove institutiones cultural e academic contribuiva al consolidation del identitate national.

Tamen, le systema politic experimentava instabilitate governamental e conflictos inter partitos. In 1934, le Presidente e capite del governo Konstantin Päts declarava un stato de exception e suspendava parte del activitate politic. Le regime deveniva autoritari, con restrictiones al partidos e al libertate politic, ben que le stato continuava formalmente a esser le Republica de Estonia.

Le periodo interbellic terminava con le deterioration del situation international e le expansion del potentias totalitari in Europa.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le prime occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate in augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Estonia esseva assignate al sphera sovietic.

In septembre 1939, le Union Sovietic fortiava Estonia a acceptar un pacto de assistentia mutual que permitteva le stationamento de truppas sovietic in le territorio. In junio 1940, post nove pressiones e un ultimatum, le Union Sovietic occupava le pais e imposeva un nove governo.

Le annexion esseva formalmente integrate in le Union Sovietic in augusto 1940, e Estonia deveniva le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Estonia. Numerose membros del elites politic, militar, economic e cultural esseva arrestate, deportate o executate. Le prime deportationes massive includeva le deportation del 14 de junio 1941, quando milles de personas esseva transportate per fortia verso le interior del Union Sovietic.

Le Statos Unite e altere paises occidental non recognosceva le incorporation forcate de Estonia in le Union Sovietic. Le representation diplomatic estonian in le exterior continuava a operar durante le periodo de occupation, un facto que contribuiva al recognition del continuitate juridic del Republica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/estonia |titulo=Estonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic. Le fortias german attingeva Estonia durante le estate de 1941, e le territorio passava sub occupation german. Parte del population salutava inicialmente le expulsion del administration sovietic, ma le occupation german introduceva su proprie regime de repression e exploitation.

Le autoritates german administrava Estonia como parte del territorio occupate del Reichskommissariat Ostland. Le persecution del population judee esseva particularmente grave: le communitate judee estonian esseva quasi completemente destruite durante le occupation, per executiones e deportationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://vm.ee/en/news/75-years-end-second-world-war |titulo=75 years since the end of the Second World War |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le population estonian esseva etiam subjecte al recrutamento, al requisitiones e al altere obligationes del regime occupante. Le guerra divideva le societate e le familia, con personas que se trovava in le armeas german, sovietic o in formationes estonian.

In 1944, le fortias sovietic initiava un nove offensive in le region baltic. Le combattimentos causava destruction e deslocamento de population. Quando le fortias german se retirava, un gruppo de politicos estonian tentava de restabilir le independentia. Le governo de Otto Tief esseva constituite in septembre 1944, ma le reoccupation sovietic impediva le restablimento del republica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://vm.ee/en/news/75-years-end-second-world-war |titulo=75 years since the end of the Second World War |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Union Sovietic reoccupava Estonia e restabiliva le administration sovietic. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Estonia continuava a esser parte del Union Sovietic usque al restablimento del independentia in 1991.

Le autoritates sovietic collectivisava le agricultura, nationalisava le major parte del industria e transformava le structuras politic e economic. Le deportationes e le repression politic affectava le familias, le elites national e le communitates rural. Un del deportationes massive le plus importante occurreva in martio 1949, quando decenas de milles de habitantes del region baltic esseva deportate al Union Sovietic.

Le resistentia armate contra le autoritates sovietic includeva le Fratres del Foreste, gruppos de partisanos que operava in le zonas rural e forestal. Lor activitate continuava durante plure annos post le guerra, ben que le repression sovietic e le transformationes social reduceva gradualmente lor capacitate.

Le occupation transformava etiam le composition demographic del pais. Le industrialisation e le migration de personas proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic augmentava le population de origine non-estonian, specialmente in Tallinn e in altere centros industrial.

Malgrado le repression, le lingua, le traditiones cultural e le memoria del independentia remaneva importante pro multe familias. Le exilio estonian manteneva etiam le cultura e le representationes del Republica in plure paises occidental.

== Societate e cultura durante le periodo sovietic ==
Durante le periodo sovietic, le education e le industria esseva reorganisate secundo le modelo del Union Sovietic. Le lingua estonian continuava a esser usate in le education e in le vita cultural, ma le lingua russe acquireva un position importante in le administration, in le industria e in le communicationes inter le populationes del diverse republicas sovietic.

Le urbanisation cresceva, e le industria, le construction e le agricultura collectivisate deveniva partes importante del economia. Tallinn, Tartu e altere citates se expandiva, durante que le population rural diminuiva in certe regiones.

Le cultura national esseva subjecte a censura e controlo politic, ma le canto coral, le litteratura, le arte e le traditiones local continuava a preservar un identitate distincte. Le festas del canto, que habeva lor origines in le seculo XIX, manteneva un rolo importante in le vita cultural estonian.

Le memoria del independentia anterior e le insatisfaction con le systema sovietic deveniva plus visibile durante le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le annos 1980.

== Le Revolution Cantante e le restablimento del independentia ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de glasnost e perestroika in le Union Sovietic aperiva spatio pro un expression plus libere del revendicationes national. In Estonia, le protection del ambiente, le defensa del lingua e le reclamationes de autonomia se transformava gradualmente in le un movimento plus largemente politic.

In 1988, manifestationes e reuniones public reuniva un numero crescente de participantes. Le canto collective e le festas musical deveniva instrumentos de expression national e de mobilization non violente. Iste periodo es frequentemente appellate le Revolution Cantante.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, circa duo milliones de personas in Estonia, Latvia e Lituania participava in le Via Baltic, un catena human que connecteva Tallinn, Riga e Vilnius. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

In 1990, le institutiones estonian adoptava mesuras pro restaurar le continuitate del Republica independente. Le 20 de augusto 1991, durante le crise politic in Moscova, le Consilio Supremo de Estonia declarava le restablimento del independentia national. Le Union Sovietic recognosceva formalmente le independentia de Estonia in septembre 1991, e le pais reestabliva relationes diplomatic con numerose Statos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/estonia |titulo=Estonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reconstruction del stato independente ==
Post 1991, Estonia restaurava le institutiones del Republica e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution actual esseva approbate per referendario in 1992, e le prime electiones national del periodo restaurate permitteva le formation de nove organos del stato.

Le pais initiava un transformation economic verso un economia de mercato, con privatizationes, reformas monetari e le establimento de nove institutiones financial e administrative. In 1992, Estonia introduceva le corona estonian como moneta national, que remaneva in uso usque al adoption del euro.

Le reformas institutional includeva le reconstruction del administration public, le reorganization del systema juridic e le developpamento de relationes international. Le retirada del fortias russe, complite in 1994, marcava un passo importante in le consolidation del independentia.

Durante le annos 1990, le governamentos successive poneva un accentu super le integration europee, le cooperation con le Statos nordic e baltic e le participation in structuras international de securitate.

== Integration europee e euro-atlantic ==
Estonia se associava progressivemente al structuras europee e occidental post le restablimento del independentia. Le pais deveniva membro del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004 e entrava in le NATO le 29 de martio 2004. Le accession a iste organisationes marcava un nove periodo in su relationes international e in su cooperation economic e securitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/estonia_en |titulo=Estonia – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen le 21 de decembre 2007, e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2011, substituente le corona estonian. Iste transformationes reforçava le integration del pais in le systemas economic e institutional europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/estonia_en |titulo=Estonia – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration euro-atlantic esseva accompaniate per un attention crescente al securitate regional, specialmente in relation con le situation del Mar Baltic e le relationes con Russia. Estonia participa in le cooperation del NATO e del Union Europee e ha developpate capacitate national in defensa, securitate cibernetic e protection del infrastructuras digital.

== Economia digital e transformation technologic ==
Durante le annos 1990 e 2000, Estonia deveniva cognoscite pro le disveloppamento de servicios digital del stato e del economia. Le administration public introduceva progressivemente instrumentos electronic pro le identification, le declarationes fiscal, le servicios public e le communicationes con le institutiones.

Le disveloppamento de un infrastructura digital permitteva al citatanos e al interprisas de acceder a numerose servicios per internet. Le politicas digital esseva accompagnate per investimentos in education technologic, telecommunications e innovation.

In 2007, Estonia esseva affectate per un serie de attaccos cibernetic contra sitos del administration, bancos e altere institutiones. Le incidentes promoveva un attention international plus grande al securitate cibernetic e al protection del infrastructuras digital. NATO mentionava le attaccos como un exemplo del crescentia importantia del defense cibernetic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2008/02/04/estonian-president-visits-nato |titulo=Estonian President visits NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le economia contemporanee combina services digital, industria, commercio, logistica e cooperation economic con le paises del Union Europee e del region nordic.

== Memoria historic e patrimonio ==
Le memoria del occupationes del seculo XX, del deportationes e del resistentia forma un parte importante del memoria public estonian. Museos, archives, monumentos e institutiones cultural documenta le historia del independentia, le occupationes e le restablimento del Republica.

Le patrimonio historic include le centro medieval de Tallinn, monasterios, ecclesias, castellos e architectura rural. Le Ancian Citate de Tallinn esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO in 1997. Le Arco Geodetic de Struve, que passa per plure paises europee includente Estonia, esseva inscribite in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.kul.ee/en/cultural-heritage-and-digital-cultural-heritage/heritage-protection |titulo=Heritage Protection |sitioweb=Ministry of Culture of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festas del canto e le traditiones musical remane elementos importante del identitate cultural. Illos liga le cultura contemporanee al movimento national del seculo XIX e al mobilization del fin del periodo sovietic.

== Estonia contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Estonia es un republica parlamentar e un stato membro del Union Europee e del NATO. Su institutiones democratic, su economia digital e su position al costa oriental del Mar Baltic forma parte del quadro del su disveloppamento contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/estonia_en |titulo=Estonia – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le historia del pais continua a esser marcate per le relationes con le altere Statos del region baltic, le cooperation europee, le securitate del Mar Baltic e le preservation del lingua e del cultura estonian. Le experientia del occupationes e le restablimento del independentia remane punctos central del memoria historic national.

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Le '''historia de Estonia''' describe le evolution del territorio e del populo estonian desde le prime habitationes post le fin del ultime glaciation usque al formation del Republica de Estonia independente e su integration in le structuras europee e euro-atlantic. Situate al costa oriental del Mar Baltic, Estonia ha essite influentiate per su proximitate al Scandinavia, al mundo germanic e al Russia. Durante plure seculos, le territorio esseva sub dominio danese, germanic, svedese e russe, ante que le Republica de Estonia proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes del Union Sovietic e del Germania nazi durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, ma esseva restabilite in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitestonia.com/en/what-to-do/a-brief-history-of-estonia |titulo=A brief history of Estonia |sitioweb=Visit Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/estonia |titulo=Estonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Estonia esseva habitate poco post le reculo del glacieos al fin del ultime glaciation. Le vestigios archeologic indica que le prime communitates human se establiva in le region circa le millennio IX ante nostre era, quando le clima e le conditiones natural permitteva le occupation del costas e del zonas interior.

Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de plantas e altere ressources natural. Le costas, le fluvios e le numerosas insulas del Mar Baltic provideva ressources alimentari e vias de communication.

Durante le millennios sequente, le population developpava formas de agricultura, allevamento e habitation sedentari. Le uso del instrumentos de metallo se diffundeva gradualmente e le communitates local evolveva verso societates rural con traditiones e structuras social plus complexe.

Le lingua estonian pertine al familia de linguas finnicas del gruppo uralic. Su parentela linguistic con le finnese reflecte le historia longe del populationes del region baltic nord-oriental, ben que le identitates national moderne se developpava multo plus tarde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://visitestonia.com/en/what-to-do/a-brief-history-of-estonia |titulo=A brief history of Estonia |sitioweb=Visit Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Societate e cultura ante le conquestas medieval ==
Ante le expansion del potentias christian del Europa occidental, le territorio estonian esseva inhabitate per communitates rural organisate in territorios e regiones local. Le societate se basava principalement super agricultura, allevamento, pisca e commercio regional.

Le religiositate traditional includeva cultos e credentias associate al natura, al ancestres e a locos considerate sacre. Le traditiones oral, le canto e le celebrationes stagional habeva un rolo importante in le transmission del cultura.

Le costa estonian manteneva relationes commercial con altere regiones del Mar Baltic. Le mercantes scandinave e altere viagiatores visitava le region, e le portos e insulas serviva como punctos de contacto inter le populationes del litoral.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le societates del region participava in redes de commercio e contacto que ligava le Scandinavia, le regiones slave e le territorios del Mar Baltic. Tamen, le population local non formava ancora un stato centralisate comparabile al regnos medieval del Europa occidental.

== Conquestas e christianisation in le seculo XIII ==
Le seculo XIII marcava un transformation profunde del historia de Estonia. Le expansion del potentias christian del Scandinavia e del Europa germanic conduceva a expeditiones militar contra le populationes del region. Le conquestas esseva accompaniate per le christianisation, le construction de castellos e le introduction de nove formas de administration e proprietate del terra.

In 1219, le rege Valdemar II de Danmark conduceva un expedition contra le costa nord de Estonia e prendeva le controlo de Tallinn e del territorios circumjacente. Le dominio danese in le nord esseva un del elementos principal del nove organisation politic del region.

Simultaneemente, le Ordine del Fratres del Militia de Christo, cognoscite como le Fratres del Espada, e altere potentias germanic expandiva lor controlo in le resto del territorio. Le conquestas conduceva al formation de structuras politic que esseva ulteriormente integrate in le Confederation Livon.

Le population estonian perdeva le autonomia politic que illo habeva possedite in le periodo anterior. Le grande proprietates e plure cargos administrative deveniva progressivemente controlate per nobiles germanic, durante que le major parte del population rural remaneva estonianophone.

Le christianisation transformava le vita religiose e institutional. Le ecclesias, le monasterios e le castellos deveniva elementos central del nove organisation territorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Estonia in le Confederation Livon ==
Durante le seculos XIV e XV, le territorio estonian esseva repartite inter differente potentias e structuras feudal. Le nord remaneva durante un periodo sub dominio danese, durante que le partes central e meridional esseva governate per potentias germanic e per le Ordine Livon.

In 1346, Danmark vendeva le Ducato de Estonia al Ordine Teutonic, que lo incorporava in le structura del dominio germanic del region. Le administration, le commercio e le vita urban esseva fortemente influentiate per le cultura germanic, specialmente in Tallinn e in altere centros commercial.

Le Liga Hanseatic, un rete de citates commercial del Europa septentrional, promoveva le commercio maritime e le integration del portos estonian in le economia del Mar Baltic. Tallinn deveniva un centro commercial importante, ligate al citates de Germania, Scandinavia e Russia.

Le population rural estonian continuava a esser subjecte a obligationes feudal. Le nobiles germanic exerceva un grande influentia super le proprietate del terra, le administration local e le relationes social.

Le Confederation Livon non esseva un stato unificate in le senso moderne, ma un insimul de territorios ecclesiastic, ordines militar e citates que compartiva certe structuras politic e commercial. Su equilibrio esseva finalmente destruite per le guerras del seculo XVI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Guerra Livon e le domination svedese ==
In 1558, le [[Russia]] initiava le Guerra Livon, que provocava le disintegration del Confederation Livon e le intervention de plure potentias regional. Le conflicto involveva Russia, Svedia, Danmark e le Union polono-lituan.

Le territorio estonian deveniva un campo de confrontation inter iste potentias. Le partes septentrional esseva progressivemente incorporate al dominio svedese, durante que le partes meridional passava sub le influentia del Union polono-lituan. Le insulas e altere territorios costal esseva etiam objecto de competition.

In 1561, Tallinn e le nobiles del nord de Estonia acceptava le protection del rege de Svedia. Iste evento marcava le initio del dominio svedese super le nord del territorio, que se extenderea ulteriormente a altere partes del region.

Durante le periodo svedese, le administration esseva reorganisate e le autoritates promoveva plure reformas. Le conditiones del population rural variava secundo le region e le proprietario del terra, ma le societate remaneva marcatemente hierarchic e le nobiles germanic conservava un influentia importante.

Le dominio svedese non eliminava le distinctiones social e ethnic, ma le administration royal exerceva un controlo plus directe super le territorio. Le guerras regional continuava a afectar le economia e le population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le dominio del Imperio Russe ==
Le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721) transformava de nove le equilibrio politic del Mar Baltic. Russia, sub le direction de Petro I, combatteva contra Svedia pro establir su position como potentia regional.

Le fortias russe occupava Tallinn in 1710, e le pace de Nystad de 1721 confirma le transferentia de grande parte del Estonia actual al Imperio Russe. Le territorio deveniva parte del governationes baltic del imperio, durante que le nobiles germanic conservava un grande parte de su privilegios e proprietates.

Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le societate estonian continuava a esser predominantemente rural. Le relationes feudal manteneva le major parte del paisanos in un position de dependentia. Le reformas del seculo XIX conduceva gradualmente al abolition del servitute personal: in le provincias estonian, le emancipation esseva introducite in 1816 e in le region livon in 1819, ben que le accesso al terra e al autonomia economic remaneva limitate.

Le administration russe augmentava su influentia politic e militar, ma le lingua e le cultura germanic continuava a haber un position importante in le elites urban e in le administration local. Durante le seculo XIX, le formation de un intelligentsia estonian contribuiva al disveloppamento de un identitate cultural national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/from-ancient-times-to-the-20th-century/ |titulo=From ancient times to the 20th century |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Estonian ==
Durante le seculo XIX, le Despertamento National Estonian deveniva un movimento cultural e social que promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del population estonian. Le expansion del education e del publicationes in lingua estonian permitteva a un numero crescente de personas de participar in le vita cultural.

Le collection e publication de cantos traditional, le studio del folklore e le elaboration de un historia national contribuiva al construction de un identitate commun. Le lingua estonian, antea frequentemente marginalisate in le administration e in le education superior, deveniva gradualmente un instrumento de expression cultural e politic.

Le prime periodicos e obras litterari in estonian habeva un rolo importante in iste transformation. Le movimento cultural era accompaniate per le creation de societates, associationes e iniciativas dedicate al education e al cultura.

Un del eventos cultural le plus importante esseva le prime Festa del Canto Estonian, organisate in Tartu in 1869. Le tradition del festas del canto deveniva ulteriormente un elemento central del cultura national e un forma de mobilization collective.

Le Despertamento National non implicava immediatemente un demanda uniforme pro independentia, ma illo establi le bases cultural e linguistic del futuro stato estonian. Le disveloppamento de un identitate national distincte deveniva particularmente importante durante le crisis politic del Imperio Russe al initio del seculo XX.

== Revolutiones russe e le Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava protestas, manifestationes e conflictos in le provincias baltic. In Estonia, le agitation includeva demandas de reformas politic, melior conditiones social e plus grande recognition del lingua e del cultura estonian.

Le repression del autoritates russe esseva sever, e numerose participantes esseva arrestate, executate o obligate a exilar se. Tamen, le movimento national continuava a developpar se e le participation politic del population cresceva.

Le Prime Guerra Mundial initiava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le Imperio Russe. Le population estonian esseva mobilisate in le armea russe, durante que le guerra aggravava le problemas economic e politic del imperio.

Post le Revolution de Februario 1917, le nove autoritates russe concedeva un grado de autonomia administrative al provincias estonian e permitteva le formation de institutiones politic local. Le Assemblea Provincial Estonian deveniva un centro importante del aspirationes national.

Le Revolution Bolchevic de octobre 1917 e le disintegration del autoritate russe accelerava le crise. Le occupation german del partes del territorio in 1918 creava un situation in le qual le leaders estonian tentava proclamar un stato independente ante le establimento de un nove dominio estranier.

== Proclamation del independentia e Guerra de Independentia ==
Le Republica de Estonia esseva proclamate como stato independente le 24 de februario 1918, quando le Manifesto al Populos de Estonia esseva publicate. Le proclamation occurreva durante le retirada del autoritate russe e ante le consolidation del occupation german.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.riigikantselei.ee/en/national-holiday |titulo=National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, Independence Day |sitioweb=Riigikantselei – Government Office of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le occupation german impediva inicialmente le nove republica de exercer su independentia. Post le capitulation de Germania in novembre 1918, le Governo Provisori Estonian poteva reassumer su activitate, ma le fortias bolchevic russe initiava un invasion que menaciava le existentia del nove stato.

Le Guerra de Independentia Estonian durava de 1918 a 1920. Le fortias estonian combatteva contra le Armeate Rubie e contra altere actores militar, con supporto international que includeva assistentia britannic e cooperation con fortias finnic e altere alliatos regional.

Le guerra terminava con le Tractato de Pace de Tartu, signate le 2 de februario 1920 inter Estonia e Russia Sovietic. Russia renunciava a su pretensiones super Estonia e recognosceva su independentia. Le tractato establi le base juridic del relationes inter le duo paises durante le periodo interbellic.

Le guerra e le creation del institutiones national contribuiva al formation de un armea national, un administration public e un systema politic proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://esm.ee/en/exhibition/world-war-i-and-the-war-of-independence/ |titulo=World War I and the War of Independence |sitioweb=Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Estonian War Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Estonia construeva un systema politic parlamentar e developpava su administration, su education e su economia. Le Constitution de 1920 establiva un systema parlamentar con un parlamento unicameral, le Riigikogu, e un executive que dependeva del majoritates parlamentar.

Le economia esseva basate super agricultura, industria in disveloppamento e commercio exterior. Le reforma agrari post le guerra reduceva le dominio del grande proprietates, specialmente illos ligate al nobiles germanic, e redistribueva terras a numerose agricultores estonian.

Le cultura national continuava a developpar se. Le lingua estonian deveniva le lingua del administration, del education e del vita public, e le nove institutiones cultural e academic contribuiva al consolidation del identitate national.

Tamen, le systema politic experimentava instabilitate governamental e conflictos inter partitos. In 1934, le Presidente e capite del governo Konstantin Päts declarava un stato de exception e suspendava parte del activitate politic. Le regime deveniva autoritari, con restrictiones al partidos e al libertate politic, ben que le stato continuava formalmente a esser le Republica de Estonia.

Le periodo interbellic terminava con le deterioration del situation international e le expansion del potentias totalitari in Europa.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le prime occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate in augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Estonia esseva assignate al sphera sovietic.

In septembre 1939, le Union Sovietic fortiava Estonia a acceptar un pacto de assistentia mutual que permitteva le stationamento de truppas sovietic in le territorio. In junio 1940, post nove pressiones e un ultimatum, le Union Sovietic occupava le pais e imposeva un nove governo.

Le annexion esseva formalmente integrate in le Union Sovietic in augusto 1940, e Estonia deveniva le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Estonia. Numerose membros del elites politic, militar, economic e cultural esseva arrestate, deportate o executate. Le prime deportationes massive includeva le deportation del 14 de junio 1941, quando milles de personas esseva transportate per fortia verso le interior del Union Sovietic.

Le Statos Unite e altere paises occidental non recognosceva le incorporation forcate de Estonia in le Union Sovietic. Le representation diplomatic estonian in le exterior continuava a operar durante le periodo de occupation, un facto que contribuiva al recognition del continuitate juridic del Republica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/estonia |titulo=Estonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic. Le fortias german attingeva Estonia durante le estate de 1941, e le territorio passava sub occupation german. Parte del population salutava inicialmente le expulsion del administration sovietic, ma le occupation german introduceva su proprie regime de repression e exploitation.

Le autoritates german administrava Estonia como parte del territorio occupate del Reichskommissariat Ostland. Le persecution del population judee esseva particularmente grave: le communitate judee estonian esseva quasi completemente destruite durante le occupation, per executiones e deportationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://vm.ee/en/news/75-years-end-second-world-war |titulo=75 years since the end of the Second World War |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le population estonian esseva etiam subjecte al recrutamento, al requisitiones e al altere obligationes del regime occupante. Le guerra divideva le societate e le familia, con personas que se trovava in le armeas german, sovietic o in formationes estonian.

In 1944, le fortias sovietic initiava un nove offensive in le region baltic. Le combattimentos causava destruction e deslocamento de population. Quando le fortias german se retirava, un gruppo de politicos estonian tentava de restabilir le independentia. Le governo de Otto Tief esseva constituite in septembre 1944, ma le reoccupation sovietic impediva le restablimento del republica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://vm.ee/en/news/75-years-end-second-world-war |titulo=75 years since the end of the Second World War |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Union Sovietic reoccupava Estonia e restabiliva le administration sovietic. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Estonia continuava a esser parte del Union Sovietic usque al restablimento del independentia in 1991.

Le autoritates sovietic collectivisava le agricultura, nationalisava le major parte del industria e transformava le structuras politic e economic. Le deportationes e le repression politic affectava le familias, le elites national e le communitates rural. Un del deportationes massive le plus importante occurreva in martio 1949, quando decenas de milles de habitantes del region baltic esseva deportate al Union Sovietic.

Le resistentia armate contra le autoritates sovietic includeva le Fratres del Foreste, gruppos de partisanos que operava in le zonas rural e forestal. Lor activitate continuava durante plure annos post le guerra, ben que le repression sovietic e le transformationes social reduceva gradualmente lor capacitate.

Le occupation transformava etiam le composition demographic del pais. Le industrialisation e le migration de personas proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic augmentava le population de origine non-estonian, specialmente in Tallinn e in altere centros industrial.

Malgrado le repression, le lingua, le traditiones cultural e le memoria del independentia remaneva importante pro multe familias. Le exilio estonian manteneva etiam le cultura e le representationes del Republica in plure paises occidental.

== Societate e cultura durante le periodo sovietic ==
Durante le periodo sovietic, le education e le industria esseva reorganisate secundo le modelo del Union Sovietic. Le lingua estonian continuava a esser usate in le education e in le vita cultural, ma le lingua russe acquireva un position importante in le administration, in le industria e in le communicationes inter le populationes del diverse republicas sovietic.

Le urbanisation cresceva, e le industria, le construction e le agricultura collectivisate deveniva partes importante del economia. Tallinn, Tartu e altere citates se expandiva, durante que le population rural diminuiva in certe regiones.

Le cultura national esseva subjecte a censura e controlo politic, ma le canto coral, le litteratura, le arte e le traditiones local continuava a preservar un identitate distincte. Le festas del canto, que habeva lor origines in le seculo XIX, manteneva un rolo importante in le vita cultural estonian.

Le memoria del independentia anterior e le insatisfaction con le systema sovietic deveniva plus visibile durante le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le annos 1980.

== Le Revolution Cantante e le restablimento del independentia ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de glasnost e perestroika in le Union Sovietic aperiva spatio pro un expression plus libere del revendicationes national. In Estonia, le protection del ambiente, le defensa del lingua e le reclamationes de autonomia se transformava gradualmente in le un movimento plus largemente politic.

In 1988, manifestationes e reuniones public reuniva un numero crescente de participantes. Le canto collective e le festas musical deveniva instrumentos de expression national e de mobilization non violente. Iste periodo es frequentemente appellate le Revolution Cantante.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, circa duo milliones de personas in Estonia, Latvia e Lituania participava in le Via Baltic, un catena human que connecteva Tallinn, Riga e Vilnius. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

In 1990, le institutiones estonian adoptava mesuras pro restaurar le continuitate del Republica independente. Le 20 de augusto 1991, durante le crise politic in Moscova, le Consilio Supremo de Estonia declarava le restablimento del independentia national. Le Union Sovietic recognosceva formalmente le independentia de Estonia in septembre 1991, e le pais reestabliva relationes diplomatic con numerose Statos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/estonia |titulo=Estonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reconstruction del stato independente ==
Post 1991, Estonia restaurava le institutiones del Republica e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution actual esseva approbate per referendario in 1992, e le prime electiones national del periodo restaurate permitteva le formation de nove organos del stato.

Le pais initiava un transformation economic verso un economia de mercato, con privatizationes, reformas monetari e le establimento de nove institutiones financial e administrative. In 1992, Estonia introduceva le corona estonian como moneta national, que remaneva in uso usque al adoption del euro.

Le reformas institutional includeva le reconstruction del administration public, le reorganization del systema juridic e le developpamento de relationes international. Le retirada del fortias russe, complite in 1994, marcava un passo importante in le consolidation del independentia.

Durante le annos 1990, le governamentos successive poneva un accentu super le integration europee, le cooperation con le Statos nordic e baltic e le participation in structuras international de securitate.

== Integration europee e euro-atlantic ==
Estonia se associava progressivemente al structuras europee e occidental post le restablimento del independentia. Le pais deveniva membro del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004 e entrava in le NATO le 29 de martio 2004. Le accession a iste organisationes marcava un nove periodo in su relationes international e in su cooperation economic e securitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/estonia_en |titulo=Estonia – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen le 21 de decembre 2007, e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2011, substituente le corona estonian. Iste transformationes reforçava le integration del pais in le systemas economic e institutional europee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/estonia_en |titulo=Estonia – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration euro-atlantic esseva accompaniate per un attention crescente al securitate regional, specialmente in relation con le situation del Mar Baltic e le relationes con Russia. Estonia participa in le cooperation del NATO e del Union Europee e ha developpate capacitate national in defensa, securitate cibernetic e protection del infrastructuras digital.

== Economia digital e transformation technologic ==
Durante le annos 1990 e 2000, Estonia deveniva cognoscite pro le disveloppamento de servicios digital del stato e del economia. Le administration public introduceva progressivemente instrumentos electronic pro le identification, le declarationes fiscal, le servicios public e le communicationes con le institutiones.

Le disveloppamento de un infrastructura digital permitteva al citatanos e al interprisas de acceder a numerose servicios per internet. Le politicas digital esseva accompagnate per investimentos in education technologic, telecommunications e innovation.

In 2007, Estonia esseva affectate per un serie de attaccos cibernetic contra sitos del administration, bancos e altere institutiones. Le incidentes promoveva un attention international plus grande al securitate cibernetic e al protection del infrastructuras digital. NATO mentionava le attaccos como un exemplo del crescentia importantia del defense cibernetic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2008/02/04/estonian-president-visits-nato |titulo=Estonian President visits NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le economia contemporanee combina services digital, industria, commercio, logistica e cooperation economic con le paises del Union Europee e del region nordic.

== Memoria historic e patrimonio ==
Le memoria del occupationes del seculo XX, del deportationes e del resistentia forma un parte importante del memoria public estonian. Museos, archives, monumentos e institutiones cultural documenta le historia del independentia, le occupationes e le restablimento del Republica.

Le patrimonio historic include le centro medieval de Tallinn, monasterios, ecclesias, castellos e architectura rural. Le Ancian Citate de Tallinn esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO in 1997. Le Arco Geodetic de Struve, que passa per plure paises europee includente Estonia, esseva inscribite in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.kul.ee/en/cultural-heritage-and-digital-cultural-heritage/heritage-protection |titulo=Heritage Protection |sitioweb=Ministry of Culture of Estonia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festas del canto e le traditiones musical remane elementos importante del identitate cultural. Illos liga le cultura contemporanee al movimento national del seculo XIX e al mobilization del fin del periodo sovietic.

== Estonia contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Estonia es un republica parlamentar e un stato membro del Union Europee e del NATO. Su institutiones democratic, su economia digital e su position al costa oriental del Mar Baltic forma parte del quadro del su disveloppamento contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/estonia_en |titulo=Estonia – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le historia del pais continua a esser marcate per le relationes con le altere Statos del region baltic, le cooperation europee, le securitate del Mar Baltic e le preservation del lingua e del cultura estonian. Le experientia del occupationes e le restablimento del independentia remane punctos central del memoria historic national.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Lettonia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population latvian desde le prime habitationes post le fin del ultime glaciation usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate al costa oriental del Mar Baltic, Lettonia ha essite influentiate per le contactos con le Scandinavia, le mundo germanic, Polonia, Svedia e Russia. Durante plure seculos, su territorios esseva governate per potentias estranier, ante que le Republica de Lettonia proclamava su independentia le 18 de novembre 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupation sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, ma esseva restabilite in 1991. Lettonia deveniva membro del Union Europee e del NATO in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/belgium/history-of-latvia |titulo=History of Latvia |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lettonia esseva habitate circa 9000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime communitates human se establiva in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios, lagos e costas, ubi le chassa, le pisca e le collection de ressources natural constituiva le base del subsistentia.

Durante le millennios sequente, le populationes developpava agricultura, allevamento e habitationes plus stabile. Le uso del instrumentos de metallo se diffundeva gradualmente, e le communitates local developpava formas de organisation social basate super familias extendite e territorios regional.

Le populationes del region pertineva principalmente al mundo balto-finnic e balto, con le populos balto deveniente le ancestres linguistic e cultural del lettones e del lituanos. Le lingua letton pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee.

Le territorio esseva dividite in plure regiones populate per gruppos que le fontes historic posterior identifica como Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians e Curonians. Le Livonians, un populo de lingua finnica, habita­va specialmente certe partes del litoral e del estuario del Daugava.

== Societate balto e commercio in le Antiquitate e le prime Medievo ==
Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio del actual Lettonia viveva principalmente de agricultura, allevamento, pisca e commercio. Le regiones costal e le fluvios facilitava le communication con altere partes del Mar Baltic.

Le Daugava, un del principal fluvios del region, formava un via de communication importante inter le costa baltic e le territorios interior de Europa oriental. Le commercio per iste via connecteva le Scandinavia, le regiones slave e altere partes del Europa.

Le societates balto non formava un stato centralisate. Le territorio esseva organisate in regiones e communitates local, con elites e chefes regional que controlava le recursos e le fortificationes. Durante le prime seculos medieval, le contactos con le Scandinavia e le mundo slave cresceva, e le region deveniva un parte del redes commercial que ligava le Mar Baltic al Europa oriental.

== Le arrivata del germanos e le fundation de Riga ==
Durante le seculo XII, mercantes germanic, missionarios christian e guerreros comenciava a establir un presentia plus importante in le territorios del actual Latvia. Le expansion del christianitate in le region esseva accompaniate per expeditiones militar e per le formation de nove structuras politic e ecclesiastic.

In 1201, le episcopo Albert de Buxhoeveden fundava Riga, que deveniva un centro religiose, commercial e militar importante al estuario del Daugava. Le citate cresceva como porto e centro de commercio e deveniva un puncto central del expansion germanic in le region baltic.

Le conquestas esseva associate al activitate del Fratres del Espada, un ordine militar germanic create pro le conquesta e christianisation del populos balto. In 1237, post le disastre militar de Saule, le ordine esseva integrate in le Ordine Teutonic. Le conquesta e le christianisation del territorio esseva accompaniate per le construction de castellos, ecclesias e monasterios e per le establishment de un elite germanophone.

Durante le seculo XIII, le major parte del territorios del actual Lettonia esseva incorporate in structuras politic ligate al Ordine Teutonic, al episcopatos e al citates commercial. Le nobiles germanic deveniva le principal proprietarios del terra, durante que le population latvian remaneva in grande parte rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/belgium/history-of-latvia |titulo=History of Latvia |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/enlargement_new/applicants/pdf/latvia_profile_en.pdf |titulo=Latvia: Country Profile |sitioweb=Parlamento Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Livonia e le Liga Hanseatic ==
Durante le Medievo, le territorios del actual Lettonia e Estonia faceva parte de un insimul de dominios ecclesiastic, ordines militar e citates que esseva cognoscite como Livonia. Iste structura non esseva un stato unitarie, ma un rete de potentias regional que collaborava e competeva pro le controlo del territorio e del commercio.

Riga deveniva un membro importante del Liga Hanseatic, un rete de citates commercial del Europa septentrional. Le commercio maritime promoveva le disveloppamento de portos, mercatos e artesanatos, e liga­va le citates baltic al Germania, al Scandinavia e al altere regiones del Mar Baltic.

Le societate remaneva tamen hierarchic. Le nobiles germanic controlava grande parte del terra e del administration local, durante que le latvians, principalmente paisanos, esseva subjecte a obligationes feudal.

Le citates e le institutiones ecclesiastic usava largemente le german, durante que le lingua latvian continuava a esser le lingua del major parte del population rural. Iste distinction linguistic e social remaneva un elemento important del historia del region durante plure seculos.

== Le Guerra Livon e le partition del territorio ==
In 1558, Russia initiava le Guerra Livon, que provocava le disintegration del ordine politic medieval in Livonia. Le conflicto involveva Russia, le Union polono-lituan, Svedia e Danmark, cata un intendente extender su influentia super le territorio strategic del Mar Baltic.

Post le fin del guerra in 1583, le territorios del actual Lettonia passava sub differente dominios. Le parte meridional e occidental deveniva in grande parte parte del Ducato de Curlandia e Semigallia, sub le suzeranitate del Union polono-lituan. Le region de Livonia, includente Riga e Vidzeme, esseva ulteriormente disputate inter Polonia-Lithuania e Svedia.

Le guerras del seculos XVI e XVII causava destruction, crise economic e transformationes del administration. Le population local continuava a esser predominantemente rural e subjecte a un elite de proprietarios germanic, ben que le autoritates politic cambiava frequentemente.

== Le dominio svedese ==
Durante le guerras del seculo XVII, le Svedia extendava su controlo super le parte septentrional del actual Latvia. Post le guerra polono-svedese de 1600–1629, Riga e Vidzeme passava sub dominio svedese.

Le administration svedese introduceva reformas in le education, le ecclesia e le administration del territorio. Le autoritates promoveva le instruction religiosa e le publication de textos in lingua local, ben que le societate continuava a esser dominata per le proprietarios germanic.

Le periodo svedese es frequentemente associate al disveloppamento del education e del administration, ma le conditiones del population rural remaneva difficile. Le guerras, le epidemias e le obligationes feudal continuava a afectar le vita quotidian.

Le dominio svedese terminava in le prime decennios del seculo XVIII, quando le Grande Guerra del Nord transformava le equilibrio politic del region.

== Le Grande Guerra del Nord e le Imperio Russe ==
Le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721) opposeva Svedia a Russia e a altere potentias europee. Russia, sub Petro I, cercava a establir un position dominante in le Mar Baltic.

In 1710, le fortias russe prendeva Riga e le partes de Livonia que remaneva sub dominio svedese. Le Tractato de Nystad de 1721 confirmava le transferentia de iste territorios al Imperio Russe.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le partes del actual Lettonia esseva integrate gradualmente in le Imperio Russe. Le partitiones del Union polono-lituan in le fin del seculo addeva altere territorios al controlo russe, usque le major parte del actual Lettonia esseva incorporate in le imperio.

Le nobiles germanic conservava un grande parte de lor proprietates e privilegios, durante que le population latvian continuava a esser principalmente rural. Le emancipation del paisanos esseva introducite in le provincias baltic in le prime decennios del seculo XIX: le servitute personal esseva abolite in Livonia in 1819 e in Curlandia in 1817, ben que le accesso al terra remaneva limitate.

== Le Despertamento National Latvian ==
Durante le seculo XIX, le population latvian experimentava un transformation cultural e social importante. Le education, le publication de libros e periodicos in lingua latvian e le formation de un intelligentsia local contribuiva al disveloppamento de un identitate national.

Le movimento cognoscite como le Nove Latvians (Jaunlatvieši) promoveva le lingua, le litteratura, le folklore e le historia del populo latvian. Le studios del traditiones popular e le collection de cantos traditional deveniva instrumentos pro definir un cultura national distincte.

In 1873, Riga organisava le prime grande Festa del Canto Latvian, un evento que reuniava coros e promoveva le lingua e le musica traditional. Le festas del canto deveniva un tradition durabile e un elemento central del identitate cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.latvia.eu/our-dna/identity-history/ |titulo=Identity &amp; History – Latvia's Journey Through Time |sitioweb=Latvia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le industrialisation e le urbanisation transformava etiam le societate. Riga deveniva un importante centro industrial del Imperio Russe, con un population crescente e un classe operative que participa­va in movimentos social e politic.

== Le Revolution Russe de 1905 ==
In 1905, le Revolution Russe provocava greves, manifestationes e revoltas in le territorios latvian. Le movimento combinava demandas social, como le melioramento del conditiones de labor, con revendicationes national e opposition al dominio del Imperio Russe e al influentia del nobiles germanic.

In Riga e in altere localitates occurreva greves general e confrontationes con le autoritates. In le zonas rural, gruppos de paisanos occupava proprietates e incendiava edificios de proprietarios o de institutiones associate al administration imperial.

Le repression esseva sever. Le autoritates russe organisava expeditiones punitive, con executiones, arrestos e deportationes. Multe participantes del movimento esseva occidite o obligate a exilar se.

Ben que le revolution esseva reprimitte, illa accelera­va le disveloppamento del movimentos politic e national latvian. Le experientia de 1905 contribuiva al preparation del elites politic que plus tarde participa­va in le creation del stato independente.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial affectava profundemente le territorio del actual Latvia. Le combattimentos inter le fortias russe e germanic attingeva le regiones del Daugava e le zonas circum Riga. In 1915, le avance german obligava un grande parte del population a fugir verso le interior del Imperio Russe.

Le fortias russe organisava unitates militar formate per latvians, cognoscite como le Fusileros Latvian. Illes participa­va in le combattimentos del Fronte Oriental e deveniva un elemento importante del historia militar e politic del region.

Le guerra causava destruction del infrastructuras, perdita de population e crisis economic. Le Revolutiones Russe de 1917 e le disintegration del autoritate imperial creava un situation in le qual le leaders latvian poteva promover le autonomia e, ulteriormente, le independentia.

In 1917, le territorios latvian esseva dividite inter areas sub controlo russe e areas occupate per Germania. Le situation militar e politic rendeva difficile le formation immediate de un stato independente, ma le idea de un Lettonia soverano ganiava supporto.

== Proclamation del independentia ==
Le Republica de Lettonia esseva proclamate le 18 de novembre 1918 in Riga, post le capitulation german e durante le disintegration del Imperio Russe. Le Consilio del Populo Latvian formava un governo pro representar le nove stato e organisar su administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le independentia esseva tamen contestate per diverse fortias. Le bolchevicos tentava a establir un regime sovietic in Latvia, durante que altere formationes militar germanic e anti-bolchevic interveniva in le conflicto. Le nove republica debeva dunque defender su existentia durante un guerra complexe.

Le Guerra de Independentia Latvian durava de 1918 a 1920. Le fortias national latvian combatteva contra le Armeate Rubie e contra altere adversarios, con supporto international, includente assistentia britannic e cooperation con Estonia.

Le 11 de augusto 1920, Lettonia e Russia Sovietic signava le Tractato de Pace de Riga, per le qual Russia recognosceva le independentia e sovranitate del stato latvian. Le recognition de jure per le potentias alli­ate sequeva in januario 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lettonia developpava un systema politic parlamentar. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1922, establi un republica con un presidente e un parlamento unicameral, le Saeima.

Le vita politic esseva marcate per un grande numero de partidos e coalitiones, lo que rendeva difficile le formation de governamentos stabile. Le economia se basava super agricultura, industria, commercio e le importante porto de Riga.

Le reforma agrari redistributeva terras que antea pertineva a grande proprietarios, specialmente al nobiles germanic. Le education e le cultura national se developpava, e le lingua latvian deveniva le lingua principal del administration e del education public.

Le systema parlamentar esseva interrompite le 15 de maio 1934, quando le prime ministro Kārlis Ulmanis declarava un stato de exception, dissolveva le Saeima e prohibiva le partidos politic. Ulmanis assumeva un regime autoritari que durava usque le occupation sovietic de 1940.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que poneva Lettonia in le sphera de influentia sovietic. In octobre 1939, le governo latvian esseva obligate a acceptar un tractato de assistentia mutual que permitteva al Union Sovietic de stationar truppas e establir bases militar in le territorio.

Le 17 de junio 1940, le Armeate Rubie entrava in Latvia. Le governo esseva substituite e le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al formation de un parlamento que demandava le incorporation del pais al Union Sovietic. Le 5 de augusto 1940, Lettonia esseva incorporate in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Latvia.

Le prime anno del occupation esseva marcate per le destruction del institutiones del stato independente, le nationalisation del proprietates e le repression politic. Le deportation del 14 de junio 1941 portava milles de personas, includente familias integre, al campos e settlements special del Union Sovietic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.lvarhivs.gov.lv/dep1941/agram1.php?param=1 |titulo=Documents on the occupation of Latvia in 1940 |sitioweb=Latvian State Archives |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Statos occidental non recognosceva universalmente le annexion sovietic como legitime. Le diplomatas latvian in le exterior continuava a representar le Republica durante le periodo de occupation.

== Le occupation german e le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
In 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Latvia. Le administration german incorporava le territorio in le Reichskommissariat Ostland, insimul con altere regiones del Mar Baltic.

Le occupation german esseva marcate per le exploitation economic, le repression e le persecution del population judee. Le Holocaust in Lettonia causava le morte de un grande parte del communitate judee del pais. Le massacres esseva committite per unitates nazi e per collaboratores local, e numerose judee esseva occidite in executiones de massa o deportate a campos.

Le population latvian esseva etiam subjecte al recrutamento e a obligationes de labor. Le guerra divideva le societate inter personas que collabora­va con le autoritates german, personas que se opponeva al occupation e personas que se univa a formationes sovietic.

In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava le major parte del territorio latvian. Le guerra causava destruction, deslocamento de population e le fuga de numerose latvians verso le Germania e altere paises occidental.

== Le secunde occupation sovietic ==
Post le reoccupation sovietic in 1944, Lettonia remaneva parte del Union Sovietic usque al restablimento de su independentia in 1991. Le autoritates sovietic restabliva le structuras del Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lettonia e continua­va le nationalisation e le transformation del economia.

Le agricultura esseva collectivisate e le industria esseva reorganisate secundo le planos economic sovietic. Le migration de laboratores e familias proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic, specialmente Russia, augmentava le population russophone in Riga e in altere citates.

Le repression politic includeva arrestos, deportationes e le persecution de personas considerate adversarios del regime. Le deportation massive de martio 1949 affectava decenas de milles de habitantes del region baltic, includente familias rural accusate de opposition al collectivisation.

Le resistentia armate contra le autoritates sovietic includeva gruppos de partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, que continuava a operar in certe zonas rural post le guerra. Le repression et le transformation del societate reduceva gradualmente lor activitate.

Malgrado le controlo politic, le lingua latvian, le traditiones cultural e le memoria del independentia remaneva importante. Le exilio latvian manteneva organisationes cultural e representationes del Republica in plure paises occidental.

== Le Despertamento National e le Revolution Cantante ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lettonia, le movimentos pro le protection del ambiente, le recognition del historia national e le defensa del lingua latvian deveniva partes de un movimento plus largemente orientate al independentia.

Le Despertamento National Letton ganiava fortia durante 1987 e 1988. Le manifestationes, le reuniones public e le eventos musical promoveva le expression de un identitate national distincte. Le canto collective e le festas del canto deveniva symbolos del opposition non violente al dominio sovietic.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, al anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, le populationes de Lettonia, Estonia e Lituania participa­va in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Tallinn, Riga e Vilnius. Le action demonstra­va le unitate del movimentos independentista del tres paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 4 de maio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lettonia adoptava le declaration de restablimento del independentia, initiando un periodo de transition. Le 21 de augusto 1991, post le fallimento del tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova, le parlamento latvian proclamava le restablimento del independentia plenari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Republica restaurate post 1991 ==
Post le restablimento del independentia, Lettonia restaurava le continuitate juridic del Republica proclamate in 1918. Le institutiones democratic esseva reconstruite e le Constitution de 1922 esseva reintroducite.

Le pais initiava reformas economic e institutional pro transir del systema planificate sovietic a un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le creation de nove institutiones financial e le integration in le commercio international transformava le structura economic.

Le retirada del fortias russe esseva complite in 1994, un passo importante in le consolidation del independentia. Le governamentos successive promoveva le integration in le Union Europee e in le structuras de securitate euro-atlantic.

Le transition esseva accompaniate per difficultates economic e social, includente le restructuration del industria, le transformation del agricultura e le adaptation al nove institutiones democratic.

== Integration europee e euro-atlantic ==
Lettonia deveniva membro del NATO le 29 de martio 2004 e membro del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principales structuras politic, economic e de securitate del Europa contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/latvia-nato-22 |titulo=Latvia in NATO 22 |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Accordo de Schengen deveniva applicabile a Lettonia in decembre 2007, facilitante le movemento transfrontalier con le altere paises participante. Le 1 de januario 2014, Lettonia adoptava le euro, substituente le lats como moneta national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/article/latvia-marks-18-years-its-membership-european-union |titulo=Latvia marks 18 years of its membership in the European Union |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration europee esseva accompaniate per le modernisation del administration, le developpamento del economia digital e le cooperation con le altere Statos baltic e nordic. Lettonia participa in le institutiones del Union Europee e del NATO e exerce un rolo in le cooperation regional del Mar Baltic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua latvian e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le Festas del Canto e del Danza ha lor origines in le seculo XIX e continua a reunir coros, gruppos de danza e participantes proveniente de plure regiones del pais.

Le patrimonio historic include le centro historic de Riga, le architectura del citate, le castellos medieval e le traditiones rural. Le historia del occupationes del seculo XX, del deportationes e del Holocaust es documentate per museos, archives e monumentos memorial.

Le memoria del independentia de 1918 e del restablimento de 1991 ha un position central in le vita public. Le 18 de novembre es celebrate como le Die del Proclamation del Republica de Latvia, durante que le 4 de maio commemora le declaration de restablimento del independentia.

== Lettonia contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lettonia es un republica parlamentar, membro del Union Europee e del NATO. Su societate combina le traditiones del cultura latvian con le transformationes economic e technologic del periodo post-sovietic.

Le historia contemporanee del pais es marcate per le cooperation europee, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura national. Le experientia del occupationes e le restablimento del independentia continua a influentiar le memoria public e le conception del stato latvian moderne.

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Le '''historia de Lettonia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population latvian desde le prime habitationes post le fin del ultime glaciation usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate al costa oriental del Mar Baltic, Lettonia ha essite influentiate per le contactos con le Scandinavia, le mundo germanic, Polonia, Svedia e Russia. Durante plure seculos, su territorios esseva governate per potentias estranier, ante que le Republica de Lettonia proclamava su independentia le 18 de novembre 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupation sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, ma esseva restabilite in 1991. Lettonia deveniva membro del Union Europee e del NATO in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/belgium/history-of-latvia |titulo=History of Latvia |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lettonia esseva habitate circa 9000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime communitates human se establiva in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios, lagos e costas, ubi le chassa, le pisca e le collection de ressources natural constituiva le base del subsistentia.

Durante le millennios sequente, le populationes developpava agricultura, allevamento e habitationes plus stabile. Le uso del instrumentos de metallo se diffundeva gradualmente, e le communitates local developpava formas de organisation social basate super familias extendite e territorios regional.

Le populationes del region pertineva principalmente al mundo balto-finnic e balto, con le populos balto deveniente le ancestres linguistic e cultural del lettones e del lituanos. Le lingua letton pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee.

Le territorio esseva dividite in plure regiones populate per gruppos que le fontes historic posterior identifica como Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians e Curonians. Le Livonians, un populo de lingua finnica, habita­va specialmente certe partes del litoral e del estuario del Daugava.

== Societate balto e commercio in le Antiquitate e le prime Medievo ==
Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio del actual Lettonia viveva principalmente de agricultura, allevamento, pisca e commercio. Le regiones costal e le fluvios facilitava le communication con altere partes del Mar Baltic.

Le Daugava, un del principal fluvios del region, formava un via de communication importante inter le costa baltic e le territorios interior de Europa oriental. Le commercio per iste via connecteva le Scandinavia, le regiones slave e altere partes del Europa.

Le societates balto non formava un stato centralisate. Le territorio esseva organisate in regiones e communitates local, con elites e chefes regional que controlava le recursos e le fortificationes. Durante le prime seculos medieval, le contactos con le Scandinavia e le mundo slave cresceva, e le region deveniva un parte del redes commercial que ligava le Mar Baltic al Europa oriental.

== Le arrivata del germanos e le fundation de Riga ==
Durante le seculo XII, mercantes germanic, missionarios christian e guerreros comenciava a establir un presentia plus importante in le territorios del actual Latvia. Le expansion del christianitate in le region esseva accompaniate per expeditiones militar e per le formation de nove structuras politic e ecclesiastic.

In 1201, le episcopo Albert de Buxhoeveden fundava Riga, que deveniva un centro religiose, commercial e militar importante al estuario del Daugava. Le citate cresceva como porto e centro de commercio e deveniva un puncto central del expansion germanic in le region baltic.

Le conquestas esseva associate al activitate del Fratres del Espada, un ordine militar germanic create pro le conquesta e christianisation del populos balto. In 1237, post le disastre militar de Saule, le ordine esseva integrate in le Ordine Teutonic. Le conquesta e le christianisation del territorio esseva accompaniate per le construction de castellos, ecclesias e monasterios e per le establishment de un elite germanophone.

Durante le seculo XIII, le major parte del territorios del actual Lettonia esseva incorporate in structuras politic ligate al Ordine Teutonic, al episcopatos e al citates commercial. Le nobiles germanic deveniva le principal proprietarios del terra, durante que le population latvian remaneva in grande parte rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/belgium/history-of-latvia |titulo=History of Latvia |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/enlargement_new/applicants/pdf/latvia_profile_en.pdf |titulo=Latvia: Country Profile |sitioweb=Parlamento Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Livonia e le Liga Hanseatic ==
Durante le Medievo, le territorios del actual Lettonia e Estonia faceva parte de un insimul de dominios ecclesiastic, ordines militar e citates que esseva cognoscite como Livonia. Iste structura non esseva un stato unitarie, ma un rete de potentias regional que collaborava e competeva pro le controlo del territorio e del commercio.

Riga deveniva un membro importante del Liga Hanseatic, un rete de citates commercial del Europa septentrional. Le commercio maritime promoveva le disveloppamento de portos, mercatos e artesanatos, e liga­va le citates baltic al Germania, al Scandinavia e al altere regiones del Mar Baltic.

Le societate remaneva tamen hierarchic. Le nobiles germanic controlava grande parte del terra e del administration local, durante que le latvians, principalmente paisanos, esseva subjecte a obligationes feudal.

Le citates e le institutiones ecclesiastic usava largemente le german, durante que le lingua latvian continuava a esser le lingua del major parte del population rural. Iste distinction linguistic e social remaneva un elemento important del historia del region durante plure seculos.

== Le Guerra Livon e le partition del territorio ==
In 1558, Russia initiava le Guerra Livon, que provocava le disintegration del ordine politic medieval in Livonia. Le conflicto involveva Russia, le Union polono-lituan, Svedia e Danmark, cata un intendente extender su influentia super le territorio strategic del Mar Baltic.

Post le fin del guerra in 1583, le territorios del actual Lettonia passava sub differente dominios. Le parte meridional e occidental deveniva in grande parte parte del Ducato de Curlandia e Semigallia, sub le suzeranitate del Union polono-lituan. Le region de Livonia, includente Riga e Vidzeme, esseva ulteriormente disputate inter Polonia-Lithuania e Svedia.

Le guerras del seculos XVI e XVII causava destruction, crise economic e transformationes del administration. Le population local continuava a esser predominantemente rural e subjecte a un elite de proprietarios germanic, ben que le autoritates politic cambiava frequentemente.

== Le dominio svedese ==
Durante le guerras del seculo XVII, le Svedia extendava su controlo super le parte septentrional del actual Latvia. Post le guerra polono-svedese de 1600–1629, Riga e Vidzeme passava sub dominio svedese.

Le administration svedese introduceva reformas in le education, le ecclesia e le administration del territorio. Le autoritates promoveva le instruction religiosa e le publication de textos in lingua local, ben que le societate continuava a esser dominata per le proprietarios germanic.

Le periodo svedese es frequentemente associate al disveloppamento del education e del administration, ma le conditiones del population rural remaneva difficile. Le guerras, le epidemias e le obligationes feudal continuava a afectar le vita quotidian.

Le dominio svedese terminava in le prime decennios del seculo XVIII, quando le Grande Guerra del Nord transformava le equilibrio politic del region.

== Le Grande Guerra del Nord e le Imperio Russe ==
Le Grande Guerra del Nord (1700–1721) opposeva Svedia a Russia e a altere potentias europee. Russia, sub Petro I, cercava a establir un position dominante in le Mar Baltic.

In 1710, le fortias russe prendeva Riga e le partes de Livonia que remaneva sub dominio svedese. Le Tractato de Nystad de 1721 confirmava le transferentia de iste territorios al Imperio Russe.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le partes del actual Lettonia esseva integrate gradualmente in le Imperio Russe. Le partitiones del Union polono-lituan in le fin del seculo addeva altere territorios al controlo russe, usque le major parte del actual Lettonia esseva incorporate in le imperio.

Le nobiles germanic conservava un grande parte de lor proprietates e privilegios, durante que le population latvian continuava a esser principalmente rural. Le emancipation del paisanos esseva introducite in le provincias baltic in le prime decennios del seculo XIX: le servitute personal esseva abolite in Livonia in 1819 e in Curlandia in 1817, ben que le accesso al terra remaneva limitate.

== Le Despertamento National Latvian ==
Durante le seculo XIX, le population latvian experimentava un transformation cultural e social importante. Le education, le publication de libros e periodicos in lingua latvian e le formation de un intelligentsia local contribuiva al disveloppamento de un identitate national.

Le movimento cognoscite como le Nove Latvians (Jaunlatvieši) promoveva le lingua, le litteratura, le folklore e le historia del populo latvian. Le studios del traditiones popular e le collection de cantos traditional deveniva instrumentos pro definir un cultura national distincte.

In 1873, Riga organisava le prime grande Festa del Canto Latvian, un evento que reuniava coros e promoveva le lingua e le musica traditional. Le festas del canto deveniva un tradition durabile e un elemento central del identitate cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.latvia.eu/our-dna/identity-history/ |titulo=Identity &amp; History – Latvia's Journey Through Time |sitioweb=Latvia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le industrialisation e le urbanisation transformava etiam le societate. Riga deveniva un importante centro industrial del Imperio Russe, con un population crescente e un classe operative que participa­va in movimentos social e politic.

== Le Revolution Russe de 1905 ==
In 1905, le Revolution Russe provocava greves, manifestationes e revoltas in le territorios latvian. Le movimento combinava demandas social, como le melioramento del conditiones de labor, con revendicationes national e opposition al dominio del Imperio Russe e al influentia del nobiles germanic.

In Riga e in altere localitates occurreva greves general e confrontationes con le autoritates. In le zonas rural, gruppos de paisanos occupava proprietates e incendiava edificios de proprietarios o de institutiones associate al administration imperial.

Le repression esseva sever. Le autoritates russe organisava expeditiones punitive, con executiones, arrestos e deportationes. Multe participantes del movimento esseva occidite o obligate a exilar se.

Ben que le revolution esseva reprimitte, illa accelera­va le disveloppamento del movimentos politic e national latvian. Le experientia de 1905 contribuiva al preparation del elites politic que plus tarde participa­va in le creation del stato independente.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial affectava profundemente le territorio del actual Latvia. Le combattimentos inter le fortias russe e germanic attingeva le regiones del Daugava e le zonas circum Riga. In 1915, le avance german obligava un grande parte del population a fugir verso le interior del Imperio Russe.

Le fortias russe organisava unitates militar formate per latvians, cognoscite como le Fusileros Latvian. Illes participa­va in le combattimentos del Fronte Oriental e deveniva un elemento importante del historia militar e politic del region.

Le guerra causava destruction del infrastructuras, perdita de population e crisis economic. Le Revolutiones Russe de 1917 e le disintegration del autoritate imperial creava un situation in le qual le leaders latvian poteva promover le autonomia e, ulteriormente, le independentia.

In 1917, le territorios latvian esseva dividite inter areas sub controlo russe e areas occupate per Germania. Le situation militar e politic rendeva difficile le formation immediate de un stato independente, ma le idea de un Lettonia soverano ganiava supporto.

== Proclamation del independentia ==
Le Republica de Lettonia esseva proclamate le 18 de novembre 1918 in Riga, post le capitulation german e durante le disintegration del Imperio Russe. Le Consilio del Populo Latvian formava un governo pro representar le nove stato e organisar su administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le independentia esseva tamen contestate per diverse fortias. Le bolchevicos tentava a establir un regime sovietic in Latvia, durante que altere formationes militar germanic e anti-bolchevic interveniva in le conflicto. Le nove republica debeva dunque defender su existentia durante un guerra complexe.

Le Guerra de Independentia Latvian durava de 1918 a 1920. Le fortias national latvian combatteva contra le Armeate Rubie e contra altere adversarios, con supporto international, includente assistentia britannic e cooperation con Estonia.

Le 11 de augusto 1920, Lettonia e Russia Sovietic signava le Tractato de Pace de Riga, per le qual Russia recognosceva le independentia e sovranitate del stato latvian. Le recognition de jure per le potentias alli­ate sequeva in januario 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lettonia developpava un systema politic parlamentar. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1922, establi un republica con un presidente e un parlamento unicameral, le Saeima.

Le vita politic esseva marcate per un grande numero de partidos e coalitiones, lo que rendeva difficile le formation de governamentos stabile. Le economia se basava super agricultura, industria, commercio e le importante porto de Riga.

Le reforma agrari redistributeva terras que antea pertineva a grande proprietarios, specialmente al nobiles germanic. Le education e le cultura national se developpava, e le lingua latvian deveniva le lingua principal del administration e del education public.

Le systema parlamentar esseva interrompite le 15 de maio 1934, quando le prime ministro Kārlis Ulmanis declarava un stato de exception, dissolveva le Saeima e prohibiva le partidos politic. Ulmanis assumeva un regime autoritari que durava usque le occupation sovietic de 1940.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que poneva Lettonia in le sphera de influentia sovietic. In octobre 1939, le governo latvian esseva obligate a acceptar un tractato de assistentia mutual que permitteva al Union Sovietic de stationar truppas e establir bases militar in le territorio.

Le 17 de junio 1940, le Armeate Rubie entrava in Latvia. Le governo esseva substituite e le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al formation de un parlamento que demandava le incorporation del pais al Union Sovietic. Le 5 de augusto 1940, Lettonia esseva incorporate in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Latvia.

Le prime anno del occupation esseva marcate per le destruction del institutiones del stato independente, le nationalisation del proprietates e le repression politic. Le deportation del 14 de junio 1941 portava milles de personas, includente familias integre, al campos e settlements special del Union Sovietic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.lvarhivs.gov.lv/dep1941/agram1.php?param=1 |titulo=Documents on the occupation of Latvia in 1940 |sitioweb=Latvian State Archives |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Statos occidental non recognosceva universalmente le annexion sovietic como legitime. Le diplomatas latvian in le exterior continuava a representar le Republica durante le periodo de occupation.

== Le occupation german e le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==
In 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Latvia. Le administration german incorporava le territorio in le Reichskommissariat Ostland, insimul con altere regiones del Mar Baltic.

Le occupation german esseva marcate per le exploitation economic, le repression e le persecution del population judee. Le Holocaust in Lettonia causava le morte de un grande parte del communitate judee del pais. Le massacres esseva committite per unitates nazi e per collaboratores local, e numerose judee esseva occidite in executiones de massa o deportate a campos.

Le population latvian esseva etiam subjecte al recrutamento e a obligationes de labor. Le guerra divideva le societate inter personas que collabora­va con le autoritates german, personas que se opponeva al occupation e personas que se univa a formationes sovietic.

In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava le major parte del territorio latvian. Le guerra causava destruction, deslocamento de population e le fuga de numerose latvians verso le Germania e altere paises occidental.

== Le secunde occupation sovietic ==
Post le reoccupation sovietic in 1944, Lettonia remaneva parte del Union Sovietic usque al restablimento de su independentia in 1991. Le autoritates sovietic restabliva le structuras del Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lettonia e continua­va le nationalisation e le transformation del economia.

Le agricultura esseva collectivisate e le industria esseva reorganisate secundo le planos economic sovietic. Le migration de laboratores e familias proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic, specialmente Russia, augmentava le population russophone in Riga e in altere citates.

Le repression politic includeva arrestos, deportationes e le persecution de personas considerate adversarios del regime. Le deportation massive de martio 1949 affectava decenas de milles de habitantes del region baltic, includente familias rural accusate de opposition al collectivisation.

Le resistentia armate contra le autoritates sovietic includeva gruppos de partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, que continuava a operar in certe zonas rural post le guerra. Le repression et le transformation del societate reduceva gradualmente lor activitate.

Malgrado le controlo politic, le lingua latvian, le traditiones cultural e le memoria del independentia remaneva importante. Le exilio latvian manteneva organisationes cultural e representationes del Republica in plure paises occidental.

== Le Despertamento National e le Revolution Cantante ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lettonia, le movimentos pro le protection del ambiente, le recognition del historia national e le defensa del lingua latvian deveniva partes de un movimento plus largemente orientate al independentia.

Le Despertamento National Letton ganiava fortia durante 1987 e 1988. Le manifestationes, le reuniones public e le eventos musical promoveva le expression de un identitate national distincte. Le canto collective e le festas del canto deveniva symbolos del opposition non violente al dominio sovietic.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, al anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, le populationes de Lettonia, Estonia e Lituania participa­va in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Tallinn, Riga e Vilnius. Le action demonstra­va le unitate del movimentos independentista del tres paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 4 de maio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lettonia adoptava le declaration de restablimento del independentia, initiando un periodo de transition. Le 21 de augusto 1991, post le fallimento del tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova, le parlamento latvian proclamava le restablimento del independentia plenari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Republica restaurate post 1991 ==
Post le restablimento del independentia, Lettonia restaurava le continuitate juridic del Republica proclamate in 1918. Le institutiones democratic esseva reconstruite e le Constitution de 1922 esseva reintroducite.

Le pais initiava reformas economic e institutional pro transir del systema planificate sovietic a un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le creation de nove institutiones financial e le integration in le commercio international transformava le structura economic.

Le retirada del fortias russe esseva complite in 1994, un passo importante in le consolidation del independentia. Le governamentos successive promoveva le integration in le Union Europee e in le structuras de securitate euro-atlantic.

Le transition esseva accompaniate per difficultates economic e social, includente le restructuration del industria, le transformation del agricultura e le adaptation al nove institutiones democratic.

== Integration europee e euro-atlantic ==
Lettonia deveniva membro del NATO le 29 de martio 2004 e membro del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principales structuras politic, economic e de securitate del Europa contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=President of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/latvia-nato-22 |titulo=Latvia in NATO 22 |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Accordo de Schengen deveniva applicabile a Lettonia in decembre 2007, facilitante le movemento transfrontalier con le altere paises participante. Le 1 de januario 2014, Lettonia adoptava le euro, substituente le lats como moneta national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/article/latvia-marks-18-years-its-membership-european-union |titulo=Latvia marks 18 years of its membership in the European Union |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration europee esseva accompaniate per le modernisation del administration, le developpamento del economia digital e le cooperation con le altere Statos baltic e nordic. Lettonia participa in le institutiones del Union Europee e del NATO e exerce un rolo in le cooperation regional del Mar Baltic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua latvian e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le Festas del Canto e del Danza ha lor origines in le seculo XIX e continua a reunir coros, gruppos de danza e participantes proveniente de plure regiones del pais.

Le patrimonio historic include le centro historic de Riga, le architectura del citate, le castellos medieval e le traditiones rural. Le historia del occupationes del seculo XX, del deportationes e del Holocaust es documentate per museos, archives e monumentos memorial.

Le memoria del independentia de 1918 e del restablimento de 1991 ha un position central in le vita public. Le 18 de novembre es celebrate como le Die del Proclamation del Republica de Latvia, durante que le 4 de maio commemora le declaration de restablimento del independentia.

== Lettonia contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lettonia es un republica parlamentar, membro del Union Europee e del NATO. Su societate combina le traditiones del cultura latvian con le transformationes economic e technologic del periodo post-sovietic.

Le historia contemporanee del pais es marcate per le cooperation europee, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura national. Le experientia del occupationes e le restablimento del independentia continua a influentiar le memoria public e le conception del stato latvian moderne.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union con Polonia, le partitiones del Confederation Polon...”</comment>
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Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union con Polonia, le partitiones del Confederation Polono-Lituan e le incorporation al Imperio Russe, le pais proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial e esseva restabilite in 1990. Lituania deveniva membro del Union Europee e del NATO in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lituania esseva habitate circa 12 000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de ressources natural, in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios e zonas paludose.

Inter circa 3000 e 2500 a.C., populationes balto-indoeuropee se establiva in le region. Durante le seculos sequente, le gruppos balto developpava linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation social que formava le base del identitate cultural del lituanos e de altere populos balto.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio esseva organisate in communitates rural e territorios regional. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio e le exploitation del forestes constitueva partes importante del economia.

Le societates balto manteneva contactos con le Scandinavia, le populos slave e altere communitates del Mar Baltic. Le commercio e le contactos cultural contribuiva al disveloppamento de elites local e de structuras politic regional.

Le lingua lituan pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee e conserva plure characteristicas linguistic ancian. Su historia es intimemente ligate al evolution del populos balto e al formation del identitate national lituan.

== Le tribos balto e le prime mentiones historic ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le territorio del actual Latvia esseva inhabitate per differente gruppos balto, inter illes le lituanos, le samogitianos e le aukštaitianos. Le populationes del region practicava religiones traditional politeiste e manteneva structuras social basate super communitates rural e elites guerrier.

Le prime missiones christian del Europa occidental attingeva le region durante le seculo X. Le annales de Quedlinburg mentiona le nomine de Lituania in 1009, in relation con le mission del sancte Bruno de Querfurt, qui esseva occidite durante su activitate missionari in le region.

Le mention de 1009 constitue un del prime referentias scripte cognoscite al nomine de Lituania. Durante le seculos sequente, le pression exercite per le Ordine Teutonic e le Ordine Livon contribuiva al consolidation de un potentia politic lituan capabile de coordinar le defensa del territorios balto.

== Formation del Grande Ducato de Lituania ==
Durante le seculo XIII, le tribos lituan comenciava a esser reunite sub un autoritate politic plus centralisate. Le expansion del ordines militar christian e lor expeditiones contra le populos balto contribuiva al consolidation del potentia del chefes lituan.

Le figura central del prime stato lituan esseva Mindaugas, qui unificava plure territorios e deveniva rege. Le 6 de julio 1253, ille esseva coronate rege de Lituania, un evento considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del stato lituan. Le corona real reflecteva le recognition del nove monarchia in le quadro politic del Europa occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le morte de Mindaugas, le structura politic continuava a evolver. Durante le regno de Gediminas in le prime parte del seculo XIV, le Grande Ducato extendava su influentia e developpava relationes diplomatic con altere statos europee.

Gediminas promoveva le disveloppamento de Vilnius como centro politic e invitava mercantes, artesanos e religiosos estranier a establir se in su territorios. Le Grande Ducato combinava populationes balto e slave oriental e incorporava territorios que hodie pertine a Lituania, Belarus, Ucraina e partes de altere paises vicin.

Le expansion esseva continuate per le successores de Gediminas. Durante le regno de Algirdas e Kęstutis, le Grande Ducato deveniva un potentia regional importante, capace de resister al expansion del principatos russe e del Ordine Teutonic.

== Expansion e apogeo del Grande Ducato ==
Durante le seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, le Grande Ducato de Lituania attingeva su plus grande extension territorial. Su dominio se extendeva del Mar Baltic verso le regiones del Mar Nigre e includeva grande partes del Europa oriental.

Le expansion esseva accompaniate per un grande diversitate linguistic, religiose e cultural. Le population includeva lituanos, rutenos, judéos e altere communitates. In multe territorios orientales, le christianitate orthodoxe habeva un position importante, durante que le elites del nucleo lituan continuava a mantener le religiositate traditional usque al fin del seculo XIV.

Le regno de Vytautas le Grande, durante le fin del seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, esseva un periodo importante del consolidation politic. Vytautas reforçava le administration, promoveva le cooperation militar e participa­va al expansion del influentia lituan in le Europa oriental.

Le Batalla de Žalgiris, cognoscite etiam como Batalla de Grunwald, occurreva le 15 de julio 1410. Le fortias del Grande Ducato e del Regno de Polonia, sub le direction de Vytautas e del rege polonese Jogaila, vinceva contra le Ordine Teutonic. Le victoria reduceva le capacitate del Ordine de dominar le territorios del Mar Baltic e confirmava le position del union polono-lituan como potentia major in Europa central e oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union con Polonia e christianisation ==
Le relationes inter Lituania e Polonia deveniva progressivemente plus proxime durante le seculo XIV. In 1385, le Union de Krewo establi un accordo que ligava le Grande Ducato al Regno de Polonia. Le gran-duca Jogaila esseva baptisate como catholic, maritava le regina Jadwiga de Polonia e deveniva rege de Polonia sub le nomine de Władysław II Jagiełło.

In 1387, Lituania adoptava officialmente le christianitate catholic in le nucleo lituan, un transformation que contribuiva al integration del stato in le institutiones religiose e politic del Europa occidental. Le christianisation promoveva le establimento de ecclesias, le disveloppamento del education e le diffusion de nove formas de administration.

Tamen, le union con Polonia non significava le elimination del independentia del Grande Ducato. Lituania conservava su proprie institutiones, legislation e administration, durante que le relationes dinastic e militar inter le duo statos se fortificava.

Le nobiles lituan obteneva gradualmente privilegios juridic e politic. Le elite adoptava progressivemente elementos del cultura polonese, specialmente in le administration e in le education superior, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate per le population e in plure traditiones cultural.

== Le Union de Lublin e le Confederation Polono-Lituan ==
In 1569, le Union de Lublin establi le Confederation Polono-Lituan, un union politic inter le Regno de Polonia e le Grande Ducato de Lituania. Le duo statos condivideva un monarcha e un parlamento commun, ma le Grande Ducato conservava su proprie institutiones, su legislation e un parte importante de su administration.

Le union respondeva al necessitate de coordinar le defense e le politica exterior, specialmente in un periodo de competition con Russia. Tamen, le formation del Confederation implicava etiam le transferentia de grande territorios del Grande Ducato al Corona polonese.

Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Grande Ducato developpava un tradition juridic importante. Le Statutos de Lituania, promulgate in 1529, 1566 e 1588, organisava le legislation e le administration del territorio. Le Statuto de 1588 manteneva explicitemente le distinction juridic inter le Grande Ducato e le Corona del Regno de Polonia.

Le cultura del Grande Ducato esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le catholicismo, le orthodoxia e le judaismo habeva un presentia importante, e le citates como Vilnius deveniva centros de education, commercio e vita intellectual.

== Cultura, education e religion durante le seculos XVI e XVII ==
Le periodo del Grande Ducato esseva marcate per le expansion del education, del litteratura e del institutiones religiose. Le Universitate de Vilnius esseva fundate in 1579, sub le jesuitas, e deveniva un del principal centros de education superior del Europa oriental.

Le publicationes in lingua lituan comenciava a augmentar. In 1547, Martynas Mažvydas publicava le prime libro stampate in lingua lituan, un catechismo que constitue un momento importante del historia del litteratura lituan.

Le Reforma protestante e le Contrareforma catholic influentiava le vita religiose del Grande Ducato. Le lutheranismo e le calvinismo ganiava adherentes in certe sectores, specialmente inter le nobiles e in le citates, durante que le ecclesia catholic reforçava su institutiones e su activitate educational.

Le lingua polonese ganiava influentia inter le elites, ma le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate in le cultura popular e in le publicationes religiose. Le diversitate linguistic e religiose remaneva un del characteristicas principal del Grande Ducato.

== Guerras e declino del Confederation ==
Durante le seculo XVII, le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva affectate per guerras contra Russia, Svedia e altere potentias regional. Le Guerra Russo-Polonese de 1654–1667 causava destruction in grande partes del Grande Ducato e affectava profundemente Vilnius e altere centros urban.

In 1655, fortias russe occupava Vilnius, e le guerra provocava perdas demographic e economic importante. Le guerras con Svedia e le conflictos interne debilitava le capacitate del Confederation de defender su territorios.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le debilitate politic del Confederation cresceva. Le systema parlamentar, le conflictos inter magnates e le interventiones estranier limitava le capacitate del stato de reformar su institutiones.

Le Constitution del 3 de maio 1791, adoptate per le Confederation, tentava a reformar le systema politic e a reforçar le autoritate central. Tamen, le reformas non impediva le partitiones del stato inter Russia, Prussia e Austria.

== Partitiones del Confederation e dominio russe ==
Le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva dividite per tres partitiones, in 1772, 1793 e 1795. Post le ultime partition, le Grande Ducato de Lituania cessava de existir como stato independente e le major parte del territorio lituan passava sub dominio del Imperio Russe.

Le autoritates russe reorganisava le administration e promoveva le integration del territorio in le structura imperial. Le lingua polonese remaneva importante inter le elites, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate principalmente in le communitates rural.

Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per plure insurrectiones contra le dominio russe. Le insurrectiones de 1830–1831 e 1863–1864 involveva participantes de Lituania, Polonia e Belarus, qui reclamava le restauration del independentia o de un porod politic plus autonome.

Le repression del insurrectiones esseva accompaniate per arrestos, exilios e mesuras de russification. Le autoritates limitava le uso del lingua lituan in le education e in le publicationes public. In 1864, le administration russe prohibiva le publication de libros lituan in characteres latin, un prohibition que durava usque a 1904.

Le prohibition provocava le apparition del contrabanda de libros lituan, per le qual libros imprimite in Prussia oriental esseva introducite clandestinemente in Lituania. Le portatores de libros, cognoscite como knygnešiai, contribuiva al preservation del lingua e al disveloppamento del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Lituan ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX, un movimento cultural e national lituan promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del populo. Le publicationes clandestin e le activitate de intellectuales contribuiva al creation de un identitate national distincte.

Le jornal Aušra, fundate in 1883, habeva un rolo importante in le promotion del lingua lituan e del idea de un communitate national. Altere publicationes e societates cultural diffundeva le education, le folklore e le memoria historic.

Le abolition del prohibition del libros in characteres latin in 1904 permitteva un expansion del publicationes legal in lingua lituan. Le movementos national comenciava a participar plus directemente in le vita politic e a demandar autonomia e, gradualmente, independentia.

Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava manifestationes e agitation politic in Lituania. In 1905, le Grande Seimas de Vilnius reuni representantes de differente partes del societate e demandava un autonomia politic pro Lituania. Iste incontro esseva un passo importante in le transformation del movimento cultural in un movimento politic national.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le declaration de independentia ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le territorio lituan. In 1915, le fortias german occupava le region e le autoritates del Imperio Russe se retirava. Le occupation german introduceva un administration militar que controlava le economia, le transporto e le vita public.

Durante le guerra, le leaders lituan cercava a obtener un recognition international del derecto del pais a devenir independente. Le 16 de februario 1918, le Consilio de Lituania proclamava le restablimento de un stato independente, basate super principios democratic e con Vilnius como capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le proclamation occurreva durante le occupation german, e le nove stato debeva ancora establir su institutiones e defender su territorio. Post le fin del guerra, Lituania esseva confrontate con conflitos contra fortias bolchevic, polonese e altere formationes militar.

== Le Guerra de Independentia ==
Durante le annos 1918–1920, Lituania combatteva pro mantener su independentia contra le fortias bolchevic e contra altere actores regional. Le guerra includeva etiam conflictos con Polonia concernente le controlo de Vilnius e del territorios circumjacente.

Le fortias polonese occupava Vilnius in 1920, e le citate remaneva sub administration polonese durante le periodo interbellic. Le governamento lituan continuava a considerar Vilnius como su capital constitutional, durante que Kaunas deveniva le sede temporari del institutiones del Republica.

Le independentia esseva consolidata per le recognition international e per le formation de un administration, un armea e un systema juridic proprie. Le prime annos del stato esseva tamen marcate per le instabilitate regional e per le necessitate de reconstruer le economia post le guerra.

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lituania adoptava un systema parlamentar e organisava su institutiones national. Le Constitution de 1922 establi un republica democratic, ma le conflictos inter partidos e le difficultates economic contribuiva a un instabilitate politic.

Le 17 de decembre 1926, un colpo de stato militar conduceva al poter Antanas Smetona, qui establiva un regime autoritari. Le partidos politic esseva limitate e le governamento exerceva un controlo crescente super le vita public, ben que le stato continuava a mantener su independentia international.

Le economia lituan se basava principalmente super agricultura e le exportation de productos agricultural, specialmente lacteos, carne e cereales. Le education, le lingua national e le institutiones cultural continuava a developpar se, e Kaunas deveniva un centro important del vita politic e cultural.

Le questione de Vilnius remaneva un del problemas central del politica exterior. Le relationes con Polonia esseva tensionate, e le frontiera inter le duo paises esseva un subjecto de disputa usque al ultimatum polonese de 1938, post le qual le relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Lituania esseva initialmente assignate al sphera german, ma un accordo posterior in septembre 1939 la transferiva al sphera sovietic.

In octobre 1939, le Union Sovietic transferiva Vilnius al Lituania post le occupation del citate, ma le accordo esseva accompaniate per le obligation de permitter bases militar sovietic in le territorio.

Le 15 de junio 1940, le Union Sovietic occupava Lituania e imposeva un nove governamento. Le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al incorporation del pais in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lituania in augusto 1940.

Le prime periodo del occupation esseva marcate per nationalisationes, arrestos e deportationes. In junio 1941, milles de lituanos esseva deportate al regiones remote del Union Sovietic, includente Siberia. Le institutiones del stato independente esseva dissolute e le vita politic esseva submittite al controlo del Partito Communista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german e le Holocaust ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Lituania. Le administration german esseva accompaniate per un persecution systematic del population judee, que habeva un longa historia in le citates e communitates lituan.

Le Holocaust in Lituania causava le morte de circa 200 000 judéos lituan, un parte major del communitate judee del pais. Le executiones esseva frequentemente realisate in le proprie territorio, per unitates german e collaboratores local. Altere personas esseva deportate a campos de concentration e de labor.

Le occupation german introduceva etiam le exploitation economic e le recrutamento de laboratores. Le societate lituan esseva dividite inter personas que collaborava con le autoritates occupante, personas que resisteva e personas que tentava surviver in conditiones extrememente difficile.

Le guerra e le Holocaust transformava profundemente le demographia del pais. Le communitates judee, que habeva contribute significativemente al vita cultural e economic de plure citates lituan, esseva quasi completemente destruite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava Lituania e restabliva le regime sovietic. Le Union Sovietic reprendeva le collectivisation del agricultura, le nationalisation del industria e le repression contra personas considerate adversarios politic.

Le deportationes massive e le arrestos affectava familias rural, intellectuales, religiosos e altere gruppos. Le resistance armate contra le regime sovietic esseva conduite per partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, qui continuava a operar in le zonas forestal durante plure annos post le guerra.

Le resistentia esseva progressivemente reprimite per le servicios de securitate sovietic, ma le memoria del independentia e le aspirationes national remaneva vivente in partes del societate.

Durante le periodo sovietic, Lituania experimentava industrialisation, urbanisation e migrationes de population proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic. Le lingua lituan remaneva tamen importante in le education, le litteratura e le cultura, ben que le vita public esseva sub le controlo politic del regime.

Le ecclesia catholic lituan habeva un rolo particular in le preservation del identitate national e in le opposition moral al regime. Le publication clandestin de textos religiose e de samizdat documentava le repression e susteneva le dissidentia.

== Le Despertamento National e le Via Baltic ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lituania, le movimento national ganiava fortia e promoveva le restoration del independentia.

In 1988 esseva fundate Sąjūdis, le Movimento de Reforma Lituan, que reuniva intellectuales, artistas, activistas e altere sectores del societate. Le movimento reclamava reformas democratic, recognition del historia national e, progressivemente, independentia.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, le populationes de Lituania, Latvia e Estonia participa­va in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Vilnius, Riga e Tallinn. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava le recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

Le mobilization popular e le pression politic contribueva al transformation del institutiones e al preparation del declaration de independentia. Le movimento lituan deveniva un del elementos principal del disintegration del Union Sovietic.

== Restablimento del independentia ==
Le 11 de martio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lituania adoptava le Acto de Restablimento del Stato Lituan Independente. Lituania deveniva le prime republica sovietic a declarar formalmente le restablimento de su independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Union Sovietic non recognosceva immediatemente le declaration e initiava mesuras economic e politic contra le nove autoritates lituan. In januario 1991, fortias sovietic interveniva in Vilnius e in altere localitates. Le assalto al centro televisive e al torre de television de Vilnius le 13 de januario causava le morte de 14 civiles e le lesiones de centos de personas.

Le resistance popular e le pression international contribueva al protection del nove institutiones. Post le tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le independentia lituan esseva recognoscite per plure Statos, includente le Union Sovietic in septembre 1991.

Le restablimento del independentia permitteva al pais de reconstruer su institutiones democratic, de reformar su economia e de establir relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de paises.

== Reconstruction del stato e reformas economic ==
Durante le annos 1990, Lituania reconstruiva su systema politic e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution de 1992 establi un republica parlamentar con un presidente eligite e un Seimas unicameral.

Le economia esseva transformate desde un systema planificate sovietic verso un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le reforma del moneta e le creation de institutiones economic proprie requireva cambios profunde in le industria, le agricultura e le servicios.

Le pais experimentava difficultates social e economic durante le prime annos del transition, includente inflation, perdita de empregos e reduction del production in certe sectores. Tamen, le integration in le commercio europee e le disveloppamento del interprisas private contribuiva gradualmente al modernisation economic.

Le relationes con le paises vicin deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior. Lituania developpava cooperation con Polonia, Latvia, Estonia e le paises nordic, durante que le integration in le structuras europee deveniva un objectivo strategic del governamentos successive.

== Integration in le Union Europee e NATO ==
Lituania deveniva membro del NATO le 29 de martio 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principal structuras euro-atlantic de securitate e cooperation economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/lithuania_en |titulo=Lithuania – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen in 2007 e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2015, substituente le litas. Le integration economic promoveva le commercio, le investimentos e le mobilitate del citatanos.

Le cooperation con NATO e le Union Europee deveniva particularmente importante in le contexto del securitate del region baltic e del relationes con Russia. Lituania participa in exercitios multinational, in le cooperation de defense regional e in le protection del infrastructuras critic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua lituan e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le lingua ha conservate plure characteristicas ancian del familia indoeuropee e remane le lingua official del stato.

Le traditiones popular include le canto, le festas stagional, le artesanato e le celebrationes religiose. Le Festa del Canto e le altere eventos cultural contribuent al preservation del musica e del folklore.

Le memoria del Grande Ducato de Lituania, del independentia de 1918, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento de 1990 occupa un position importante in le vita public. Museos, archives e monumentos documenta le historia del stato e le experientias del population durante le guerras e le regimes autoritari.

Le centro historic de Vilnius, con su architectura medieval e baroc, es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le patrimonio architectural e cultural reflecte le diversitate religiose e linguistic del historia lituan.

== Lituania contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lituania es un republica democratic, membro del Union Europee e del NATO. Su economia combina industria, agricultura, commercio, services e technologia, e su societate participa in le structuras politic e economic europee.

Le historia contemporanee del pais continua a esser influentiate per le cooperation con le Statos baltic e nordic, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura lituan.

Le experientia del independentia medieval, del partitiones, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento del stato in 1990 remane central al memoria historic e al identitate national de Lituania.

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[[Categoria:Historia de Lituania| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union con Polonia, le partitiones del Confederation Polono-Lituan e le incorporation al Imperio Russe, le pais proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial e esseva restabilite in 1990. Lituania deveniva membro del Union Europee e del NATO in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lituania esseva habitate circa 12 000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de ressources natural, in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios e zonas paludose.

Inter circa 3000 e 2500 a.C., populationes balto-indoeuropee se establiva in le region. Durante le seculos sequente, le gruppos balto developpava linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation social que formava le base del identitate cultural del lituanos e de altere populos balto.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio esseva organisate in communitates rural e territorios regional. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio e le exploitation del forestes constitueva partes importante del economia.

Le societates balto manteneva contactos con le Scandinavia, le populos slave e altere communitates del Mar Baltic. Le commercio e le contactos cultural contribuiva al disveloppamento de elites local e de structuras politic regional.

Le lingua lituan pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee e conserva plure characteristicas linguistic ancian. Su historia es intimemente ligate al evolution del populos balto e al formation del identitate national lituan.

== Le tribos balto e le prime mentiones historic ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le territorio del actual Latvia esseva inhabitate per differente gruppos balto, inter illes le lituanos, le samogitianos e le aukštaitianos. Le populationes del region practicava religiones traditional politeiste e manteneva structuras social basate super communitates rural e elites guerrier.

Le prime missiones christian del Europa occidental attingeva le region durante le seculo X. Le annales de Quedlinburg mentiona le nomine de Lituania in 1009, in relation con le mission del sancte Bruno de Querfurt, qui esseva occidite durante su activitate missionari in le region.

Le mention de 1009 constitue un del prime referentias scripte cognoscite al nomine de Lituania. Durante le seculos sequente, le pression exercite per le Ordine Teutonic e le Ordine Livon contribuiva al consolidation de un potentia politic lituan capabile de coordinar le defensa del territorios balto.

== Formation del Grande Ducato de Lituania ==
Durante le seculo XIII, le tribos lituan comenciava a esser reunite sub un autoritate politic plus centralisate. Le expansion del ordines militar christian e lor expeditiones contra le populos balto contribuiva al consolidation del potentia del chefes lituan.

Le figura central del prime stato lituan esseva Mindaugas, qui unificava plure territorios e deveniva rege. Le 6 de julio 1253, ille esseva coronate rege de Lituania, un evento considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del stato lituan. Le corona real reflecteva le recognition del nove monarchia in le quadro politic del Europa occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le morte de Mindaugas, le structura politic continuava a evolver. Durante le regno de Gediminas in le prime parte del seculo XIV, le Grande Ducato extendava su influentia e developpava relationes diplomatic con altere statos europee.

Gediminas promoveva le disveloppamento de Vilnius como centro politic e invitava mercantes, artesanos e religiosos estranier a establir se in su territorios. Le Grande Ducato combinava populationes balto e slave oriental e incorporava territorios que hodie pertine a Lituania, Belarus, Ucraina e partes de altere paises vicin.

Le expansion esseva continuate per le successores de Gediminas. Durante le regno de Algirdas e Kęstutis, le Grande Ducato deveniva un potentia regional importante, capace de resister al expansion del principatos russe e del Ordine Teutonic.

== Expansion e apogeo del Grande Ducato ==
Durante le seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, le Grande Ducato de Lituania attingeva su plus grande extension territorial. Su dominio se extendeva del Mar Baltic verso le regiones del Mar Nigre e includeva grande partes del Europa oriental.

Le expansion esseva accompaniate per un grande diversitate linguistic, religiose e cultural. Le population includeva lituanos, rutenos, judéos e altere communitates. In multe territorios orientales, le christianitate orthodoxe habeva un position importante, durante que le elites del nucleo lituan continuava a mantener le religiositate traditional usque al fin del seculo XIV.

Le regno de Vytautas le Grande, durante le fin del seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, esseva un periodo importante del consolidation politic. Vytautas reforçava le administration, promoveva le cooperation militar e participa­va al expansion del influentia lituan in le Europa oriental.

Le Batalla de Žalgiris, cognoscite etiam como Batalla de Grunwald, occurreva le 15 de julio 1410. Le fortias del Grande Ducato e del Regno de Polonia, sub le direction de Vytautas e del rege polonese Jogaila, vinceva contra le Ordine Teutonic. Le victoria reduceva le capacitate del Ordine de dominar le territorios del Mar Baltic e confirmava le position del union polono-lituan como potentia major in Europa central e oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union con Polonia e christianisation ==
Le relationes inter Lituania e Polonia deveniva progressivemente plus proxime durante le seculo XIV. In 1385, le Union de Krewo establi un accordo que ligava le Grande Ducato al Regno de Polonia. Le gran-duca Jogaila esseva baptisate como catholic, maritava le regina Jadwiga de Polonia e deveniva rege de Polonia sub le nomine de Władysław II Jagiełło.

In 1387, Lituania adoptava officialmente le christianitate catholic in le nucleo lituan, un transformation que contribuiva al integration del stato in le institutiones religiose e politic del Europa occidental. Le christianisation promoveva le establimento de ecclesias, le disveloppamento del education e le diffusion de nove formas de administration.

Tamen, le union con Polonia non significava le elimination del independentia del Grande Ducato. Lituania conservava su proprie institutiones, legislation e administration, durante que le relationes dinastic e militar inter le duo statos se fortificava.

Le nobiles lituan obteneva gradualmente privilegios juridic e politic. Le elite adoptava progressivemente elementos del cultura polonese, specialmente in le administration e in le education superior, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate per le population e in plure traditiones cultural.

== Le Union de Lublin e le Confederation Polono-Lituan ==
In 1569, le Union de Lublin establi le Confederation Polono-Lituan, un union politic inter le Regno de Polonia e le Grande Ducato de Lituania. Le duo statos condivideva un monarcha e un parlamento commun, ma le Grande Ducato conservava su proprie institutiones, su legislation e un parte importante de su administration.

Le union respondeva al necessitate de coordinar le defense e le politica exterior, specialmente in un periodo de competition con Russia. Tamen, le formation del Confederation implicava etiam le transferentia de grande territorios del Grande Ducato al Corona polonese.

Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Grande Ducato developpava un tradition juridic importante. Le Statutos de Lituania, promulgate in 1529, 1566 e 1588, organisava le legislation e le administration del territorio. Le Statuto de 1588 manteneva explicitemente le distinction juridic inter le Grande Ducato e le Corona del Regno de Polonia.

Le cultura del Grande Ducato esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le catholicismo, le orthodoxia e le judaismo habeva un presentia importante, e le citates como Vilnius deveniva centros de education, commercio e vita intellectual.

== Cultura, education e religion durante le seculos XVI e XVII ==
Le periodo del Grande Ducato esseva marcate per le expansion del education, del litteratura e del institutiones religiose. Le Universitate de Vilnius esseva fundate in 1579, sub le jesuitas, e deveniva un del principal centros de education superior del Europa oriental.

Le publicationes in lingua lituan comenciava a augmentar. In 1547, Martynas Mažvydas publicava le prime libro stampate in lingua lituan, un catechismo que constitue un momento importante del historia del litteratura lituan.

Le Reforma protestante e le Contrareforma catholic influentiava le vita religiose del Grande Ducato. Le lutheranismo e le calvinismo ganiava adherentes in certe sectores, specialmente inter le nobiles e in le citates, durante que le ecclesia catholic reforçava su institutiones e su activitate educational.

Le lingua polonese ganiava influentia inter le elites, ma le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate in le cultura popular e in le publicationes religiose. Le diversitate linguistic e religiose remaneva un del characteristicas principal del Grande Ducato.

== Guerras e declino del Confederation ==
Durante le seculo XVII, le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva affectate per guerras contra Russia, Svedia e altere potentias regional. Le Guerra Russo-Polonese de 1654–1667 causava destruction in grande partes del Grande Ducato e affectava profundemente Vilnius e altere centros urban.

In 1655, fortias russe occupava Vilnius, e le guerra provocava perdas demographic e economic importante. Le guerras con Svedia e le conflictos interne debilitava le capacitate del Confederation de defender su territorios.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le debilitate politic del Confederation cresceva. Le systema parlamentar, le conflictos inter magnates e le interventiones estranier limitava le capacitate del stato de reformar su institutiones.

Le Constitution del 3 de maio 1791, adoptate per le Confederation, tentava a reformar le systema politic e a reforçar le autoritate central. Tamen, le reformas non impediva le partitiones del stato inter Russia, Prussia e Austria.

== Partitiones del Confederation e dominio russe ==
Le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva dividite per tres partitiones, in 1772, 1793 e 1795. Post le ultime partition, le Grande Ducato de Lituania cessava de existir como stato independente e le major parte del territorio lituan passava sub dominio del Imperio Russe.

Le autoritates russe reorganisava le administration e promoveva le integration del territorio in le structura imperial. Le lingua polonese remaneva importante inter le elites, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate principalmente in le communitates rural.

Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per plure insurrectiones contra le dominio russe. Le insurrectiones de 1830–1831 e 1863–1864 involveva participantes de Lituania, Polonia e Belarus, qui reclamava le restauration del independentia o de un porod politic plus autonome.

Le repression del insurrectiones esseva accompaniate per arrestos, exilios e mesuras de russification. Le autoritates limitava le uso del lingua lituan in le education e in le publicationes public. In 1864, le administration russe prohibiva le publication de libros lituan in characteres latin, un prohibition que durava usque a 1904.

Le prohibition provocava le apparition del contrabanda de libros lituan, per le qual libros imprimite in Prussia oriental esseva introducite clandestinemente in Lituania. Le portatores de libros, cognoscite como knygnešiai, contribuiva al preservation del lingua e al disveloppamento del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Lituan ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX, un movimento cultural e national lituan promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del populo. Le publicationes clandestin e le activitate de intellectuales contribuiva al creation de un identitate national distincte.

Le jornal Aušra, fundate in 1883, habeva un rolo importante in le promotion del lingua lituan e del idea de un communitate national. Altere publicationes e societates cultural diffundeva le education, le folklore e le memoria historic.

Le abolition del prohibition del libros in characteres latin in 1904 permitteva un expansion del publicationes legal in lingua lituan. Le movementos national comenciava a participar plus directemente in le vita politic e a demandar autonomia e, gradualmente, independentia.

Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava manifestationes e agitation politic in Lituania. In 1905, le Grande Seimas de Vilnius reuni representantes de differente partes del societate e demandava un autonomia politic pro Lituania. Iste incontro esseva un passo importante in le transformation del movimento cultural in un movimento politic national.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le declaration de independentia ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le territorio lituan. In 1915, le fortias german occupava le region e le autoritates del Imperio Russe se retirava. Le occupation german introduceva un administration militar que controlava le economia, le transporto e le vita public.

Durante le guerra, le leaders lituan cercava a obtener un recognition international del derecto del pais a devenir independente. Le 16 de februario 1918, le Consilio de Lituania proclamava le restablimento de un stato independente, basate super principios democratic e con Vilnius como capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le proclamation occurreva durante le occupation german, e le nove stato debeva ancora establir su institutiones e defender su territorio. Post le fin del guerra, Lituania esseva confrontate con conflitos contra fortias bolchevic, polonese e altere formationes militar.

== Le Guerra de Independentia ==
Durante le annos 1918–1920, Lituania combatteva pro mantener su independentia contra le fortias bolchevic e contra altere actores regional. Le guerra includeva etiam conflictos con Polonia concernente le controlo de Vilnius e del territorios circumjacente.

Le fortias polonese occupava Vilnius in 1920, e le citate remaneva sub administration polonese durante le periodo interbellic. Le governamento lituan continuava a considerar Vilnius como su capital constitutional, durante que Kaunas deveniva le sede temporari del institutiones del Republica.

Le independentia esseva consolidata per le recognition international e per le formation de un administration, un armea e un systema juridic proprie. Le prime annos del stato esseva tamen marcate per le instabilitate regional e per le necessitate de reconstruer le economia post le guerra.

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lituania adoptava un systema parlamentar e organisava su institutiones national. Le Constitution de 1922 establi un republica democratic, ma le conflictos inter partidos e le difficultates economic contribuiva a un instabilitate politic.

Le 17 de decembre 1926, un colpo de stato militar conduceva al poter Antanas Smetona, qui establiva un regime autoritari. Le partidos politic esseva limitate e le governamento exerceva un controlo crescente super le vita public, ben que le stato continuava a mantener su independentia international.

Le economia lituan se basava principalmente super agricultura e le exportation de productos agricultural, specialmente lacteos, carne e cereales. Le education, le lingua national e le institutiones cultural continuava a developpar se, e Kaunas deveniva un centro important del vita politic e cultural.

Le questione de Vilnius remaneva un del problemas central del politica exterior. Le relationes con Polonia esseva tensionate, e le frontiera inter le duo paises esseva un subjecto de disputa usque al ultimatum polonese de 1938, post le qual le relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Lituania esseva initialmente assignate al sphera german, ma un accordo posterior in septembre 1939 la transferiva al sphera sovietic.

In octobre 1939, le Union Sovietic transferiva Vilnius al Lituania post le occupation del citate, ma le accordo esseva accompaniate per le obligation de permitter bases militar sovietic in le territorio.

Le 15 de junio 1940, le Union Sovietic occupava Lituania e imposeva un nove governamento. Le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al incorporation del pais in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lituania in augusto 1940.

Le prime periodo del occupation esseva marcate per nationalisationes, arrestos e deportationes. In junio 1941, milles de lituanos esseva deportate al regiones remote del Union Sovietic, includente Siberia. Le institutiones del stato independente esseva dissolute e le vita politic esseva submittite al controlo del Partito Communista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german e le Holocaust ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Lituania. Le administration german esseva accompaniate per un persecution systematic del population judee, que habeva un longa historia in le citates e communitates lituan.

Le Holocaust in Lituania causava le morte de circa 200 000 judéos lituan, un parte major del communitate judee del pais. Le executiones esseva frequentemente realisate in le proprie territorio, per unitates german e collaboratores local. Altere personas esseva deportate a campos de concentration e de labor.

Le occupation german introduceva etiam le exploitation economic e le recrutamento de laboratores. Le societate lituan esseva dividite inter personas que collaborava con le autoritates occupante, personas que resisteva e personas que tentava surviver in conditiones extrememente difficile.

Le guerra e le Holocaust transformava profundemente le demographia del pais. Le communitates judee, que habeva contribute significativemente al vita cultural e economic de plure citates lituan, esseva quasi completemente destruite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava Lituania e restabliva le regime sovietic. Le Union Sovietic reprendeva le collectivisation del agricultura, le nationalisation del industria e le repression contra personas considerate adversarios politic.

Le deportationes massive e le arrestos affectava familias rural, intellectuales, religiosos e altere gruppos. Le resistance armate contra le regime sovietic esseva conduite per partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, qui continuava a operar in le zonas forestal durante plure annos post le guerra.

Le resistentia esseva progressivemente reprimite per le servicios de securitate sovietic, ma le memoria del independentia e le aspirationes national remaneva vivente in partes del societate.

Durante le periodo sovietic, Lituania experimentava industrialisation, urbanisation e migrationes de population proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic. Le lingua lituan remaneva tamen importante in le education, le litteratura e le cultura, ben que le vita public esseva sub le controlo politic del regime.

Le ecclesia catholic lituan habeva un rolo particular in le preservation del identitate national e in le opposition moral al regime. Le publication clandestin de textos religiose e de samizdat documentava le repression e susteneva le dissidentia.

== Le Despertamento National e le Via Baltic ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lituania, le movimento national ganiava fortia e promoveva le restoration del independentia.

In 1988 esseva fundate Sąjūdis, le Movimento de Reforma Lituan, que reuniva intellectuales, artistas, activistas e altere sectores del societate. Le movimento reclamava reformas democratic, recognition del historia national e, progressivemente, independentia.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, le populationes de Lituania, Latvia e Estonia participa­va in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Vilnius, Riga e Tallinn. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava le recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

Le mobilization popular e le pression politic contribueva al transformation del institutiones e al preparation del declaration de independentia. Le movimento lituan deveniva un del elementos principal del disintegration del Union Sovietic.

== Restablimento del independentia ==
Le 11 de martio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lituania adoptava le Acto de Restablimento del Stato Lituan Independente. Lituania deveniva le prime republica sovietic a declarar formalmente le restablimento de su independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Union Sovietic non recognosceva immediatemente le declaration e initiava mesuras economic e politic contra le nove autoritates lituan. In januario 1991, fortias sovietic interveniva in Vilnius e in altere localitates. Le assalto al centro televisive e al torre de television de Vilnius le 13 de januario causava le morte de 14 civiles e le lesiones de centos de personas.

Le resistance popular e le pression international contribueva al protection del nove institutiones. Post le tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le independentia lituan esseva recognoscite per plure Statos, includente le Union Sovietic in septembre 1991.

Le restablimento del independentia permitteva al pais de reconstruer su institutiones democratic, de reformar su economia e de establir relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de paises.

== Reconstruction del stato e reformas economic ==
Durante le annos 1990, Lituania reconstruiva su systema politic e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution de 1992 establi un republica parlamentar con un presidente eligite e un Seimas unicameral.

Le economia esseva transformate desde un systema planificate sovietic verso un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le reforma del moneta e le creation de institutiones economic proprie requireva cambios profunde in le industria, le agricultura e le servicios.

Le pais experimentava difficultates social e economic durante le prime annos del transition, includente inflation, perdita de empregos e reduction del production in certe sectores. Tamen, le integration in le commercio europee e le disveloppamento del interprisas private contribuiva gradualmente al modernisation economic.

Le relationes con le paises vicin deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior. Lituania developpava cooperation con Polonia, Latvia, Estonia e le paises nordic, durante que le integration in le structuras europee deveniva un objectivo strategic del governamentos successive.

== Integration in le Union Europee e NATO ==
Lituania deveniva membro del NATO le 29 de martio 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principal structuras euro-atlantic de securitate e cooperation economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/lithuania_en |titulo=Lithuania – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen in 2007 e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2015, substituente le litas. Le integration economic promoveva le commercio, le investimentos e le mobilitate del citatanos.

Le cooperation con NATO e le Union Europee deveniva particularmente importante in le contexto del securitate del region baltic e del relationes con Russia. Lituania participa in exercitios multinational, in le cooperation de defense regional e in le protection del infrastructuras critic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua lituan e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le lingua ha conservate plure characteristicas ancian del familia indoeuropee e remane le lingua official del stato.

Le traditiones popular include le canto, le festas stagional, le artesanato e le celebrationes religiose. Le Festa del Canto e le altere eventos cultural contribuent al preservation del musica e del folklore.

Le memoria del Grande Ducato de Lituania, del independentia de 1918, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento de 1990 occupa un position importante in le vita public. Museos, archives e monumentos documenta le historia del stato e le experientias del population durante le guerras e le regimes autoritari.

Le centro historic de Vilnius, con su architectura medieval e baroc, es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le patrimonio architectural e cultural reflecte le diversitate religiose e linguistic del historia lituan.

== Lituania contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lituania es un republica democratic, membro del Union Europee e del NATO. Su economia combina industria, agricultura, commercio, services e technologia, e su societate participa in le structuras politic e economic europee.

Le historia contemporanee del pais continua a esser influentiate per le cooperation con le Statos baltic e nordic, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura lituan.

Le experientia del independentia medieval, del partitiones, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento del stato in 1990 remane central al memoria historic e al identitate national de Lituania.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Lituania| ]]</text>
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Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union con Polonia, le partitiones del Confederation Polono-Lituan e le incorporation al Imperio Russe, le pais proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial e esseva restabilite in 1990. Lituania deveniva membro del Union Europee e del OTAN in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lituania esseva habitate circa 12 000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de ressources natural, in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios e zonas paludose.

Inter circa 3000 e 2500 a.C., populationes balto-indoeuropee se establiva in le region. Durante le seculos sequente, le gruppos balto developpava linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation social que formava le base del identitate cultural del lituanos e de altere populos balto.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio esseva organisate in communitates rural e territorios regional. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio e le exploitation del forestes constitueva partes importante del economia.

Le societates balto manteneva contactos con le Scandinavia, le populos slave e altere communitates del Mar Baltic. Le commercio e le contactos cultural contribuiva al disveloppamento de elites local e de structuras politic regional.

Le lingua lituan pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee e conserva plure characteristicas linguistic ancian. Su historia es intimemente ligate al evolution del populos balto e al formation del identitate national lituan.

== Le tribos balto e le prime mentiones historic ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le territorio del actual Latvia esseva inhabitate per differente gruppos balto, inter illes le lituanos, le samogitianos e le aukštaitianos. Le populationes del region practicava religiones traditional politeiste e manteneva structuras social basate super communitates rural e elites guerrier.

Le prime missiones christian del Europa occidental attingeva le region durante le seculo X. Le annales de Quedlinburg mentiona le nomine de Lituania in 1009, in relation con le mission del sancte Bruno de Querfurt, qui esseva occidite durante su activitate missionari in le region.

Le mention de 1009 constitue un del prime referentias scripte cognoscite al nomine de Lituania. Durante le seculos sequente, le pression exercite per le Ordine Teutonic e le Ordine Livon contribuiva al consolidation de un potentia politic lituan capabile de coordinar le defensa del territorios balto.

== Formation del Grande Ducato de Lituania ==
Durante le seculo XIII, le tribos lituan comenciava a esser reunite sub un autoritate politic plus centralisate. Le expansion del ordines militar christian e lor expeditiones contra le populos balto contribuiva al consolidation del potentia del chefes lituan.

Le figura central del prime stato lituan esseva Mindaugas, qui unificava plure territorios e deveniva rege. Le 6 de julio 1253, ille esseva coronate rege de Lituania, un evento considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del stato lituan. Le corona real reflecteva le recognition del nove monarchia in le quadro politic del Europa occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le morte de Mindaugas, le structura politic continuava a evolver. Durante le regno de Gediminas in le prime parte del seculo XIV, le Grande Ducato extendava su influentia e developpava relationes diplomatic con altere statos europee.

Gediminas promoveva le disveloppamento de Vilnius como centro politic e invitava mercantes, artesanos e religiosos estranier a establir se in su territorios. Le Grande Ducato combinava populationes balto e slave oriental e incorporava territorios que hodie pertine a Lituania, Belarus, Ucraina e partes de altere paises vicin.

Le expansion esseva continuate per le successores de Gediminas. Durante le regno de Algirdas e Kęstutis, le Grande Ducato deveniva un potentia regional importante, capace de resister al expansion del principatos russe e del Ordine Teutonic.

== Expansion e apogeo del Grande Ducato ==
Durante le seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, le Grande Ducato de Lituania attingeva su plus grande extension territorial. Su dominio se extendeva del Mar Baltic verso le regiones del Mar Nigre e includeva grande partes del Europa oriental.

Le expansion esseva accompaniate per un grande diversitate linguistic, religiose e cultural. Le population includeva lituanos, rutenos, judéos e altere communitates. In multe territorios orientales, le christianitate orthodoxe habeva un position importante, durante que le elites del nucleo lituan continuava a mantener le religiositate traditional usque al fin del seculo XIV.

Le regno de Vytautas le Grande, durante le fin del seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, esseva un periodo importante del consolidation politic. Vytautas reforçava le administration, promoveva le cooperation militar e participa­va al expansion del influentia lituan in le Europa oriental.

Le Batalla de Žalgiris, cognoscite etiam como Batalla de Grunwald, occurreva le 15 de julio 1410. Le fortias del Grande Ducato e del Regno de Polonia, sub le direction de Vytautas e del rege polonese Jogaila, vinceva contra le Ordine Teutonic. Le victoria reduceva le capacitate del Ordine de dominar le territorios del Mar Baltic e confirmava le position del union polono-lituan como potentia major in Europa central e oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union con Polonia e christianisation ==
Le relationes inter Lituania e Polonia deveniva progressivemente plus proxime durante le seculo XIV. In 1385, le Union de Krewo establi un accordo que ligava le Grande Ducato al Regno de Polonia. Le gran-duca Jogaila esseva baptisate como catholic, maritava le regina Jadwiga de Polonia e deveniva rege de Polonia sub le nomine de Władysław II Jagiełło.

In 1387, Lituania adoptava officialmente le christianitate catholic in le nucleo lituan, un transformation que contribuiva al integration del stato in le institutiones religiose e politic del Europa occidental. Le christianisation promoveva le establimento de ecclesias, le disveloppamento del education e le diffusion de nove formas de administration.

Tamen, le union con Polonia non significava le elimination del independentia del Grande Ducato. Lituania conservava su proprie institutiones, legislation e administration, durante que le relationes dinastic e militar inter le duo statos se fortificava.

Le nobiles lituan obteneva gradualmente privilegios juridic e politic. Le elite adoptava progressivemente elementos del cultura polonese, specialmente in le administration e in le education superior, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate per le population e in plure traditiones cultural.

== Le Union de Lublin e le Confederation Polono-Lituan ==
In 1569, le Union de Lublin establi le Confederation Polono-Lituan, un union politic inter le Regno de Polonia e le Grande Ducato de Lituania. Le duo statos condivideva un monarcha e un parlamento commun, ma le Grande Ducato conservava su proprie institutiones, su legislation e un parte importante de su administration.

Le union respondeva al necessitate de coordinar le defense e le politica exterior, specialmente in un periodo de competition con Russia. Tamen, le formation del Confederation implicava etiam le transferentia de grande territorios del Grande Ducato al Corona polonese.

Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Grande Ducato developpava un tradition juridic importante. Le Statutos de Lituania, promulgate in 1529, 1566 e 1588, organisava le legislation e le administration del territorio. Le Statuto de 1588 manteneva explicitemente le distinction juridic inter le Grande Ducato e le Corona del Regno de Polonia.

Le cultura del Grande Ducato esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le catholicismo, le orthodoxia e le judaismo habeva un presentia importante, e le citates como Vilnius deveniva centros de education, commercio e vita intellectual.

== Cultura, education e religion durante le seculos XVI e XVII ==
Le periodo del Grande Ducato esseva marcate per le expansion del education, del litteratura e del institutiones religiose. Le Universitate de Vilnius esseva fundate in 1579, sub le jesuitas, e deveniva un del principal centros de education superior del Europa oriental.

Le publicationes in lingua lituan comenciava a augmentar. In 1547, Martynas Mažvydas publicava le prime libro stampate in lingua lituan, un catechismo que constitue un momento importante del historia del litteratura lituan.

Le Reforma protestante e le Contrareforma catholic influentiava le vita religiose del Grande Ducato. Le lutheranismo e le calvinismo ganiava adherentes in certe sectores, specialmente inter le nobiles e in le citates, durante que le ecclesia catholic reforçava su institutiones e su activitate educational.

Le lingua polonese ganiava influentia inter le elites, ma le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate in le cultura popular e in le publicationes religiose. Le diversitate linguistic e religiose remaneva un del characteristicas principal del Grande Ducato.

== Guerras e declino del Confederation ==
Durante le seculo XVII, le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva affectate per guerras contra Russia, Svedia e altere potentias regional. Le Guerra Russo-Polonese de 1654–1667 causava destruction in grande partes del Grande Ducato e affectava profundemente Vilnius e altere centros urban.

In 1655, fortias russe occupava Vilnius, e le guerra provocava perdas demographic e economic importante. Le guerras con Svedia e le conflictos interne debilitava le capacitate del Confederation de defender su territorios.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le debilitate politic del Confederation cresceva. Le systema parlamentar, le conflictos inter magnates e le interventiones estranier limitava le capacitate del stato de reformar su institutiones.

Le Constitution del 3 de maio 1791, adoptate per le Confederation, tentava a reformar le systema politic e a reforçar le autoritate central. Tamen, le reformas non impediva le partitiones del stato inter Russia, Prussia e Austria.

== Partitiones del Confederation e dominio russe ==
Le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva dividite per tres partitiones, in 1772, 1793 e 1795. Post le ultime partition, le Grande Ducato de Lituania cessava de existir como stato independente e le major parte del territorio lituan passava sub dominio del Imperio Russe.

Le autoritates russe reorganisava le administration e promoveva le integration del territorio in le structura imperial. Le lingua polonese remaneva importante inter le elites, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate principalmente in le communitates rural.

Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per plure insurrectiones contra le dominio russe. Le insurrectiones de 1830–1831 e 1863–1864 involveva participantes de Lituania, Polonia e Belarus, qui reclamava le restauration del independentia o de un porod politic plus autonome.

Le repression del insurrectiones esseva accompaniate per arrestos, exilios e mesuras de russification. Le autoritates limitava le uso del lingua lituan in le education e in le publicationes public. In 1864, le administration russe prohibiva le publication de libros lituan in characteres latin, un prohibition que durava usque a 1904.

Le prohibition provocava le apparition del contrabanda de libros lituan, per le qual libros imprimite in Prussia oriental esseva introducite clandestinemente in Lituania. Le portatores de libros, cognoscite como knygnešiai, contribuiva al preservation del lingua e al disveloppamento del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Lituan ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX, un movimento cultural e national lituan promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del populo. Le publicationes clandestin e le activitate de intellectuales contribuiva al creation de un identitate national distincte.

Le jornal Aušra, fundate in 1883, habeva un rolo importante in le promotion del lingua lituan e del idea de un communitate national. Altere publicationes e societates cultural diffundeva le education, le folklore e le memoria historic.

Le abolition del prohibition del libros in characteres latin in 1904 permitteva un expansion del publicationes legal in lingua lituan. Le movementos national comenciava a participar plus directemente in le vita politic e a demandar autonomia e, gradualmente, independentia.

Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava manifestationes e agitation politic in Lituania. In 1905, le Grande Seimas de Vilnius reuni representantes de differente partes del societate e demandava un autonomia politic pro Lituania. Iste incontro esseva un passo importante in le transformation del movimento cultural in un movimento politic national.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le declaration de independentia ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le territorio lituan. In 1915, le fortias german occupava le region e le autoritates del Imperio Russe se retirava. Le occupation german introduceva un administration militar que controlava le economia, le transporto e le vita public.

Durante le guerra, le leaders lituan cercava a obtener un recognition international del derecto del pais a devenir independente. Le 16 de februario 1918, le Consilio de Lituania proclamava le restablimento de un stato independente, basate super principios democratic e con Vilnius como capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le proclamation occurreva durante le occupation german, e le nove stato debeva ancora establir su institutiones e defender su territorio. Post le fin del guerra, Lituania esseva confrontate con conflitos contra fortias bolchevic, polonese e altere formationes militar.

== Le Guerra de Independentia ==
Durante le annos 1918–1920, Lituania combatteva pro mantener su independentia contra le fortias bolchevic e contra altere actores regional. Le guerra includeva etiam conflictos con Polonia concernente le controlo de Vilnius e del territorios circumjacente.

Le fortias polonese occupava Vilnius in 1920, e le citate remaneva sub administration polonese durante le periodo interbellic. Le governamento lituan continuava a considerar Vilnius como su capital constitutional, durante que Kaunas deveniva le sede temporari del institutiones del Republica.

Le independentia esseva consolidata per le recognition international e per le formation de un administration, un armea e un systema juridic proprie. Le prime annos del stato esseva tamen marcate per le instabilitate regional e per le necessitate de reconstruer le economia post le guerra.

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lituania adoptava un systema parlamentar e organisava su institutiones national. Le Constitution de 1922 establi un republica democratic, ma le conflictos inter partidos e le difficultates economic contribuiva a un instabilitate politic.

Le 17 de decembre 1926, un colpo de stato militar conduceva al poter Antanas Smetona, qui establiva un regime autoritari. Le partidos politic esseva limitate e le governamento exerceva un controlo crescente super le vita public, ben que le stato continuava a mantener su independentia international.

Le economia lituan se basava principalmente super agricultura e le exportation de productos agricultural, specialmente lacteos, carne e cereales. Le education, le lingua national e le institutiones cultural continuava a developpar se, e Kaunas deveniva un centro important del vita politic e cultural.

Le questione de Vilnius remaneva un del problemas central del politica exterior. Le relationes con Polonia esseva tensionate, e le frontiera inter le duo paises esseva un subjecto de disputa usque al ultimatum polonese de 1938, post le qual le relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Lituania esseva initialmente assignate al sphera german, ma un accordo posterior in septembre 1939 la transferiva al sphera sovietic.

In octobre 1939, le Union Sovietic transferiva Vilnius al Lituania post le occupation del citate, ma le accordo esseva accompaniate per le obligation de permitter bases militar sovietic in le territorio.

Le 15 de junio 1940, le Union Sovietic occupava Lituania e imposeva un nove governamento. Le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al incorporation del pais in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lituania in augusto 1940.

Le prime periodo del occupation esseva marcate per nationalisationes, arrestos e deportationes. In junio 1941, milles de lituanos esseva deportate al regiones remote del Union Sovietic, includente Siberia. Le institutiones del stato independente esseva dissolute e le vita politic esseva submittite al controlo del Partito Communista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german e le Holocaust ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Lituania. Le administration german esseva accompaniate per un persecution systematic del population judee, que habeva un longa historia in le citates e communitates lituan.

Le Holocaust in Lituania causava le morte de circa 200 000 judéos lituan, un parte major del communitate judee del pais. Le executiones esseva frequentemente realisate in le proprie territorio, per unitates german e collaboratores local. Altere personas esseva deportate a campos de concentration e de labor.

Le occupation german introduceva etiam le exploitation economic e le recrutamento de laboratores. Le societate lituan esseva dividite inter personas que collaborava con le autoritates occupante, personas que resisteva e personas que tentava surviver in conditiones extrememente difficile.

Le guerra e le Holocaust transformava profundemente le demographia del pais. Le communitates judee, que habeva contribute significativemente al vita cultural e economic de plure citates lituan, esseva quasi completemente destruite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava Lituania e restabliva le regime sovietic. Le Union Sovietic reprendeva le collectivisation del agricultura, le nationalisation del industria e le repression contra personas considerate adversarios politic.

Le deportationes massive e le arrestos affectava familias rural, intellectuales, religiosos e altere gruppos. Le resistance armate contra le regime sovietic esseva conduite per partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, qui continuava a operar in le zonas forestal durante plure annos post le guerra.

Le resistentia esseva progressivemente reprimite per le servicios de securitate sovietic, ma le memoria del independentia e le aspirationes national remaneva vivente in partes del societate.

Durante le periodo sovietic, Lituania experimentava industrialisation, urbanisation e migrationes de population proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic. Le lingua lituan remaneva tamen importante in le education, le litteratura e le cultura, ben que le vita public esseva sub le controlo politic del regime.

Le ecclesia catholic lituan habeva un rolo particular in le preservation del identitate national e in le opposition moral al regime. Le publication clandestin de textos religiose e de samizdat documentava le repression e susteneva le dissidentia.

== Le Despertamento National e le Via Baltic ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lituania, le movimento national ganiava fortia e promoveva le restoration del independentia.

In 1988 esseva fundate Sąjūdis, le Movimento de Reforma Lituan, que reuniva intellectuales, artistas, activistas e altere sectores del societate. Le movimento reclamava reformas democratic, recognition del historia national e, progressivemente, independentia.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, le populationes de Lituania, Latvia e Estonia participa­va in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Vilnius, Riga e Tallinn. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava le recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

Le mobilization popular e le pression politic contribueva al transformation del institutiones e al preparation del declaration de independentia. Le movimento lituan deveniva un del elementos principal del disintegration del Union Sovietic.

== Restablimento del independentia ==
Le 11 de martio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lituania adoptava le Acto de Restablimento del Stato Lituan Independente. Lituania deveniva le prime republica sovietic a declarar formalmente le restablimento de su independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Union Sovietic non recognosceva immediatemente le declaration e initiava mesuras economic e politic contra le nove autoritates lituan. In januario 1991, fortias sovietic interveniva in Vilnius e in altere localitates. Le assalto al centro televisive e al torre de television de Vilnius le 13 de januario causava le morte de 14 civiles e le lesiones de centos de personas.

Le resistance popular e le pression international contribueva al protection del nove institutiones. Post le tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le independentia lituan esseva recognoscite per plure Statos, includente le Union Sovietic in septembre 1991.

Le restablimento del independentia permitteva al pais de reconstruer su institutiones democratic, de reformar su economia e de establir relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de paises.

== Reconstruction del stato e reformas economic ==
Durante le annos 1990, Lituania reconstruiva su systema politic e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution de 1992 establi un republica parlamentar con un presidente eligite e un Seimas unicameral.

Le economia esseva transformate desde un systema planificate sovietic verso un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le reforma del moneta e le creation de institutiones economic proprie requireva cambios profunde in le industria, le agricultura e le servicios.

Le pais experimentava difficultates social e economic durante le prime annos del transition, includente inflation, perdita de empregos e reduction del production in certe sectores. Tamen, le integration in le commercio europee e le disveloppamento del interprisas private contribuiva gradualmente al modernisation economic.

Le relationes con le paises vicin deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior. Lituania developpava cooperation con Polonia, Latvia, Estonia e le paises nordic, durante que le integration in le structuras europee deveniva un objectivo strategic del governamentos successive.

== Integration in le Union Europee e OTAN ==
Lituania deveniva membro del OTAN le 29 de martio 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principal structuras euro-atlantic de securitate e cooperation economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/lithuania_en |titulo=Lithuania – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen in 2007 e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2015, substituente le litas. Le integration economic promoveva le commercio, le investimentos e le mobilitate del citatanos.

Le cooperation con OTAN e le Union Europee deveniva particularmente importante in le contexto del securitate del region baltic e del relationes con Russia. Lituania participa in exercitios multinational, in le cooperation de defense regional e in le protection del infrastructuras critic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua lituan e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le lingua ha conservate plure characteristicas ancian del familia indoeuropee e remane le lingua official del stato.

Le traditiones popular include le canto, le festas stagional, le artesanato e le celebrationes religiose. Le Festa del Canto e le altere eventos cultural contribuent al preservation del musica e del folklore.

Le memoria del Grande Ducato de Lituania, del independentia de 1918, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento de 1990 occupa un position importante in le vita public. Museos, archives e monumentos documenta le historia del stato e le experientias del population durante le guerras e le regimes autoritari.

Le centro historic de Vilnius, con su architectura medieval e baroc, es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le patrimonio architectural e cultural reflecte le diversitate religiose e linguistic del historia lituan.

== Lituania contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lituania es un republica democratic, membro del Union Europee e del OTAN. Su economia combina industria, agricultura, commercio, services e technologia, e su societate participa in le structuras politic e economic europee.

Le historia contemporanee del pais continua a esser influentiate per le cooperation con le Statos baltic e nordic, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura lituan.

Le experientia del independentia medieval, del partitiones, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento del stato in 1990 remane central al memoria historic e al identitate national de Lituania.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union con Polonia, le partitiones del Confederation Polono-Lituan e le incorporation al Imperio Russe, le pais proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial e esseva restabilite in 1990. Lituania deveniva membro del Union Europee e del OTAN in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lituania esseva habitate circa 12 000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de ressources natural, in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios e zonas paludose.

Inter circa 3000 e 2500 a.C., populationes balto-indoeuropee se establiva in le region. Durante le seculos sequente, le gruppos balto developpava linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation social que formava le base del identitate cultural del lituanos e de altere populos balto.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio esseva organisate in communitates rural e territorios regional. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio e le exploitation del forestes constitueva partes importante del economia.

Le societates balto manteneva contactos con le Scandinavia, le populos slave e altere communitates del Mar Baltic. Le commercio e le contactos cultural contribuiva al disveloppamento de elites local e de structuras politic regional.

Le lingua lituan pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee e conserva plure characteristicas linguistic ancian. Su historia es intimemente ligate al evolution del populos balto e al formation del identitate national lituan.

== Le tribos balto e le prime mentiones historic ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le territorio del actual Lituania esseva inhabitate per differente gruppos balto, inter illes le lituanos, le samogitianos e le aukštaitianos. Le populationes del region practicava religiones traditional politeiste e manteneva structuras social basate super communitates rural e elites guerrier.

Le prime missiones christian del Europa occidental attingeva le region durante le seculo X. Le annales de Quedlinburg mentiona le nomine de Lituania in 1009, in relation con le mission del sancte Bruno de Querfurt, qui esseva occidite durante su activitate missionari in le region.

Le mention de 1009 constitue un del prime referentias scripte cognoscite al nomine de Lituania. Durante le seculos sequente, le pression exercite per le Ordine Teutonic e le Ordine Livon contribuiva al consolidation de un potentia politic lituan capabile de coordinar le defensa del territorios balto.

== Formation del Grande Ducato de Lituania ==
Durante le seculo XIII, le tribos lituan comenciava a esser reunite sub un autoritate politic plus centralisate. Le expansion del ordines militar christian e lor expeditiones contra le populos balto contribuiva al consolidation del potentia del chefes lituan.

Le figura central del prime stato lituan esseva Mindaugas, qui unificava plure territorios e deveniva rege. Le 6 de julio 1253, ille esseva coronate rege de Lituania, un evento considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del stato lituan. Le corona real reflecteva le recognition del nove monarchia in le quadro politic del Europa occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le morte de Mindaugas, le structura politic continuava a evolver. Durante le regno de Gediminas in le prime parte del seculo XIV, le Grande Ducato extendava su influentia e developpava relationes diplomatic con altere statos europee.

Gediminas promoveva le disveloppamento de Vilnius como centro politic e invitava mercantes, artesanos e religiosos estranier a establir se in su territorios. Le Grande Ducato combinava populationes balto e slave oriental e incorporava territorios que hodie pertine a Lituania, Belarus, Ucraina e partes de altere paises vicin.

Le expansion esseva continuate per le successores de Gediminas. Durante le regno de Algirdas e Kęstutis, le Grande Ducato deveniva un potentia regional importante, capace de resister al expansion del principatos russe e del Ordine Teutonic.

== Expansion e apogeo del Grande Ducato ==
Durante le seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, le Grande Ducato de Lituania attingeva su plus grande extension territorial. Su dominio se extendeva del Mar Baltic verso le regiones del Mar Nigre e includeva grande partes del Europa oriental.

Le expansion esseva accompaniate per un grande diversitate linguistic, religiose e cultural. Le population includeva lituanos, rutenos, judéos e altere communitates. In multe territorios orientales, le christianitate orthodoxe habeva un position importante, durante que le elites del nucleo lituan continuava a mantener le religiositate traditional usque al fin del seculo XIV.

Le regno de Vytautas le Grande, durante le fin del seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, esseva un periodo importante del consolidation politic. Vytautas reforçava le administration, promoveva le cooperation militar e participava al expansion del influentia lituan in le Europa oriental.

Le Batalla de Žalgiris, cognoscite etiam como Batalla de Grunwald, occurreva le 15 de julio 1410. Le fortias del Grande Ducato e del Regno de Polonia, sub le direction de Vytautas e del rege polonese Jogaila, vinceva contra le Ordine Teutonic. Le victoria reduceva le capacitate del Ordine de dominar le territorios del Mar Baltic e confirmava le position del union polono-lituan como potentia major in Europa central e oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union con Polonia e christianisation ==
Le relationes inter Lituania e Polonia deveniva progressivemente plus proxime durante le seculo XIV. In 1385, le Union de Krewo establi un accordo que ligava le Grande Ducato al Regno de Polonia. Le gran-duca Jogaila esseva baptisate como catholic, maritava le regina Jadwiga de Polonia e deveniva rege de Polonia sub le nomine de Władysław II Jagiełło.

In 1387, Lituania adoptava officialmente le christianitate catholic in le nucleo lituan, un transformation que contribuiva al integration del stato in le institutiones religiose e politic del Europa occidental. Le christianisation promoveva le establimento de ecclesias, le disveloppamento del education e le diffusion de nove formas de administration.

Tamen, le union con Polonia non significava le elimination del independentia del Grande Ducato. Lituania conservava su proprie institutiones, legislation e administration, durante que le relationes dinastic e militar inter le duo statos se fortificava.

Le nobiles lituan obteneva gradualmente privilegios juridic e politic. Le elite adoptava progressivemente elementos del cultura polonese, specialmente in le administration e in le education superior, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate per le population e in plure traditiones cultural.

== Le Union de Lublin e le Confederation Polono-Lituan ==
In 1569, le Union de Lublin establi le Confederation Polono-Lituan, un union politic inter le Regno de Polonia e le Grande Ducato de Lituania. Le duo statos condivideva un monarcha e un parlamento commun, ma le Grande Ducato conservava su proprie institutiones, su legislation e un parte importante de su administration.

Le union respondeva al necessitate de coordinar le defense e le politica exterior, specialmente in un periodo de competition con Russia. Tamen, le formation del Confederation implicava etiam le transferentia de grande territorios del Grande Ducato al Corona polonese.

Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Grande Ducato developpava un tradition juridic importante. Le Statutos de Lituania, promulgate in 1529, 1566 e 1588, organisava le legislation e le administration del territorio. Le Statuto de 1588 manteneva explicitemente le distinction juridic inter le Grande Ducato e le Corona del Regno de Polonia.

Le cultura del Grande Ducato esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le catholicismo, le orthodoxia e le judaismo habeva un presentia importante, e le citates como Vilnius deveniva centros de education, commercio e vita intellectual.

== Cultura, education e religion durante le seculos XVI e XVII ==
Le periodo del Grande Ducato esseva marcate per le expansion del education, del litteratura e del institutiones religiose. Le Universitate de Vilnius esseva fundate in 1579, sub le jesuitas, e deveniva un del principal centros de education superior del Europa oriental.

Le publicationes in lingua lituan comenciava a augmentar. In 1547, Martynas Mažvydas publicava le prime libro stampate in lingua lituan, un catechismo que constitue un momento importante del historia del litteratura lituan.

Le Reforma protestante e le Contrareforma catholic influentiava le vita religiose del Grande Ducato. Le lutheranismo e le calvinismo ganiava adherentes in certe sectores, specialmente inter le nobiles e in le citates, durante que le ecclesia catholic reforçava su institutiones e su activitate educational.

Le lingua polonese ganiava influentia inter le elites, ma le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate in le cultura popular e in le publicationes religiose. Le diversitate linguistic e religiose remaneva un del characteristicas principal del Grande Ducato.

== Guerras e declino del Confederation ==
Durante le seculo XVII, le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva affectate per guerras contra Russia, Svedia e altere potentias regional. Le Guerra Russo-Polonese de 1654–1667 causava destruction in grande partes del Grande Ducato e affectava profundemente Vilnius e altere centros urban.

In 1655, fortias russe occupava Vilnius, e le guerra provocava perdas demographic e economic importante. Le guerras con Svedia e le conflictos interne debilitava le capacitate del Confederation de defender su territorios.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le debilitate politic del Confederation cresceva. Le systema parlamentar, le conflictos inter magnates e le interventiones estranier limitava le capacitate del stato de reformar su institutiones.

Le Constitution del 3 de maio 1791, adoptate per le Confederation, tentava a reformar le systema politic e a reforçar le autoritate central. Tamen, le reformas non impediva le partitiones del stato inter Russia, Prussia e Austria.

== Partitiones del Confederation e dominio russe ==
Le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva dividite per tres partitiones, in 1772, 1793 e 1795. Post le ultime partition, le Grande Ducato de Lituania cessava de existir como stato independente e le major parte del territorio lituan passava sub dominio del Imperio Russe.

Le autoritates russe reorganisava le administration e promoveva le integration del territorio in le structura imperial. Le lingua polonese remaneva importante inter le elites, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate principalmente in le communitates rural.

Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per plure insurrectiones contra le dominio russe. Le insurrectiones de 1830–1831 e 1863–1864 involveva participantes de Lituania, Polonia e Belarus, qui reclamava le restauration del independentia o de un periodo politic plus autonome.

Le repression del insurrectiones esseva accompaniate per arrestos, exilios e mesuras de russification. Le autoritates limitava le uso del lingua lituan in le education e in le publicationes public. In 1864, le administration russe prohibiva le publication de libros lituan in characteres latin, un prohibition que durava usque a 1904.

Le prohibition provocava le apparition del contrabanda de libros lituan, per le qual libros imprimite in Prussia oriental esseva introducite clandestinemente in Lituania. Le portatores de libros, cognoscite como knygnešiai, contribuiva al preservation del lingua e al disveloppamento del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Lituan ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX, un movimento cultural e national lituan promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del populo. Le publicationes clandestin e le activitate de intellectuales contribuiva al creation de un identitate national distincte.

Le jornal Aušra, fundate in 1883, habeva un rolo importante in le promotion del lingua lituan e del idea de un communitate national. Altere publicationes e societates cultural diffundeva le education, le folklore e le memoria historic.

Le abolition del prohibition del libros in characteres latin in 1904 permitteva un expansion del publicationes legal in lingua lituan. Le movementos national comenciava a participar plus directemente in le vita politic e a demandar autonomia e, gradualmente, independentia.

Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava manifestationes e agitation politic in Lituania. In 1905, le Grande Seimas de Vilnius reuni representantes de differente partes del societate e demandava un autonomia politic pro Lituania. Iste incontro esseva un passo importante in le transformation del movimento cultural in un movimento politic national.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le declaration de independentia ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le territorio lituan. In 1915, le fortias german occupava le region e le autoritates del Imperio Russe se retirava. Le occupation german introduceva un administration militar que controlava le economia, le transporto e le vita public.

Durante le guerra, le leaders lituan cercava a obtener un recognition international del derecto del pais a devenir independente. Le 16 de februario 1918, le Consilio de Lituania proclamava le restablimento de un stato independente, basate super principios democratic e con Vilnius como capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le proclamation occurreva durante le occupation german, e le nove stato debeva ancora establir su institutiones e defender su territorio. Post le fin del guerra, Lituania esseva confrontate con conflitos contra fortias bolchevic, polonese e altere formationes militar.

== Le Guerra de Independentia ==
Durante le annos 1918–1920, Lituania combatteva pro mantener su independentia contra le fortias bolchevic e contra altere actores regional. Le guerra includeva etiam conflictos con Polonia concernente le controlo de Vilnius e del territorios circumjacente.

Le fortias polonese occupava Vilnius in 1920, e le citate remaneva sub administration polonese durante le periodo interbellic. Le governamento lituan continuava a considerar Vilnius como su capital constitutional, durante que Kaunas deveniva le sede temporari del institutiones del Republica.

Le independentia esseva consolidata per le recognition international e per le formation de un administration, un armea e un systema juridic proprie. Le prime annos del stato esseva tamen marcate per le instabilitate regional e per le necessitate de reconstruer le economia post le guerra.

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lituania adoptava un systema parlamentar e organisava su institutiones national. Le Constitution de 1922 establi un republica democratic, ma le conflictos inter partidos e le difficultates economic contribuiva a un instabilitate politic.

Le 17 de decembre 1926, un colpo de stato militar conduceva al poter Antanas Smetona, qui establiva un regime autoritari. Le partidos politic esseva limitate e le governamento exerceva un controlo crescente super le vita public, ben que le stato continuava a mantener su independentia international.

Le economia lituan se basava principalmente super agricultura e le exportation de productos agricultural, specialmente lacteos, carne e cereales. Le education, le lingua national e le institutiones cultural continuava a developpar se, e Kaunas deveniva un centro important del vita politic e cultural.

Le questione de Vilnius remaneva un del problemas central del politica exterior. Le relationes con Polonia esseva tensionate, e le frontiera inter le duo paises esseva un subjecto de disputa usque al ultimatum polonese de 1938, post le qual le relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Lituania esseva initialmente assignate al sphera german, ma un accordo posterior in septembre 1939 la transferiva al sphera sovietic.

In octobre 1939, le Union Sovietic transferiva Vilnius al Lituania post le occupation del citate, ma le accordo esseva accompaniate per le obligation de permitter bases militar sovietic in le territorio.

Le 15 de junio 1940, le Union Sovietic occupava Lituania e imposeva un nove governamento. Le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al incorporation del pais in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lituania in augusto 1940.

Le prime periodo del occupation esseva marcate per nationalisationes, arrestos e deportationes. In junio 1941, milles de lituanos esseva deportate al regiones remote del Union Sovietic, includente Siberia. Le institutiones del stato independente esseva dissolute e le vita politic esseva submittite al controlo del Partito Communista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german e le Holocaust ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Lituania. Le administration german esseva accompaniate per un persecution systematic del population judee, que habeva un longa historia in le citates e communitates lituan.

Le Holocaust in Lituania causava le morte de circa 200 000 judéos lituan, un parte major del communitate judee del pais. Le executiones esseva frequentemente realisate in le proprie territorio, per unitates german e collaboratores local. Altere personas esseva deportate a campos de concentration e de labor.

Le occupation german introduceva etiam le exploitation economic e le recrutamento de laboratores. Le societate lituan esseva dividite inter personas que collaborava con le autoritates occupante, personas que resisteva e personas que tentava surviver in conditiones extrememente difficile.

Le guerra e le Holocaust transformava profundemente le demographia del pais. Le communitates judee, que habeva contribute significativemente al vita cultural e economic de plure citates lituan, esseva quasi completemente destruite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava Lituania e restabliva le regime sovietic. Le Union Sovietic reprendeva le collectivisation del agricultura, le nationalisation del industria e le repression contra personas considerate adversarios politic.

Le deportationes massive e le arrestos affectava familias rural, intellectuales, religiosos e altere gruppos. Le resistance armate contra le regime sovietic esseva conduite per partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, qui continuava a operar in le zonas forestal durante plure annos post le guerra.

Le resistentia esseva progressivemente reprimite per le servicios de securitate sovietic, ma le memoria del independentia e le aspirationes national remaneva vivente in partes del societate.

Durante le periodo sovietic, Lituania experimentava industrialisation, urbanisation e migrationes de population proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic. Le lingua lituan remaneva tamen importante in le education, le litteratura e le cultura, ben que le vita public esseva sub le controlo politic del regime.

Le ecclesia catholic lituan habeva un rolo particular in le preservation del identitate national e in le opposition moral al regime. Le publication clandestin de textos religiose e de samizdat documentava le repression e susteneva le dissidentia.

== Le Despertamento National e le Via Baltic ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lituania, le movimento national ganiava fortia e promoveva le restoration del independentia.

In 1988 esseva fundate Sąjūdis, le Movimento de Reforma Lituan, que reuniva intellectuales, artistas, activistas e altere sectores del societate. Le movimento reclamava reformas democratic, recognition del historia national e, progressivemente, independentia.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, le populationes de Lituania, Latvia e Estonia participava in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Vilnius, Riga e Tallinn. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava le recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

Le mobilization popular e le pression politic contribueva al transformation del institutiones e al preparation del declaration de independentia. Le movimento lituan deveniva un del elementos principal del disintegration del Union Sovietic.

== Restablimento del independentia ==
Le 11 de martio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lituania adoptava le Acto de Restablimento del Stato Lituan Independente. Lituania deveniva le prime republica sovietic a declarar formalmente le restablimento de su independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Union Sovietic non recognosceva immediatemente le declaration e initiava mesuras economic e politic contra le nove autoritates lituan. In januario 1991, fortias sovietic interveniva in Vilnius e in altere localitates. Le assalto al centro televisive e al torre de television de Vilnius le 13 de januario causava le morte de 14 civiles e le lesiones de centos de personas.

Le resistance popular e le pression international contribueva al protection del nove institutiones. Post le tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le independentia lituan esseva recognoscite per plure Statos, includente le Union Sovietic in septembre 1991.

Le restablimento del independentia permitteva al pais de reconstruer su institutiones democratic, de reformar su economia e de establir relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de paises.

== Reconstruction del stato e reformas economic ==
Durante le annos 1990, Lituania reconstruiva su systema politic e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution de 1992 establi un republica parlamentar con un presidente eligite e un Seimas unicameral.

Le economia esseva transformate desde un systema planificate sovietic verso un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le reforma del moneta e le creation de institutiones economic proprie requireva cambios profunde in le industria, le agricultura e le servicios.

Le pais experimentava difficultates social e economic durante le prime annos del transition, includente inflation, perdita de empregos e reduction del production in certe sectores. Tamen, le integration in le commercio europee e le disveloppamento del interprisas private contribuiva gradualmente al modernisation economic.

Le relationes con le paises vicin deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior. Lituania developpava cooperation con Polonia, Latvia, Estonia e le paises nordic, durante que le integration in le structuras europee deveniva un objectivo strategic del governamentos successive.

== Integration in le Union Europee e OTAN ==
Lituania deveniva membro del OTAN le 29 de martio 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principal structuras euro-atlantic de securitate e cooperation economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/lithuania_en |titulo=Lithuania – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen in 2007 e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2015, substituente le litas. Le integration economic promoveva le commercio, le investimentos e le mobilitate del citatanos.

Le cooperation con OTAN e le Union Europee deveniva particularmente importante in le contexto del securitate del region baltic e del relationes con Russia. Lituania participa in exercitios multinational, in le cooperation de defense regional e in le protection del infrastructuras critic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua lituan e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le lingua ha conservate plure characteristicas ancian del familia indoeuropee e remane le lingua official del stato.

Le traditiones popular include le canto, le festas stagional, le artesanato e le celebrationes religiose. Le Festa del Canto e le altere eventos cultural contribuent al preservation del musica e del folklore.

Le memoria del Grande Ducato de Lituania, del independentia de 1918, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento de 1990 occupa un position importante in le vita public. Museos, archives e monumentos documenta le historia del stato e le experientias del population durante le guerras e le regimes autoritari.

Le centro historic de Vilnius, con su architectura medieval e baroc, es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le patrimonio architectural e cultural reflecte le diversitate religiose e linguistic del historia lituan.

== Lituania contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lituania es un republica democratic, membro del Union Europee e del OTAN. Su economia combina industria, agricultura, commercio, services e technologia, e su societate participa in le structuras politic e economic europee.

Le historia contemporanee del pais continua a esser influentiate per le cooperation con le Statos baltic e nordic, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura lituan.

Le experientia del independentia medieval, del partitiones, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento del stato in 1990 remane central al memoria historic e al identitate national de Lituania.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union politic con Polonia in 1569, Lituania continuava a existir como Grande Ducato intra le Confederation Polono-Lituan usque al partitiones de 1772–1795. Post un periodo sub dominio russe, le pais proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial e esseva restabilite in 1990. Lituania deveniva membro del Union Europee e del OTAN in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lituania esseva habitate circa 12 000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de ressources natural, in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios e zonas paludose.

Inter circa 3000 e 2500 a.C., populationes balto-indoeuropee se establiva in le region. Durante le seculos sequente, le gruppos balto developpava linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation social que formava le base del identitate cultural del lituanos e de altere populos balto.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio esseva organisate in communitates rural e territorios regional. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio e le exploitation del forestes constitueva partes importante del economia.

Le societates balto manteneva contactos con le Scandinavia, le populos slave e altere communitates del Mar Baltic. Le commercio e le contactos cultural contribuiva al disveloppamento de elites local e de structuras politic regional.

Le lingua lituan pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee e conserva plure characteristicas linguistic ancian. Su historia es intimemente ligate al evolution del populos balto e al formation del identitate national lituan.

== Le tribos balto e le prime mentiones historic ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le territorio del actual Lituania esseva inhabitate per differente gruppos balto, inter illes le lituanos, le samogitianos e le aukštaitianos. Le populationes del region practicava religiones traditional politeiste e manteneva structuras social basate super communitates rural e elites guerrier.

Le prime missiones christian del Europa occidental attingeva le region durante le seculo X. Le annales de Quedlinburg mentiona le nomine de Lituania in 1009, in relation con le mission del sancte Bruno de Querfurt, qui esseva occidite durante su activitate missionari in le region.

Le mention de 1009 constitue un del prime referentias scripte cognoscite al nomine de Lituania. Durante le seculos sequente, le pression exercite per le Ordine Teutonic e le Ordine Livon contribuiva al consolidation de un potentia politic lituan capabile de coordinar le defensa del territorios balto.

== Formation del Grande Ducato de Lituania ==
Durante le seculo XIII, le tribos lituan comenciava a esser reunite sub un autoritate politic plus centralisate. Le expansion del ordines militar christian e lor expeditiones contra le populos balto contribuiva al consolidation del potentia del chefes lituan.

Le figura central del prime stato lituan esseva Mindaugas, qui unificava plure territorios e deveniva rege. Le 6 de julio 1253, ille esseva coronate rege de Lituania, un evento considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del stato lituan. Le corona real reflecteva le recognition del nove monarchia in le quadro politic del Europa occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le morte de Mindaugas, le structura politic continuava a evolver. Durante le regno de Gediminas in le prime parte del seculo XIV, le Grande Ducato extendava su influentia e developpava relationes diplomatic con altere statos europee.

Gediminas promoveva le disveloppamento de Vilnius como centro politic e invitava mercantes, artesanos e religiosos estranier a establir se in su territorios. Le Grande Ducato combinava populationes balto e slave oriental e incorporava territorios que hodie pertine a Lituania, Belarus, Ucraina e partes de altere paises vicin.

Le expansion esseva continuate per le successores de Gediminas. Durante le regno de Algirdas e Kęstutis, le Grande Ducato deveniva un potentia regional importante, capace de resister al expansion del principatos russe e del Ordine Teutonic.

== Expansion e apogeo del Grande Ducato ==
Durante le seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, le Grande Ducato de Lituania attingeva su plus grande extension territorial. Su dominio se extendeva del Mar Baltic verso le regiones del Mar Nigre e includeva grande partes del Europa oriental.

Le expansion esseva accompaniate per un grande diversitate linguistic, religiose e cultural. Le population includeva lituanos, rutenos, judéos e altere communitates. In multe territorios orientales, le christianitate orthodoxe habeva un position importante, durante que le elites del nucleo lituan continuava a mantener le religiositate traditional usque al fin del seculo XIV.

Le regno de Vytautas le Grande, durante le fin del seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, esseva un periodo importante del consolidation politic. Vytautas reforçava le administration, promoveva le cooperation militar e participava al expansion del influentia lituan in le Europa oriental.

Le Batalla de Žalgiris, cognoscite etiam como Batalla de Grunwald, occurreva le 15 de julio 1410. Le fortias del Grande Ducato e del Regno de Polonia, sub le direction de Vytautas e del rege polonese Jogaila, vinceva contra le Ordine Teutonic. Le victoria reduceva le capacitate del Ordine de dominar le territorios del Mar Baltic e confirmava le position del union polono-lituan como potentia major in Europa central e oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union con Polonia e christianisation ==
Le relationes inter Lituania e Polonia deveniva progressivemente plus proxime durante le seculo XIV. In 1385, le Union de Krewo establi un accordo que ligava le Grande Ducato al Regno de Polonia. Le gran-duca Jogaila esseva baptisate como catholic, maritava le regina Jadwiga de Polonia e deveniva rege de Polonia sub le nomine de Władysław II Jagiełło.

In 1387, Lituania adoptava officialmente le christianitate catholic in le nucleo lituan, un transformation que contribuiva al integration del stato in le institutiones religiose e politic del Europa occidental. Le christianisation promoveva le establimento de ecclesias, le disveloppamento del education e le diffusion de nove formas de administration.

Tamen, le union con Polonia non significava le elimination del independentia del Grande Ducato. Lituania conservava su proprie institutiones, legislation e administration, durante que le relationes dinastic e militar inter le duo statos se fortificava.

Le nobiles lituan obteneva gradualmente privilegios juridic e politic. Le elite adoptava progressivemente elementos del cultura polonese, specialmente in le administration e in le education superior, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate per le population e in plure traditiones cultural.

== Le Union de Lublin e le Confederation Polono-Lituan ==
In 1569, le Union de Lublin creava le Confederation Polono-Lituan, un stato composite formate per le Regno de Polonia e le Grande Ducato de Lituania. Le duo partes habeva un monarcha eligite e un parlamento commun, e coordinava le politica exterior e le defensa. Tamen, illos non deveniva un sol territorio administrativ: le Grande Ducato conservava su proprie officiores, su armea, su moneta durante certe periodos e, specialmente, su proprie systema juridic.

Le union respondeva al necessitate de coordinar le defensa e le politica exterior, specialmente durante le conflictos con Russia. Le accordo comportava tamben le transferentia al Corona polonese de territorios del Grande Ducato in Ucraina, un cambiamento importante in le equilibrio del Confederation.

Le Grande Ducato dunque continuava a existir post 1569, ma como un del duo partes constitutive del Confederation, e non como un stato completemente separate. Su Statutos, promulgate in 1529, 1566 e 1588, organisava le legislation e le administration. Le Statuto de 1588 affirmava le autonomia juridic del Grande Ducato intra le union.

Le cultura del Grande Ducato — e, plus largemente, del Confederation — esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le catholicismo, le orthodoxia e le judaismo habeva un presentia importante, e le citates como Vilnius deveniva centros de education, commercio e vita intellectual.

== Cultura, education e religion in le Grande Ducato intra le Confederation ==
Post 1569, le Grande Ducato continuava a mantener un vita institutional e cultural proprie, ben que illo faceva parte del Confederation Polono-Lituan. Le periodo esseva marcate per le expansion del education, del litteratura e del institutiones religiose. Le Universitate de Vilnius esseva fundate in 1579, sub le jesuitas, e deveniva un del principal centros de education superior del Europa oriental.

Le publicationes in lingua lituan comenciava a augmentar. In 1547, Martynas Mažvydas publicava le prime libro stampate in lingua lituan, un catechismo que constitue un momento importante del historia del litteratura lituan.

Le Reforma protestante e le Contrareforma catholic influentiava le vita religiose del Grande Ducato. Le lutheranismo e le calvinismo ganiava adherentes in certe sectores, specialmente inter le nobiles e in le citates, durante que le ecclesia catholic reforçava su institutiones e su activitate educational.

Le lingua polonese ganiava influentia inter le elites, ma le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate in le cultura popular e in le publicationes religiose. Le diversitate linguistic e religiose remaneva un del characteristicas principal del Grande Ducato.

== Guerras e declino del Confederation ==
Durante le seculo XVII, le Confederation Polono-Lituan, del qual le Grande Ducato de Lituania continuava a esser un parte, esseva affectate per guerras contra Russia, Svedia e altere potentias regional. Le Guerra Russo-Polonese de 1654–1667 causava destruction in grande partes del Grande Ducato e affectava profundemente Vilnius e altere centros urban.

In 1655, fortias russe occupava Vilnius, e le guerra provocava perdas demographic e economic importante. Le guerras con Svedia e le conflictos interne debilitava le capacitate del Confederation de defender su territorios.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le debilitate politic del Confederation cresceva. Le systema parlamentar, le conflictos inter magnates e le interventiones estranier limitava le capacitate del stato de reformar su institutiones.

Le Constitution del 3 de maio 1791, adoptate per le Confederation, tentava a reformar le systema politic e a reforçar le autoritate central. Tamen, le reformas non impediva le partitiones del stato inter Russia, Prussia e Austria.

== Partitiones del Confederation e fin del Grande Ducato ==
Le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva dividite per tres partitiones, in 1772, 1793 e 1795. Post le ultime partition, le Confederation cessava de existir e le Grande Ducato de Lituania perdeva su autonomia institutional. Le major parte del territorio lituan passava sub dominio del Imperio Russe.

Le autoritates russe reorganisava le administration e promoveva le integration del territorio in le structura imperial. Le lingua polonese remaneva importante inter le elites, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate principalmente in le communitates rural.

Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per plure insurrectiones contra le dominio russe. Le insurrectiones de 1830–1831 e 1863–1864 involveva participantes de Lituania, Polonia e Belarus, qui reclamava le restauration del independentia o de un periodo politic plus autonome.

Le repression del insurrectiones esseva accompaniate per arrestos, exilios e mesuras de russification. Le autoritates limitava le uso del lingua lituan in le education e in le publicationes public. In 1864, le administration russe prohibiva le publication de libros lituan in characteres latin, un prohibition que durava usque a 1904.

Le prohibition provocava le apparition del contrabanda de libros lituan, per le qual libros imprimite in Prussia oriental esseva introducite clandestinemente in Lituania. Le portatores de libros, cognoscite como knygnešiai, contribuiva al preservation del lingua e al disveloppamento del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Lituan ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX, un movimento cultural e national lituan promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del populo. Le publicationes clandestin e le activitate de intellectuales contribuiva al creation de un identitate national distincte.

Le jornal Aušra, fundate in 1883, habeva un rolo importante in le promotion del lingua lituan e del idea de un communitate national. Altere publicationes e societates cultural diffundeva le education, le folklore e le memoria historic.

Le abolition del prohibition del libros in characteres latin in 1904 permitteva un expansion del publicationes legal in lingua lituan. Le movementos national comenciava a participar plus directemente in le vita politic e a demandar autonomia e, gradualmente, independentia.

Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava manifestationes e agitation politic in Lituania. In 1905, le Grande Seimas de Vilnius reuni representantes de differente partes del societate e demandava un autonomia politic pro Lituania. Iste incontro esseva un passo importante in le transformation del movimento cultural in un movimento politic national.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le declaration de independentia ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le territorio lituan. In 1915, le fortias german occupava le region e le autoritates del Imperio Russe se retirava. Le occupation german introduceva un administration militar que controlava le economia, le transporto e le vita public.

Durante le guerra, le leaders lituan cercava a obtener un recognition international del derecto del pais a devenir independente. Le 16 de februario 1918, le Consilio de Lituania proclamava le restablimento de un stato independente, basate super principios democratic e con Vilnius como capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le proclamation occurreva durante le occupation german, e le nove stato debeva ancora establir su institutiones e defender su territorio. Post le fin del guerra, Lituania esseva confrontate con conflitos contra fortias bolchevic, polonese e altere formationes militar.

== Le Guerra de Independentia ==
Durante le annos 1918–1920, Lituania combatteva pro mantener su independentia contra le fortias bolchevic e contra altere actores regional. Le guerra includeva etiam conflictos con Polonia concernente le controlo de Vilnius e del territorios circumjacente.

Le fortias polonese occupava Vilnius in 1920, e le citate remaneva sub administration polonese durante le periodo interbellic. Le governamento lituan continuava a considerar Vilnius como su capital constitutional, durante que Kaunas deveniva le sede temporari del institutiones del Republica.

Le independentia esseva consolidata per le recognition international e per le formation de un administration, un armea e un systema juridic proprie. Le prime annos del stato esseva tamen marcate per le instabilitate regional e per le necessitate de reconstruer le economia post le guerra.

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lituania adoptava un systema parlamentar e organisava su institutiones national. Le Constitution de 1922 establi un republica democratic, ma le conflictos inter partidos e le difficultates economic contribuiva a un instabilitate politic.

Le 17 de decembre 1926, un colpo de stato militar conduceva al poter Antanas Smetona, qui establiva un regime autoritari. Le partidos politic esseva limitate e le governamento exerceva un controlo crescente super le vita public, ben que le stato continuava a mantener su independentia international.

Le economia lituan se basava principalmente super agricultura e le exportation de productos agricultural, specialmente lacteos, carne e cereales. Le education, le lingua national e le institutiones cultural continuava a developpar se, e Kaunas deveniva un centro important del vita politic e cultural.

Le questione de Vilnius remaneva un del problemas central del politica exterior. Le relationes con Polonia esseva tensionate, e le frontiera inter le duo paises esseva un subjecto de disputa usque al ultimatum polonese de 1938, post le qual le relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Lituania esseva initialmente assignate al sphera german, ma un accordo posterior in septembre 1939 la transferiva al sphera sovietic.

In octobre 1939, le Union Sovietic transferiva Vilnius al Lituania post le occupation del citate, ma le accordo esseva accompaniate per le obligation de permitter bases militar sovietic in le territorio.

Le 15 de junio 1940, le Union Sovietic occupava Lituania e imposeva un nove governamento. Le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al incorporation del pais in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lituania in augusto 1940.

Le prime periodo del occupation esseva marcate per nationalisationes, arrestos e deportationes. In junio 1941, milles de lituanos esseva deportate al regiones remote del Union Sovietic, includente Siberia. Le institutiones del stato independente esseva dissolute e le vita politic esseva submittite al controlo del Partito Communista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german e le Holocaust ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Lituania. Le administration german esseva accompaniate per un persecution systematic del population judee, que habeva un longa historia in le citates e communitates lituan.

Le Holocaust in Lituania causava le morte de circa 200 000 judéos lituan, un parte major del communitate judee del pais. Le executiones esseva frequentemente realisate in le proprie territorio, per unitates german e collaboratores local. Altere personas esseva deportate a campos de concentration e de labor.

Le occupation german introduceva etiam le exploitation economic e le recrutamento de laboratores. Le societate lituan esseva dividite inter personas que collaborava con le autoritates occupante, personas que resisteva e personas que tentava surviver in conditiones extrememente difficile.

Le guerra e le Holocaust transformava profundemente le demographia del pais. Le communitates judee, que habeva contribute significativemente al vita cultural e economic de plure citates lituan, esseva quasi completemente destruite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava Lituania e restabliva le regime sovietic. Le Union Sovietic reprendeva le collectivisation del agricultura, le nationalisation del industria e le repression contra personas considerate adversarios politic.

Le deportationes massive e le arrestos affectava familias rural, intellectuales, religiosos e altere gruppos. Le resistance armate contra le regime sovietic esseva conduite per partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, qui continuava a operar in le zonas forestal durante plure annos post le guerra.

Le resistentia esseva progressivemente reprimite per le servicios de securitate sovietic, ma le memoria del independentia e le aspirationes national remaneva vivente in partes del societate.

Durante le periodo sovietic, Lituania experimentava industrialisation, urbanisation e migrationes de population proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic. Le lingua lituan remaneva tamen importante in le education, le litteratura e le cultura, ben que le vita public esseva sub le controlo politic del regime.

Le ecclesia catholic lituan habeva un rolo particular in le preservation del identitate national e in le opposition moral al regime. Le publication clandestin de textos religiose e de samizdat documentava le repression e susteneva le dissidentia.

== Le Despertamento National e le Via Baltic ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lituania, le movimento national ganiava fortia e promoveva le restoration del independentia.

In 1988 esseva fundate Sąjūdis, le Movimento de Reforma Lituan, que reuniva intellectuales, artistas, activistas e altere sectores del societate. Le movimento reclamava reformas democratic, recognition del historia national e, progressivemente, independentia.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, le populationes de Lituania, Latvia e Estonia participava in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Vilnius, Riga e Tallinn. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava le recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

Le mobilization popular e le pression politic contribueva al transformation del institutiones e al preparation del declaration de independentia. Le movimento lituan deveniva un del elementos principal del disintegration del Union Sovietic.

== Restablimento del independentia ==
Le 11 de martio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lituania adoptava le Acto de Restablimento del Stato Lituan Independente. Lituania deveniva le prime republica sovietic a declarar formalmente le restablimento de su independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Union Sovietic non recognosceva immediatemente le declaration e initiava mesuras economic e politic contra le nove autoritates lituan. In januario 1991, fortias sovietic interveniva in Vilnius e in altere localitates. Le assalto al centro televisive e al torre de television de Vilnius le 13 de januario causava le morte de 14 civiles e le lesiones de centos de personas.

Le resistance popular e le pression international contribueva al protection del nove institutiones. Post le tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le independentia lituan esseva recognoscite per plure Statos, includente le Union Sovietic in septembre 1991.

Le restablimento del independentia permitteva al pais de reconstruer su institutiones democratic, de reformar su economia e de establir relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de paises.

== Reconstruction del stato e reformas economic ==
Durante le annos 1990, Lituania reconstruiva su systema politic e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution de 1992 establi un republica parlamentar con un presidente eligite e un Seimas unicameral.

Le economia esseva transformate desde un systema planificate sovietic verso un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le reforma del moneta e le creation de institutiones economic proprie requireva cambios profunde in le industria, le agricultura e le servicios.

Le pais experimentava difficultates social e economic durante le prime annos del transition, includente inflation, perdita de empregos e reduction del production in certe sectores. Tamen, le integration in le commercio europee e le disveloppamento del interprisas private contribuiva gradualmente al modernisation economic.

Le relationes con le paises vicin deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior. Lituania developpava cooperation con Polonia, Latvia, Estonia e le paises nordic, durante que le integration in le structuras europee deveniva un objectivo strategic del governamentos successive.

== Integration in le Union Europee e OTAN ==
Lituania deveniva membro del OTAN le 29 de martio 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principal structuras euro-atlantic de securitate e cooperation economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/lithuania_en |titulo=Lithuania – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen in 2007 e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2015, substituente le litas. Le integration economic promoveva le commercio, le investimentos e le mobilitate del citatanos.

Le cooperation con OTAN e le Union Europee deveniva particularmente importante in le contexto del securitate del region baltic e del relationes con Russia. Lituania participa in exercitios multinational, in le cooperation de defense regional e in le protection del infrastructuras critic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua lituan e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le lingua ha conservate plure characteristicas ancian del familia indoeuropee e remane le lingua official del stato.

Le traditiones popular include le canto, le festas stagional, le artesanato e le celebrationes religiose. Le Festa del Canto e le altere eventos cultural contribuent al preservation del musica e del folklore.

Le memoria del Grande Ducato de Lituania, del independentia de 1918, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento de 1990 occupa un position importante in le vita public. Museos, archives e monumentos documenta le historia del stato e le experientias del population durante le guerras e le regimes autoritari.

Le centro historic de Vilnius, con su architectura medieval e baroc, es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le patrimonio architectural e cultural reflecte le diversitate religiose e linguistic del historia lituan.

== Lituania contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lituania es un republica democratic, membro del Union Europee e del OTAN. Su economia combina industria, agricultura, commercio, services e technologia, e su societate participa in le structuras politic e economic europee.

Le historia contemporanee del pais continua a esser influentiate per le cooperation con le Statos baltic e nordic, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura lituan.

Le experientia del independentia medieval, del partitiones, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento del stato in 1990 remane central al memoria historic e al identitate national de Lituania.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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Le '''historia de Lituania''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del population lituan desde le prime habitationes prehistorique usque al formation del stato moderne. Situate in le region baltic del Europa nord-oriental, Lituania ha essite un centro politic importante durante le Medievo, quando le [[Grande Ducato de Lituania]] deveniva un del plus grande statos de Europa. Post le union politic con Polonia in 1569, Lituania continuava a existir como Grande Ducato intra le Confederation Polono-Lituan usque al partitiones de 1772–1795. Post un periodo sub dominio russe, le pais proclamava su independentia in 1918. Le independentia esseva interrompite per le occupationes sovietic e german durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial e esseva restabilite in 1990. Lituania deveniva membro del Union Europee e del OTAN in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prehistoria e prime habitationes ==
Le territorio del actual Lituania esseva habitate circa 12 000 a.C., post le reculo del glacieos del ultime glaciation. Le prime populationes viveva principalmente del chassa, del pisca e del collection de ressources natural, in un ambiente de forestes, fluvios e zonas paludose.

Inter circa 3000 e 2500 a.C., populationes balto-indoeuropee se establiva in le region. Durante le seculos sequente, le gruppos balto developpava linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation social que formava le base del identitate cultural del lituanos e de altere populos balto.

Durante le prime millennio de nostre era, le populationes del territorio esseva organisate in communitates rural e territorios regional. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le commercio e le exploitation del forestes constitueva partes importante del economia.

Le societates balto manteneva contactos con le Scandinavia, le populos slave e altere communitates del Mar Baltic. Le commercio e le contactos cultural contribuiva al disveloppamento de elites local e de structuras politic regional.

Le lingua lituan pertine al gruppo balto del familia indoeuropee e conserva plure characteristicas linguistic ancian. Su historia es intimemente ligate al evolution del populos balto e al formation del identitate national lituan.

== Le tribos balto e le prime mentiones historic ==
Durante le prime seculos medieval, le territorio del actual Lituania esseva inhabitate per differente gruppos balto, inter illes le lituanos, le samogitianos e le aukštaitianos. Le populationes del region practicava religiones traditional politeiste e manteneva structuras social basate super communitates rural e elites guerrier.

Le prime missiones christian del Europa occidental attingeva le region durante le seculo X. Le annales de Quedlinburg mentiona le nomine de Lituania in 1009, in relation con le mission del sancte Bruno de Querfurt, qui esseva occidite durante su activitate missionari in le region.

Le mention de 1009 constitue un del prime referentias scripte cognoscite al nomine de Lituania. Durante le seculos sequente, le pression exercite per le Ordine Teutonic e le Ordine Livon contribuiva al consolidation de un potentia politic lituan capabile de coordinar le defensa del territorios balto.

== Grande Ducato de Lituania ==
=== Formation ===
Durante le seculo XIII, le tribos lituan comenciava a esser reunite sub un autoritate politic plus centralisate. Le expansion del ordines militar christian e lor expeditiones contra le populos balto contribuiva al consolidation del potentia del chefes lituan.

Le figura central del prime stato lituan esseva Mindaugas, qui unificava plure territorios e deveniva rege. Le 6 de julio 1253, ille esseva coronate rege de Lituania, un evento considerate un momento fundamental in le formation del stato lituan. Le corona real reflecteva le recognition del nove monarchia in le quadro politic del Europa occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le morte de Mindaugas, le structura politic continuava a evolver. Durante le regno de Gediminas in le prime parte del seculo XIV, le Grande Ducato extendava su influentia e developpava relationes diplomatic con altere statos europee.

Gediminas promoveva le disveloppamento de Vilnius como centro politic e invitava mercantes, artesanos e religiosos estranier a establir se in su territorios. Le Grande Ducato combinava populationes balto e slave oriental e incorporava territorios que hodie pertine a Lituania, Belarus, Ucraina e partes de altere paises vicin.

Le expansion esseva continuate per le successores de Gediminas. Durante le regno de Algirdas e Kęstutis, le Grande Ducato deveniva un potentia regional importante, capace de resister al expansion del principatos russe e del Ordine Teutonic.

=== Expansion e apogeo ===
Durante le seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, le Grande Ducato de Lituania attingeva su plus grande extension territorial. Su dominio se extendeva del Mar Baltic verso le regiones del Mar Nigre e includeva grande partes del Europa oriental.

Le expansion esseva accompaniate per un grande diversitate linguistic, religiose e cultural. Le population includeva lituanos, rutenos, judéos e altere communitates. In multe territorios orientales, le christianitate orthodoxe habeva un position importante, durante que le elites del nucleo lituan continuava a mantener le religiositate traditional usque al fin del seculo XIV.

Le regno de Vytautas le Grande, durante le fin del seculo XIV e le initio del seculo XV, esseva un periodo importante del consolidation politic. Vytautas reforçava le administration, promoveva le cooperation militar e participava al expansion del influentia lituan in le Europa oriental.

Le Batalla de Žalgiris, cognoscite etiam como Batalla de Grunwald, occurreva le 15 de julio 1410. Le fortias del Grande Ducato e del Regno de Polonia, sub le direction de Vytautas e del rege polonese Jogaila, vinceva contra le Ordine Teutonic. Le victoria reduceva le capacitate del Ordine de dominar le territorios del Mar Baltic e confirmava le position del union polono-lituan como potentia major in Europa central e oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Union con Polonia e christianisation ==
Le relationes inter Lituania e Polonia deveniva progressivemente plus proxime durante le seculo XIV. In 1385, le Union de Krewo establi un accordo que ligava le Grande Ducato al Regno de Polonia. Le gran-duca Jogaila esseva baptisate como catholic, maritava le regina Jadwiga de Polonia e deveniva rege de Polonia sub le nomine de Władysław II Jagiełło.

In 1387, Lituania adoptava officialmente le christianitate catholic in le nucleo lituan, un transformation que contribuiva al integration del stato in le institutiones religiose e politic del Europa occidental. Le christianisation promoveva le establimento de ecclesias, le disveloppamento del education e le diffusion de nove formas de administration.

Tamen, le union con Polonia non significava le elimination del independentia del Grande Ducato. Lituania conservava su proprie institutiones, legislation e administration, durante que le relationes dinastic e militar inter le duo statos se fortificava.

Le nobiles lituan obteneva gradualmente privilegios juridic e politic. Le elite adoptava progressivemente elementos del cultura polonese, specialmente in le administration e in le education superior, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate per le population e in plure traditiones cultural.

=== Le Union de Lublin e le Confederation Polono-Lituan ===
In 1569, le Union de Lublin creava le Confederation Polono-Lituan, un stato composite formate per le Regno de Polonia e le Grande Ducato de Lituania. Le duo partes habeva un monarcha eligite e un parlamento commun, e coordinava le politica exterior e le defensa. Tamen, illos non deveniva un sol territorio administrativ: le Grande Ducato conservava su proprie officiores, su armea, su moneta durante certe periodos e, specialmente, su proprie systema juridic.

Le union respondeva al necessitate de coordinar le defensa e le politica exterior, specialmente durante le conflictos con Russia. Le accordo comportava tamben le transferentia al Corona polonese de territorios del Grande Ducato in Ucraina, un cambiamento importante in le equilibrio del Confederation.

Le Grande Ducato dunque continuava a existir post 1569, ma como un del duo partes constitutive del Confederation, e non como un stato completemente separate. Su Statutos, promulgate in 1529, 1566 e 1588, organisava le legislation e le administration. Le Statuto de 1588 affirmava le autonomia juridic del Grande Ducato intra le union.

Le cultura del Grande Ducato — e, plus largemente, del Confederation — esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le catholicismo, le orthodoxia e le judaismo habeva un presentia importante, e le citates como Vilnius deveniva centros de education, commercio e vita intellectual.

=== Cultura, education e religion in le Grande Ducato intra le Confederation ===
Post 1569, le Grande Ducato continuava a mantener un vita institutional e cultural proprie, ben que illo faceva parte del Confederation Polono-Lituan. Le periodo esseva marcate per le expansion del education, del litteratura e del institutiones religiose. Le Universitate de Vilnius esseva fundate in 1579, sub le jesuitas, e deveniva un del principal centros de education superior del Europa oriental.

Le publicationes in lingua lituan comenciava a augmentar. In 1547, Martynas Mažvydas publicava le prime libro stampate in lingua lituan, un catechismo que constitue un momento importante del historia del litteratura lituan.

Le Reforma protestante e le Contrareforma catholic influentiava le vita religiose del Grande Ducato. Le lutheranismo e le calvinismo ganiava adherentes in certe sectores, specialmente inter le nobiles e in le citates, durante que le ecclesia catholic reforçava su institutiones e su activitate educational.

Le lingua polonese ganiava influentia inter le elites, ma le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate in le cultura popular e in le publicationes religiose. Le diversitate linguistic e religiose remaneva un del characteristicas principal del Grande Ducato.

=== Guerras e declino del Confederation ===
Durante le seculo XVII, le Confederation Polono-Lituan, del qual le Grande Ducato de Lituania continuava a esser un parte, esseva affectate per guerras contra Russia, Svedia e altere potentias regional. Le Guerra Russo-Polonese de 1654–1667 causava destruction in grande partes del Grande Ducato e affectava profundemente Vilnius e altere centros urban.

In 1655, fortias russe occupava Vilnius, e le guerra provocava perdas demographic e economic importante. Le guerras con Svedia e le conflictos interne debilitava le capacitate del Confederation de defender su territorios.

Durante le seculo XVIII, le debilitate politic del Confederation cresceva. Le systema parlamentar, le conflictos inter magnates e le interventiones estranier limitava le capacitate del stato de reformar su institutiones.

Le Constitution del 3 de maio 1791, adoptate per le Confederation, tentava a reformar le systema politic e a reforçar le autoritate central. Tamen, le reformas non impediva le partitiones del stato inter Russia, Prussia e Austria.

=== Partitiones del Confederation e fin del Grande Ducato ===
Le Confederation Polono-Lituan esseva dividite per tres partitiones, in 1772, 1793 e 1795. Post le ultime partition, le Confederation cessava de existir e le Grande Ducato de Lituania perdeva su autonomia institutional. Le major parte del territorio lituan passava sub dominio del Imperio Russe.

Le autoritates russe reorganisava le administration e promoveva le integration del territorio in le structura imperial. Le lingua polonese remaneva importante inter le elites, durante que le lingua lituan continuava a esser usate principalmente in le communitates rural.

Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per plure insurrectiones contra le dominio russe. Le insurrectiones de 1830–1831 e 1863–1864 involveva participantes de Lituania, Polonia e Belarus, qui reclamava le restauration del independentia o de un periodo politic plus autonome.

Le repression del insurrectiones esseva accompaniate per arrestos, exilios e mesuras de russification. Le autoritates limitava le uso del lingua lituan in le education e in le publicationes public. In 1864, le administration russe prohibiva le publication de libros lituan in characteres latin, un prohibition que durava usque a 1904.

Le prohibition provocava le apparition del contrabanda de libros lituan, per le qual libros imprimite in Prussia oriental esseva introducite clandestinemente in Lituania. Le portatores de libros, cognoscite como knygnešiai, contribuiva al preservation del lingua e al disveloppamento del identitate national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le Despertamento National Lituan ==
Durante le fin del seculo XIX, un movimento cultural e national lituan promoveva le lingua, le litteratura e le historia del populo. Le publicationes clandestin e le activitate de intellectuales contribuiva al creation de un identitate national distincte.

Le jornal Aušra, fundate in 1883, habeva un rolo importante in le promotion del lingua lituan e del idea de un communitate national. Altere publicationes e societates cultural diffundeva le education, le folklore e le memoria historic.

Le abolition del prohibition del libros in characteres latin in 1904 permitteva un expansion del publicationes legal in lingua lituan. Le movementos national comenciava a participar plus directemente in le vita politic e a demandar autonomia e, gradualmente, independentia.

Le Revolution Russe de 1905 provocava manifestationes e agitation politic in Lituania. In 1905, le Grande Seimas de Vilnius reuni representantes de differente partes del societate e demandava un autonomia politic pro Lituania. Iste incontro esseva un passo importante in le transformation del movimento cultural in un movimento politic national.

== Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le declaration de independentia ==
Le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914 e affectava profundemente le territorio lituan. In 1915, le fortias german occupava le region e le autoritates del Imperio Russe se retirava. Le occupation german introduceva un administration militar que controlava le economia, le transporto e le vita public.

Durante le guerra, le leaders lituan cercava a obtener un recognition international del derecto del pais a devenir independente. Le 16 de februario 1918, le Consilio de Lituania proclamava le restablimento de un stato independente, basate super principios democratic e con Vilnius como capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/travel-and-residence/about-lithuania/history-of-lithuania/1339 |titulo=History of Lithuania |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le proclamation occurreva durante le occupation german, e le nove stato debeva ancora establir su institutiones e defender su territorio. Post le fin del guerra, Lituania esseva confrontate con conflitos contra fortias bolchevic, polonese e altere formationes militar.

== Le Guerra de Independentia ==
Durante le annos 1918–1920, Lituania combatteva pro mantener su independentia contra le fortias bolchevic e contra altere actores regional. Le guerra includeva etiam conflictos con Polonia concernente le controlo de Vilnius e del territorios circumjacente.

Le fortias polonese occupava Vilnius in 1920, e le citate remaneva sub administration polonese durante le periodo interbellic. Le governamento lituan continuava a considerar Vilnius como su capital constitutional, durante que Kaunas deveniva le sede temporari del institutiones del Republica.

Le independentia esseva consolidata per le recognition international e per le formation de un administration, un armea e un systema juridic proprie. Le prime annos del stato esseva tamen marcate per le instabilitate regional e per le necessitate de reconstruer le economia post le guerra.

== Le Republica inter le guerras ==
Durante le annos 1920, Lituania adoptava un systema parlamentar e organisava su institutiones national. Le Constitution de 1922 establi un republica democratic, ma le conflictos inter partidos e le difficultates economic contribuiva a un instabilitate politic.

Le 17 de decembre 1926, un colpo de stato militar conduceva al poter Antanas Smetona, qui establiva un regime autoritari. Le partidos politic esseva limitate e le governamento exerceva un controlo crescente super le vita public, ben que le stato continuava a mantener su independentia international.

Le economia lituan se basava principalmente super agricultura e le exportation de productos agricultural, specialmente lacteos, carne e cereales. Le education, le lingua national e le institutiones cultural continuava a developpar se, e Kaunas deveniva un centro important del vita politic e cultural.

Le questione de Vilnius remaneva un del problemas central del politica exterior. Le relationes con Polonia esseva tensionate, e le frontiera inter le duo paises esseva un subjecto de disputa usque al ultimatum polonese de 1938, post le qual le relationes diplomatic esseva restabilite.

== Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e le occupation sovietic ==
Le Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop, signate le 23 de augusto 1939 inter le Germania nazi e le Union Sovietic, includeva protocollos secrete que repartiva partes del Europa oriental in spheras de influentia. Lituania esseva initialmente assignate al sphera german, ma un accordo posterior in septembre 1939 la transferiva al sphera sovietic.

In octobre 1939, le Union Sovietic transferiva Vilnius al Lituania post le occupation del citate, ma le accordo esseva accompaniate per le obligation de permitter bases militar sovietic in le territorio.

Le 15 de junio 1940, le Union Sovietic occupava Lituania e imposeva un nove governamento. Le electiones organisate sub occupation conduceva al incorporation del pais in le Union Sovietic como Republica Socialista Sovietic de Lituania in augusto 1940.

Le prime periodo del occupation esseva marcate per nationalisationes, arrestos e deportationes. In junio 1941, milles de lituanos esseva deportate al regiones remote del Union Sovietic, includente Siberia. Le institutiones del stato independente esseva dissolute e le vita politic esseva submittite al controlo del Partito Communista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le occupation german e le Holocaust ==
In junio 1941, le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic e occupava Lituania. Le administration german esseva accompaniate per un persecution systematic del population judee, que habeva un longa historia in le citates e communitates lituan.

Le Holocaust in Lituania causava le morte de circa 200 000 judéos lituan, un parte major del communitate judee del pais. Le executiones esseva frequentemente realisate in le proprie territorio, per unitates german e collaboratores local. Altere personas esseva deportate a campos de concentration e de labor.

Le occupation german introduceva etiam le exploitation economic e le recrutamento de laboratores. Le societate lituan esseva dividite inter personas que collaborava con le autoritates occupante, personas que resisteva e personas que tentava surviver in conditiones extrememente difficile.

Le guerra e le Holocaust transformava profundemente le demographia del pais. Le communitates judee, que habeva contribute significativemente al vita cultural e economic de plure citates lituan, esseva quasi completemente destruite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le secunde occupation sovietic e le resistentia ==
In 1944, le Armeate Rubie reoccupava Lituania e restabliva le regime sovietic. Le Union Sovietic reprendeva le collectivisation del agricultura, le nationalisation del industria e le repression contra personas considerate adversarios politic.

Le deportationes massive e le arrestos affectava familias rural, intellectuales, religiosos e altere gruppos. Le resistance armate contra le regime sovietic esseva conduite per partisanos cognoscite como le Fratres del Foreste, qui continuava a operar in le zonas forestal durante plure annos post le guerra.

Le resistentia esseva progressivemente reprimite per le servicios de securitate sovietic, ma le memoria del independentia e le aspirationes national remaneva vivente in partes del societate.

Durante le periodo sovietic, Lituania experimentava industrialisation, urbanisation e migrationes de population proveniente de altere partes del Union Sovietic. Le lingua lituan remaneva tamen importante in le education, le litteratura e le cultura, ben que le vita public esseva sub le controlo politic del regime.

Le ecclesia catholic lituan habeva un rolo particular in le preservation del identitate national e in le opposition moral al regime. Le publication clandestin de textos religiose e de samizdat documentava le repression e susteneva le dissidentia.

== Le Despertamento National e le Via Baltic ==
Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de Mikhail Gorbachev in le Union Sovietic permitteva un expression plus libere de revendicationes politic e cultural. In Lituania, le movimento national ganiava fortia e promoveva le restoration del independentia.

In 1988 esseva fundate Sąjūdis, le Movimento de Reforma Lituan, que reuniva intellectuales, artistas, activistas e altere sectores del societate. Le movimento reclamava reformas democratic, recognition del historia national e, progressivemente, independentia.

Le 23 de augusto 1989, le populationes de Lituania, Latvia e Estonia participava in le Via Baltic, un catena human de circa 600 kilometros que connectava Vilnius, Riga e Tallinn. Le action commemorava le anniversario del Pacte Molotov–Ribbentrop e reclamava le recognition del independentia del Statos baltic.

Le mobilization popular e le pression politic contribueva al transformation del institutiones e al preparation del declaration de independentia. Le movimento lituan deveniva un del elementos principal del disintegration del Union Sovietic.

== Restablimento del independentia ==
Le 11 de martio 1990, le Consilio Supremo de Lituania adoptava le Acto de Restablimento del Stato Lituan Independente. Lituania deveniva le prime republica sovietic a declarar formalmente le restablimento de su independentia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/believe-in-freedom.-11-march-1990/the-path-towards-independence/1366 |titulo=The Path towards Independence |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Union Sovietic non recognosceva immediatemente le declaration e initiava mesuras economic e politic contra le nove autoritates lituan. In januario 1991, fortias sovietic interveniva in Vilnius e in altere localitates. Le assalto al centro televisive e al torre de television de Vilnius le 13 de januario causava le morte de 14 civiles e le lesiones de centos de personas.

Le resistance popular e le pression international contribueva al protection del nove institutiones. Post le tentativa de colpo de stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le independentia lituan esseva recognoscite per plure Statos, includente le Union Sovietic in septembre 1991.

Le restablimento del independentia permitteva al pais de reconstruer su institutiones democratic, de reformar su economia e de establir relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de paises.

== Reconstruction del stato e reformas economic ==
Durante le annos 1990, Lituania reconstruiva su systema politic e adoptava un nove quadro constitutional. Le Constitution de 1992 establi un republica parlamentar con un presidente eligite e un Seimas unicameral.

Le economia esseva transformate desde un systema planificate sovietic verso un economia de mercato. Le privatization, le reforma del moneta e le creation de institutiones economic proprie requireva cambios profunde in le industria, le agricultura e le servicios.

Le pais experimentava difficultates social e economic durante le prime annos del transition, includente inflation, perdita de empregos e reduction del production in certe sectores. Tamen, le integration in le commercio europee e le disveloppamento del interprisas private contribuiva gradualmente al modernisation economic.

Le relationes con le paises vicin deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior. Lituania developpava cooperation con Polonia, Latvia, Estonia e le paises nordic, durante que le integration in le structuras europee deveniva un objectivo strategic del governamentos successive.

== Integration in le Union Europee e OTAN ==
Lituania deveniva membro del OTAN le 29 de martio 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de maio 2004. Iste accessiones marcava le integration del pais in le principal structuras euro-atlantic de securitate e cooperation economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2004/03/29/seven-new-members-join-nato |titulo=Seven new members join NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/lithuania_en |titulo=Lithuania – EU country |sitioweb=Union Europee |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le pais entrava in le Area Schengen in 2007 e adoptava le euro le 1 de januario 2015, substituente le litas. Le integration economic promoveva le commercio, le investimentos e le mobilitate del citatanos.

Le cooperation con OTAN e le Union Europee deveniva particularmente importante in le contexto del securitate del region baltic e del relationes con Russia. Lituania participa in exercitios multinational, in le cooperation de defense regional e in le protection del infrastructuras critic.

== Cultura, lingua e memoria historic ==
Le lingua lituan e le traditiones cultural constitue elementos central del identitate national. Le lingua ha conservate plure characteristicas ancian del familia indoeuropee e remane le lingua official del stato.

Le traditiones popular include le canto, le festas stagional, le artesanato e le celebrationes religiose. Le Festa del Canto e le altere eventos cultural contribuent al preservation del musica e del folklore.

Le memoria del Grande Ducato de Lituania, del independentia de 1918, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento de 1990 occupa un position importante in le vita public. Museos, archives e monumentos documenta le historia del stato e le experientias del population durante le guerras e le regimes autoritari.

Le centro historic de Vilnius, con su architectura medieval e baroc, es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le patrimonio architectural e cultural reflecte le diversitate religiose e linguistic del historia lituan.

== Lituania contemporanee ==
In le seculo XXI, Lituania es un republica democratic, membro del Union Europee e del OTAN. Su economia combina industria, agricultura, commercio, services e technologia, e su societate participa in le structuras politic e economic europee.

Le historia contemporanee del pais continua a esser influentiate per le cooperation con le Statos baltic e nordic, le securitate del Mar Baltic, le relationes con le paises vicin e le preservation del lingua e del cultura lituan.

Le experientia del independentia medieval, del partitiones, del occupationes del seculo XX e del restablimento del stato in 1990 remane central al memoria historic e al identitate national de Lituania.

{{Ref}}
{{Historia de Europa per pais}}

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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Alianza PAIS''' (nomine complete: Movimiento Patria Altiva i Soberana, con PAIS como sigla) esseva un movimento politic de [[Ecuador]], fundate in 2006 e associate principalmente con le figura de [[Rafael Correa]], presidente del pais inter 2007 e 2017. Le movimento deveniva le principal organisation politic del projecto appellate Revolución Ciudadana, que promoveva reformas institutional, un rolo plus grande del Stato in le econom...”</comment>
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Le '''Alianza PAIS''' (nomine complete: Movimiento Patria Altiva i Soberana, con PAIS como sigla) esseva un movimento politic de [[Ecuador]], fundate in 2006 e associate principalmente con le figura de [[Rafael Correa]], presidente del pais inter 2007 e 2017. Le movimento deveniva le principal organisation politic del projecto appellate Revolución Ciudadana, que promoveva reformas institutional, un rolo plus grande del Stato in le economia e le expansion de politicas social. Durante su periodo de major influentia, Alianza PAIS dominava le Governo e habeva un majoritate importante in le Assemblea National.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/545702/EPRS_ATA(2014)545702_REV1_EN.pdf |titulo=Ecuador: Parliamentary elections and political parties |sitioweb=European Parliamentary Research Service |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le movimento esseva al centro del politica national ecuatorian durante plus de un decennio. Su trajectoria include le election de Correa in 2006, le adoption de un nove Constitution in 2008, su re-electiones in 2009 e 2013 e le election de [[Lenín Moreno]] como presidente in 2017. Le relation inter Moreno e Correa se deteriorava durante le mandato de Moreno, provocante un division interne del movimento. In 2022, le organisation adoptava le denomination Movimiento Verde, Ético, Revolucionario y Democrático (MOVER). In januario 2024, le [[Consejo Nacional Electoral de Ecuador]] approbava le cancellation de su personeria juridic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/cne-aprobo-cambio-de-denominacion-de-alianza-pais/ |titulo=CNE aprobó cambio de denominación de Alianza PAIS |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/document/acta-resolutiva-no-08-ple-cne-2024/ |titulo=Acta Resolutiva No. 08-PLE-CNE-2024 |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Creation e origines ==
Alianza PAIS esseva fundate in 2006 como un movimento que reuniva gruppos de sinistra, organisationes social e actores politic que susteneva un transformation del systema politic ecuatorian. Su principal dirigente esseva Rafael Correa, economista que se presentava como candidato al election presidential de ille anno.

Le movimento proponeva un reforma del institutiones del Stato, includente le convocation de un Assemblea Constituente pro rediger un nove Constitution. Alianza PAIS non presentava candidatos proprie al election legislative de 2006, ma Correa participava al election presidential e passava al secunde torno, ubi ille vinceva contra [[Álvaro Noboa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/545702/EPRS_ATA(2014)545702_REV1_EN.pdf |titulo=Ecuador: Parliamentary elections and political parties |sitioweb=European Parliamentary Research Service |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le nomine PAIS correspondeva al expression Patria Altiva i Soberana, que exprimiva le emphasis del movimento sur le independentia national e le sovranitate del pais.

== Ideologia e programma politic ==
Alianza PAIS esseva generalmente describite como un movimento de sinistra, con orientationes social-democratic, socialiste e national-popular. Su projecto politic esseva cognoscite como Revolución Ciudadana. Le movimento susteneva un rolo active del Stato in le economia, le expansion del servicios public, le investition in infrastructura e le reduction del pobreza e del inequitate.

Inter le objectivos declarate del movimento se trovava le transformation del institutiones politic, le reinforcement del sovranitate national e le promotion de integration regional latinoamerican. Su programma includeva tamben un nove quadro constitutional e un redistribution del competentias inter le institutiones del Stato.

Le interpretation del effectos de iste politicas varia inter observatores, actores politic e studiosos. Supportatores accentuava le expansion del infrastructura e del programas social; criticos contestava certe decisiones economic, le concentration del poter executive e le relationes del Governo con medios de communication e institutiones de controlo.

== Election de 2006 ==
In le election presidential de 2006, Rafael Correa se presentava como candidato de Alianza PAIS. In le prime torno, ille obteneva circa 22,8 % del votos, durante que Álvaro Noboa obteneva circa 26,8 %. Correa vinceva le secunde torno del 26 de novembre con circa 56,7 % del votos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/545702/EPRS_ATA(2014)545702_REV1_EN.pdf |titulo=Ecuador: Parliamentary elections and political parties |sitioweb=European Parliamentary Research Service |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le victoria de Correa marcava le initio del ascension national del movimento. Un del su promessas central esseva convocar un Assemblea Constituente, que debera reformar le institutiones e le quadro juridic del pais.

== Assemblea Constituente e Constitution de 2008 ==
Post le election, le Governo organisava un referendum super le convocation de un Assemblea Constituente. Le nove Assemblea esseva eligite in 2007 e Alianza PAIS obteneva un majoritate importante de su membros.

Le Assemblea elaborava un nove Constitution, approbate per referendum in septembre 2008 e entrante in vigor in octobre del mesme anno. Le Constitution reforçava le rolo del Stato in le economia e in le provision de servicios public, recognosceva nove derectos e introduceva le conceptos de Buen Vivir e de un Stato plurinational e intercultural.

Le reforma constitutional esseva un elemento central del projecto politic de Correa e de Alianza PAIS. Illo modificava le structura del institutiones national e permitteva le election presidential e legislative sub le nove quadro constitutional.

== Governo de Rafael Correa ==
Rafael Correa assumeva le presidentia in januario 2007. Alianza PAIS deveniva le principal organisation de supporto al Governo e obteneva un majoritate legislative in le electiones de 2009 e 2013.

Durante le administrationes de Correa, le Governo augmentava le investitiones public in infrastructura, transporte, education e sanitate. Le periodos de croissance economic, sustenite in parte per le precios del petroleum, permitteva financiar plure programas social e obras public.

Simultaneemente, le Governo esseva objecto de criticas concernente le concentration del poter, le relationes con le medios de communication, le conflictos con organisationes indigene e ambientalista e le decisiones concernente le exploitation de recursos natural. Le interpretation del resultatos del periodo continua a esser objecto de debatte in Ecuador.

In le election presidential de 2013, Correa esseva reeligite in le prime torno. Alianza PAIS reteneva tamben un majoritate importante in le Assemblea National, lo que permitteva al Governo promover su agenda legislative.

== Election de 2017 e division del movimento ==
In 2017, Correa non se presentava pro un nove mandato e Alianza PAIS nominava [[Lenín Moreno]], qui habeva essite vice-presidente durante parte del administrationes de Correa. Moreno vinceva le election presidential contra [[Guillermo Lasso]] in le secunde torno.

Post su accession al presidentia, Moreno se distantiava progressivemente del direction politic de Correa. Le disagreementos concernente le politica economic, le relationes con le institutiones e le interpretation del legato del anterior Governo provocava un conflicto interne.

Le division deveniva evidente in le direction del movimento e in le Assemblea National. Correa e su supportatores criticava le orientation del Governo de Moreno, durante que Moreno e su alliatos accusava le anterior direction de haber concentrate le poter e de haber create problemas institutional. In februario 2021, Moreno annunciava su disaffiliation de Alianza PAIS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/presidente-lenin-moreno-desafiliacion-movimiento-pais/ |titulo=Presidente Lenín Moreno se desafilia de Alianza PAIS |sitioweb=Primicias |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Electiones de 2021 ==
Le electiones general de 2021 occurreva in un contexto de division del movimento e de transformation del panorama politic ecuatorian. Alianza PAIS presentava candidatos, ma su peso electoral habeva diminuite in comparation con le periodo de Correa.

Le candidato presidential del movimento, Ximena Peña, non passava al secunde torno. Le secunde torno esseva disputate inter [[Andrés Arauz]], candidate del coalition Unión por la Esperanza, associate al correismo, e Guillermo Lasso, qui vinceva le election.

Le resultatos de 2021 faceva parte del evaluation del Consejo Nacional Electoral concernente al mantenimento del inscription legal del movimento in le registro de organisationes politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/cne-proclamo-oficialmente-resultados-de-las-elecciones-generales-2021/ |titulo=CNE proclamó oficialmente resultados de las Elecciones Generales 2021 |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambio de nomine a MOVER ==
In februario 2022, le Consejo Nacional Electoral approbava le reforma del regime organic de Alianza PAIS e le cambio de denomination a Movimiento Verde, Ético, Revolucionario y Democrático (MOVER). Le decision esseva adoptate post que le organisation compliva le requisitos electoral e approbava le modification in su convention national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/cne-aprobo-cambio-de-denominacion-de-alianza-pais/ |titulo=CNE aprobó cambio de denominación de Alianza PAIS |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cambio de nomine non significava que le organisation retornava al periodo de su major influentia politic. In le contexto posterior al division inter Correa e Moreno, MOVER operava in un panorama politic different e participava in electiones sub su nove denomination.

== Cancellation del personeria juridic ==
In decembre 2023, le Consejo Nacional Electoral initiava le processo de cancellation del MOVER, citante le normas concernente al resultatos electoral necessari pro mantener le recognition juridic de un organisation politic. Le decision esseva adoptate in le quadro del legislation electoral ecuatorian, que establi conditiones de representation e de supporto electoral pro le continuation del inscription in le registro national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/movimiento-mover-cne-eliminacion/ |titulo=Movimiento Mover, ex Alianza PAIS, a un paso de ser eliminado |sitioweb=Primicias |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In januario 2024, le Consejo Nacional Electoral adoptava le decision de cancellation del personeria juridic del movimento. Le dissolution administrative significava que MOVER, anteriormente Alianza PAIS, perdeva su recognition como organisation politic national in le registro electoral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/document/acta-resolutiva-n02-ple-cne-2024/ |titulo=Acta Resolutiva N° 02-PLE-CNE-2024 |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legato politic ==
Alianza PAIS ha un posto importante in le historia politic recente de Ecuador, specialmente per su rolo in le election de Rafael Correa, le Assemblea Constituente de 2007 e le Constitution de 2008. Durante un periodo de plus de dece annos, le movimento esseva le principal organisation politic del Governo e participava al transformation del institutiones, del politicas social e del relationes international del pais.

Su historia es etiam marcate per le ruptura inter Correa e Moreno, le diminution del supporto electoral e le cambio de denomination a MOVER. Le cancellation juridic de 2024 conclueva le trajectoria formal del organisation como movimento politic national, ben que su historia e su actores continua a esser relevante in le studio del correismo e del politica ecuatorian contemporanee.

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Partitos politic de Ecuador]]
[[Categoria:Organisationales fundate in 2006]]
[[Categoria:Organisationales deonisate in 2024]]</text>
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Le '''Alianza PAIS''' (nomine complete: Movimiento Patria Altiva i Soberana, con PAIS como sigla) esseva un movimento politic de [[Ecuador]], fundate in 2006 e associate principalmente con le figura de [[Rafael Correa]], presidente del pais inter 2007 e 2017. Le movimento deveniva le principal organisation politic del projecto appellate Revolución Ciudadana, que promoveva reformas institutional, un rolo plus grande del Stato in le economia e le expansion de politicas social. Durante su periodo de major influentia, Alianza PAIS dominava le Governo e habeva un majoritate importante in le Assemblea National.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/545702/EPRS_ATA(2014)545702_REV1_EN.pdf |titulo=Ecuador: Parliamentary elections and political parties |sitioweb=European Parliamentary Research Service |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le movimento esseva al centro del politica national ecuatorian durante plus de un decennio. Su trajectoria include le election de Correa in 2006, le adoption de un nove Constitution in 2008, su re-electiones in 2009 e 2013 e le election de [[Lenín Moreno]] como presidente in 2017. Le relation inter Moreno e Correa se deteriorava durante le mandato de Moreno, provocante un division interne del movimento. In 2022, le organisation adoptava le denomination Movimiento Verde, Ético, Revolucionario y Democrático (MOVER). In januario 2024, le [[Consejo Nacional Electoral de Ecuador]] approbava le cancellation de su personeria juridic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/cne-aprobo-cambio-de-denominacion-de-alianza-pais/ |titulo=CNE aprobó cambio de denominación de Alianza PAIS |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/document/acta-resolutiva-no-08-ple-cne-2024/ |titulo=Acta Resolutiva No. 08-PLE-CNE-2024 |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Creation e origines ==
Alianza PAIS esseva fundate in 2006 como un movimento que reuniva gruppos de sinistra, organisationes social e actores politic que susteneva un transformation del systema politic ecuatorian. Su principal dirigente esseva Rafael Correa, economista que se presentava como candidato al election presidential de ille anno.

Le movimento proponeva un reforma del institutiones del Stato, includente le convocation de un Assemblea Constituente pro rediger un nove Constitution. Alianza PAIS non presentava candidatos proprie al election legislative de 2006, ma Correa participava al election presidential e passava al secunde torno, ubi ille vinceva contra [[Álvaro Noboa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/545702/EPRS_ATA(2014)545702_REV1_EN.pdf |titulo=Ecuador: Parliamentary elections and political parties |sitioweb=European Parliamentary Research Service |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le nomine PAIS correspondeva al expression Patria Altiva i Soberana, que exprimiva le emphasis del movimento sur le independentia national e le sovranitate del pais.

== Ideologia e programma politic ==
Alianza PAIS esseva generalmente describite como un movimento de sinistra, con orientationes social-democratic, socialiste e national-popular. Su projecto politic esseva cognoscite como Revolución Ciudadana. Le movimento susteneva un rolo active del Stato in le economia, le expansion del servicios public, le investition in infrastructura e le reduction del pobreza e del inequitate.

Inter le objectivos declarate del movimento se trovava le transformation del institutiones politic, le reinforcement del sovranitate national e le promotion de integration regional latinoamerican. Su programma includeva tamben un nove quadro constitutional e un redistribution del competentias inter le institutiones del Stato.

Le interpretation del effectos de iste politicas varia inter observatores, actores politic e studiosos. Supportatores accentuava le expansion del infrastructura e del programas social; criticos contestava certe decisiones economic, le concentration del poter executive e le relationes del Governo con medios de communication e institutiones de controlo.

== Election de 2006 ==
In le election presidential de 2006, Rafael Correa se presentava como candidato de Alianza PAIS. In le prime torno, ille obteneva circa 22,8 % del votos, durante que Álvaro Noboa obteneva circa 26,8 %. Correa vinceva le secunde torno del 26 de novembre con circa 56,7 % del votos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/545702/EPRS_ATA(2014)545702_REV1_EN.pdf |titulo=Ecuador: Parliamentary elections and political parties |sitioweb=European Parliamentary Research Service |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le victoria de Correa marcava le initio del ascension national del movimento. Un del su promessas central esseva convocar un Assemblea Constituente, que debera reformar le institutiones e le quadro juridic del pais.

== Assemblea Constituente e Constitution de 2008 ==
Post le election, le Governo organisava un referendum super le convocation de un Assemblea Constituente. Le nove Assemblea esseva eligite in 2007 e Alianza PAIS obteneva un majoritate importante de su membros.

Le Assemblea elaborava un nove Constitution, approbate per referendum in septembre 2008 e entrante in vigor in octobre del mesme anno. Le Constitution reforçava le rolo del Stato in le economia e in le provision de servicios public, recognosceva nove derectos e introduceva le conceptos de Buen Vivir e de un Stato plurinational e intercultural.

Le reforma constitutional esseva un elemento central del projecto politic de Correa e de Alianza PAIS. Illo modificava le structura del institutiones national e permitteva le election presidential e legislative sub le nove quadro constitutional.

== Governo de Rafael Correa ==
Rafael Correa assumeva le presidentia in januario 2007. Alianza PAIS deveniva le principal organisation de supporto al Governo e obteneva un majoritate legislative in le electiones de 2009 e 2013.

Durante le administrationes de Correa, le Governo augmentava le investitiones public in infrastructura, transporte, education e sanitate. Le periodos de croissance economic, sustenite in parte per le precios del petroleum, permitteva financiar plure programas social e obras public.

Simultaneemente, le Governo esseva objecto de criticas concernente le concentration del poter, le relationes con le medios de communication, le conflictos con organisationes indigene e ambientalista e le decisiones concernente le exploitation de recursos natural. Le interpretation del resultatos del periodo continua a esser objecto de debatte in Ecuador.

In le election presidential de 2013, Correa esseva reeligite in le prime torno. Alianza PAIS reteneva tamben un majoritate importante in le Assemblea National, lo que permitteva al Governo promover su agenda legislative.

== Election de 2017 e division del movimento ==
In 2017, Correa non se presentava pro un nove mandato e Alianza PAIS nominava [[Lenín Moreno]], qui habeva essite vice-presidente durante parte del administrationes de Correa. Moreno vinceva le election presidential contra [[Guillermo Lasso]] in le secunde torno.

Post su accession al presidentia, Moreno se distantiava progressivemente del direction politic de Correa. Le disagreementos concernente le politica economic, le relationes con le institutiones e le interpretation del legato del anterior Governo provocava un conflicto interne.

Le division deveniva evidente in le direction del movimento e in le Assemblea National. Correa e su supportatores criticava le orientation del Governo de Moreno, durante que Moreno e su alliatos accusava le anterior direction de haber concentrate le poter e de haber create problemas institutional. In februario 2021, Moreno annunciava su disaffiliation de Alianza PAIS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/presidente-lenin-moreno-desafiliacion-movimiento-pais/ |titulo=Presidente Lenín Moreno se desafilia de Alianza PAIS |sitioweb=Primicias |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Electiones de 2021 ==
Le electiones general de 2021 occurreva in un contexto de division del movimento e de transformation del panorama politic ecuatorian. Alianza PAIS presentava candidatos, ma su peso electoral habeva diminuite in comparation con le periodo de Correa.

Le candidato presidential del movimento, Ximena Peña, non passava al secunde torno. Le secunde torno esseva disputate inter [[Andrés Arauz]], candidate del coalition Unión por la Esperanza, associate al correismo, e Guillermo Lasso, qui vinceva le election.

Le resultatos de 2021 faceva parte del evaluation del Consejo Nacional Electoral concernente al mantenimento del inscription legal del movimento in le registro de organisationes politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/cne-proclamo-oficialmente-resultados-de-las-elecciones-generales-2021/ |titulo=CNE proclamó oficialmente resultados de las Elecciones Generales 2021 |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambio de nomine a MOVER ==
In februario 2022, le Consejo Nacional Electoral approbava le reforma del regime organic de Alianza PAIS e le cambio de denomination a Movimiento Verde, Ético, Revolucionario y Democrático (MOVER). Le decision esseva adoptate post que le organisation compliva le requisitos electoral e approbava le modification in su convention national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/cne-aprobo-cambio-de-denominacion-de-alianza-pais/ |titulo=CNE aprobó cambio de denominación de Alianza PAIS |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cambio de nomine non significava que le organisation retornava al periodo de su major influentia politic. In le contexto posterior al division inter Correa e Moreno, MOVER operava in un panorama politic different e participava in electiones sub su nove denomination.

== Cancellation del personeria juridic ==
In decembre 2023, le Consejo Nacional Electoral initiava le processo de cancellation del MOVER, citante le normas concernente al resultatos electoral necessari pro mantener le recognition juridic de un organisation politic. Le decision esseva adoptate in le quadro del legislation electoral ecuatorian, que establi conditiones de representation e de supporto electoral pro le continuation del inscription in le registro national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/movimiento-mover-cne-eliminacion/ |titulo=Movimiento Mover, ex Alianza PAIS, a un paso de ser eliminado |sitioweb=Primicias |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In januario 2024, le Consejo Nacional Electoral adoptava le decision de cancellation del personeria juridic del movimento. Le dissolution administrative significava que MOVER, anteriormente Alianza PAIS, perdeva su recognition como organisation politic national in le registro electoral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cne.gob.ec/document/acta-resolutiva-n02-ple-cne-2024/ |titulo=Acta Resolutiva N° 02-PLE-CNE-2024 |sitioweb=Consejo Nacional Electoral del Ecuador |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legato politic ==
Alianza PAIS ha un posto importante in le historia politic recente de Ecuador, specialmente per su rolo in le election de Rafael Correa, le Assemblea Constituente de 2007 e le Constitution de 2008. Durante un periodo de plus de dece annos, le movimento esseva le principal organisation politic del Governo e participava al transformation del institutiones, del politicas social e del relationes international del pais.

Su historia es etiam marcate per le ruptura inter Correa e Moreno, le diminution del supporto electoral e le cambio de denomination a MOVER. Le cancellation juridic de 2024 conclueva le trajectoria formal del organisation como movimento politic national, ben que su historia e su actores continua a esser relevante in le studio del correismo e del politica ecuatorian contemporanee.

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Partitos politic de Ecuador]]</text>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Érika Monserrate Vélez Zambrano''' (nascite le 3 de april 1982 in [[Manta]], provincia de [[Manabí]], [[Ecuador]]) es un actriz, presentatrice de television e modelle ecuatorian. Illa deveniva cognoscite per su participation in telenovelas, series de comedia e programas de entretenimiento. Inter su obras plus recognoscite se trova ''Sin límites'', ''Solteros sin compromiso'', ''3 familias'' e ''Casi cuarentonas''. Illa ha etiam lab...”</comment>
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      <text bytes="11476" sha1="sbzqfufcbs97ejt37gsde6m9tlejjsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
'''Érika Monserrate Vélez Zambrano''' (nascite le 3 de april 1982 in [[Manta]], provincia de [[Manabí]], [[Ecuador]]) es un actriz, presentatrice de television e modelle ecuatorian. Illa deveniva cognoscite per su participation in telenovelas, series de comedia e programas de entretenimiento. Inter su obras plus recognoscite se trova ''Sin límites'', ''Solteros sin compromiso'', ''3 familias'' e ''Casi cuarentonas''. Illa ha etiam laborate in productiones televisive de [[Peru]], [[Argentina]] e [[Colombia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/gente/erika-velez-cumple-41-anos-asi-empezo-su-trayectoria-en-la-television-y-el-modelaje-en-el-ano-2000-nota/ |titulo=Érika Vélez cumple 41 años: así empezó su trayectoria en la televisión y el modelaje en el año 2000 |sitioweb=El Universo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vélez comenciava a apparer in publicitate durante su infantia e entrava in le television in 2000 con le telenovela juvenil ''Sin límites''. Durante le annos sequente, illa disveloppava un carriera como actriz e presentatrice, laborante in productiones de differente generes. Inter 2019 e 2025, illa presentava ''MasterChef Ecuador'', un del programas de entretenimiento plus cognoscite del television ecuatorian. In 2025, illa annunciava su retorno al fiction televisive con ''El Cholito Forever''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ecuavisa.com/television/es-oficial-erika-velez-firma-contrato-y-se-une-al-elenco-de-el-cholito-forever-20251124-0084.html |titulo=¡Es oficial! Érika Vélez firma contrato y se une al elenco de El Cholito Forever |sitioweb=Ecuavisa |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biographia ==
Érika Vélez nasceva in Manta, un citate costal del provincia de Manabí. Su genitores es Tatiana Zambrano e Rubén Vélez. Durante su juventute, illa participava in activitates de modellage e deveniva regina de bellezza de Manta.

Su prime apparition in un commercial de television occurreva quando illa habeva circa dece-duo annos. Secundo su proprie narration, illa habeva accompaniate un amica a un audition in Quito, ma le productor le proponeva de facer tamben un prova. Le experientia aperiva le via a altere opportunitates in le industria audiovisual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2005/04/23/0001/1065/F6FD8720E0224A9DA68250C6759AFDC8.html/ |titulo=Érika Vélez, el rostro femenino más popular de la TV local |sitioweb=El Universo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Carriera artistic ==
=== Initios in television ===
In 2000, Vélez entrava in le fiction televisive con ''Sin límites'', un telenovela juvenil de Ecuavisa. Iste production marcava le initio de su carriera professional como actriz e le permitteva continuar a obtener roles in series e telenovelas.

Durante le prime annos del seculo XXI, illa participava in productiones ecuatorian e international. Inter su prime travalios se trova ''Solteros sin compromiso'', un serie de comedia in le qual illa interpretava María José Martínez Cucalón, cognoscite como «La Ñaña Rica». Le personaje deveniva un del su interpretationes plus recognoscite per le publico ecuatorian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2005/04/23/0001/1065/F6FD8720E0224A9DA68250C6759AFDC8.html/ |titulo=Érika Vélez, el rostro femenino más popular de la TV local |sitioweb=El Universo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Productiones international ===
Vélez disveloppava tamben un carriera in productiones de altere paises latinoamerican. In Peru, illa participava in ''Bésame tonto''; in Argentina, in ''Dr. Amor''; e in Colombia, in ''Francisco el Matemático''. Illa participava plus tarde in productiones como ''Tiempo final'', ''Sin retorno'' e ''El Capo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/tele-mix/1/erika-velez-confiesa-que-sin-la-television-no-podria-vivir |titulo=Érika Vélez confiesa que sin la televisión no podría vivir |sitioweb=El Telégrafo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste experientias le permitteva collaborar con equipes de production de differente paises e participar in series de comedia, drama e suspense.

=== Mis primas e altere series ===
In 2005, Vélez participava in ''Mis primas'', un serie ecuatorian que contribuiva a augmentar su popularitate. Illa participava etiam in altere productiones televisive, includente ''Cosa sería'' e programas de entretenimiento.

Su carriera combinava le interpretation de personajes comic e dramatic con le participation in programas de varietates e concursos. Iste diversification deveniva un characteristica del su labor professional.

=== 3 familias ===
Inter le productiones plus importante de su carriera se trova ''3 familias'', un serie de comedia e fiction familiar in le qual Vélez interpretava Carla Galindo, etiam cognoscite como Carla Estefanía Galindo de Vaca. Le production esseva diffuse inter 2014 e 2020 e includeva plure temporadas.

Le serie deveniva un del obras plus recognoscite del television ecuatorian e consolidava le position de Vélez como un figura importante del comedia televisive national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1408237/ |titulo=Érika Vélez: filmographia |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Carriera como presentatrice ==
In addition a su activitate como actriz, Vélez disveloppava un carriera como presentatrice de television. Illa participava in programas como ''Canta si puedes'', ''Así somos'', ''Vamos con todo'' e ''Oh Diosas'', inter altere productiones de entretenimiento.

In 2019, illa comenciava a presentar ''MasterChef Ecuador'', le version ecuatorian del competition gastronomic international. Su labor como presentatrice continuava usque al 2025, quando le production cambiava de presentatrice pro le nove temporada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/gente/erika-velez-cumple-41-anos-asi-empezo-su-trayectoria-en-la-television-y-el-modelaje-en-el-ano-2000-nota/ |titulo=Érika Vélez cumple 41 años: así empezó su trayectoria en la televisión y el modelaje |sitioweb=El Universo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le experientia in programas de concursos e varietates le permitteva combinar le communication directe con le publico con su labor como actriz.

== Cine ==
Vélez ha participava tamben in filmes. Inter su creditos cinematographic se trova ''Retazos de vida'' (2008), un film ecuatorian dirigite per Viviana Cordero, e ''Amor en tiempos de likes'' (2022), in le qual illa interpretava le personage de Doménica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1408237/ |titulo=Érika Vélez: filmographia |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teatro ==
Le teatro constitue un altere area de su activitate artistic. In 2026, Vélez participava in le obra ''Ni contigo, ni sin ti'', presentate in Quito con le actor Víctor Araúz. Illa parlava publicamente del retorno al interpretation como un parte importante de su trajectoria professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.vistazo.com/entretenimiento/2026-06-30-erika-velez-momento-deje-juzgarme-empece-sentir-paz-ecuador-BI11086421 |titulo=Érika Vélez: «En el momento en que dejé de juzgarme… empecé a sentir paz» |sitioweb=Vistazo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Retorno al fiction in 2025 ==
In novembre 2025, Ecuavisa confirma le retorno de Vélez al fiction televisive con ''El Cholito Forever'', un continuation del universo de ''El Cholito''. Le actriz firma su contracto con le production e se reincorpora al canal ubi illa habeva comenciate su carriera televisive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ecuavisa.com/television/es-oficial-erika-velez-firma-contrato-y-se-une-al-elenco-de-el-cholito-forever-20251124-0084.html |titulo=¡Es oficial! Érika Vélez firma contrato y se une al elenco de El Cholito Forever |sitioweb=Ecuavisa |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le annuncio marcava le fin de un absentia de quasi cinque annos de su participation in fiction pro iste canal. Le production reuniva actores con qui Vélez habeva ja collaborate in projectos anterior, includente ''3 familias''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ecuavisa.com/television/es-oficial-erika-velez-firma-contrato-y-se-une-al-elenco-de-el-cholito-forever-20251124-0084.html |titulo=¡Es oficial! Érika Vélez firma contrato y se une al elenco de El Cholito Forever |sitioweb=Ecuavisa |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aspectos personal e public ==
Vélez ha parlate publicamente super le pression ligate al imagine corporal e le effectos del standards de apparentia in le industria del entretenimiento. In un entrevista de 2025 con Ecuavisa, illa describiva su experientias personal con le anorexia e le bulimia durante su juventute e sublineava le importantia de cercar adjuta professional e de parlar aperte super iste problemas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.ecuavisa.com/amp/television/erika-velez-confiesa-su-verdad-nunca-sono-con-actuar-y-enfrento-bulimia-y-anorexia-20251118-0088.html |titulo=Érika Vélez confiesa su verdad: nunca soñó con actuar y enfrentó bulimia y anorexia |sitioweb=Ecuavisa |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Illa ha usate su visibilitate public pro parlar de autoacceptation e de su relation con le carriera artistic. In 2026, durante un entrevista con Vistazo, illa describiva como le reflexion personal e le decision de cessar de judicar se con severitate habeva influentiate su retorno al teatro e al interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.vistazo.com/entretenimiento/2026-06-30-erika-velez-momento-deje-juzgarme-empece-sentir-paz-ecuador-BI11086421 |titulo=Érika Vélez: «En el momento en que dejé de juzgarme… empecé a sentir paz» |sitioweb=Vistazo |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmographia selecte ==
=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Anno !! Production !! Rol o function
|-
| 2000 || ''Sin límites'' || Isabela
|-
| 2002–2007; 2014–2017 || ''Solteros sin compromiso'' || María José Martínez Cucalón («La Ñaña Rica»)
|-
| 2003 || ''Dr. Amor'' || Liliana Suárez
|-
| 2003 || ''Bésame tonto'' || Diana
|-
| 2003–2004 || ''La Hechicera'' || Nicole Maquiavelo
|-
| 2004 || ''Francisco el Matemático'' || María Paula Ramírez
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''Mis primas'' || Elisa
|-
| 2007 || ''Tiempo final'' || Mariana
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''El Capo'' || Agente Priscila
|-
| 2013 || ''Canta si puedes'' || Presentatrice
|-
| 2014–2020 || ''3 familias'' || Carla Galindo
|-
| 2019–2025 || ''MasterChef Ecuador'' || Presentatrice
|-
| 2021 || ''Juntos y revueltos'' || Catalina Mendoza de Murillo
|-
| 2021–2022 || ''Casi cuarentonas'' || Bertha Espín
|-
| 2025– || ''El Cholito Forever'' || Membro del elenco
|}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1408237/ |titulo=Érika Vélez: filmographia |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_V%C3%A9lez |titulo=Érika Vélez: filmographia e biographia |sitioweb=Wikipedia in espaniol |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cinema ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Anno !! Film !! Rol
|-
| 2008 || ''Retazos de vida'' || Cristiana
|-
| 2022 || ''Amor en tiempos de likes'' || Doménica
|}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1408237/ |titulo=Érika Vélez: filmographia |sitioweb=IMDb |accesso=14 de octobre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}

[[Categoria:Actrices]]
[[Categoria:Gente ecuadorian]]
[[Categoria:Modelles de Ecuador]]</text>
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