Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento Union Europee 0 2851 704602 700804 2026-10-17T03:19:09Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} [[File:EU Member states and Candidate countries map.svg|right|300px]] Le '''Union Europee'''{{linfoX}} es un association de statos que ha inter se relationes special economic e politic de cooperation e de integration. Actualmente le Union Europee ha 27 statos membros. Le radice del Union presente es le [[Communitate Europee de Carbon e Aciero]] (CECA), create in [[1950]], e le [[Communitate Economic Europee]], create in [[1957]]. Le relationes special economic se funda super le libertate de transito de mercantias, de travaliatores e de capital, assi como in le establimento de un moneta commun (le [[euro]]) pro 15 del statos (que forma le si-nominate [[Zona euro|Eurozona]]). Le special relationes politic se traduce in le establimento de un [[Ordinamento Juridic]], superior al legislationes national, e in le existentia e functionamento de su proprie organismos politic e de institutiones superior a illos del statos membros. Le Union Europee, e antea le Communitates, promove le integration continental per politica commun que include distincte ambitos de actuation, in su origine essentialmente economic e progressivemente expandite a ambitos indubitabilemente politic. Pro complir le scopos commun, le statos del Union se attribue a iste determinate competentias, facente un soveranitate in commun o compartite que se extende per le canales communitari. Le UE ha differente typos de organos le plus importante: [[institution del Union Europee]] Le Union conta anque con altere organos, instantias e organismos de functiones a ttributiones diverse, como le Committee Economic e Social, le Committee del Regiones, le Ombudsman europee, le lte Representante del Union pro Affaires Exterior e Politica de Securitate inter alteres. Le territorio del Union comprende le de tote su statos. == Historia == {{AP|Historia del Union Europee}} [[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg|thumb|[[Hamburg]] post le bombardamentos de 1943, in le Secunde Guerra Mundial.]] Post le fin del Secunde Guerra Mundial, Europa se trovava in devastation<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.eltribuno.info/salta/73844-Cincuenta-anos-despues.note.aspx |titulo=Cincuenta años después |autor= |data= |obra= |editorial= |dataaccesso=16 de septembre 2011 |lingua=es |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2012-02-12 |archivedate=2012-04-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415091447/http://www.eltribuno.info/salta/73844-Cincuenta-anos-despues.note.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url=http://sgm.casposidad.com/ |titulo=Costes y consecuencias de la guerra |autor= |data= |obra= |editorial= |dataaccesso=16 de septembre 2011 |lingua=es |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2012-02-12 |archivedate=2011-09-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903064910/http://sgm.casposidad.com/ }}</ref>. Le 9 de maio 1950<ref>{{cita web|titulo=Símbolos de la Unión Europea > Día de Europa|url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/index_es.htm|dataacceso=16 de septembre 2011|autor=europa.eu|lingua=es}}</ref>, cinque annos post del rendition del regime nazi, Schuman lanceava un appello a Germania Occidental e al paises europee que lo desirea pro que submitteva sub un unic autoritate commun le administration de lor respective productiones de aciero e carbon<ref>{{cita web|título=La Declaración de 9 de Mayo de 1950|url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_es.htm|fechaacceso=16 de septembre 2011|autor=europa.eu|lingua=es}}</ref>. Iste discurso, cognoscite como Declaration Schuman, era benvenite de maniera differente dentro del governamentos europee e marcava le initio del construction europee, al esser le prime proposition official concrete de integration in Europa<ref name="schumanbio">{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/abc/history/foundingfathers/schuman/index_es.htm | titulo = Robert Schuman (1886-1963) | anno = 2007 | obra = Le portal del Union Europea | dataacceso = 29/06/2007 | lingua=es}}</ref>. Le declaration marcava le initio del integration del statos europee<ref>{{cita web|título=Los fundamentos que sustentan la integración europea|url=http://www.ucm.es/info/sdrelint/ficheros_aula/aula1110.pdf|fechaacceso=31 de enero de 2012|autor=Rafael Calduch}}</ref> como un movimento de contraposition al anterior tendentia nationalista e al rivalitates que occasionava inter le statos de Europa<ref name=FinGuerra>{{cita web|título=La historia de la Unión Europea. La ciudadanía europea - Del fin de la guerra a la Declaración Schuman (1945-1950)|url=http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europa/anteceden2.htm|fechaacceso=31 de enero de 2012|autor=Juan Carlos Ocaña}}</ref>. Iste nove realitate era propitiate pro le fin del traditional hegemonia europee in le mundo post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, que conscientiava al europeos de su proprie debilitate ante le surgimento de duo nove superpotentias: Statos Unite e le URSS, que habeva un poter superior al del heterogenee gruppo de statos europee. In 1951, se firma in Paris le Tractato que institutionalisa le [[Communitate Europee de Carbon e Aciero]] concretante le proposition de Schuman. Germania, Francia, Italia, Paises Basse, Belgica e Luxemburgo (cognoscite como "le sex"), compli un comprehension que favora le intercambio de materias prima necessari in le [[siderurgia]], accelerante de iste maniera le dynamica economic, con le scopo de dotar Europa de un capacitate de production autonome. Iste tractato fundator cercava approximar vincitores e deroutates europee a un Europa que poteva prener su destino in su manos, independente de entitates externe. Le tractato expirava in 2002,<ref name="tratados">{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/abc/treaties/index_es.htm#coal | título = Tratados y legislación | año = 2007 | obra = El portal de la Unión Europea | fechaacceso = 26 de octubre de 2011| }}</ref> malgrado que su function remane obsolete post le fusion del organos executive e [[Poter legislative|legislative]] in le Communitate Europee, que acquireva personalitate juridic, e anque gratias al [[Acta Unic Europee de 1986]]. In maio 1952, jam in plen [[Guerra Frigide]] on firmava in Paris un tractato que establiva le Communitate Europee de Defensa (CED), <ref>{{cita web|título=Tratado de la Comunidad Europea de Defensa - 27 de mayo de 1952|url=http://www.historiasiglo20.org/TEXT/ced.htm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> que permitteva le armamento de Germania Occidental in le marco de un armea europee. Cinque membro del CECA ratificava le tractato, ma in augusto de 1954, le parlamentarios francese lo rejectava, como consequentia del opposition conjuncte del gaullistas e communistas. Il es assi que le antique [[Tractato de Brussel de 1948]] es modificate pro crear le [[Union Europee Occidental]] (UEO) que essera tal usque le entrata in vigor del [[Tractato de Amsterdam]] in 1999, le unic organisation europee incargate del defensa e le securitate. Ben que reinfortiava le antique tractato, le UEO sole era un entitate symbolic sin poter ni cooperation real ante le OTAN.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=La Unión Europea Occidental annuncia su disolución|url=http://www.publico.es/internacional/304005/la-union-europea-occidental-anuncia-su-disolucion|editorial=Público|fecha=31 de marzo de 2010|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> Su rolo principal era ligate al disveloppamento de fortias nuclear, assecurante le defensa del paises europee ante un hypothetic attacco.<ref>{{cita noticia|nombre=Carlos|apellidos=Yárnoz|título=La Unión Europea Occidental decidirá el mes próximo si invita a españa a incorporarse|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ESPANA/UNION_EUROPEA_OCCIDENTAL/UEO/Union/Europea/Occidental/decidira/mes/proximo/invita/espana/incorporarse/elpepiesp/19880314elpepinac_9/Tes|editorial=El País|fecha=14 de marzo de 1988|fechaacceso=26 de octubre de 2011}}</ref> Un impulso arriva in 1957 con le signatura del Tractatos de Roma.<ref name="tratados" />''Le sex'' decide avantiar in le cooperation in le dominios economic, politic e social. Le scopo plantate era attinger un "mercato commun" que permitteva le libere circulation de personas, mercantias e capitales. Le Communitate Economic Europee (CEE) es le entitate, de typo supranational, dotate de un capacitate autonome de financiation institutionalisate per iste tractato. Iste documento formava un tertie communitate de duration indefinite, le [[Euroatom]].<ref>{{cita web|título=Tratado constitutivo de la Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom)|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_euratom_es.htm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> In 1965 se signa un tractato que fusiona le executivos del tres communitates europee (quando illos jam habeva institutiones commun in materia de justitia) per le creation del [[Commission Europee]] (CE) e le [[Consilio del Union Europee]] que es le institutionalisation del summitate de Chefes de Stato e de Governamento de paises membros que comenciava a disveloppar se a finales del decennio del [[annos 60]]).<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/european_council/index_es.htm | título = Consejo Europeo | año = 2007 | obra = Europa | fechaacceso = 29/03/2008 | }}</ref> Le Acta Unic Europee signate in februario 1986 entra in application in julio 1987.<ref name="tractatos" /> Ista habeva como mission redynamisar le construction europee, fixar le consolidation de mercato interne in 1993 e permitter le libere circulation equalmente de capitales e servicios. Per iste tractato, le competentias communitari es ampliate al dominios del investigation e le disveloppamento technologic, ambiente e politic social. Le Acta Unic considera anque le existentia del Consilio Europee, que reuni al chefes de stato e de governamento e impulsa un initiative commun in materia de [[politica externe]]. (le [[Cooperation Politic Europee]]) assi como un cooperation in materia de securitate.<ref>{{cita web|título=El Acta Única Europea|url=http://web.dip-badajoz.es/eurolocal/estxt/emu/antecedentes/aue.htm|fechaacceso=21 de septembre 2011|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-12|archivedate=2011-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124191934/http://web.dip-badajoz.es/eurolocal/estxt/emu/antecedentes/aue.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=El Acta Única Europea|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_singleact_es.htm|fechaacceso=21 de septembre 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Le [[Tractato de Maastricht]] signate in februario 1992, entrava in vigor in 1993. <ref name="tractatos" /> Sub iste accordo, le Union Europee continua le mercato commun e le CEE, transformate in [[Communitate Europee]], marca un nove phase in le processo de union. Le tractato crea le derecto del cive europee e permitte circular e resider liberemente in le paises del communitate, assi como le derecto de votar e esser seligite in un stato de residentia pro le electiones europee o municipal.<ref>{{cita web|título=Reflexiones preliminares sobre el concepto de «ciudadanía europea»|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:filopoli-1995-5-0BBC7A18-83DE-09D3-C777-0D58FB39A5A0&dsID=reflexiones_preliminares.pdf|fechaacceso=16 de septembre 2011|autor=ULRICH K. PREUB}}</ref> Decide se le creation de un moneta unic europee, le [[Euro]], que entrarea in circulation in 2002 sub le controlo del [[Banca Central Europee]]. In 1999 entrava in vigor le [[Tractato de Amsterdam]]. Iste tractato, colligeva le principios de libertate, democratia e respecto al derectos human, e includeva explicitemente le principio de disveloppamento sustenibile.<ref>{{cita web|título=Derechos fundamentales y no discriminación|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/amsterdam_treaty/a10000_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septembre 2011|obra=Tratado de Ámsterdam|cita=La ambición de los redactores del Tratado de Amsterdam es confirmar formalmente el respeto de los derechos humanos. [...] Dispone que la Comunidad tenga por misión promover un desarrollo armonioso y equilibrado}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=Tratado de Amsterdam|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-es.pdf|fechaacceso=27 de octubre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo|fecha=2 de octubre de 1997|cita=promover el progreso social y económico de sus pueblos, teniendo en cuenta el principio de desarrollo sostenible}}</ref> Duo annos post on signava le [[Tractato de Nice]], que entrarea in vigor in 2003.<ref name="tractatos" /> Interim, le anno 2002, se extingueva le CECA post finir su periodo de validitate (que era 50 annos), e su ambito de actuation remaneva includite in le del Communitate Europee.<ref name="tractatos" /> Le 1 de maio 2004 occurreva le major ampliation del Union Europee, con le entrata de 10 nove membros. Con posterioritate, in le 1 de januario 2007, on incorporava duo nove paises: [[Romania]] e [[Bulgaria]],<ref name="ampliation">{{cita web|título=De 6 a 27 países miembros… por ahora|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/the-policy/from-6-to-27-members/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septembre 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref> Plus tarde, le 29 de octobre 2004 on signava in Roma le [[Tractato pro le que se establi un Constitution pro Europa|Tractato constitutional]].<ref name="tractatos" /> Le ratification del tractato era initiate per le approbation del Parlamento, mais alicun statos convocava referendum in 2005. Le prime era le celebrate in Espania, ubi le documento era approbate con le 76,73% de appoio.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Los españoles dicen 'sí' a la Constitución Europea|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/02/20/espana/1108930586.html|editorial=El Mundo|fecha=21 de februario 2005|fechaacceso=26 de octobre 2011}}</ref> Nonobstante, le ratification attingeva un obstaculo importante quando le votantes de [[Francia]] e del [[Paises Basse]] rejectava le documento.<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Holanda/rechaza/Constitucion/elpepiint/20050602elpepiint_2/Tes/ | título = Holanda también rechaza la Constitución| año = 02/06/2005 |autor= ISABEL FERRER|obra = El País | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref><ref>{{Cita web| url = http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/05/29/internacional/1117362962.html | título = Francia rechaza la Constitución y provoca una grave crisis en Europa| año = 30/05/2005 |autor= El Mundo/Agencias|obra = www.elmundo.es | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Iste ratification in grande mensura se deteneva, con sole un pauc statos essayante de approbar lo ancora. Luxemburgo sequeva con su voto e approbava le constitution in un 57%.<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/37494/0/LUXEMBURGO/REFERENDUM/ | título = Luxemburgo aprueba la Constitución Europea| año = 10/07/2005 |autor= Reuters |obra = www.20minutos.es | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Isto non cambiava le cosas, nonobstante, e le dirigentes anunciava que entrava in un "periodo de reflexion" super le rejection.<ref>{{cita web|título=Reflexión y debate por la Constitución Europea|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIWCK4yV7hY|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|cita=Señor presidente, yo creo que ahora empieza el periodo de reflexión y debate que hasta ahora había sido un periodo de reflexión y silencio}}</ref> In 2007 le lideres europee poneva fin formalmente a iste "periodo de reflexion" con le signatura del [[Declaration de Berlin]] le 25 de marzo 2007 (in le 50º anniversario del signatura del Tractatos de Roma).<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/50/docs/berlin_declaration_es.pdf | título = Declaración con ocasión del quincuagésimo aniversario de la firma de los Tratados de Roma| año = 25/03/2007 |autor= Consejo Europeo |obra = El Portal de la Unión Europea | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Le declaration teniva como scopo donar un nove impulso al recerca de un nove accordo institutional<ref>{{cita web|título=Declaración de Berlín|url=http://europa.eu/50/docs/berlin_declaration_es.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|fecha=25 de marzo de 2007|cita=La Unión Europea es nuestra respuesta a ellos. Sólo unidos podemos preservar en el futuro nuestro ideal europeo de sociedad, en beneficio de todos los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas de la Unión Europea}}</ref> ante de realisar le electiones europee de 2009.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Los 27 firman la Declaración de Berlín y se comprometen a zanjar la crisis de la UE|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/03/25/internacional/1174816903.html|editorial=El Mundo|fecha=25 de marzo de 2007|fechaacceso=13 de septembre 2011}}</ref> Jam in le anno 2007, le Consilio Europee accordava que le Constitution habeva fracassate, malgrado que le majoritate del propositiones que includeva le texto posteriormente in le reforma del tractatos del Union, in contraposition al constitution, que vadeva a reimplaciar tote le tractatos anterior. De iste modo, le 13 de decembre 2007, on signava le cognoscite como Tractato de Lisbona.<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/12/13/internacional/1197546933.html | título = La UE firma en Lisboa el tratado con el que busca superar su crisis| año = 13/12/2007 |autor= elmundo.es/agencias |obra = www.elmundo.es | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Iste tractato habeva como scopo meliorar le functionamento del Union Europee mediante le modification del Tractato de Maastricht e le Tractato constitutive del Union Europee (Tractato de Roma).<ref>{{cita web |url= http://eur-lex.europa.eu/es/treaties/dat/12007L/htm/12007L.html |título= Diario Oficial n° C 306 de 17 de decembre 2007|fechaacceso=9 de maio 2009 |publicación= eur-lex.europa.eu/ |idioma=español}}</ref> Alicun del reformas plus importante que introduceva le Tractato de Lisbona era le reduction del possibilitates de stagnamento in le toma de decissiones del Consilio del Union Europee mediante le voto per majoritate qualificate, un Parlamento Europee con plus importantia mediante le extension del procedura de decision conjuncte con le Consilio del UE, le elimination del tres pilares del Union Europee (jam obsolete in ille epocha) e le creation del figuras de [[Presidente del Consilio Europee]] e [[Alte Representante del Union pro Affaires Exterior e Politica de Securitate]] pro dotar de un major coherentia e continuitate al politicas del UE.<ref name="MD">{{cita web |url= http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/es/politica/union-europea/articulo/article/der-eu-reformvertrag-die-wichtigsten-neuerungen.html |título= El Tratado de Reforma de la UE – las principales novedades de un vistazo |fechaacceso= 9 de mayo de 2009 |publicación= Magazine Deutschland |idioma= español |title= Archive copy |accessdate= 2012-02-12 |archivedate= 2010-02-07 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100207010853/http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/es/politica/union-europea/articulo/article/der-eu-reformvertrag-die-wichtigsten-neuerungen.html }}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=Principales novedades del Tratado de Lisboa: Podcast UE|url=http://ec.europa.eu/spain/podcast/asuntos_institucionales/tratado-lisboa-novedades_es.htm|fechaacceso=30 de enero de 2012|autor=Comisión Europa. Representación en España|fecha=15 de septiembre de 2010}}</ref> Le Tractato de Lisbona, que entrava in vigor le 1 de decembre 2009 anque faceva que le Carta del Derectos Fundamental del Union Europee era juridicamente vinculante pro e statos membro.<ref name="MD" /> Assi, post plus de medie seculo ab le [[Declaration Schuman]], le UE affronta defias como le application del Tractato de Lisbona, le controverse processo de adhesion de Turchoa,<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_4306000/4306966.stm | título = UE inicia diálogo con Turquía | año = 2005 | obra = [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] |fecha = 4/10/2005 | fechaacceso = 29/06/2007 | }}</ref> le ampliation in le [[Balkanes]]<ref>{{cita web|url = http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/index_es.htm|título = El Proceso de estabilización y asociación |publicación=El portal de la Comisión Europea|fecha=15/06/2010|fechaacceso=25/6/2010}}</ref> o le adhesion de Islanda<ref>{{cita web|url = http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=198305&Itemid=1|título = UE acepta abrir negociaciones para adhesión de Islandia |publicación=www.prensa-latina.cu|fecha=17/06/2010|autor=PL|fechaacceso=25/6/2010}}</ref> post vider se gravemente affectate per le crisis economic de 2008-2009.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Confirmado: la Unión Europea, en recesión|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7887000/7887894.stm|editorial=BBC|fecha=13 de febrero de 2009|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> == Symbolos == {{AP|Symbolos del Union Europee}} Con le entrata in vigor del [[Tractato de Lisbona]], le symbolos del UE como [[Bandiera del Union Europee|le bandiera]], le motto, le [[Hymno del Union Europee|hymno]] o le [[Die de Europa]] no es juridicamente obligatori, ben que tote illos es usate. Malgrado isto, 16 paises membro declarava su lealtate al symbolos del Union Europee in un declaration appendice al tractato<ref>{{cita publicación | título = Germany seeks to enshrine EU flag | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/11/wflag111.xml | editorial = The Daily Telegraph | fecha = 11 de diciembre de 2007 | fechaacceso=9 de maio 2009| idioma = inglés}}</ref><ref>{{cita web | título = Final Act | url = http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/cg00015.en07.pdf | editorial = Council of the European Union | fecha = 3 de decembre 2007 | fechaacceso = 9 de maio 2009 | formato = PDF | idioma = inglés | title = Archive copy | accessdate = 2012-02-14 | archivedate = 2016-03-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211601/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/cg00015.en07.pdf }}</ref>. == Marco institutional == Le Institutiones del Union Europee es le organismos politic e institutiones in illos que le statos membros delega parte de lor poteres e soveranitate. Con illo cerca se que determinate decisiones e actuationes institutional proveni de organos de character supranational cuje voluntate applica se in le conjuncto del statos membros, lassante sin poter al organos national de cata pais. Le normas e proceduras que le institutiones debe sequer establi se in le tractatos, negotiate per le Consilio Europee e in conferentias intergovernamental e ratificate per le parlamentos national de cata Stato. Le Tractato de Lisbona, modifica novemente le Tractato del Union Europee, ma anque le TCE que passarea a nominar se Tractato re le Functionamento del Union Europee (TFUE). Le legitimitate del production normative del Union ha un duple vertente: legitimitate international in le action del Consilio e le Consilio Europee, pro un parte, como le Union es un organisation international regite per le Derecto International e conventional; e democratic, per le altere, jam que le Parlamento Europee collige le principio del formation democratic del Derecto, al esser un Institution cuje membros es eligite in un electiones directemente per le cives. Le Tractato de Lisbona ha consolidate le transformation formal del marco institutional supreme con septe institutiones. Le tres principal in le processo de toma de decisiones es le [[Parlamento Europee]], le [[Consilio del Union Europee]] e le [[Commission Europee]]. Anque ha un grande importantia le Consilio Europee como institutiones que determina le direction e le prioritates del union. === Institutiones === {{AP|Institution del Union Europee}} [[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|Sede del Commission Europee in Brussel.]] Le Union Europee es regulate per un systema interne in regime de democratia representative. Su institutiones es septe: # le [[Parlamento Europee]] # le [[Commission Europee]] # le [[Consilio del Union Europee]] # le [[Consilio Europee]] # le [[Corte de Justitia del Union Europee]] # le [[Corte del Contos Europee]] # le [[Banca Central Europee]] Le Consilio Europee ha functiones de orientation politic general e representation externe, e nomina le chefes del alte institutiones constitutional; le Parlamento Europee e le Consilio exerce le potestate legislative in equalitate de conditiones, prendente decisiones conjuncte - a exception del procedimentos legislative special, ubi le Parlamento ha un rolo solmente consultative; le Commission o Collegio de Commissarios applica le Derecto del Union, supervisa su realisation e executa su politicas, e a illo corresponde exclusivemente le initiativa legislative ante le Parlamento e le Commission, le Corte de Justitia exerce le labores jurisdictional supreme in le systema juridic communitari; le Corte de Contos supervisa e controla le bon functionamento e le adequate administration del financias e del fundos communitari; e le Banco Central Europee dirige e applica le politica monetari unic del zona euro. === Organos e organismo === Le organos es assimilabile a institutiones de minor rango (ben que non ha iste statuto). Ben que lor functiones es concrete, illos ha competentias que va multe plus ultra del simple gestion e ha independentia in le exercitio de lor functiones.<ref>{{cita web|título=TRATADO DE FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ttce.p6t1.html|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> Le organismos es structuras subsidiari de altere institutiones ma con autonomia functional, generalmente versate in ambitos specialisate de gestion vicari: * Le '''[[Committee Economic e Social Europee]]''' (CESE) era create per le [[Tractatos de Roma|Tractato Constitutive del Communitate Economic Europee]] in [[1957]] (origine del actual Union Europee) con le scopo de representar le interesses del distincte gruppos economic e social de [[Europa]].<ref>{{cita web|título=Comité Económico y Social Europeo (CESE)|url=http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.es.home|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comité Económico y Social Europeo}}</ref> * Le '''[[Committee del Regiones]]''' (CDR) es le assemblea del representantes local e regional del Union Europee trans del qual pote manifestar se in le sino del Union. Illo es consultate per le Consilio del Union Europee, le Parlamento Europee e le Commission Europee in themas referente al education, juventute, cultural, salute public, etc.<ref>{{cita web|título=Comité de las Regiones|url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/cor/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> * Le '''[[Banca Europee de Investimento]]''' (BEI) es le organo financiero communitari del Union Europee. Illo era create in [[1958]] in le marco del [[Tractatos de Roma]] e su sede es in [[Luxemburg]]. Il ha como mission principal contribuer al disveloppamento equilibrate del territorio communitari trans del integration economic e le cohesion social.<ref>{{cita web |url= http://www.bei.org/about/index.htm |título= À propos de la BEI |fechaacceso=1 de noviembre de 2009|idioma=francés}}</ref> * Le '''[[Ombudsman europee]]''' es habilitate pro reciper del cives del Union Europee o del personas physic o juridic, tote querela relative al mal functionamento del institutiones o del organismos communitari (con exception del [[Corte de Justitia del Union Europee]] o del Tribunal de prime Instantia. Le Ombudsman es nominate per le [[Parlamento Europee]] post de cata election e pro tote le duration del legislatura. Il ha su sede in [[Strasburgo]].<ref>{{cita web|título=El Defensor del Pueblo Europeo|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/citizenship_of_the_union/o10005_es.htm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> === Agentias === {{AP|Agentia del Union Europee}} Le [[Agentias del Union Europee|agentias europee]] es organismos specialisate que se incarga de un aspecto specific (scientific, technic, juridic o social) del structura del Union Europee. Illos se trova distribuite in le paises membros del UE. Lor function es proportionar cooperation inter le statos membros e adjuta a lor citates in le areas de su competentia.<ref>{{cita web|título=Agencias de la UE|url=http://europa.eu/agencies/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=14 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Iste agentias ha contribuite de maniera significative al functionamento effective del UE, gratias a su specialisation in areas determinate del architectura communitari. Al esser, in su majoritate, institutiones discentralisate e independente ha servite pro reinfortiar le character [[plurinational]] del Union.<ref name=agencias>{{cita web|título=Agencias europeas – Orientaciones para el futuro|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0135:FIN:ES:PDF|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas|fecha=11 de marzo de 2008}}</ref> Le agentias divide se in quatro categorias inglobate in duo typos: le agentias "regulator" e "executive".<ref name=agencias /> Le agentias regulator, que se divide in tres categorias, se trova discentralisate e incarga se de un competentia concrete sin limite de tempore; cognosce se como agentias del "tres pilares". Le ultimes, le agentias executive, se trova in le sede del [[Commission Europee]] ([[Brussel]] o [[Luxemburg (citate)|Luxemburg]] e se ha create pro un tempore determinate, pro realisar un activitate specific.<ref name=agencias /> == Systema legal == Le [[derecto del Union Europee]] es le conjuncto de normas e principios que determina le functionamento, corporation e competentias del Union Europee. Illo characterisa se pro tractar se de un ordine juridic ''sui generis'', differentiate del [[derecto international]] assi como del ordine juridic interne del statos membros. Le systema legal communitari articula se super le conjuncto de competentias que le statos ha attribuite al Union pro la via del derecto. === Derecto originari === Le derecto originari es ille continite in le diverse [[Tractatos del Union Europee|tractatos que le statos membros subscribe]], essente le fontes de major rango, e illos que permitte le apparition del derecto derivate, que es submittite al originari. Le derecto derivate non solo cedera in caso de contradiction con le originari, sed etiam debe esser fundamentate e originate in le differente Tractos que lo compone.<ref>{{cita web|título=El Derecho Originario Europeo|url=http://www.rederecho.com/derecho-europeo/167-el-derecho-originario-europeo|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Red Derecho|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-18|archivedate=2012-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301070544/http://www.rederecho.com/derecho-europeo/167-el-derecho-originario-europeo}}</ref> Le Tractatos del Union Europee es de duo typos fundamentalmente. De un latere es le tractatos fundational, in le qual se include tote le normas continite in le Tractato del [[Communitate Europee de Carbon e Aciero]] (durante que illa existeva), le Tractato del [[Communitate Economic Europee]] e le Tractato del [[Communitate Europee del Energia Atomic]].<ref name=tratados /> Le resto de tractatos es modificative e complementari, includente se in iste categoria le tractatos que ha modificate le dispositiones fundational. Le plus importante es: le [[Tractato de fusion]], le [[Acta Unic Europee]], le [[Tractato del Union Europee]], le [[Tractato de Amsterdam]], le [[Tractato de Nice]] e le [[Tractato de Lisbona]]. Ben que anque es tractate modificative le Tractatos de adhesion de cata un del statos que se ha adherite al Union.<ref name=tratados /> ==== Tractatos del Union Europee ==== {{Chronologia del Union Europee}} === Derecto derivate === Le derecto derivate es ille que se ha disveloppate trans del distincte normas que ha approbate le distincte institutiones europee. Le normas que pote approbar iste institutiones es: le [[Regulamento (Derecto del Union Europee)|regulamentos]], le [[Directiva (Derecto del Union Europee)|directivas]] e le [[Decision (Derecto del Union Europee)|decisiones]].<ref>{{cita web|título=¿Qué es el Derecho Originario y derivado de la Unión Europea?|url=http://www.mailxmail.com/curso-derecho-laboral-nociones-supuestos/que-es-derecho-originario-derivado-union-europea|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-18|archivedate=2019-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118131239/http://www.mailxmail.com/curso-derecho-laboral-nociones-supuestos/que-es-derecho-originario-derivado-union-europea}}</ref> Le regulamentos es normas juridic emanate del institutiones europee que possede effecto directe in le paises membros, e que prevale super le derecto national de cata un de illos. Il existe quatro proceduras pro le approbation de regulamentos: le regulamento essera adoptate pro le [[Consilio del Union Europee|Consilio]] a proposta del [[Commission Europee|Commission]] e con le approbation del [[Parlamento Europee|Parlamento]]. Pro altere, le Commission potera dictar regulamentos pro initiativa proprie in le caso previste pro le Tractatos, assi como quando recipe le correspondente delegation del [[Consilio Europee|Consilio]] pro tal emission regulamentari.<ref name=tratadoUE /> Le directivas communitari es mandatos dirigite a un o varie paises membro, essente competente pro su emission le Consilio; le Commission, e le Consilio juncte con le Parlamento. Su rasgo plus characteristic es le absentia de efficacia directe in le Ordenamentos a los que va dirigite, necessitante de un transposition pro parte del Stato membro pro que entra in vigor e face nascer in le cives derectos e obligationes. De iste maniera, le directiva ha un scopos que le statos habera de complir usante le medios del derecto interne, dentro del termino indicate. Le incomplimento del deber de transponer le directivas non face decader le derecto del cives de exiger le al stato le complimento de su obligationes (responsabilitate vertical limitate).<ref>{{cita web|título=Directivas comunitarias|url=http://osha.europa.eu/es/legislation/directives/directives-intro|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo}}</ref><ref name=tratadoUE /> Finalmente, le decisiones es plus limitate proque, ancora habente character obligatori, non ha character general, sino que dirige se a destinatarios precise. Il pote comparar se con le actos administrative in le ambito interne.<ref name=tratadoUE /> === Derectos fundamental === {{AP|Carta del derectos fundamental del Union Europee}} Le [[Carta del derectos fundamental del Union Europee]] es le texto in le que se collige tote le [[derecto]]s [[Derecto civil|civil]], [[Derecto politic|politic]], [[Derecto economic|economic]] e [[Derectos sociale|social]] del [[Derecto de citatano europee|cives europee]]<ref>Lucas, Javier de, [http://www.uv.es/CEFD/8/Delucas.pdf ''Identidad y constitución europea. ¿Es la identidad europea la clave del proyecto europeo?''] in 'Cuadernos electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho'. Universidad de Valencia. nº 8, 2003, ISSN 1138-9877, pág 2-3</ref> e de tote le personas que vive in le territorio del Union. Le derectos fundamental es le dignitate, le libertate, le equalitate, le solidaritate, le derecto del cive e le justitia,<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales: los Presidentes de la Comisión Europea, del Parlamento y del Consejo firman y proclaman solemnemente la Carta en Estrasburgo|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1916&format=HTML&aged=1&language=ES&guiLanguage=en|fecha=12 de diciembre de 2007|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> quem jam se collige in le [[Convenio Europee pro le Protection del Derectos Human]], in le [[Carta Social Europee]] del Consilio de Europa, in le [[Carta Comunitari del Derectos Social Fundamental del Lavoratores]], e in les constitutiones del statos membros del Union, assi como in altere convenios international que ha signate le statos membro del Union Europee. == Governamento e politica == [[File:Buzek-van_rompuy-_barroso.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Jerzy Buzek]], ex-presidente del Parlamento Europee, [[Herman Van Rompuy]], presidente del Consilio Europee, e [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]], presidente del Commission Europee.]] Le [[Consilio del Union Europee|governamento del UE]] sempre ha oscillate inter le modello de conferentia intergovernamental, ubi le statos conserva le conjuncto de lor prerogativas, e le modello supranational, ubi parte del soveranitate del statos es delegate in le Union. In le prime caso, le decisiones communitari es de facto tractate inter statos e illos debe adoptar se per unanimitate. Iste modello, proxime al principio del organisationes intergovernamental classic, es defendite per le currente [[Euroskepticismo|euroskeptic]]. Secun istos, il es le chefes de stato o de governamento qui ha le legitimitate democratic pro representar le cives.<ref>{{cita web|título=Nigel Farage, euroescéptico en el Parlamento Europeo|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S51mTt8GN8A|fechaacceso=30 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> Il es tunc le nationes que debe controlar le institutiones del Union. Le secunde caso es le del currente [[Federalismo europee|europhile]]. Istos estima que le institutiones debe representar directemente le cives mediante un modello de [[federalismo]].<ref>{{cita web|título=¿Dónde están los federalistas europeos?|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/estan/federalistas/europeos/elpepiautcat/20060125elpcat_5/Tes|fechaacceso=30 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Cesáreo Aguilera|fecha=25 de enero de 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=Programa Político|url=http://jef.communicate-europe.co.uk/fileadmin/files_jef-europe/Political_Docs/Political_Programme/JEF_Political_Programme_ES.pdf|fechaacceso=30 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Jóvenes Europeos Federalistas|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-21|archivedate=2012-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720013103/http://jef.communicate-europe.co.uk/fileadmin/files_jef-europe/Political_Docs/Political_Programme/JEF_Political_Programme_ES.pdf}}</ref> Pro illos, con le ampliation del UE de 2004 e 2007, le modalitates de presa de decisiones al seno del institutiones debe esser adaptabiles con le scopo de evitar tote risco de paralysis. Tunc, le modello de governamento del Union es un modello hybride, ubi le Consilio del Union Europee es le representante del statos (le decisiones non require unanimitate, le votos de cata stato es ponderate pro su peso demographic), e le Parlamento EUropee (unic institution europee seligite per suffragio universal) representa le cives.<ref>{{cita web|título=El funcionamiento de la Unión Europea|url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/eu_glance/68/es.pdf|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> De iste modo, le competentias que ha le governamento del Union Europee es les citate a continuation:<ref name=tratadoUE /> {| style="width:100%; background:none" | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-size:89%" | Secundo lo signalate in le Titulo I del Prime Parte del Tractato de Functionamento del Union Europee (version consolidate):<ref name=tratadoUE /> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |- | valign=top width=33%| {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:150%" | width="33%" style="background:#BECDF1; border:1px solid #9DB0F6; padding:5px" | Competentias exclusive: |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" | width="33%" style="background:#9DB0F6; border-bottom:1px dotted white" | ''Sole le Union pote legislar e adoptar actos vinculante; le statos unicamente potera si es facultate per le Union o pro ampliar le actos del Union<ref>Articulo 2.1 del Tractato de Funcionamento del Union Europee</ref>'' |- style="text-align:left; valign:top; font-size:90%" | style="background:#9DB0F6" valign=top | * le [[union doanere]]; * le stablimento del [[Derecto del competentia|normas re competentia]] necessari pro le functionamento del mercato interior; * le politica monetari del statos membros cuje moneta es le [[euro]]; * le conservation del recursos biologic marin dentro de [[Politica Piscaria Commun del UE|politica piscaria commun]]; * le [[Politica Commercial Commun del UE|politica commercial commun]]; * le celebration de [[Tractato International|acordos international]] in le marco de iste competentias. |} | valign=top width=33%| {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:150%" | width="33%" style="background:#D7DFF4; border:1px solid #BAC6F4; padding:5px" | Competentias compartite: |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" | width="33%" style="background:#BAC6F4; border-bottom:1px dotted white" | ''Le Union e le statos membros pote legislar e adoptar actos vinculante, ma le statos sol exercera lor competentia in le mesura in que le Union non lo habeva facite<ref>Articulo 2.2 del Tractato de Functionamento del Union Europee</ref>'' |- style="text-align:left; valign:top; font-size:90%" | style="background:#BAC6F4" valign=top | * le [[Mercato interior del Union Europea|mercato interior]] * le politica social, in le aspectos definite per le Tractatos * le cohesion economic, social e territorial; * le [[Politica Agricole Commun del UE|agricultura]] e le [[Politica Pesquera Commun del UE|pesca]]. * le [[ambiente]]; * le [[Derecto del consumption|protection del consumitores]]; * le transporto; * le retes transeuropee; * le [[energia]]; * le [[spatio de libertate, securitate e justitia]]; * le affaires commun super [[sanitate public]] |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" | width="33%" style="background:#BAC6F4; border-bottom:1px dotted white" | ''Le politicas e actiones del Union non impedira le statos exercer le sue'' |- style="text-align:left; valign:top; font-size:90%" | style="background:#BAC6F4" valign=top | * le [[investigation]], le disveloppo technologic e le [[Exploration del spatio|spatio]] * le [[cooperation al disveloppo]] e le [[adjuta humanitari]] |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:125%" | width="33%" style="background:; border:1px dotted white";padding:5px | '''Competentias special'''<br /><small>(catalogate a parte)</small> |- style="text-align:left; valign:top; font-size:90%" | style="background:#000000" valign=top | * <span style="color:#FFFFFF">le coordination del politicas economic, social e de empleo</span> * <span style="color:#FFFFFF">le politica exterior y de securitate commun ([[Politica Exterior e de Securitate Commmun del UE|PESC]]-[[Politica Commun de Securitate e Defensa del UE|PCSD]])</span> |} | valign=top width=33%| {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:150%" | width="33%" style="background:#F3F5FD; border:1px solid #E6ECFD; padding:5px" | Competentias de appoio: |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px" |- style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" | width="33%" style="background:#E6ECFD; border-bottom:1px dotted white" | ''Le Union pote portae a capo actiones al fin de appoiar, coordinar o complementar le action del statos'' |- style="text-align:left; valign:top; font-size:90%" | style="background:#E6ECFD" valign=top | * le protection e melioramento del [[sanitate human]] * le [[industria]] * le [[cultura]] * le [[tourismo]] * le [[education]], le [[formation professional]], le [[juventute]] e le [[sport]] * le [[protection civil]] * le [[Administrationes public|cooperation administrative]] |} |} === Partitos politic europee === {{AP|Partitos politic a scala europee}} [[File:2009 European Parliament Composition.svg|thumb|right|300px|'''Deputatos del Septima Legislatura del PE''':<br />{{Colorbox|#3399FF}} Gruppo del [[Partito Popular Europee]]&nbsp;(265)<br /> {{Colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Aliantia Progessiste de Socialistas e Democratas]]&nbsp;(184)<br /> {{Colorbox|#FFFF00}} [[Aliantia del Liberales de Democratas pro Europa]]&nbsp;(84)<br /> {{Colorbox|#009900}} [[Le Verde-Aliantia Libere Europee]]&nbsp;(55)<br /> {{Colorbox|#0000FF}} [[Conservatores e Reformistas Europee]]&nbsp;(54)<br /> {{Colorbox|#990000}} [[Sinistra Unitari Europee - Sinistra Verde Nordic]]&nbsp;(35)<br /> {{Colorbox|#ff9900}} [[Europa del Libertate e le Democratia]]&nbsp;(32)<br /> {{Colorbox|#999999}} Non inscripte&nbsp;(27)]] Un partito politic europee es un organisation que seque un programma politic e es formate per partitos e individuos de differente paises e que, ergo, es representate in alicun stato membro del Union Europee.<ref name=partidosUE>{{cita web|título=¿Qué es un partido político a escala europea?|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?language=ES&id=43&pageRank=1|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo}}</ref> Ab julio de 2004 le partitos politicos a scala europee ha a lor disposition un financiamento annual pro parte del Parlamento Europee. Iste financiamento es destinate a abarcar approximatemente usque le 85% del dispensas del partitos suffragante, dispensas que es directemente rilate con le scopos stabilite in le programma politic del partito (reuniones, dispensas administrative, campanias rilate con le electiones europee, publicationes, etc.) Nonobstante, tal subvention non se pote utilisar in dispensas de campanias o financiation de partitos o candidatos de comicios non europee, assi como le pagamento del debitos e dispensas rilate con su amortisation.<ref name=partidosUE /> Pro poter aspirar a iste financiation public, le organisationes ante mentionate debe satisfacer determinate conditiones:<ref>{{cita web|título=¿Qué condiciones hay que cumplir para obtener financiación?|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?language=ES&id=43&pageRank=2|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo}}</ref> * [[Personalitate juridic]] proprie in le Stato membro ubi ha su sede. * Tener un representation significative in al minus un quarta parte del statos del Union (iste puncto se verifica conforme a un criterio de representation electoral minime in le Parlamento Europee o, in su defecto, in institutiones national o local representative). * Respectar le valores e principios super los que se funda le Union Europee e pro los que se rigen su Institutiones: le [[libertate]], le [[democratia]], le respecto del [[derectos human]] e del [[Libertates civil|libertates fundamental]], assi como le [[Stato de Derecto]], in particular in su programma e statutos e in su activitates. * Haver participate in le [[relationes europee]], o haver manifestate su intention de facer lo. Le Articulo 10.4 del [[Tractato del Union Europee] dice del partitos politic europee: {{cita|[...] 'Le partitos politic a scala europee contribuira a formar le conscientia politic europee e a expresar le voluntate del citatanos del Union.'}} Le partitos politic europee forma le [[Gruppo politic del Parlamento Europee|gruppos politic in le Parlamento Europee]], e pro illo on besonia al minus 25 deputatos de un quinquagesima parte del statos membros. Post le approbation del presidentes dl gruppos, le sedes in le hemicyclo del PArlamento Europee se asigna al diputatos con arreglo a su adscription politic. Anque il pote donar se le caso de que alicun diutato pertine a nulle gruppo, pro lo que formara parte del ''non inscripte''.<ref name=grupos>{{cita web|título=Los grupos políticos|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/staticDisplay.do?id=45&pageRank=4&language=ES|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo}}</ref> Actualmente le Parlamento es composte per 7 gruppos politic: le [[Gruppo del Partito Popular Europee]], le [[Gruppo del Aliantia Progressiste de Socilistes e Domocratas]], le [[Gruppo del Aliantia del Democratas e Liberales pro Europa]], le [[Gruppo del Conservatores e Reformistas Europee]], le [[Gruppo de Le Verdes/ Aliantia Libere Europee]], [[Gruppo Confederal del Sinisra Unitari Europee/Sinistra Verde Nordic]] e [[Europa del Libertate e le Democratia]].<ref name=grupos /> Donate que le [[Parlamento Europee]] non sellige ningun governmento, in illo no ha gruppos "governamental" ni "de opposition". Il predomina le busqueda de consensos inter le partitos majoritari, in los que traditionalmente ha un peso spacial lde duo gruppos plus grande le PPE (demochristian) e le PSE (socialdemocrate). Isto debe se a que nulle gruppo politic attinge le [[majoritate absolute]] necessari pro ganiar un votation, a differentia de altere parlamentos ubi solo es necessari le [[majoritate simple]].<ref>{{cita web|título=El funcionamiento del Parlamento Europeo|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/funcionamiento/Parlamento/Europeo/elpepuint/20040525elpepuint_7/Tes|fechaacceso=21 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Fernando de Luis-Orueta|fecha=28 de mayo de 2004}}</ref> === Politica interior commun: le spatio de libertate, securitate e justitia === Inter le grande prioritates del Union Europee figura le de crear un [[Spatio de Libertate, Securitate e Justitia (Union Europee)|spatio de justitia, libertate e securitate]]. Le Tractato de Lisbona introduce modificationes importante in le actual normas europee re libertate, securitate e justitia e facilita un actuation plus amplie, legitime, efficace, transparente e democratic de le UE in iste campo. <ref name=tratados /> Ante de su intrata in vigor, le decissiones importante in iste materia haveva que adoptar se pro unanimitate in le Consilio, durante que al Parlamento e al Tribunal de Justitia les correspondiva un papel minor.<ref name=PIC /> Le Tractato de Lisbona supone major democratia e transparentia: un conjuncto uniforme de dispositiones juridic adopta se nunc in un processo in le que le Parlamento Europee, como colesgislator, ha un rolo plus relevante. De plus, se extende le princopio de majoritate qualificate in le Consilio.<ref name=PIC /> [[File:Europol Headquarters, The Hague, Netherlands - 20100609.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Edificio del Europol|Europol in Den Haag]].]] Le actuation del Union Europee con respecto al [[Europol|cooperation politial]] e [[Eurojust|juditial]] in assuntos penal se ve facilitate al suprimir se le distinction inter differente ambitos politic (le denominate "[[Pillares del Union Europee|pillares]]") que ante characterisava al structura institutional.<ref name=PIC /> Nonobstante, le statos membros ha le posibilitate de emprender iniciativas legislative super cooperation politicl operative, justitia penal e cooperation administrative (sempre que conta con le respaldo de un quarta parte del total de paises). Le Commission Europee assume le rolo como guardiana del Tractatos e como garante, juncte al Corte de Justitia del Union Europee, del correcte application de tote le decissiones. Le Parlamentos national participa de maniera plus active in le examine e le elaboration de dictamenes re themas de justitia, libertate e securitate.<ref name=PIC>{{cita web|título=Más justicia, libertad y seguridad|url=http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/justice/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Le Tractato de Lisbona garantisa le libertates e le principios enunciate in le Carta del derectos Fundamental del Union Europee, cuje dispositiones pasa a essr juridicamente vinculante. Pro su parte, le Corte de Justitia obtene plus poteres pro assecurar le correcte application del Carta.<ref>{{cita web|título=El Tratado en pocas palabras|url=http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Tote iste cambios contribuye a un procesi decisori plus amplio, legitime, efficace, transparente e democratic pro le spatio commun de libertate, securitate e justitia, e pone fin al repretite blocos de propostas a que donava loco le principio de unanimitate. Il es de signalar, nonobstante, que tres statos membros (Irlanda, Regno Unite e Danmark) ha uszgate necessari negotiar o prorogar certe dispositiones particular re aspectos concrete de justitia, libertate e securitate pro mantener alicun punctos de lor normativas constitutional.<ref>{{cita web|título=Establecimiento progresivo de un espacio de libertad, de seguridad y de justicia|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/amsterdam_treaty/a11000_es.htm|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> === Politica e action externe commun === {{AP|Relationes international del Union Europee|Servicio Europee de Action Exterior}} [[File:Insignia of the European External Action Service.svg|thumb|234px|[[Servicio Europee de Action Externe]].]] Le [[Alte Representante del Union pro Affaires Exterior e Politica de Securitate]] dirige un nove servicio diplomatic in le que se integra de immediato, fussionate, le delegationes international del Consilio e del commission presente in circa de 125 paises, assi como le Representationes special del [[Politica Exterior e de Securitate Commun del Union Europee]].<ref name=PESC>{{cita web|título=La política exterior y de seguridad común|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/amsterdam_treaty/a19000_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Iste servicio es le [[Servicio Europee de Action Externe]] (''SEAE'', o anque simplemente ''Servicio Externe''), create le 1 de decembre 2010, secunde lo previste per le [[Tractato de Lisbona]].<ref>Articulo 27.3 del Tractato del Union Europee</ref>Como servicio diplomatic que es, il ha como scopo appoiar e assiter in le effortio de su functiones al Alte Representante como maxime responsabile del [[action externe del Union]], in tote le ambitos de su activitate..<ref>{{cita web|título=Servicio Europeo de Acción Exterior: ¿Para cuándo estará listo? ¿Cómo funciona?|url=http://ec.europa.eu/spain/novedades/politica_exterior/servicio-europeo-accion-exterior-funcionamiento_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref> De plus, le Union Europee anque ha un politica de vicinitate, le qual perseque que le UE non es un entitate alien a su intorno ni desvinculate de su vicinos. Con iste politica se cerca intensificar le relationes bilateral con alicun antique republicas sovietic assi como le statos del bassino del Mediterranee.<ref>{{cita web|título=La Política: ¿Qué es la Política Europea de Vecindad?|url=http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/policy_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref> Dentro de iste contexto, il es disveloppante se un grande projecto, le [[Processo de Barcelona: Union pro le Mediterranee]], concentrate a longe termino a cercar un relation de approximation inter le UE e le [[Liga Arabe]].<ref>{{cita web|título=El Proceso de Barcelona: Unión para el Mediterráneo|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/mediterranean_partner_countries/rx0001_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> In relation con le vicinos del est, il existe altere iniciative, le [[Association Oriental]], facite inter le bloco communitari e le antique republicas sovietic.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=La Asociación Oriental – un nuevo y ambicioso capítulo en las relaciones de la UE con sus vecinos orientales|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/1858&format=HTML&aged=0&language=ES|fecha=3 de diciembre de 2008|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> [[File:ECHO plane.jpg|thumb|252px|Cargamento de adjuta humanitari del UE.]] Tote isto face que le effecto del politica externe del Union Europee se face trans le processo de ampliation, durante que le atractivo que pro varie statos ha acquirite le qualitate de membro es un factor importante que contribue al reformation e stabilisation del paises del antique [[bloco communista]] in Europa.<ref>{{cita web|título=La Unión Europea|url=http://blogs.utpl.edu.ec/relacionesinternacionales/2009/07/02/la-union-europea/|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Ronald Herrera|cita=El atractivo que para varios estados tiene adquirir la calidad de miembro es un factor importante que contribuye a la reforma y a la estabilización de los países del antiguo bloque comunista en Europa}}</ref> Pro lo que in le ultime annos le Union Europee, trans le Commission Europee, ha ganiate representation in organismos como le [[G8]] o le [[G20]], trans le Alte Representante del Union, benque le statos membros se representa in le [[Organisation Mundial del Commercio]] trans su commisario commercial.<ref>{{cita web|título=Instituciones y foros internacionales|url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/international/forums/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref> Finalmente il ha anque que destaccar que le Union Europee es le major donante mundial de adjuta humanitarian, e le principal financiator del agentias del Nationes Unite implicate in le [[adjuta humanitarian]] e le cooperation pro le disveloppamento,<ref>{{Cita web | url = http://dicc.hegoa.efaber.net/listar/mostrar/78 | título = ECHO (Departamento para la Ayuda Humanitaria de la Comunidad Europea) | año = 2007 | obra = bantaba - 24 de junio de 2007 | fechaacceso = 24/06/2007 | 6 = | title = Archive copy | accessdate = 2012-02-27 | archivedate = 2010-05-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100503155952/http://dicc.hegoa.efaber.net/listar/mostrar/78 }}</ref> trans le [[Departamento de Adjuta Humanitarian e Protection Civil del Commission Europee]] (ECHO).<ref>{{cita web|título=Ayuda humanitaria|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/humanitarian_aid/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> === Politica commun de securitate e defensa === {{AP|Politica Externe e de Securitate Commun|Stato Major del Union Europee}} [[File:AshtonClinton.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Catherine Ashton]] e [[Hillary Clinton]].]] Le defensa e le securitate es traditionalmente materias de soveranitate national, ben que le politica del Union Europee in iste area era establite como le secunde del [[Pillares del Union Europee|tres pillares del Union]] in le [[Tractato de Maastricht]] de 1992, ben que non era usque le [[Tractato de Amsterdam]] (1997) quando se definiva le scopos del ''[[Politica Externe e de Securitate Comun]]'' (PESC).<ref name=PESC_2>{{cita web|título=Política exterior y de seguridad|url=http://europa.eu/pol/cfsp/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> In le culmine de Helsinki, de decembre 1999, le [[Consilio Europee]] approbava le creation de nove organos politic e militar permanente, como le [[Stato Major del Union Europee]] (SMUE).<ref name="CE">{{cita web |url= http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/foreign_and_security_policy/cfsp_and_esdp_implementation/r00006_es.htm |título= Estado Mayor de la Unión Europea (EMUE) |editorial= Comisión Europea |fechaacceso= 9 de mayo de 2009}}</ref> Le SMUE es un departimento del Union Europee, responsabile de supervisar le operationes in le ambito de Securitate Commun e Politica de Defesa. Iste departimento depende directemente del cabinetto del [[Alte Representante del Union pro Affaires Exterior e Politica de Securitate]], actualmente [[Catherine Ashton]] e se occuppa del [[alerta temprana]], le evalutation del situation e le planificamento strategic del missiones Petersberg (missiones humanitari, mantenimento del pace, gestion de crisis) e de tote le operationes dirigite per le UE.<ref name="CE"/> Formalmente, le SMUE es parte del [[Secretariato General del Consilio del Union Europee]] e ha dirigite un serie de displicamentos militar ab su creation. Le potente impulso que le [[Tractato de Lisbona]] ha supposite in le ambito institutional pro le politica commun de securitate e defensa, pare mirar, con le forte impulso del nucleo dur de paises ducite per [[Francia]], [[Italia]], [[Espania]], [[Polonia]], etc. e, in minor mesura, [[Germania]]), a un repellemento del politica commun de securitate e defensa.<ref>{{cita web|título=Instituciones eficaces y modernas|url=http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/institutions/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref> == Organisation territorial == {{AP|Organisation territorial del Union Europee}} Le UE ha 28 statos membros. 12 regiones, qual es parte de 4 statos, es classificate como [[Region ultraperipheric del Union Europee|Region Peripheric Ultra]] (RPU). Etiam existe 25 '''[[paises e territorios de ultramar]]'''. Altere entitates con stato special es: [[Gibraltar]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]]. == Economia == {{AP|Economia del Union Europee}} Le Union Europee es, in su conjuncto, le prime potentia economic del mundo,<ref>{{cita web|título=Comercio exterior|url=http://europa.eu/pol/comm/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=14 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu|cita=la Unión Europea es la primera potencia comercial del mundo}}</ref> superante al [[Statos Unite]]. Secunde le datos del [[FMI]] pro [[2010[[, le PIB (nominal) del Union Europee es de 14,82 billiones de dollars<ref name=datosUE>{{cita web|título=The World Factbook - European Union|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CIA|idioma=Inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2020-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611111527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ee.html}}</ref> (le statounitense es de 14,66 billiones).<ref name=datosUSA>{{cita web|título=The World Factbook - United States|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CIA|idioma=Inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2007-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213256/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html}}</ref> Pro su parte, le PIB (nominal) per capita del UE in 2010 era de 32&nbsp;700 dollares, pro lo que es in le posto 42 a escala global.<ref name=datosUE /> Etiam assi, actualmente le economia europee se trova in crisis, le nominate [[crisis del deuda sobirane europee]] o crisis del euro,<ref name=crisisGriega>{{cita noticia|nombre=Andreu|apellidos=Missé|título=La UE intenta salvar el euro con un rescate de Grecia de 109.000 millones|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/UE/intenta/salvar/euro/rescate/Grecia/109000/millones/elpepueco/20110721elpepueco_1/Tes|editorial=El País|fecha=21 de julio de 2011|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=FMI: En Europa se necesitan medidas decisivas para restablecer la confianza|url=http://www.imf.org/external/spanish/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/car092511bs.pdf|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011|autor=Fondo Monetario Internacional|fecha=25 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=La crisis de la deuda soberana le abre las puertas a la recesión|url=http://www.ieco.clarin.com/economia/crisis-deuda-soberana-puertas-recesion_0_569343321.html|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011|autor=Isabel Stratta|cita=9 de octubre de 2011|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214085603/http://www.ieco.clarin.com/economia/crisis-deuda-soberana-puertas-recesion_0_569343321.html}}</ref> que ha provocate le crescentia economic in statos como [[Economia de Grecia|Grecia]], [[Economiade Irlanda|Irlanda]], [[Economia de Portugal|Portugal]], [[Economia de Hispania|Hispania]] o [[Hispania de Italia|Italia]] ha essite negative in alicun exercicios.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Grecia seguirá en recesión y endeudada|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/economia/2011/10/03/grecia-seguira-en-recesion-y-endeudada|editorial=CNN Expansión|fecha=3 de octubre de 2011|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia|título=Portugal acentúa su recesión y los sindicatos convocan huelga general contra los ajustes|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20111017/portugal-acentua-su-recesion-sindicatos-convocan-huelga-general-contra-ajustes/468960.shtml|editorial=RTVE|fecha=17 de octubre de 2011|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia|título=La economía española registra su primer crecimiento negativo en 15 años|url=http://www.abc.es/20081119/economia-economia/economia-espanola-registra-primer-200811190905.html|editorial=ABC|fecha=19 de noviembre de 2008|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia|título=Italia para en seco su crecimiento y se sitúa al borde de la recesión|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/economia/italia-para-en-seco-su-crecimiento-y-se-situa-al-borde-de-la-recesion-1276336157/|editorial=Libertad Digital|fecha=8 de agosto de 2008|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref> Le [[BCE]] arivava incluso a rescatar financieramente al tres prime paises citate ante.<ref name=crisisGriega /><ref>{{cita noticia|nombre=Andreu|apellidos=Missé|título=El Eurogrupo aprueba el rescate de Portugal con 78.000 millones|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Eurogrupo/aprueba/rescate/Portugal/78000/millones/elpepieco/20110517elpepieco_2/Tes|editorial=El País|fecha=17 de mayo de 2011|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia|título=La UE aprueba el rescate a Irlanda formalmente|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/UE/aprueba/rescate/Irlanda/formalmente/elpepueco/20101207elpepueco_3/Tes|editorial=El País|fecha=7 de diciembre de 2010|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011}}</ref> Como consequentia de iste crisis economic, le Union Europee essaya augmentar le [[integration economic]] e politic inter su statos membros,<ref>{{cita noticia|nombre=Antonio|apellidos=Papell|título=El Eurogrupo da un paso federal|url=http://www.diariodemallorca.es/opinion/2011/12/10/eurogrupo-da-paso-federal/727120.html|editorial=El Diario de Mallorca|fechaacceso=10 de diciembre de 2011}}</ref> habente approvate pro illo medidas commun de chracte fiscal, un plus grande coordination economic del eurozona, le refortiamento del fundos de rescate pro paises in difficultates economic e adelantente le posta in functionamento del [[MEchanismo Europee de Stabilitate]].<ref>{{cita noticia|nombre=Andreu|apellidos=Missé|coautores=Claudi Pérez|título=Un salto para la Europa del euro|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/09/actualidad/1323427145_879313.html|editorial=El País|fecha=9 de diciembre de 2011|fechaacceso=10 de diciembre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia|título=El BCE gestionará los dos fondos de rescate de una eurozona con más disciplina fiscal|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20111209/bce-gestionara-dos-fondos-rescate-eurozona-mas-disciplina-fiscal/480864.shtml|editorial=RTVE|fecha=9 de diciembre de 2011|fechaacceso=10 de diciembre de 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cita noticia|título=La UE logra un acuerdo de integración fiscal a 26 que deja aislado a Reino Unido|url=http://www.finanzas.com/noticias/economia/2011-12-09/614451_logra-acuerdo-integracion-fiscal-deja.html|editorial=Finanzas|fecha=9 de diciembre de 2011|fechaacceso=10 de diciembre de 2011}}</ref> === Budget === {{AP|Budget del Union Europee}} [[File:EU Budget 2006 - Total expenditure.svg|thumb|Partidas presupuestarias del UE pro le anno 2006.<ref name="ECDetail20002007">{{Obra citada | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20080813012855/http://ec.europa.eu/budget/library/publications/fin_reports/fin_report_07_data_en.pdf | título=EU Budget in detail: detailed data 2000-2007. | editorial=Portal de la Comisión Europea | año= 2007 | fechadeacceso = 2008-07-07 |idioma = inglés}}</ref> {{legend|#990000|Agricultura: 46,7%}} {{legend|#FF0000|Actiones structural: 30,4%}} {{legend|#FF9900|Políticas internas: 8,5%}} {{legend|#FFFF00|Administration: 6,3%}} {{legend|#00FF00|Actiones externe: 4,9%}} {{legend|#3399FF|Estrategias de preadhesión: 2,1%}} {{legend|#0000FF|Compensationes: 1%}} {{legend|#000000|Reservas: 0,1%}} '''Gasto total = 106.575,5 milliones de €''' ]] Le budget del Union Europee ha tote le ingresos e tote le gastos del UE. Si ben ha essite aumentante al longe del tempo, actualmente su limite es fisate in le 1,27% del [[Producto Interior Bruto|PIB]] del Union. Le budget annual fixa se dentro de una marco financiero previamente stablite pro un periodo non inferior a cinque annos (actualmente 7 annos).<ref name=presupuesto /> Debite a que le Union Europee ha un [[Parlamento Europee|parlamento]] e un administration distincte e independente de su statos membros, gestiona anque de forma independente le gastos dirigite al politicas commun del Union. Pro facer frente a iste gastos, le Union Europee ha un budget accordate de plus de 133&nbsp;800 milliones de euros annual, lo que equivalea un 1% del ricchessa que genera cata anno le paises membros.<ref name=presupuesto>{{cita web|título=Presupuesto|url=http://europa.eu/pol/financ/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/budget/budget_glance/where_from_en.htm| título=EU budget at a glance|editorial=Portal de la Comisión Europea|fechaacceso=06-11-2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> Le Union Europee nutre se del recursos que le transfere le statos membros e que le corresponde pro derecto, le cognoscite como recursos prorpie, le qual provene fundamentelmente del exactiones agricole, del derectos de doanas, de un quota sur le IVA e de un quota in relation con le PIB. Durante que le resto de recursos ha fundamentalmente un character testimonial, jam que suppone sole un 1% del ingressos del Union, como le multas imposte per le [[Commission Europee]] o le excedente positive, si il ha, del anno anterior.<ref>{{cita web|título=Fuentes de ingresos de la UE|url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/money/revenue-income/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Le dispensas del Union Europee se divide in cinque bloques principal: crescimento tenibile (empleo, innovation, education, prolitica social, etc.); derecto del cive, securitate e justitia; politica externe del UE; dispensas de administration e compensationes (adjutas al paises-membros con minor disveloppamento).<ref>{{cita web|título=Where does the money go?|url=http://ec.europa.eu/budget/explained/budg_system/fin_fwk0713/fin_fwk0713_en.cfm|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> === Mercato interne === {{AP|Mercato interne europee|Spatio Schengen|}} Le [[Mercato interne europee|Mercato interne del Union Europee]] (MIUE) es un combination del [[Union doanere]] e [[zona de libre comercio]]. Tunc, le membros del Union actua como bloque, defininte le mesme impostos al commerciar verso fora (pro evitar competentias interne), annulante inter ilos le impostos in frontiera e permittinte le libere transito de personas, assi como de capitales e servicios (libere prestation de servicios e libertate de stablimento del empresas).<ref name="MIUE" /> In le anno [[2007]], post le duo ultime ampliationes del Union, on decidiva donar le un nove rumbo al MIUE, concedente le prioritate al consumitor e al parve empresas.<ref>{{cita web|título=Estrategia en materia de política de los consumidores 2007-2013|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/general_framework_and_priorities/l32054_es.htm|fechaacceso=9 de octubre de 2011|autor=europa.eu|cita=El objetivo de esta Comunicación es reforzar, entre 2007 y 2013, el comercio minorista en el mercado interior}}</ref> Le mercato unic reformate non sole pretende sacar partito del globalisation, sino que vole adjutar a mantener le logros social e ecologic.<ref>{{cita web|título=Mercado interior|url=http://europa.eu/pol/singl/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=14 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Le [[Accordo de Schengen]], signate le [[14 de junio]] 1985 in [[Schengen (Luxemburg)|Schengen]], un localitate de [[Luxemburg]], constitui un del passos plus importante in le historia del construction del Union Europee. Le accordo ha como scopo finalisar con le controles in le frontieras dentro del ''spatio de Schengen'' pro harmonizar le controles del frontieras externe, con le creation de un zona de [[Libertate de circulation|libere circulation]].<ref name="Espacio/cooperation Schengen">{{cita web |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_es.htm |título=El espacio y la cooperación Schengen |fechaacceso=15 de noviembre |añoacceso=2009|cita=Síntesis de la legislación de la Unión Europea}}</ref> Tote le paises del spatio Schengen, con le exception de [[Switza]], [[Norvega]], [[Liechtenstein]] e [[Islanda]],<ref>{{cita web|título=Relaciones con terceros países: principios comunes|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_es.htm|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|cita=Como consecuencia de la extensión progresiva del espacio Schengen a todos los estados miembros de la UE, algunos terceros países con relaciones especiales con la Unión participan en la cooperación Schengen}}</ref> es membros del Union Europee. Pro altere parte, [[Irlanda]] ha optate pro permanecer fora del accordo de Schengen benque participa in certe assuntos (como habeva le Regno Unite quando illo era un membro del UE).<ref>{{cita web|título=El espacio y la cooperación Schengen|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_es.htm|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|cita=De acuerdo con el protocolo adjunto al Tratado de Ámsterdam, Irlanda y el Reino Unido pueden participar en la totalidad o en parte de las disposiciones del acervo de Schengen}}</ref> Le [[Spatio Economic Europee]] (SEE) comenciava existir le 1 de januario 1994, con le motivo de un accordo inter paises membros del Union Europee e del [[Association Europee de Libere Comercio]] (AELC).<ref name=EEEParlamento>{{cita web|título=El Espacio Económico Europeo (EEE)|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/6_3_2_es.htm|fechaacceso=14 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo}}</ref> Su creation permitiva al paises del AELC participar in le mercato comun europee sin tener que adheri se al UE. Le membros del asscoaition es le 27 paises integrante del [[UE]], e [[Islanda]], [[Liechtenstein]] e [[Norvega]].<ref>{{cita web|título=El Espacio Económico Europeo (EEE)|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/6_3_2_es.htm|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo|cita=El objetivo del EEE es la creación de un mercado único que cubra no sólo a la propia Comunidad Europea, sino también a los países de la Asociación Europea de Libre Comercio (AELC). El mercado conjunto así creado es de unos 380 millones de habitantes}}</ref> Pro su parte Switza, como membro del AELC, anque haveva dercto a entrar in le SEE, ma post un resultato negative al entrata in un referendum national in decembre 1992, non ratificava la accordo.<ref>{{cita web|título=El Espacio Económico Europeo (EEE)|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/6_3_2_es.htm|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Parlamento Europeo|cita= Suiza no ratificó el Acuerdo, que entró en vigor a principios de 1994 cubriendo, por tanto, a 17 países}}</ref> Le relationes de Switza con le UE es regite per un conjuncte de tratatos bilateral<ref>{{cita web|título=Suiza y la Unión Europea: un acercamiento difícil|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/especiales/suiza_y_la_union_europea/Suiza_y_la_Union_Europea:_un_acercamiento_dificil.html?cid=822682|fechaacceso=14 de septiembre de 2011|autor=swissinfo.ch|fecha=19 de julio de 2007|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2013-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015040230/http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/especiales/suiza_y_la_union_europea/Suiza_y_la_Union_Europea:_un_acercamiento_dificil.html?cid=822682}}</ref> e entrava a formar parte del spatio [[Accordo de Schengen|Schengen]] in novembre de 2008. <ref>{{cita noticia|título=Suiza se suma al espacio Schengen|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/especiales/suiza_y_la_union_europea/Suiza_se_suma_al_espacio_Schengen.html?cid=822660|editorial=swissinfo.ch|fecha=11 de diciembre de 2008|fechaacceso=14 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> === Union Economic e Monetari === {{AP|Union Economic e Monetari del Union Europee|Euro|Eurozona}} [[File:European union emu map en.png|thumb|upright=1.6| {{Legend|#486EB8|Paises del eurozona}} {{Legend|#E8984D|Paises ERM II}} {{Legend|#C44C4C|Altere paises EU}} {{Legend|#855C99|Acceptation unilateral del euro}}]] Le [[Tractato del Union Europee]], in vigor ab 1993, previde le creation de un [[union economic e monetari]] con le introduction de un moneta unic<ref name="tratados" /> (que tunc se pensava nominar [[Unitate Monetari Europee|ECU]]. De illa formarea parte le paises que cumpliva un serie de conditiones e se introducerea de forma gradual. Le data inicialmente previste se retrasava usque, finalmente, le statos membros del Union Europee accordava le [[15 de decembre]] [[1995]] in [[Madrid]] le creation de un moneta unic commun -jam sub de nomination de "euro"- con data de initio de circulation dde januario 2002.<ref name=euro>{{cita web|título=El euro|url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|cita=El euro es en la actualidad la moneda de los 330 millones de personas que viven en los 17 países de la zona del euro}}</ref> Le [[euro]] es le moneta del [[Eurozona]] o zona del euro, cmposte in 2023 per 20 del 27&nbsp;statos membros del UE que comparte iste moneta unic.<ref name=euro /> On poneva le billetes e monetas de euro in circulation le 1 de januario 2002,<ref>{{cita web|título=El Euro|url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|cita=El 1 de enero de 2002, el euro apareció físicamente, en forma de billetes y monedas}}</ref> data in la que 1&nbsp;euro se cambiava pro 0,9038 [[dollar statounitense|dolares statounitense]] (USD). Altere petras milliari del moneta unic se donava in julio [[2002]], quando le euro sobrepasava le paritate con le dollar in le mercato de divisas, e in [[julio]] [[2008]] quando le euro alcanzava su valor maxim usque le momento, al cambiar se 1&nbsp;euro per 1,5990 dollars.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=El euro registra la mayor devaluación de su historia y se cambia a menos de 1,50 dólares|url=http://www.elmundo.es/mundodinero/2008/08/08/economia/1218208770.html|editorial=El Mundo|fecha=8 de agosto de 2008|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> Le [[Banca Central Europee]] (BCE), era create in [[1998]], conforme al TUE, pro intrucer e gestionar le nove moneta, effectuar operationes con divisas e garantizar le bone functionamento del systema de pagamento. Il es anque responsabile de fixar le grande lienas e executar le politica economic e monetari del UE. Un del principal tareas del BCE es mantener le stabilitate de precios del zona euro, preservante le poter acquisitive del euro.<ref>{{cita web|título=El Banco Central Europeo|url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/html/index.es.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=BCE|cita=. La función principal del BCE consiste en mantener el poder adquisitivo de la moneda única y, de este modo, la estabilidad de precios en la zona del euro}}</ref> [[File:Banque centrale européenne.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Eurotower]], sede central del [[Banca Central Europee|BCE]].]] Post le ampliation del Union in 2004, le 16 de junio 2006, le chefes de stato e de governmento del statos membros approvava le proposta del Commission Europee del intrata de Slovenia in le Euro pro le 1 de januario 2007.<ref>{{Obra citada |url = http://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/115240/12/06/Eslovenia-entra-en-zona-euro-tras-una-historia-de-exito-economico.html |título= Eslovenia entra en zona euro tras una historia de éxito económico |editorial=www.eleconomista.es |año= 7/12/2006 |fechadeacceso = 25/6/2010 }}</ref> Un anno post, in le cumbre de 21 1 22 de junio 2007, le chefes de stato e de governmento approvava le entrata de [[MAta]] e [[Cypro]] in le zona euro pro le 1 de januario 2008.<ref>{{Obra citada |url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Chipre/Malta/entran/zona/euro/elpepueco/20080101elpepueco_2/Tes |título= Chipre y Malta entran en la zona euro |editorial=www.elpais.es |año= 1/1/2008 |fechadeacceso = 25/6/2010 }}</ref> Altere anno post, le 8 de julio 2008, le ministros de economia e finantias del Union Europee approvava le entrata de [[Slovachia]] in le zona euro a partir del 1 de januario 2009.<ref>{{Obra citada |url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/aprueba/entrada/Eslovaquia/zona/euro/elpepuint/20080708elpepuint_12/Tes |título= La UE aprueba la entrada de Eslovaquia a la zona euro |editorial=www.elpais.es |año= 8/7/2008 |fechadeacceso = 25/6/2010 }}</ref> E finalmente, le 17 de julio 2010, le ministros de economia e finantias del Union Europee approvava le ultime ampliation del zona euro usque le data, in le qual se approvava que [[Estonia]] entrava in le eurozona, e pro lo tanto adoptava le euro, a partor del 1 de januario 2011.<ref>{{Obra citada |url = http://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-ue-aprueba-estonia-euro-enero-2011-20100617211708.html |título= La UE aprueba que Estonia entre en el euro el 1 de enero de 2011 |editorial=www.europapress.es |año= 17/6/2010 |fechadeacceso = 25/6/2010 }}</ref> Le resto del statos que ingressava al UE con le ampliationes del 2004 e 2007 no ha potite adoptar le euro ancora. Nonobstante, iste paises es tomante le medidas necessari pro implementar lo como divisa proprie, benque iste processo pote tardar varie annos.<ref>{{cita web|título=Ampliación de la zona del euro después del 1 de mayo de 2004|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/l25070_es.htm|fechaacceso=9 de octubre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Pro su parte, tanto Danmark como le Regno Unite decidiva quedar se fora del zona europ quando se ratificava le [[Tractato de Maastricht]], ben que se espera que Danmark realisa un referendum in le proxime annos re iste question.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Dinamarca se plantea un nuevo referéndum sobre el euro|url=http://www.euroxpress.es/index.php/News/2011/3/3/Dinamarca_se_plantea_un_nuevo_referendum_sobre_el_euro/|editorial=euroXpress|fecha=3 de marzo de 2011|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> === Commercio international === [[File:London Stock Exchange 1520.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Mercato de actiones de London]].]] Le UE es membro del [[Organisation Mundial del commercio]] ab le 1 de januario 1995, e a su vice, le 27 statos membros del Union es membros del OMC.<ref name=OMC>{{Cita web| url = http://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/whatis_s/tif_s/org6_s.htm | título = Miembros y Observadores | año = 23/7/2008 | publicación = Portal de la OMC| fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Il es importante destaccar que le UE es le prime potentia commercial del planeta, jam que representa plus del 20% del commercio international (importationes e exportationes).<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/pol/comm/index_es.htm | título = Comercio exterior| año = 23/6/2010 | publicación = Portal de la Unión Europea| fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> In su interior, Germani ha le plus grande mercato del Union attendente le PIB. Le UE es le principal socio commercial de [[Russia]], le majoritate de paises african, le apises europee non pertencente al UE e, ab 2005, anque del Republica Popular China, con la que le trasactiones supera le 100&nbsp;000 milliones de euro cata anno. Nonobstante le UE ancora non ha recognoscite al pais asiatic como un economia de mercato. Francia petiva le levantamento del embargo de armas que Europa mantene con China ab le factos del [[Placia de Tian'anmen]] in [[1989]]. Le UE ha signalate que es interessate in cerrar accordos de libere commercio con le paises latinoamerican,<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/la/index_es.htm | título = Unión Europea y América Latina| año = 3/5/2010 | publicación = Portal de la Comisión Europea| fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> que es integrate in arie gruppos regional. Un es le [[Comunitate Andina]], constituite per [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], e [[Peru]],<ref>{{Cita web | url = http://www.comunidadandina.org/ATRCII/img/Foll_VC.pdf | título = Relaciones CAN - UE: Asistencia Técnica Relativa al Comercio | año = 2007 | publicación = Portal del CAN | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | 6 = | title = Archive copy | accessdate = 2012-02-28 | archivedate = 2018-10-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001194946/http://www.comunidadandina.org/ATRCII/img/Foll_VC.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cita web| url = http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/andean/index_es.htm | título = Relaciones de la Unión Europea con la Comunidad Andina | año = 3/5/2010 | publicación = Portal de la Comisión Europea| fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> e altere es le [[Mercato Commun Centroamerican]],<ref>{{cita web|título=Intercambio comercial entre la UE y Nicaragua|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/nicaragua/eu_nicaragua/trade_relation/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=29 de octubre de 2011|autor=Delegación de la Unión Europea para Centroamérica y Panamá}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web| url = http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/ca/index_es.htm | título = Relaciones de la Unión Europea con América Central | año = 3/5/2010 | publicación = Portal de la Comisión Europea| fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> que ha celebrate accordos de cooperation con [[Mexico]] e [[Chile]], e il es in negotiationes pro le liberalisation del comercio con [[Mercosur]].<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/mercosur/index_es.htm | título = Relaciones de la Unión Europea con América MERCOSUR (Mercado Común del Sur)| año = 3/5/2010 | publicación = Portal de la Comisión Europea| fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> == Disveloppamento tenibile == Le [[disveloppamento tenibile]] es pro le Union Europee un de su grande scopos. Le prime strategia de disveloppamento tenibile se ha realisate in le anno [[2001]], e posteriormente illo se ha actualisate in [[2006]], nam on voleva meliorar tote le deficientias derivate del nove defias. Iste politica se focalisa fundamentalmente in le [[cambio climatic]], in le politica [[energia|energetic]], assi como in le [[education]], le [[investigation]] e le [[finantiamento public]] pro attinger le instalation de patronos tenibile de [[production economic|production]] e [[consumo]].<ref name="Europa/Env">''[http://europa.eu/pol/env/index_es.htm Activitates del Union Europee. Medio ambiente]''. Europa.eu.</ref> === Cohesion territorial === [[File:European union erdf map.png|thumb|300px|[[Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional]] pro le periodo 2007-2013. {{Legend|#C14D4D|Regiones in convergentia.}} {{Legend|#D68787|Regiones in disminution progressive.}} {{Legend|#839CCF|Regiones in incremento progressive.}} {{Legend|#4568AF|Regiones competitive e generatore de empleo.}}]] Le [[politica regional del Union Europee]] es un politic con le scopo declarate de meliorar le ben-esser economic de determinate regiones del Union. Circa de un tertio del presuposto del UE se dedica a iste politic. Le scopo que se perseque es le eliminiation del disparitates de riquessa in tote le UE, le restructuration del zonas industrial in declive e le diversification del zonas rural con un sector agricole in declive.<ref>{{cita web|título=Política Regional. Acabar con las disparidades|url=http://europa.eu/pol/reg/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> Le ampliation plus importante del Union haveva loco in majo 2004 con dece nove statos membros, in su majoritate procedente de Europa Central o Oriental, sequite pro le Adhesion de Bulgaria e Romania in januario 2007. Le majoritate de iste paises es plus paupere que le membros anterior<ref>{{cita web|título=RETOS PARA LA UE DE LA AMPLIACIÓN AL ESTE. LA INCIDENCIA DE LOS FLUJOS MIGRATORIOS|url=http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/cee/cjm/0101/EduardoJeanMonnet.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Eduardo del Río Cobián (UCM)}}</ref> e isto ha significate que le renta per capita medie del UE se ha reducite, lo qual ha facte que alicun regiones del anterior UE-15 jam non pote optar al adjuta financiera communitari, jam que le majoritate del regiones del nove statos membros cumple le requisitos pro reciper tal fondos.<ref>{{cita web|título=Efectos sociales de la ampliación de la Unión Europea|url=http://www.carm.es/ctra/cendoc/haddock/14027.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Benjamín Bastida Vilá|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006053145/http://www.carm.es/ctra/cendoc/haddock/14027.pdf}}</ref> Pro consequer iste convergentia socioeconomic le Union dispone de varie [[Fondos Structural]]: le [[Fondo Europee de Disveloppamento Regional]] (FEDER), le [[Fondo Social Europee]] (FSE), le [[Fondo Europee de Orientation e de Garantia Agricole]] (FEOGA) e le [[Instrumento Financiero de Orientation Pesquera]] (IFOP).<ref>«[http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/regional_policy/provisions_and_instruments/l60014_es.htm Disposiciones generales sobre los Fondos Estructurales]», in ''Síntesis de la legislación de la UE''. Europa.eu.</ref> Le Union Europee, dispone de plus de un serie de iniciativas resrvate pro actiones de character innovator, le qual in origine era 13, e actualmente tan solo se mantene quatro:<ref>[http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/regional_policy/provisions_and_instruments/l60014_es.htm Disposiciones generales sobre los Fondos Estructurales]</ref> le [[programma INTERREG]], cuje scopo es estimular le cooperation transfrontieriza, transnational e interregional;<ref>{{cita web|título=INTERREG. About the programme|url=http://i4c.eu/about_programme.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Interreg IVC|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> le [[programma LEADER]], que se propone fomentar le disveloppamento rural;<ref>{{cita web|título=Programa LEADER|url=http://www.mendinet.org/leader.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Mendinet|idioma=inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905083337/http://www.mendinet.org/leader.html}}</ref> le [[programma EQUAL]], que investiga re nove methodos de lucta contra le discriminationes e desiqualitates de tote typo pro acceder al mercato laboral;<ref>{{cita web|título=Igualdad entre mujeres y hombres Equal|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/employment_and_social_policy/equality_between_men_and_women/c10237_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu}}</ref> e le [[programma URBAN]], que fomenta le revitalisation economic e social del citates e del zoanas suburban in crisis.<ref>{{cita web|título=Urban II : Ciudades & programas|url=http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/urban2/towns_prog_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea, Politica Regional Inforegio}}</ref> === Agricultura === [[File:CAPspendingbysector.png|thumb|250px|Gastos del PAC.]] Le [[Politca Agrari Comun]] (PAC) es un del politicas plus antique del Union Europee e un de su scopos original.<ref name=PACaldetalle>{{cita web|título=La Política Agrícola Común en Detalle|url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/capexplained/cap_es.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref>Le politica ha como scopos incrementar le production agricole, assecurar le certessa del suministro del alimentos, meliorar le qualitate de vita del agricultores e stabilisar le mercatos al asecurar precios razonabile pro le [[consumitor]]es. Usque il ha pauc, operava mediante un systema de [[subsidio]]s e de intervention in le mercato; usque le decennio del [[annos 1990]] le politica representava le 60% del budget annual del Union Europee, e hodie ancora representa le 40%.<ref name=PACaldetalle /><ref>{{cita web|título=UNA POLÍTICA AGRARIA COMÚN PARA LOS BIENES PÚBLICOS EUROPEOS|url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/portal/export/sites/default/comun/galerias/galeriaDescargas/cap/politica-agraria-comun/documentos-home/josegarciagalvarezcoque.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=José María García Alvarez-Coque, Alan Swinbank y Valentin Zahrnt.}}</ref> [[File:Montrachet vineyards.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Viñedos in [[Borgoña]], Francia.]] Le controles de precios e le intervention in le mercatos havava como resultato le [[superproduction]], le qual se amacenava pro mantener le niveles minime de precios.<ref name=PACaldetalle /> Pro disponer de iste superavit, a menudo se vendiva in le mercato mundial international a precio sub le garantizate per le Union o, pro altere parte, le agricultores a menudo recipeva subsidios que equivaliva al differentia inter le precios mundial e le del Union. Iste systema se ha criticate pro vender plus barato que le production del paises in vias de disveloppamento. Le superproduction anque se ha criticate per le ambientalistes pro le mthodos de production intensive. Pro altere parte, los que appoia le [[Politica Agricole Comun]], agumetna que le adjuta economic pro le [[agricultor]]es, les assicura un standart de vita razonabile imposible economicamente si non existiva. Ab le comencio del decennio de 1990, le politica ha vadite reformante se.<ref name=PACaldetalle /> Al principio, iste reformas includiva le politica de separar un portion de terra del production, imponer quaotas in le production lactier,<ref>{{cita web|título=Cuotas y tasa suplementaria en el sector lácteo en Cataluña|url=http://www.indret.com/pdf/612_es.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=InDret|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005160720/http://www.indret.com/pdf/612_es.pdf}}</ref> etc. Le dispensas agricole abandonara le subsidios rilate con le production specific pro relacionar los con le tamanio del fincas agricole, pro permiter que le mercato stabliva le nivellos de production e al mesme tempo assicurar le renta del agricultores. Le reformas anque include le abolition del regimen de sucre inter le statos membros e le nationes african e caibbean e su relation privilegiate.<ref name=PACaldetalle /> === Scientia e technologia === [[File:Ariane42P rocket.gif|thumb|150px|[[Porto spatial de Kourou]] in [[Guyana Francese]].]] {{AP|Investigation e innovation in le Union Europee}} In le terreno del investigation e exploration spatial in Europa existe le [[Agentia Spatial Europee]] (ASE). In illa collabora 18 statos europee,<ref name=aboutESA>{{cita web|título=What is ESA?|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMW16ARR1F_0.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=ESA|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> benque se espera que le membros que apportava le ampliation del Union Europee de 2004 e 2007 se incorpara al Agentia in le proxime annos.<ref>{{cita web|título=New Member States|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/About_ESA/SEMP936LARE_0.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=ESA|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Su sede central se trova in Paris. Le loco desde le que se effectua le lanchas del vehiculos [[Ariane]] del Agentia es le porto spatial de [[Kourou]], situate in le [[Guyana Francese]].<ref name=aboutESA /> In le terreno del physica nuclear, il destacca le [[Organisation Europee pro le Investigation Nuclear]] (plus cognoscite per su antique siglas, CERN<ref>{{cita web |url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/fr/About/Name-fr.html |título=Le nom CERN |idioma=francés |autor=CERN |fechaacceso=21-01-2009 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2012-02-28 |archivedate=2012-02-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220174851/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/fr/About/Name-fr.html }}</ref>), le plus grande laboratorio de investigation in physica a nivel mundial.<ref>{{cita web|título=CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics)|url=http://www.micinn.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=63e938effdb33210VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=es|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación|cita=El mayor laboratorio de investigación en Física de Partículas Elementales, o Física de Altas Energías a nivel mundial|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217114012/http://www.micinn.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=63e938effdb33210VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&lang_choosen=es}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=LABORATORIOS DE FÍSICA DE PARTÍCULAS MÁS IMPORTANTES DEL MUNDO|url=http://www.madrimasd.org/cienciaysociedad/ateneo/dossier/particulas/cdti/lab.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=madridmasd.org|cita=CERN. Es el mayor centro de física de partículas del mundo.}}</ref> Il es situate in le frontiera inter Francia e Switza, inter le communa de Meyrin (in le canton de Geneva) e le communa de Saint-Genis-Pouilly (in le departamento de Ain). In le actualitate il ha 20 statos membros, e le [[Comission Europee]] actua commo observator.<ref>{{cita web|título=CERN in a nutshell|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/About-en.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CERN|idioma=Inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-02-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229024543/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/About-en.html}}</ref> Un de su projectos stella es le `[Grande Collisionato Un del projectos stella es le [[Grande Collisionator de Hadrones]],<ref>{{cita web|título=Why the LHC|url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CERN|idioma=Inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228062222/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html}}</ref> super le que le scientificos e ingestigatores ha poste grande expectivas. === Infrastructuras === {{AP|Infrastructuras del UE}} [[File:Oeresund Bridge.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Le ponte de Oresund e le insula artifical de [[Peberholm]] connecte [[Danmark]] e [[Svedia]].]] Le UE es lavorante pro meliorar su infrastructuras transfrontierise, por exemplo tra la [[Rete transeuropee|retes transeuropee]] (RTE). Le projectos del RTE include le [[tunnel del Canal]], le [[corredor Mediterranee]], le [[LGV Est]], le [[tunnel ferroviari de Frejus]], le [[ponte de Oresund]] e le [[tunnel de basse del Brennero]]. In 2001 se calculava que in 2010 le rete comprenderea 75&nbsp;200 kilometros de carreteras, 78&nbsp;000 kilometros de vias de ferrocarril, 330 aeroportos, 270 portos maritime e 210 portos interior.<ref>{{cita web|título=The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules|[[European Commission]]|fecha=1 de octubre de 2003|url=http://ec.europa.eu/ten/transport/revision/doc/revision_1692_memo_en.pdf|formato=PDF|fechaacceso=15 de agosto de 2007|editorial=Europa web portal|autor=European Commission|idioma=inglés}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|apellido=Mirea|nombre=Silvia|título=The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules|editorial=The Railway Journal|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/engleza/0304/ten-t.htm|fechaacceso=15 de agosto de 2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> Altere projecto de infrastructura es le [[systema global de navigation per satellite]] [[Galileo (systema de navigation per satellite|Galileo]], construite per le Union Europee e posate in marcha per le [[Agentia Spatial Europee]] (AEE), le qual es opperative ab 2010. Le projecto Galileo, era lanceate in parte pro reducir le dependentia del UE super le [[Systema de Positionamento Global]] (SPG) statounitense, e anque pro donar un cobertura mundial plus complete e prmitter un exactitute multe plus grande, donate le antiquitate del systema SPG.<ref name="Barrot">{{cita web|apellido=Barrot|nombre=Jacques|título=Jacques Barrot Home Page, Commission vice president for transport|editorial=Europa web portal|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/barrot/index_en.htm|fechaacceso=21 de julio de 2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> Alicunes ha criticate le systema Galileo pro su elevate costo, su varie retraos e pro su perception de redundantia, donate le existentia del systema SPG.<ref>{{cita web|apellido=McKie|nombre=Robin|título=Sat-nav rival could crash and burn|editorial=Guardian|fecha=15 de julio de 2007|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/jul/15/spaceexploration.europeanunion|fechaacceso=11 de agosto de 2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> === Energia === {{AP|Energias renovabile in le Union Europee}} [[File:GaspipelinesNachDeutschland.png|left|250px|thumb|[[Gaseoducto]]s inter [[Russia]] e le UE.]] In 2007, le 27 statos membros del UE habeva un consumo interior bruto de energia de 1825 milliones de tonelatas equivalente de petroleo (tep),<ref name="EurostatEnergy"> {{cite press release|título=Energy consumption and production: EU27 energy dependence rate at 54% in 2006: Energy consumption stable|editorial=[[Eurostat]]|fecha=10 July 2008|formato=PDF|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_07/8-10072008-EN-AP.PDF|fechaacceso=12 September 2008|quote=<br /> In the EU27, gross inland energy consumption was 1 825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) in 2006, stable compared with 2005, while energy production decreased by 2.3% to 871 mn toe...<br /> Gross inland consumption is defined as primary production plus imports, recovered products and stock change, less exports and fuel supply to maritime bunkers (for seagoing ships of all flags)... <br /> A tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a standardised unit defined on the basis of one tonne of oil having a net calorific value of 41.868 Gigajoules.}}</ref> del qual, circa le 46% del energia consumite se produceva in le proprie statos membros, durante que on importava le 54% restante.<ref name="EurostatEnergy" /> In iste statisticas, le energia nuclear es tractate como le energia primari producite per le UE, independentemente del fonte del uranio, del que minus del 3% es producte in le UE.<ref name="Euratom2007">{{cita libro|título=Euratom Supply Agency — Annual Report 2007|url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf|formato=PDF|fechaacceso=1 de marzo de 2009|año=2008|editorial=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities|ubicación=Luxembourg|isbn=978-92-79-09437-8|página=22|capítulo=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels|cita=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU).}}<br />Nuclear energy and renewable energy are treated differently from oil, gas, and coal in this respect.</ref> Le UE ha tenite le poter legislative in le ambite del politica energetic al longe de su existentia, habente su radices in le original [[Communitate Europee de Carbon e Aciero]]. Le introduction de un politica obligatori e integral del energia era approvate in el reunion del Consilio Europee in octubre 2005, e le borrator del politica era publicate in januario 2007.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{cita publicación|título=Q&A: EU energy plans|editorial=BBC|fecha=9 de marzo de 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm|fechaacceso=13 de julio de 2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> Le Commission ha cinque punctos calve in su politica energetic: aumentar le competentia in le mercato interne, fomentar le inversion e aumentar le interconexione inter su redes de electricitate, diversificar le fontes de energia con meliores systemas pro responder a un crisis, stablir un nove marco pro le cooperation energetic con Russia, al tempo que pretende meliorar le relations con le statos ric in energia de [[Asia central]]<ref name=oies>{{Cita publicación|autor=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff|url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf|título=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes|editorial=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies|formato=PDF|fecha=November 2008|fechaacceso=12 November 2008|idioma=inglés}}</ref> e del [[nord de Africa]], le uso del fontes de energia existente de maniera plus efficente e le aumento del uso del fontes de energia renovabile e, finalmente aumentar le financiation de nove technologias energetic.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> [[File:EU Renewable energy.svg|thumb|250px|% del energias renovabile in le UE ([[2008]]). {{legend|#005500|Energia renovabile > 30 %}} {{legend|#00AA00|Energia renovabile > 20 %}} {{legend|#00FF00|Energia renovabile > 10 %}} {{legend|#55FF55|Energia renovabile > 5 %}} {{legend|#AAFFAA|Energia renovabile < 5 %}}]] Le UE importa actualmente le 82% del petroleo, le 57% del gas<ref name="low carb prop">{{cita web|título='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe|editorial=[[MSNBC]]|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16560106/|fechaacceso=24 de enero de 2007|idioma=inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120162708/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16560106/}}</ref> e le 97,48 del uranio.<ref name="Euratom2007" /> Il existe preocupation de que le dependentia de Europa respecto del energia de Rusia pone in pericolo al Union e su paises membros. Pro lo que le UE es tractante de diversificar su suministro de energia.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{cita web|título=Crisis del gas entre Ucrania y Rusia: la UE necesita una política energética más firme|editorial=europa.eu|autor=Parlamento Europeo|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+IM-PRESS+20060112STO04233+0+DOC+XML+V0//ES|fechaacceso=28 de octubre de 2011}}</ref> Le paises del Union Europee in su conjuncto, constitui le principal potentia mundial in lo que al disveloppamento e application de energias renovabile se refere. Le promotion del energias renovabile ha un rolo multo importante, tanto in lo que se refere a reducir le dependentia externe del UE in su abastimento energetic,<ref>{{cita web|título=Energías renovables: promoción de la electricidad generada a partir de fuentes de energía renovables|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/renewable_energy/l27035_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu|cita=La Unión Europea ha establecido un marco comunitario para la promoción de las fuentes de energía renovables}}</ref> como in le actiones que debe adoptar se in relation con le lucta frente al cambio climatic. Nonobstante, e benque in conjuncto le avances es positive, il existe ancora resultatos longe de cumplir le expectativas in alicun paises del Union.<ref>{{cita noticia|título=La UE-15, camino de cumplir su objetivo de Kyoto, pese a resultados dispares a nivel nacional|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/es/pressroom/newsreleases/la-ue-15-camino-de-cumplir-su-objetivo-de-kyoto-pese-a-resultados-dispares-a-nivel-nacional|editorial=Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente|fecha=16 de octubre de 2008|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> Le [[Consilio Europee]] de martio 2007 in [[Brussel]] approvava un plan energetic obligatori que include un retalio del 20% de su emmissiones de dioxido de carbono ante del anno 2000 e consumer plus energias renovabile pro que represente le 20% del consumo total del Union (contra le 7% in 2006).<ref name=planenergetico>{{Cita web| url = http://www.eu2007.de/fr/News/Press_Releases/March/0309BKBruessel.html | título = Accord historique sur la protection climatique | año = 2007 | obra = EU2007.DE | fechaacceso = 24/06/2007 | idioma = francés}}</ref> Pro altere parte il se stabliva le compromisso de lograr un quota minim de un 10% de biocombustible in le consumo total de gasolina e gasole de transporto in 2020.<ref name=planenergetico /> Le futuro reparto del esfortio de iste porcentaxe del 20% haveva in conta le specificidades energetic de cata stato. De plus, le UE compromete se a arivar usque un 30% in le recution de gases de effecto hivernadero in caso de compromiso international que involucre tanto a altere potentia como al nove paises industrialisate.<ref name=planenergetico /> === Medio ambiente === {{AP|Projecto LIFE|Red Natura 2000}} Le Union Europee conta con un del legislationes de ambiente plus severe del mundo, le qual se introduceva post de estar varie decadas studiante le principal problema ambiental existente in le Union.<ref name="Europa/Env" /> Le UE conta con le [[Agentia Europe de Ambiente]], que ha per mision facilitar al UE e al paises membros la toma de decisiones super le melioramento del ambiente, e coordinar le [[Rete Europee de information e observation del ambiente]].<ref>{{cita web|título=AEMA. Quiénes somos|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/es/about-us/who|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente}}</ref> Le activitates prioritari in relation al ambiente enfoca se in le lucta contra le cambio climatic, mantiner le biodiversitate, reducir le problemas de salute derivate del contamiention e le uso del recursos natural de maniera plus responsabile.<ref name="Europa/Env" /> De site forma, lo que se perseque con iste politicas e sle protection del medio natural, de un maniera que se contribuiva al crescentia economic, impulsante le inivation e le empresa Le Union Europee ha poste in marchia trans un libro de medidas, un paquete ambiciose que marcava su proprie liderazgo in le preparation pro un accordo mundial. In iste sentido, se ha convertite in le prime potentia mundial que adopta scopos juridic vinculante de tal alcance in materia de clima e energia. Le prime compromiso que le paises membros ha acquirite ha essite le reduction de emissiones de gases de effecto de conservatorio calide in un 10%.<ref name="Europa/Env" /> [[File:Pic herriots pool.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Le [[Laco de Valle Chew]] de Anglaterra es un [[ZEPA]].]] Le [[Rete Natura 2000]] es un rete ecologic [[Europa|europe]] de areas de conservation del [[biodiversitate]].<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm| título = Natura 2000 network | año = 3/5/2010 | obra = Portal de la Comisión Europea | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | idioma = inglés}}</ref> Il consta de Zonas Spatial de Conservation designate de accordo con le [[Directiva Habitat]],<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992L0043:ES:HTML| título = Directiva 92/43/CEE del Consejo, de 21 de mayo de 1992, relativa a la conservación de los hábitats naturales y de la fauna y flora silvestres | año = 21/5/1992 | obra = Portal de la Comisión Europea: El acceso al Derecho de la Unión Europea (EUR-Lex) | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> assi como de [[Zona de Special Protection pro le Aves]] (ZEPA) stablite in virtute del [[Directiva de Aves]].<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31979L0409:ES:HTML| título = Directiva 79/409/CEE del Consejo, de 2 de abril de 1979, relativa a la conservación de las aves silvestres | año = 2/4/1979 | obra = Portal de la Comisión Europea: El acceso al Derecho de la Unión Europea (EUR-Lex) | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Su finalitate es asecurar le superviventia a longe plazo del speties e le habitats plus menaciate de Europa, contribuinte a detener le pardita de biodiversitate pro le impacto adverse del activitates human. Il es principal instrumento pro le conservation del natura in le Union Europee.<ref name=rednatura>{{cita web|título=Red Natura 2000|url=http://www.lifelince.org/pagina.aspx?id=100|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Life Lince|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075525/http://lifelince.org/pagina.aspx?id=100}}</ref> Iste rete de spatios coherente se fundamenta in le politica de conservation del natura del Union europee secunde su Directiva de Habitat, que complementa le Directiva de Aves de [[1979]]. Le Rete Natura 2000 se creava trans le [[Directiva 92/43/CEE]] sur le conservation del habitat natural de fauna e flora silvestre (plus cognoscite como [[Directiva de Habitat]]), de [[21 de maio]] [[1992]]. Iste rete debe permitter alcanzar le scopos stablite per le [[Convenio re le Diversitate Biologic]], approvate in le [[Cumbre del Terra|Cumbre del Terra de Rio de Janeiro]] in 1992.<ref name=rednatura /> [[File:Wisent.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Bisonte europee]] in le [[Bosco de Białowieża]], Polonia.]] Le [[Projecto LIFE]] financia medidas que contribui al disveloppamento, le application e actualisation del politica e le legislation communitari de ambiente. Iste instrumento financiero pretende equalmente facilitar le integration del ambiente in le altere politicas e lograr un disveloppamento sostenibile in le Union Europee.<ref>{{cita web|título=LIFE: EL INSTRUMENTO FINANCIERO PARA EL MEDIO AMBIENTE|url=http://www.fundacionglobalnature.org/life.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Fundación Global Nature|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908044106/http://www.fundacionglobalnature.org/life.html}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|título=LIFE Programme|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> On lanciava le Projecto LIFE [[1992]], e ab [[1996]] consta de 3 componentes:<ref>{{cita web|título=The LIFE Programme|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/about/index.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> * LIFE-Naturaleza: le finantiaition del [[rete Natura 2000]], spatios natural protegite europee, e de altere activitates de preservation e studio del biodiversitate in Europa; * LIFE-Ambiente: le finatiation de actiones innovator in le ambito del ambiente, tal como [[aqua potabile]], tratamento de residuos, etc.; * LIFE-Tertie paises: cle fondos create in le paises vecin del UE (principalemente del [[Mediterranee]]). Il consta del structuras necessari pro le disveloppamento del conservation del naturaleza in iste paises. Usque nunc ha habite quatro fases: * LIFE I de 1992 a [[1995]] que permitiva le financiation de 731 projectos; * LIFE II de 1996 a [[1999]], que completava le stablimento del tres componentes del programma "Natura, Ambiente e Tertie Paises"; * LIFE III de [[2000]] a [[2004]], prorrogate usque finales 2006; * LIFE+ desde [[2007]] hasta [[2013]], in vigor actualmente.<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/agriculture/environment/l28021_es.htm | título = Life +| año = 2007 | obra = Portal de la Unión Europea - 24 de junio de 2007 | fechaacceso = 24/06/2007 | }}</ref> == Demographia == {{AP|Demographia del Union Europee}} Le Union Europee occupa le 3tie posto in le ''ranking'' mundial de population,<ref>{{Cita web|título=¿Cuánta gente vive en la UE? | publicación=Portal de la Unión Europea| año=2007|url=http://europa.eu/abc/keyfigures/sizeandpopulation/howmany/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=25/6/2010}}</ref> con un total de 501&nbsp;105&nbsp;661 personas que se estima vivente in le UE in 2011<ref name=poblacion /> frente al 313&nbsp;232&nbsp;044 in [[Statos Unite]] e post China e India. == Cultura == {{AP|Cultura in le Union Europee}} [[File:Athens Acropolis.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Athenas]] era le prime [[Capital Europee del Cultura]].]] Le [[Tractato del Union Europee]] o [[Tractato de Maastricht]] donava recognoscentia official al dimension cultural del integration europee, al attribuir certe competentias (multe reducite) de action cultural al [[Communitate Europee]]. Secunde le Tractato, le Communitate Europee debe impulsar le culturas del statos membros, havente special attention in preservar le diversitate, mais ponente anque de manifesto le "patrimonio cultural commun".<ref>{{cita web|título=Síntesis de la legislación de la UE > Cultura|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/culture/index_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=europa.eu|cita=El Tratado de Maastricht (1993) ha hecho posible que la Unión Europea (UE) -históricamente orientada hacia la economía y el comercio- lleve a cabo acciones culturales para la salvaguardia, la difusión y el desarrollo de la cultura en Europa}}</ref> Super cultura, le Commission Europee dispone de un commissario que aggruppar in un sole cartera le education, le formation, le cultura e le juventute,<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/index_es.htm| título = Miembros de la Comisión Barroso (2010-2014) | año = 2010 | obra = Portal de la Unión Europea | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> sed non le multilinguismo. Un del projectos cultural le plus importante es le designation del [[Capital Europee del Cultura]].<ref>{{Cita web| url = http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/culture/l29014_es.htm| título = Capital Europea de la Cultura | año = 24/4/2007 | obra = Portal de la Unión Europea | fechaacceso = 25/06/2010 | }}</ref> Iste es un titulop conferite per le Commission e le Parlamento Europee a un o duo citates [[Europa|europee]], que durante un anno ha le possibilitate de monstrar su developpamento e su vita cultural. Alicun citates europee ha profitate iste desgination per tranformar completemente su structuras cultural e esser recognoscite in le ambito international. Quando un citate es nominate Capital Europee del Cultura, in illa se developpa tote typo de manifestationes artistic.<ref>{{cita web|título=European capital of culture|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm#|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Altere projecto cultural communitari es le [[Orchestra Juvene del Union Europee]]. In illa coincide musicos juvene con talento procedente del Union Europee juncto con proffesores recognoscite internationalemente pro conformar un orchestra renominate a scala international.<ref>{{Cita web |apellido=Breckenfield |nombre=Nick |título=European Union Youth Orchestra |editorial=classicalsource.com |url=http://www.classicalsource.com/db_control/db_concert_review.php?id=3651 |fechaacceso=15-01-2008 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2012-02-20 |archivedate=2020-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717125809/http://www.classicalsource.com/db_control/db_concert_review.php?id=3651 }}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |apellido=Van Gelder |nombre=Lawrence |título=Footlights |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E3D91639F931A2575BC0A96F958260 |editorial= The New York Times | fechaacceso = 15-01-2008|idioma=inglés}} </ref><ref>{{Cita web |título=UPS announces sponsorship of EU Youth Orchestra in time for the Proms! 2001 Press Release |url=http://www.ups.com/content/gb/en/about/news/2001_news/20010802engeuyosponsorship_n.html |idioma=inglés |fechaacceso=15-01-2008 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2012-02-20 |archivedate=2008-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308053452/http://www.ups.com/content/gb/en/about/news/2001_news/20010802engeuyosponsorship_n.html }}</ref> === Education === [[File:Université Paris 1 Panthéon - Sorbonne. Entrée du Centre Panthéon (1).JPG|thumb|left|Facultate de derecto del [[Universitate de Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonna]].]] Le Union Europee ha essite sempre cognoscite como un del zonas de plus grande prestigio educative e il es famose pro su projectos e pro su grande evolution e experientia e benque ha deficits in alicun de su characteristicas, il dedica multe sfortio economic e social pro que iste debilitates esse superate, super toto in paises que se ha cohesionate recentemente.<ref name=sistemaseducativosE /><ref>{{cita web|título=Educación Superior Europea|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/study-in-europe/overview_es.html|fechaacceso=22 de enero de 2012|autor=Comisión Europea|cita=Europa cuenta con varios cientos de instituciones de educación superior que gozan de prestigio internacional como centros de excelencia}}</ref> Ancora tunc, il existe grande differentias de nivel cultural, social e moral inter le paises potential e developpate del Union respecte al menos developpate e incluso in alicun del paises ricos il ha niveles proffesional multe debil e contraproducente al schemas del Union.<ref name=sistemaseducativosE>{{cita web|título=Los sistemas educativos europeos ¿Crisis o transformación?|url=http://obrasocial.lacaixa.es/StaticFiles/StaticFiles/a84f7102892ef010VgnVCM1000000e8cf10aRCRD/es/es18_esp.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Obra Social La Caixa|obra=Colección Estudios Sociales|fecha=Noviembre de 2005|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-21|archivedate=2011-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005011750/http://obrasocial.lacaixa.es/StaticFiles/StaticFiles/a84f7102892ef010VgnVCM1000000e8cf10aRCRD/es/es18_esp.pdf}}</ref> In 1995, le Commission Europee publicava le ''[[Libro Blanco re le education e le formation]]''. In ille on explicava ampliamente le importantia de que le cives europee poteva reciper formation al longe de lor vita, lo que se cognosce como apprentissage permanente. Le scopo es mantener le competitivitate e combatter le exclusion social.<ref>{{cita web|título=WHITE PAPER ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING|url=http://europa.eu/documents/comm/white_papers/pdf/com95_590_en.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|fecha=1995|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Colleginte iste idees, in 2000, le ''Memorandum re le apprentissage permanente'', documento de lavoro de servicios del [[Commission Europee]], convoca un debate europee pro facer realitate le apprentissage durante tote le vita a nivel individual e institutional.<ref>{{cita web|título=La educación y el aprendizaje permanente|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/c11047_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|fecha=30 de octubre de 2000}}</ref> Al final del memorandum, il plantea sex claves pro le strategia: garantir le accesso universal e continuo al apprentissage pro obtener e renovar le qualificationes del cives, augmentar le inversion in recursos human, crear methodos efficace pro le apprentissage permanente, valorar le apprentissage non formal e informal, assessorar e informar del opportunitates de apprentissage durante tote le vita e offrecer opportunitates proxime al apprentissage permanente.<ref>{{cita web|título=Memorándum sobre el aprendizaje permanente|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/doc/policy/memo_es.pdf|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|fecha=30 de octubre de 2000}}</ref> ==== Spatio Europee de Education Superior ==== {{AP|Spatio Europee de Education Seperior|Processo de Bologna}} [[File:Bolonga symbol.png|thumb|400px|right|Logo del [[Processo de Bologna]].]] [[Processo de Bologna]] es le nomine que recipe le processo iniciate a partir del [[Declaration de Bologna]],<ref>{{cita web|título=Proceso de Bolonia: creación del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/c11088_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Europa.eu|cita=La Declaración de Bolonia puso en marcha el proceso del mismo nombre}}</ref> acordo que in [[1999]] firmava le [[ministros de Education|ministros de education]] de diverse paises de Europa (tanto del UE que de altere paises como Russia o Turchia) in le citate [[italia]]n de [[Bologna]]. Il es un declaration conjuncte (le UE non ha competentias in materia de education)<ref>{{cita web|título=Declaración de Bolonia|url=http://www.educacion.gob.es/dctm/boloniaeees/documentos/02que/declaracion-bolonia.pdf?documentId=0901e72b8004aa6a|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Ministros y secretarios europeos|cita=Declaración conjunta de los Ministros Europeos de Educación|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022237/http://www.educacion.gob.es/dctm/boloniaeees/documentos/02que/declaracion-bolonia.pdf?documentId=0901e72b8004aa6a|archivedate=2011-10-13|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-23}}</ref> que donava initio a un processo de convergentia que haveva como scopos facilitar le intercambio de titulatos e adaptar le contenito de studios universitaria al demandas del mercato.<ref>{{cita web|título=Proceso de Bolonia: creación del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/c11088_es.htm|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Europa.eu|cita=Propone facilitar la convergencia de los distintos sistemas de enseñanza superior hacia sistemas más transparentes}}</ref> Le declaration de Bologna conduceva al creation del [[Spatio Europee de Education SUperior]], un ambito que servirea de marco de referentia al reformas educative que multe paises, los que incorporava a iste spatio, haberea de initiar in le prime annos del sceulo XXI.<ref>{{cita web|título=About the Bologna Process|url=http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/about/|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Secretariado de Bolonia|idioma=Inglés|cita=El objetivo general del proceso de Bolonia es la creación de un Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), basado en la cooperación internacional e intercambio académico que sea atractivo para los estudiantes europeos y personal, así como a estudiantes y personal de otras partes del mundo|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-23|archivedate=2012-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225093754/http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/about/}}</ref> Este acuerdo se enmarca dentro del Acuerdo General de Comercio de Servicios, firmado en 1995, y cuyo objetivo declarado es "liberalisar le comercio de servicios" a escala mundial (porque la OMC integra a 151 estados, incluyendo a toda la Unión Europea) pro introducer los in le mercado, ya que "la financiación pública es un elemento de distorsión de los mercados".<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web |title=Le acuerdo general de comercio de servicios del OMC |url=http://www.stes.es/comunicacion/clarion/clarion13/EC13_050607.pdf |accessdate=2012-02-23 |archivedate=2009-12-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212141419/http://stes.es/comunicacion/clarion/clarion13/EC13_050607.pdf }}</ref> Pro multe sectores del societate, le Processo de Bologna va ultra lo firmate in Bologna,<ref name="bolonianoexiste">{{cita libro | coautores = Alfredo Almendro, Daniel Iraberri, Alejandro Merlo, Jacinto Morano, Rebeca Moreno, Manuel Muñoz Navarrete, Jorge Polo Blanco, Clara Serra y Clara Serrano García| editorial = hiru| otros = Luis Alegre y Víctor Moreno (coords.) Prólogo de Carlos Fernández Liria.| título = Bolonia no existe. La destrucción de la Universidad europea.| url = http://www.hiru-ed.com/COLECCIONES/SEDICIONES/Bolonia-no-existe.htm| edición = 1ª| fecha = 17| año = 2009| mes = mayo| ubicación = Madrid| páginas = 166}}</ref> comprenhendente aspectos relative a tote le reformation universitari que se considera importante, specialmente aquilolos referite al financiation del [[universitate public]],<ref name="fer">{{cita web|apellido=Fernández Liria|nombre=Carlos|título=Golpe de estado a la Academia.|editorial=Público.es|fechaacceso=17 de mayo|año=2009|url=http://blogs.publico.es/dominiopublico/416/golpe-de-estado-en-la-academia/|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-23|archivedate=2012-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124000958/http://blogs.publico.es/dominiopublico/416/golpe-de-estado-en-la-academia/}}</ref> e conta con multe detractores e oppositores.<ref name="27%">{{cita web|1=|título=Un 29% de los españoles no apoya el proceso de Bolonia, el doble de los que lo respaldan|año=2009|editorial=Ibercampu.es|ID=|url=http://www.ibercampus.es/articulos.asp?idarticulo=9563|fechaacceso=1-4-2009|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-23|archivedate=2011-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006053213/http://www.ibercampus.es/articulos.asp?idarticulo=9563}}</ref> ==== Programmas educative ==== {{AP|Programma Erasmus|Programa Socrates|Programa Leonardo da Vinci}} Le programmas educative europee plus importante es Comenius, in le mabito scholar, Leonardo da Vinci, pro le formation professional, [[programma Erasmus]], pro le ensinamento universitari e Grundvig, pro le ensimaneto de adultos.<ref>{{cita web|título=Programa de aprendizaje permanente|url=http://www.oapee.es/oapee/inicio/pap.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=APEE|cita=El Programa de aprendizaje permanente comprende cuatro programas [...]: Programa Comenius, [...] Programa Erasmus, [...] Programa Leonardo da Vinci, [...] y Programa Grundtvig.|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-02-23|archivedate=2011-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902152606/http://www.oapee.es/oapee/inicio/pap.html}}</ref><ref>[http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/es/cha/c11082.htm Programa de aprendizaje permanente 2007-2013] Unión Europea</ref> Le [[programma eLearning]] promove le integration effective del [[TIC|technologias del information e le communication]] (TIC) in le [[Systema educative|sistemas de education]] e formation in le UE.<ref name=eLearning>{{cita web|título=eLearning programa|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/elearning/programme_es.html|fechaacceso=13 de septiembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea}}</ref> Le linea le plus importante de iste programma es le iniciativa eTwinning, que pone a disposition del centros scholar un [[portal de internet]] con utensiles e supporto pro facilitar le realisation de projectos de '''hermanamiento/twinning''' inter centros de differente paises.<ref name=eLearning /> Le utensiles de eTwinning permitte al proffesores de tote le materias disveloppar projectos pedagogic commun, compartir experientias e recursos didactic e introducer le dimension europee in le aula. Le alumnos ha le opportunitate de aprender de e con lor companieros de altere paises, de practicar linguas e de disveloppar habilitates rilate con le TIC.<ref name=eLearning /> === Linguas === Inter le multe linguas e dialectos del Union Europee, illo ha 23 official. Le documentos importante, como le legislation, es traducite a tote le linguas official. Le Parlamento Europee provide traduction a tote le linguas per documentos e su sessiones plenari. In le statos membros utilisa se, de plus del 24 linguas signalate, un 60 linguas plus, 30 coofficial sole in parte dle territorio o non official (linguas regional e minoritari). Un del politicas clave del UE es la de promover le aprentissage pro tote le cives de duo linguas a parte de su lingua materne. LE scopo non es sole facilitar le communication inter cives, sine anque fomentar un major tolerantia verso le alteres e un respecto pro le diversitate cultural e linguistic del Union. Varie programmas de cooperation promove le apprentissage de linguas e le diversitate linguistic durante, pro exemplo, intercambios scholar, le disveloppamento de nove methodos, o becas pro le proffesorate de linguas. DE alicun maniera de isto parla le motto "unitate in le diversitate" ([[latino]]: «In varietate concordia»). ==== Interlingua in le UE ==== Interlingua es un lingua neutral e illo es un multe bon aliantia del equalitate del linguas e cives europee. Interlingua pote esser un lingua de trabalio in le institutiones europee e anque un lingua international pro adjutar al communication inter le cives europee, como era le latino in le Antiquitate. === Religion === {{AP|Religion in le Union Europee}} Secunde un studio del Commission Europe in [[2005]], quatro de cata cinque cives del Union Europee ha credentias religiose o spiritual. Plus concrete, le 52% del population afirma creder in le existentia de [[Deo]] e un 27% crede in le existentia de alicun clase de spirito o fortia vital. Solo le 18% del cives declarava non haver necun typo de credentia religiose.<ref>{{cita web|título=Social values, Science and Technology|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|fechaacceso=10 de diciembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|fecha=Junio de 2005|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> Del 27 statos del Union Europee, jucnto con Croatia (que entrara le 1 de julio 2013) assi como le statos in negotiationes de adhesion ([[Turchia]], [[Macedonia del Nord]], [[Islanda]] e [[Montenegro]]), axiste alicund differentias inter su cives per motivos religiose. In genral, le majoritate del cives europee que ha un religion es chritian, in alicun del diffente brancas (catholic, protestante o orthodioxe). Assi, durante que in alicun paises como Italia, Espania, Francia o Irlanda predomina le catholicismo, in altere como Svedia o Danmark predomina le protestantismo,<ref>{{cita web|título=Facts about the Church of Sweden|url=http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/default.aspx?id=657773|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|idioma=Inglés|cita=Suecia tiene al menos 9 millones de habitantes, y en 2009 el 71,3 por ciento de ellos eran miembros de la Iglesia de Suecia.|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-03-01|archivedate=2011-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124161254/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/default.aspx?id=657773}}</ref> e in altere como Grecia o Romania le orthodoxismo.<ref>{{cita web|título=The Word Factbook - Europe: Greece|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CIA|idioma=inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-03-01|archivedate=2016-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825033157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html}}</ref> Asimismo, in altere paises como Turchia, le islam<ref name=religionturquia>{{cita web|título=The Word Factbook - Middle east: Turkey|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CIA|idioma=Inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-03-01|archivedate=2016-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827033850/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html}}</ref> es majoritari. De plus, le porcentage de agnosticos e atheos in le statos del UE varia secunde le stato in que se trova. Secunde le ultime barometros, durante que sole le 2% del turchos<ref name=religionturquia /> e malteses<ref>{{cita web|título=The Word Factbook - Europe: Malta|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mt.html|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011|autor=CIA|idioma=Inglés|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-03-01|archivedate=2015-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mt.html}}</ref> non crede in le existentia de deo, in Espania, le 24% del population declara se non credente o athea<ref>{{cita publicación|título=2909 BARÓMETRO JULIO 2011|fecha=Julio de 2011|año=2011|url=http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Marginales/2900_2919/2909/Es2909.pdf|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> e in Francia inter le 30-35%.<ref>{{Cita web | autor= Catholic World News | año= 2003 | url= http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=48547 | título= France is no longer Catholic, survey shows | fechaacceso= 12 de septiembre 2011 |idioma=inglés}}</ref> Le paises con prcentage plus alte de atheismo o agnosticismo es le Republica Chec (60%)<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Benedicto XVI, en el centro del ateísmo militante en Europa|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/09/26/internacional/1253957233.html|editorial=El Mundo|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> e Estonia (76%).<ref>{{cita noticia|título=Estonia, el país "menos religioso" del mundo|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/08/110829_estonia_religion_espiritualidad.shtml|editorial=BBC|fechaacceso=12 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> In le conjuncto del UE, secunde un eurobarometro de 2006, le 46% del cives europee considera que le religion occupa un posto multe importante in le societate. Assi, inter le paises ubi le religion haverea un plus grande importantia pro le population se trova [[Cypro]], [[Italia]], [[Malta]], [[Slovachia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Polonia]], [[Portugal]] e [[Espania]], in iste oridne.<ref>{{cita web|título=EUROBAROMETER 66|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb66/eb66_highlights_en.pdf|fechaacceso=10 de diciembre de 2011|autor=Comisión Europea|fecha=Diciembre de 2006|idioma=Inglés}}</ref> [[File:Marble Church front.jpg|thumb|left|120px|[[Iglesia de Mármol]] de [[Copenhague]].]] Inter le paises membros del Union Europee se trova casos, como [[Danmark]] ubi existe un religion de character statal.<ref>{{cita web|título=Información sobre Dinamarca > La Religion|url=http://www.ambmadrid.um.dk/es/menu/informacionsobredinamarca/LaReligion/|fechaacceso=28 de octubre de 2011|autor=Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Dinamarca|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2012-03-01|archivedate=2011-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217005952/http://www.ambmadrid.um.dk/es/menu/informacionsobredinamarca/LaReligion/}}</ref> Le aconfesionalitate del stato non es pro tanto un requisito pro entrar in le Union Europee (essente iste aspecto interne de cata pais) ma si que se garante le libertate religiose pro qualcunque credo, secunde recognosce le Carta del Derectos Fundamental:<ref>{{cita web|título=Carta de Derechos Fundamentales|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0389:0403:ES:PDF|fechaacceso=17 de septiembre de 2011}}</ref> {{Cita|Tote persona ha derecto al libertate de pensamento, de conscientia e de religion. Iste derecto implica le libertate de cambiar de religion o de convictiones, assi como le libertate de manifestar su religion o su convictiones individual o colectivamente, in publico o private, trans le culto, le ensinantia, le practicas e le observantia del ritos.|Articulo 10.1 ''Darta de Derectos Fundamental''}} === Sport === [[File:Beginning Arsenal Sevilla.jpg|thumb|Partito del UEFA-Champions League.]] Le sport es principalmente un responsabilitate del distincte statos membros o de altere organisationes international. Nonobstante, alicun politicas del UE ha havite un impacto super le sport, tal como le libere circulation de laboratores, trans le [[sententia Bosman]] que prohibi al ligas national de football le imposition de quotas a jocatores estranie con derecto del cive europee.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{cita publicación|apellido=Fordyce|nombre=Tom|título=10&nbsp;years since Bosman|editorial=BBC News|fecha=11 de julio de 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm|fechaacceso=13 de julio de 2007}}</ref> In le marco del Tractato de Lisbona se ha proposte un statuto spetial pro le sportes, le qual eximira a iste sector de grande partes del regulas economic del Ue. Dum le formulation del politica de sportes del UE, varie associationes sportive europee era consultate, includite le [[FIBA]], le [[UEFA]], le [[Federation Europee de Handball]], le [[Federation International de Hockey sur gelo]], le [[Fira – Association de Rugby europee|FIRA]] e le [[Confederation europee de Volleyball]].<ref>{{cita web|título=Statement of European team sports|editorial=UEFA.com|fecha=19 de octubre de 2007|url=http://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/uefa/keytopics/560675_download.pdf|formato=PDF|fechaacceso=21 de octubre de 2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> Tote le statos membros del UE e su respective associationes national de sport pote participar in le organisationes sportive europee como le UEFA.<ref>{{cita web|título=UEFA|editorial=UEFA.com|fecha=19 de octubre de 2007|url=http://www.uefa.com/|fechaacceso=21 de octubre de 2007|idioma=inglés}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Lista de paises in le Union Europee per area geographic]] {{refer}} == Ligamines externe == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081643/http://euabc.com/ EUABC] - dictionario in linea del UE, include "Constitution del UE amical pro lectores" (in linguas europee, omnes pote contribuer) * {{ia}} [http://www.interlingua.com/e-libros-tractato Le Constitution del UE in Interlingua] * [http://www.europedia.moussis.eu Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016211903/http://www.europedia.moussis.eu/ |date=2018-10-16 }} * [http://euobserver.com EUobserver] - observante le UE, novas, commentarios, fontes, littera de novas per e-posta (in anglese) * {{ia}} [http://www.freewebs.com/interlingua-ue/ Information super le Union Europee] * {{ia}} [http://www.interlingua.com/vetule/europa/ Tribuna de Europa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203035900/http://www.interlingua.com/vetule/europa/ |date=2012-02-03 }} {{UE}} {{Union Europee}} [[Categoria:Union Europee]] [[Categoria:Organisationes europee]] [[Categoria:Laureatos del Premio Nobel del Pace]] bass7xrbwer1szst3bkz6uev5y6f6o6 Stanley Mulaik 0 4921 704591 695794 2026-10-16T22:10:55Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Critica del IED */ lig. 704591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Stanley A. Mulaik''' (nascite [[1935]]-[[04-09]]) es un emerite professor de psychologia [[Statos Unite de America|statounitese]]. Un message in [[interlingua]] expedite a un gruppo de novas electronic in Internet poneva nove fortia al ancian psychologo Stanley Allen Mulaik. [[Kjell Rehnström]], antea consiliero del [[Societate Svedese pro Interlingua]], scribeva in le foro electronic sci.lang in interlingua. Stan Mulaik assi discoperiva que interlingua esseva in plen vita, mesmo si ille non lo habeva usate durante quasi 25 annos. Mulaik es le autor del [[essayo]] ''Ha le IED errores?'' ubi ille argumenta que le Dictionario Interlingua Anglese (IED) contine errores e presenta alternativas pro illos. In le essayo Mulaik tamben extendeva le [[conjuncto]] del linguas fontal de interlingua per [[Lingua catalan|catalano]] e [[Lingua occitan|occitan]] (tractate como un lingua) e [[Lingua romanian|romaniano]] pro derivar particulas grammatic. == Biographia == Stan Mulaik nasceva in [[Edinburg]], [[Texas]], ma habitava in [[Salt Lake City]] ab le etate 5 a 27 annos. Durante le recente 30 annos, ille es residente in Atlanta, Georgia. Ab le casa in [[Marietta]], 32 km nord-west de [[Atlanta]], ille cata die expedi su preciose reportos del vita quotidian per Internet. Ille anque es un grande commentator in plure foros electronic, ubi ille utilisa cata occasion pro scriber super – e specialmente in – interlingua. Nam demonstrar le lingua es plus convincente que parlar super illo. In 2000 ille se pensionava ab le professorato a [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] in Atlanta, ubi ille inseniava statistica e theoria de personalitate. == Interlinguistica == === Introduction === Stan Mulaik discoperiva interlingua in 1953 per leger Science News Letter, ubi dr. [[Alexander Gode]] traduceva summarios de cata articulo in interlingua. Ille acquireva le ''Interlingua-English Dictionary'' e le ''Interlingua Grammar'' e apprendeva interlingua. In le magazine litterari del [[Universitate de Utah]], ubi ille esseva studente, ille scribeva un breve articulo super interlingua. Le articulo esseva inviate a Alexander Gode, qui lo appreciava e demandava le permission de reproducer e circular lo a usatores de interlingua. Isto esseva le comenciamento de un correspondentia continue con ille durante le annos sequente. In 1961, como practicante pro un diploma de psychologo clinic, Stan Mulaik visitava [[Nove York]], e Alexander Gode esseva generose in permitter le de remaner in su casa in Croton-on-Hudson, usque ille obteneva location. Durante le sex menses, que Mulaik esseva in Nove York, ille visitava cata septimana Alexander Gode in su officio a 80 East 11th Street. Plus tarde, Stan Mulaik comenciava editar le jornaletto periodic, ''Le Foro'', dedicate a topicos super interlingua. Interesses professional e su familia le duceva foras de interlingua, e post 1975 ille habeva pauc connexion con interlingua usque veniva le message de Kjell Rehnström. Stan Mulaik ora es multo active pro interlingua e participava anque in le labor de establir un nove organisation nordamerican pro interlingua. Durante octo annos ille esseva le redactor de un jornal professional, ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', que es un importante jornal in le campo del statistica psychologic. === Mulaikismos === Sr. Mulaik es notori pro le uso de ''mulaikismos'' i.e. su additiones e cambiamentos in interlingua como : ''standardizar'' in vice de ''standardisar'', : ''maximizar'' in vice de ''maximisar'', : ''necessitar'' in vice de ''besoniar'', : ''aquelle'' in vice de ''ille'' (= celle) o : ''fin a'' in vice de ''usque''. Le plus prominente exemplo de mulaikismos es le uso de tempores progressive, includente tempores progressive perfecte, in interlingua in despecto del facto que le Grammatica de Interlingua clarmente dice, que il non ha tempores progressive in interlingua. === Critica del IED === In le essayo ''Ha le IED errores?'' Mulaik lista un serie de tractos del vocabulario de interlingua, que, secundo ille, es errores. Un del tal tractos es desinentias -iero e -iera. Mulaik argumenta, que illos non possede un appoio sufficiente in le linguas de controlo, e hinc le suffixos correcte es -ero e era (le quales tamben es parte de interlingua standard, ma con signification differente). Como Mulaik scribe in su essayo:<blockquote>Le creation del suffixos '''-iero''' e '''-iera''' in addition a '''-ero''' e '''-era''' es totemente artificial. (...) Le suffixos '''-ero''' e '''-era''' es le prototypos proprie e sufficiente pro facer tote iste functiones. Il es simple a corriger iste formas per usar '''-ero''' pro '''-iero''' e '''-era''' pro '''-iera''', con le exception de certe parolas in '''–iera''', prendite del francese e con le appoio de tres variantes: ''barriera'', ''caponiera'', ''carriera'', ''frontiera'', ''jardiniera'', ''maniera'', ''portiera'', ''saliera'', ''sucriera''. Le parola theiera pote esser retenite per tractar le -i- como un transitional inter le radice e suffixo, que fini e comencia respectivemente in -e.E nos debe corriger ''caldiera'' per ''caldera'', e ''caldieron'' per ''calderon''.</blockquote>Un altere exemplo es vocabulos ''besonio'', ''besoniar'', ''necessitate'', ''necessitar''. Besonio, besoniar non se trova in le IED; illos es parolas prestate ab [[Interlingue|occidental]]. Nonobstante illos entrava uso commun in interlingua. Mulaik argumenta que parolas correcte con supporto in le linguas de controlo es necessitate e necessitar. === Particulas grammatic === In su essayo Mulaik observava que le [[conjuncto]] del linguas de controlo de interlingua esseva insufficiente pro obtener tote particulas grammatic necesse. Le particulas grammatic additional esseva importate ab latino o altere linguas construite. Mulaik proponeva extender le conjuncto de linguas fontal per [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], [[Lingua occitan|occitano]] (tractate como un lingua) e [[Lingua romanian|romaniano]]. Secundo Mulaik iste conjuncto es sufficiente pro obtener tote particulas necesse. Le majoritate del particulas obtenite per Mulaik es exactemente le mesme como in interlingua standard. Un parte es differente. Il es frequente que particulas grammatic que se differe ha synonymos equal al particulas standard. Mulaik anque nota que un parte de nove particulas grammatic non esseva originalmente includite in le lingua solmente per inadvertentia (aquelle, cima). Exemplos del particulas proponite per Mulaik que se differe ab particulas in le IED es listate infra. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Interlingua (Mulaik) !Latino !Anglese !Espaniol !Francese !Italiano !Portugese !Catalano/Occitano !Romaniano |- |aquelle, (ille) |*eccu(m) ille,*atque ille*ecce ille |that (dem.) | aquel, aquella |ce .. là celle |quello quella |aquele, aquela |aquell,aquella/aquel,aquella |acela, acea |- |aqueste, (iste) |*eccu(m) iste •atque iste•ecce iste |this (dem.) |este,†aqueste |ce, cette, cet |questo |este |aquest, aquesta/aquest, aquesta |acest |- |aqui, †hic |*eccu hic <nowiki>*</nowiki>atque hic |here |aquí |ici |qui |aqui |aquí/aqui |aci, aici |- |avante |ab ante |before |antes de |en avant de |avanti |diante |abans /devant/avan, avan que |înainte de |- |cima |cyma | top, uppermost part |cima, encima |cim |cima |cimo, cume |cim |culme |- |fin a (prep.) fin que (conj.) |*de usque ad |until |hasta |jusqu'à |fino a finché |até |fins afins que |pînă la |- |la |illac |there |allá |là |là |lá |allà/lai |acolo |- |longitan |*longitanus |far-off, distant | lejano |lointain |lontano | distante |C: lluny O: lonhdan | |- |mentre |(du)m interim |while |mientras |pendant que tant que |mentre, finché |enquanto |mentre/mentre | între timp |- |nunca |nunquam |never | nunca |ne ... jamais |giammai, mai |nunca |mai |niciodată |- |pot’esser |fortasse, forsan |maybe | tal vez |peut-être |forse |talvez | potser |poate |- |unde |unde |where, whence |donde |dont |dove, onde |onde |on |unde |} == Ligamines externe == * [http://interlinguahispanic.blogspot.com/2005/12/intervista-virtual-con-le-sr.html Intervista virtual con le Sr. Stanley Mulaik, Presidente del Societate American pro Interlingua] * [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/mulaik.htm Biographia in interlingua] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mulaik, Stanley}} {{Interlingua}} [[Categoria:Gente statounitese]] [[Categoria:Pioneros de interlingua]] lz80etk412hiooup3c5f96o2ouocsfp Christophoro Columbo 0 8313 704588 702265 2026-10-16T21:18:23Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 12 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Christophoro Columbo''' (probabilemente [[Genua]], 1451 – [[Valladolid]], 1506) esseva un navigator e explorator de origine genovese, qui operava principalmente al servicio del monarchia de [[Castilia]]. Su expeditiones transatlantic del fin del seculo XV conduceva al contacto permanent inter Europa e le Americas e inaugurava un nove periodo de exploration, conquista e colonisation europee in le continente american. Le data e le loco exacte de su nascentia non es certemente establite; le Archivos Espaniol presenta 1451 e Génova como un attribution generalmente acceptate, ma indica que le data de nascentia es incognite e que altere hypotheses existe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/118900/imprimir |titulo=Colón, Cristobal (?-1506) |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX827907.html |titulo=Colón, Cristóbal |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional de España |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005104249/https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX827907.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le nom de Columbo es cognoscite in differente linguas como ''Cristoforo Colomb'', ''Christophe Colomb'' e ''Christopher Columbus''. In le documentation del monarchia hispanic ille appare como don ''Cristóbal Colón'', almirante del Mar Océano. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX827907.html |titulo=Colón, Cristóbal |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional de España |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origines e juventute == Le origines de Columbo son ligate a [[Génova]], in le nord de Italia, ma le documentation super su prime annos es limitate. Le Archivos Espaniol lo identifica como navigator, marino, explorator e conquistator de origine genovese. Le data exacte de nascentia resta incognite; le tradition historiographic que lo situa in 1451 a Génova es tamen largemente retenite per le catalogos del Biblioteca Nacional de Espania. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/118900/imprimir |titulo=Colón, Cristobal (?-1506) |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX827907.html |titulo=Colón, Cristóbal |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional de España |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005104249/https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX827907.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Durante su juventute, Columbo se forma como marino e participa in navigationes mediterranee e atlantique. Ille viveva etiam in Portugal, ubi developpava su experientia maritime e su interesse pro le navigation transoceanic. Secundo le Library of Congress, su projecto de trovar un rota occidental verso Asia se fundava super su experientia maritime e super le lectura de obras geographic e theologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/columbus.html |titulo=Christopher Columbus: Man and Myth |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le projecto occidental == Columbo cercava un rota maritime occidental verso Asia, specialmente verso le regiones del especias. Su projecto consisteva in attinger le Asia oriental navigante verso le occidente, evitando le routes controllate per le portugeses circa Africa. Le projecto esseva inicialmente refusate per le autoritates portugese. Post su establimento in Castilia, ille presentava su plano al corte del [[Reges Catholic]], Isabel I de Castilia e Fernando II de Aragon. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/columbus.html |titulo=Christopher Columbus: Man and Myth |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le negotiations durava plure annos. In 1485, Columbo arrivava e se installava in Castilia con su filio Diego, e continuava a presentar su projecto al corte. Le Archivos Espaniol indica que le negotiationes con le Reges Catholic durava plus de sex annos ante le expedition finalmente esseva approbate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/118900/imprimir |titulo=Colón, Cristobal (?-1506) |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Capitulaciones de Santa Fe == Le accordo decisive esseva le Capitulaciones de Santa Fe, signate le 17 de april 1492 inter Fernando e Isabel e Christophoro Columbo. Le documento establi le conditiones del expedition e concedeva a Columbo importante dignitates e privilegios in le territorios que ille sperava discoperir. Le Archivo General de Indias conserva le documento original e plure copias e confirmationes posterior. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/245187 |titulo=Capitulaciones de Santa Fe |sitioweb=PARES – Archivo General de Indias |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime clausula del accordo faceva de Columbo Almirante del Mar Océano pro le insulas e terras firmes que ille discoperirea o ganarea, con character vitalicie e hereditari. Le documento esseva posteriormente confermate in plure occasiones e deveniva le base juridic del relation inter Columbo e le monarchia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/registro-memoria-unesco/2009.html |titulo=Las Capitulaciones de Santa Fe |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005121016/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/registro-memoria-unesco/2009.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Viages == === Prime viage, 1492–1493 === [[File:Viaje 1 Colon.svg|297px|right]] Le prime expedition partiva del porto de [[Palos de la Frontera]], in [[Provincia de Huelva|Huelva]], le 3 de augusto 1492. Le expedition disponeva de tres naves: le ''Santa María'', le ''Pinta'' e le ''Niña''. Post un passaggio per le insulas Canarie, le expedition traversava le Atlantico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le 12 de octobre 1492, le expedition attingeva un insula del [[Caribe]], identificate per Columbo como Guanahaní e denominate per ille San Salvador. Le expedition visitava postea Cuba e Hispaniola. Columbo credeva que le terras incontrate esseva parte del Asia o del regiones proxime al Asia, e ille conservava iste interpretation durante le resto de su vita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/columbus.html |titulo=Christopher Columbus: Man and Myth |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ''Santa María'' naufragiava al costa de [[Hispaniola]]. Columbo lassava un parte del expeditionarios in un stabilimento appellate La Navidad e retornava in Espania in 1493. Le prime viage establiva le prime contacto permanent inter le monarchia hispanic e le insulas del Caribe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secunde viage, 1493–1496 === [[File:Viaje 2 Colon.svg|297px|left]] Le secunde expedition partiva de Cádiz le 25 de septembre 1493 con un expedition multo plus grande que le prime. Su objectivos includeva explorar le nove territorios, establir insediamentos e initiar le evangelisation e colonisation sub le autoritate del monarchia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Durante iste viage, Columbo navigava inter le Insulas de Barlovento, le Insulas Virgines, Puerto Rico, Cuba e Jamaica. In Hispaniola esseva fundate La Isabela, considerate le prime citate hispanic establite in America. Le expedition retornava a Cádiz le 11 de junio 1496. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> === Tertie viage, 1498–1500 === [[File:Viaje 3 Colon.svg|297px|right]] Le tertie viage partiva de [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] le 30 de maio 1498. Columbo adoptava un route plus meridional e attingeva le insula de [[Trinidad]] e le costa del actual [[Venezuela]]. Isto esseva le prime vice que ille poneva pede super le continente sudamerican. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Durante su administration de Hispaniola, conflictos inter colonos e populationes indigene conduceva al intervention de Francisco de Bobadilla, inviate per le Reges Catholic pro investigar le situation. Columbo esseva arrestate e retornava in Espania como prisionero le 25 de novembre 1500. Postea le monarches permitteva le continuation de su explorationes, ma ille perdeva parte de su autoritate governative. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> === Quarte viage, 1502–1504 === [[File:Viaje 4 Colon.svg|297px|left]] Le quarte viage partiva de Cádiz le 9 de maio 1502. Le objectivo principal esseva cercar un passaggio verso le regiones asiatic e explorar le costa occidental del [[Mar Caribe]]. Columbo navigava juxta le costa del actual Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica e Panama, ma non trovava le passaggio maritime que ille cercava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Post difficultates in le Caribe, inter illes un longe insulamento in [[Jamaica]], Columbo retornava in Espania e desembarcava in Sanlúcar de Barrameda le 7 de novembre 1504. Iste esseva su ultime grande viage transatlantique. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |titulo=Descubrimiento de América |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005200506/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/mc-difusion/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Familia == Columbo esseva maritate con Felipa Moniz de Perestrello, con qui ille habeva su filio primogenite, Diego Columbo. Post le morte de Felipa, ille habeva con Beatriz Enríquez de Arana un filio, Hernando Columbo, qui deveniva geographo, bibliothecario e historiographo e conserva un importante memoria del vita de su patre. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/118900/imprimir |titulo=Colón, Cristobal (?-1506) |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Diego Columbo succedeva a su patre in le titulo de almirante e in parte del proprietates e privilegios associate al familia. Le Archivos Espaniol conserva documentation relative al succession del titulos e al litigios concernente le privilegios accordate a Columbo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/4059999 |titulo=Documentación sobre Cristóbal Colón y su sucesión |sitioweb=PARES – Archivo General de Indias |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ultime annos e morte == Post su ultime viage, Columbo passava le ultime annos de su vita in Espania, occupate per le question del recognition e conservation del privilegios que le Capitulaciones de Santa Fe le habeva accordate. Ille moriva in Valladolid in 1506. Le data precise de su morte es generalmente situate al 20 de maio 1506. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/118900/imprimir |titulo=Colón, Cristobal (?-1506) |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/132674 |titulo=Ratificación del testamento y codicilo de Cristóbal Colón |sitioweb=PARES – Archivo General de Indias |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Archivo General de Indias conserva le testamento e codicilo de Columbo, ratificate in Valladolid le 19 de maio 1506, un del documentos principal concernente su ultime voluntate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/132674 |titulo=Ratificación del testamento y codicilo de Cristóbal Colón |sitioweb=PARES – Archivo General de Indias |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sepultura e memoria == Le restos de Columbo esseva transferite post su morte inter plure locos, secundo le tradition documental e le historia del familia. Le memoria del navigator deveniva progressivemente un elemento importante del cultura politic e historiographic del mundo hispanic e de altere paises europee e american. Le figura de Columbo ha essite interpretate de manieras differente. In le historia maritime, ille es recognoscite pro le traversamento transatlantic de 1492 e pro le expeditiones que establiva un contacto durabile inter Europa e le Americas. In le historia del colonisation, su expeditiones es etiam studiate in relation con le conquista, le exploitation del populationes indigene e le transformationes demographic, economic e cultural que sequeva le contacto inter le duo mundos. Le Library of Congress nota explicitemente que le interpretationes historic de Columbo ha variate considerabilemente e que su figura resta un subjecto de debatte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/columbus.html |titulo=Christopher Columbus: Man and Myth |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Documentos e fontes == Le Archivo General de Indias conserva un importante collection de documentos relative a Columbo, includente le Capitulaciones de Santa Fe, cartas del Reges Catholic, documentos super le expeditiones e le testamento del navigator. Le serie ''Descubrimientos, descripciones, población, conquista: Cristóbal Colón'' include documentos datate inter 1486 e 1506 e es completemente digitalisate e describite in PARES. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/121316 |titulo=Descubrimientos, descripciones, etc.: Cristóbal Colón |sitioweb=PARES – Archivo General de Indias |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Capitulaciones de Santa Fe esseva inscribite in le programma Memoria del Mundo de UNESCO in 2009 como un del documentos fundamental del historia del expansion maritime europee del seculo XV. Le Ministerio de Cultura conserva e presenta le documentation digital del accordo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/archivos/difusion/registro-memoria-unesco/2009.html |titulo=Registro Memoria del Mundo: Las Capitulaciones de Santa Fe |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Columbo, Christophoro}} [[Categoria:Exploratores]] [[Categoria:Gente de Genua]] [[Categoria:Gente espaniol]] di1ociwjj6x98pmrfjbmfylch71a42t Pedro Álvares Cabral 0 31992 704599 702307 2026-10-17T01:46:41Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Pedro Álvares Cabral''' (1467 o 1468 – circa 1520) esseva un noble e navegador portugese, plus cognoscite como le commandante del armada que partiva de [[Lisbona]] in 1500 verso [[India]] e que, durante le viage, attingeva le costa del actual [[Brasil]]. Le 22 de april 1500, su expedition arrivava al terras que le portugueses denominate inicialmente Terra de Vera Cruz. Le Archivo National del Torre do Tombo conserva plure documentos contemporanee concernente le viage, inter illes le celebre carta de Pêro Vaz de Caminha. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e familia == Pedro Álvares Cabral nasceva in Belmonte, in le actual districto de Castelo Branco, in un familia del nobilitate portugese. Le anno exacte de su nascentia non es cert: le fontes official indica 1467 o 1468. Le familia Cabral esseva ligate al governamento local de Belmonte e al administration del fortification del vila. Le patrimonio cultural portugese identifica Luís Álvares Cabral como antepassato de Pedro e indica que Pedro nasceva in Belmonte circa 1467. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://imovel.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/detalhes.php?code=74264 |titulo=Pelourinho de Belmonte |sitioweb=Património Cultural, I.P. |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le familia esseva un del linages nobiles ligate al corte portugese. Cabral entrava in le servicio del corte de D. João II e posteriormente deveniva un persona de confidentia de D. Manuel I. Le monarcha le attribueva un position de responsabilitate e le incargava con le commandamento del secunde grande expedition portugese verso India. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Expedition de 1500 == === Preparation === In 1500, D. Manuel I organisava un grande armada con destination a [[India]]. Le expedition habeva un objectivo commercial e diplomatic: stabilir relationes con le Samorim de Calcutta e consolidar le position portugese in le commercio del specie. Cabral esseva designate capitão-mor del expedition. Le armada includeva tredece naves e esseva un del plus importante expeditions maritime portugese del epoca. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition partiva de Lisbona le 9 de martio 1500. Le ruta se dirigeva al sud-oeste del [[Atlantico]] ante de reorientar-se verso le Route del Capo de Bon Esperantia e India. Le navigation includeva le tecnica del volta do mar, que implicava allontanar-se del costa africane pro profitar de ventos e correntes oceanic plus favorabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Arrivo al Brasil === Le 22 de april 1500, le expedition avistava terra al oeste del Atlantico. Le territorio esseva recognoscite como un terra que non faceva parte del destination immediate del expedition verso India. Le portugeses le denominate inicialmente Terra de Vera Cruz. Le Pantheon Nacional considera iste arrivata le acto del scoperta official del Brasil per Portugal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition remaneva per plure dies in le costa. Le 26 de april esseva celebrate un prime missa, e le 1 de maio esseva celebrate un secunde missa. Le escrivano Pêro Vaz de Caminha redigeva un carta al rege D. Manuel I describente le terra, su habitantes e le prime contactos con le populationes indigene. Le Biblioteca National del Brasil conserva le tradition documental relative a iste eventos e al carta de Caminha. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2008/10/Corpo-Cronologico-2.pdf |titulo=Corpo Cronológico |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nom del territorio cambiava ulteriormente de Terra de Vera Cruz a Terra de Santa Cruz e, plus tarde, al nom Brasil, associate al pau-brasil, un ligno de color rubie que deveniva un importante producto del costa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> === Partita verso India === Post le recognoscentia del costa sud-american, le armada continuava su viage verso le India. Un nave esseva inviate verso Portugal con le information del nove terra e con le carta de Caminha. Le altere naves continuava verso le oceano Indian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Viage a India == Cabral attingeva Calcutta in septembre 1500. Le mission portugese esseva de stabilir relationes commercial con le autoritates local e de establir un feitoria pro le commercio del specie. Le expedition incontrava tamen opposition e le prime negotiationes esseva difficult. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-cabral-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation culminava in un attacco contra le feitoria portugese. In reaction, le naves portugese bombardava Calcutta. Le conflicto demonstrava le difficultates que Portugal incontrava in le tentativa de establir un position commercial stabile in le costa del Malabar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |titulo=A Batalha de Diu 1509 |sitioweb=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar – Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition esseva tamen capace de cargar un importante quantitate de specias. Solmente sex del tredece naves attingeva le destination final, secundo le fonte del Ministerio del Defensa National portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |titulo=A Batalha de Diu 1509 |sitioweb=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar – Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429062940/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |archivedate=2025-04-29 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Retorno e ultime annos == Post le retorno a Portugal, Cabral recipeva recognitiones del corona pro le expedition. In 1502, D. Manuel I le designava pro commandar un nove expedition verso Oriente. Le projecto non se concretisava, ma le rationes exacte del allontanamento de Cabral del corte non es clarmente documentate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cabral se retirava a su proprietates in le region de Santarém. Le ultime annos de su vita es minus ben documentate que le expedition de 1500. Le fontes institutional portugese indica que ille moriva probabilemente circa 1520 e esseva sepultate in le Igreja da Graça de Santarém. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dates del morte es incerta: le Pantheon Nacional presenta le periodo como 1520/1526, durante que su texto biographic indica que le morte probabile occurreva in 1520. Le incertesa reflecte le limitationes del documentation super le ultime annos del navegador. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Memoria e reception == Pedro Álvares Cabral ocupa un position importante in le memoria historic de [[Portugal]] e [[Brasil]]. In Portugal, ille es representate como le commandante del expedition de 1500 e un del protagonistas del expansion maritime portugese del epocha del Descoperimentos. Le Pantheon Nacional include Cabral inter le personas commemorate per un cenotafio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados |titulo=Homenageados |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Brasil, le arrivata del expedition de Cabral in 1500 es un evento fundamental del historia colonial. Le documentation del Biblioteca Nacional e del Archivo National brasilian conserva le tradition documental associate al viage, al carta de Caminha e al prime actos portugese in le costa brasilian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le memoria de Cabral es tamben associate al Belmonte, su loco de nascentia, ubi le historia del familia Cabral remane un elemento importante del patrimonio local. Le castello e altere elementos del patrimonio del vila conserva iste connexion historic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://imovel.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/detalhes.php?code=74264 |titulo=Pelourinho de Belmonte |sitioweb=Património Cultural, I.P. |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Denomination == Le nom Pedro Álvares Cabral es le forma per le qual le navegador es generalmente cognoscite. Le Biblioteca National de Portugal registra etiam variantes historic del nom, inter illes Pedro Alvares Cabral, Pedro Alvares de Gouveia e Pedro Alluarez de Gouvea. Le forme del nom esseva variabile in le documentation del epoca. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000623344 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 1467 ou 8-1520? |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309083214/https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000623344 |archivedate=2024-03-09 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Cabral, Pedro Alvares}} [[Categoria:Gente portugese]] [[Categoria:Exploratores]] 9llx6fuxchfqimku3ej08xs54cedytg Categoria:Historia de Croatia 14 32401 704625 681312 2026-10-17T09:01:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 704625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Croatia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia del region mediterranee]] f88o2zegaqz6lbtrjr5op52y5r9868e Appendice:Lista de presidentes del Union African 102 39836 704663 699733 2026-10-17T10:29:05Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q946339 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q10707|Q10707]] | ''[[:d:Q10707|Robert Mugabe]]'' | [[File:Robert Mugabe Official Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-02-21<ref name="ref_f280b6e1da14c35859fa574423e958fc5d281eb893696426cc5c0a56aee3fa76">''[[:d:Q1373513|Notable Names Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-09-06<ref name="ref_2dfd4002525eab024a5e883e2d0d073af87736c5318c5e994bceee05a7700f85">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49604152</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref 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authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q56475|Hausa]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]]''<br/>[[Lingua yoruba]] |- | [[:d:Q4413|Q4413]] | ''[[:d:Q4413|Alpha Condé]]'' | [[File:Alpha Conde - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-03-04<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | [[Lingua 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name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]] |- | [[:d:Q19878|Q19878]] | ''[[:d:Q19878|Muammar Gaddafi]]'' | [[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi in 2010 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-19<br/>1942-06-07 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-10-20<ref name="ref_4e535bd44226c8504e4dc2bf12a12709172c534a110f568efccb3dafff981afe">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2011/oct/20/syria-libya-middle-east-unrest-live</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q57385|Q57385]] | ''[[:d:Q57385|Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]'' | [[File:2026 Teodoro Obiang (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-05<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref> | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q101547|Q101547]] | ''[[:d:Q101547|Thabo Mbeki]]'' | [[File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-18<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Afrikaans]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q57418|Q57418]] | ''[[:d:Q57418|Denis Sassou Nguesso]]'' | [[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso on April 29, 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-11-23<ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_91058ce49ff83a9bab5bebfcf179c9f1013086eb9c370d645f9b2d0dacada46f">http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120653043</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q57488|Q57488]] | ''[[:d:Q57488|Jakaya Kikwete]]'' | [[File:Jakaya Kikwete.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-10-07<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua swahili|swahili]]<ref name="ref_b640002439b98e825334a6069d5dbb69e08c308d8df6dc6019d1c97c5a7ce977">''[[:d:Q47757534|IdRef]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q29196|Q29196]] | ''[[:d:Q29196|Thomas Boni Yayi]]'' | [[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-01<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]] |- | [[:d:Q57350|Q57350]] | ''[[:d:Q57350|Idriss Déby]]'' | [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-06-18<ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-04-20<ref name="ref_72aa3ea4b2ed20e7a605669438e52401abdd4b76883bd48f6e3d172c7b72a31b">https://arabic.rt.com/world/1223709-تشاد-الجيش-يعلن-وفاة-الرئيس-إدريس-دبي/</ref><ref name="ref_e0365845224f99808413f98e057d1a6513fe516a967cf287b8b310074eb92031">https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-president-idriss-deby-has-died-says-army-spokesman-2021-04-20/</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_f2eb785b0fd51f71ed73bd322d0e19e6ddfee92b48632f314c0ac82efe687e81">http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135135311</ref><br/>[[Lingua arabe|arabe]]<br/>''[[:d:Q37007|Zaghawa]]'' |- | [[:d:Q1148669|Q1148669]] | ''[[:d:Q1148669|Cyril Ramaphosa]]'' | [[File:21.11.2025 – Presidente da República da África do Sul, Cyril Ramaphosa (54938010569) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-17<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q32704|Venda]]''<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q10179|Zulu]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13218|Xhosa]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q33890|Northern Sotho]]'' |- | [[:d:Q307871|Q307871]] | ''[[:d:Q307871|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]'' | [[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-11-19<ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] |- | [[:d:Q294969|Q294969]] | ''[[:d:Q294969|Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]'' | [[File:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2014-08-05.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-12-20<ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] |- | [[:d:Q515602|Q515602]] | ''[[:d:Q515602|Azali Assoumani]]'' | [[File:Azali Assoumani in New York City on September 19, 2023 - 53199606411 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-01<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q57438|Q57438]] | ''[[:d:Q57438|Macky Sall]]'' | [[File:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-12-11<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc31cacd9fc57142ad3333be6729cb7606b6ca4d8cfdfc49d581f9e92fc75065">https://www.presidence.sn/presidence/biographie</ref><ref name="ref_b8bc0496e790ffd33c3af4846348991362623904ee140a2f37180577755329ee">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/macky-sall/</ref><ref name="ref_9bf2b220013343bf6ee620320972ce28e216b36cd08f642b9db10cd42fbce71a">https://business.abidjan.net/qui/5-politique/902-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_0602ba51e8a223a3db89923abeba57390cf053f6bad30ca60e394bee212c511f">https://www.consulsenenaples.it/http-www-consulsenenaples-it/cooperation/</ref><ref name="ref_6bfc06a17d6b32dd31a66500d344c035b3c71b56d4ad54bcb93e0015f3b3a862">https://www.dri.gouv.sn/premier-ministre/portrait-de-m-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_6d725ca801946a3a39f87e66ef5bf4cf9f288e81975e60f4937875d4c1ca3d11">http://www.monsieur-biographie.com/celebrite/biographie/macky_sall-16061.php</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc31cacd9fc57142ad3333be6729cb7606b6ca4d8cfdfc49d581f9e92fc75065">https://www.presidence.sn/presidence/biographie</ref><ref name="ref_b8bc0496e790ffd33c3af4846348991362623904ee140a2f37180577755329ee">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/macky-sall/</ref><ref name="ref_9bf2b220013343bf6ee620320972ce28e216b36cd08f642b9db10cd42fbce71a">https://business.abidjan.net/qui/5-politique/902-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_0602ba51e8a223a3db89923abeba57390cf053f6bad30ca60e394bee212c511f">https://www.consulsenenaples.it/http-www-consulsenenaples-it/cooperation/</ref><ref name="ref_6bfc06a17d6b32dd31a66500d344c035b3c71b56d4ad54bcb93e0015f3b3a862">https://www.dri.gouv.sn/premier-ministre/portrait-de-m-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_6d725ca801946a3a39f87e66ef5bf4cf9f288e81975e60f4937875d4c1ca3d11">http://www.monsieur-biographie.com/celebrite/biographie/macky_sall-16061.php</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_b640002439b98e825334a6069d5dbb69e08c308d8df6dc6019d1c97c5a7ce977">''[[:d:Q47757534|IdRef]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc31cacd9fc57142ad3333be6729cb7606b6ca4d8cfdfc49d581f9e92fc75065">https://www.presidence.sn/presidence/biographie</ref><ref name="ref_b8bc0496e790ffd33c3af4846348991362623904ee140a2f37180577755329ee">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/macky-sall/</ref><ref name="ref_9bf2b220013343bf6ee620320972ce28e216b36cd08f642b9db10cd42fbce71a">https://business.abidjan.net/qui/5-politique/902-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_0602ba51e8a223a3db89923abeba57390cf053f6bad30ca60e394bee212c511f">https://www.consulsenenaples.it/http-www-consulsenenaples-it/cooperation/</ref><ref name="ref_6bfc06a17d6b32dd31a66500d344c035b3c71b56d4ad54bcb93e0015f3b3a862">https://www.dri.gouv.sn/premier-ministre/portrait-de-m-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_6d725ca801946a3a39f87e66ef5bf4cf9f288e81975e60f4937875d4c1ca3d11">http://www.monsieur-biographie.com/celebrite/biographie/macky_sall-16061.php</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q34257|Wolof]]''<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1420205|Pulaar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q36284|Serer]]'' |- | [[:d:Q29032770|Q29032770]] | ''[[:d:Q29032770|Félix Tshisekedi]]'' | [[File:Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (55078564106) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-13<ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_802d60835ae6c2ff75ad293655dcbf29f9f7cf68589c5c7dbc55bfa8928a93db">https://blackpast.org/global-african-history/felix-tshisekedi-1963/</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>''[[:d:Q34173|Luba-Kasai]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q36217|Lingala]]'' |- | [[:d:Q381071|Q381071]] | ''[[:d:Q381071|Hailemariam Desalegn]]'' | [[File:Hailemariam Desalegn - Closing Plenary- Africa's Next Chapter - World Economic Forum on Africa 2011.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-19<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q28244|Amharic]]''<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>''[[:d:Q36943|Wolayttattuwa]]'' |} {{Wikidata list end}} gredg7lhhoyl0jexw7bvczc2lu73g5r Appendice:Lista de designationes pro entitates territorial administrative 102 39840 704656 704194 2026-10-17T10:22:23Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q15617994 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P279,P31,description |thumb=32 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! subclasse de ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q5084|Q5084]] | ''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1497375|architectural ensemble]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6256|Q6256]] | [[pais]] | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7275|Q7275]] | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q155076|juridical person]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1896989|subject of international law]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q211606|social structure]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | organisation politic e juridic de un territorio delimitate |- | [[:d:Q7688|Q7688]] | ''[[:d:Q7688|raion]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12829|Q12829]] | ''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15284|Q15284]] | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2659904|government organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | division administrative |- | [[:d:Q19576|Q19576]] | ''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23058|Q23058]] | [[cantones de Switza]] | ''[[:d:Q7631075|entitate territorial administrative de Switza]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''<br/>[[canton]]<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | entitates administrative constituente de Switza |- | [[:d:Q24764|Q24764]] | ''[[:d:Q24764|municipality of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27002|Q27002]] | ''[[:d:Q27002|selsoviet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q31749783|selsoviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28575|Q28575]] | ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30059|Q30059]] | ''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34876|Q34876]] | [[provincia]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q42132|Q42132]] | ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative 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administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q386426|natural heritage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q108028209|designation type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q57318|Q57318]] | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]'' | [[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q26830017|state in the Holy Roman Empire]]''<br/>[[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q13218276|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61878|Q61878]] | [[barangay]] | ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86622|Q86622]] | ''[[:d:Q86622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102496|Q102496]] | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112099|Q112099]] | [[stato insular]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q111018943|habited island]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127448|Q127448]] | ''[[:d:Q127448|communa svedese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''<ref name="ref_5b5ad8eccbd23d32f8151624d3a14f5e5e47154a2fa1fe282807b0648f6c1a3e">https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/drivaforetag/startaochregistrera/organisationsnummer.4.361dc8c15312eff6fd235d1.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | municipalitate in Svedia |- | [[:d:Q131401|Q131401]] | ''[[:d:Q131401|califato]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4204060|stato islamic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q148837|Q148837]] | ''[[:d:Q148837|polis]]'' | [[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15661340|ancient city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q149621|Q149621]] | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q154547|Q154547]] | [[ducato]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[monarchia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q161243|Q161243]] | ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q618123|geographical feature]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q165116|Q165116]] | ''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]'' | [[ducato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q171308|Q171308]] | [[oblast]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q182547|Q182547]] | [[provincia del Imperio Roman]] | ''[[:d:Q100205512|administrative territorial entity of ancient Rome]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q183366|Q183366]] | [[Territorio]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q191093|Q191093]] | ''[[:d:Q191093|province of South Africa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4683555|administrative territorial entity of South Africa]]''<br/>[[provincia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q196068|Q196068]] | ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19944802|government structure]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q208500|Q208500]] | [[Principato]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[monarchia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q223573|Q223573]] | ''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q264441|Q264441]] | ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q285181|Q285181]] | ''[[:d:Q285181|eparchy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q94670589|Christian organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q22085013|eparchy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q313354|Q313354]] | ''[[:d:Q313354|hundred]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q353344|Q353344]] | ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q373074|Q373074]] | ''[[:d:Q373074|suffragan diocese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q665487|diocese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q374614|Q374614]] | ''[[:d:Q374614|urban district of Great Britain and Ireland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q398141|Q398141]] | ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q399445|Q399445]] | ''[[:d:Q399445|amt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q451019|Q451019]] | ''[[:d:Q451019|gutsbezirk]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q475050|Q475050]] | [[Districto federal]] | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5214867|federal territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q482810|Q482810]] | ''[[:d:Q482810|Special City of Korea]]'' | [[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q483515|Q483515]] | ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q483519|Q483519]] | ''[[:d:Q483519|ri]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>[[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q485258|Q485258]] | ''[[:d:Q485258|Statos de Brasil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | entitates federative de Brasil |- | [[:d:Q490933|Q490933]] | ''[[:d:Q490933|local community]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q177634|community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137018865|type of place]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q499073|Q499073]] | ''[[:d:Q499073|direct-controlled municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15092400|independent city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q515483|Q515483]] | ''[[:d:Q515483|baladiyya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q515716|Q515716]] | ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q517267|Q517267]] | ''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q518343|Q518343]] | ''[[:d:Q518343|municipal borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1006876|borough in the United Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q562061|Q562061]] | ''[[:d:Q562061|market municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18511725|urbe de mercato]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q609042|Q609042]] | ''[[:d:Q609042|shtetl]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3374262|miasteczko]]''<br/>[[village]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q620225|Q620225]] | ''[[:d:Q620225|apostolic vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17197366|type of organization]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q625160|Q625160]] | ''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q643589|Q643589]] | ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q687121|Q687121]] | ''[[:d:Q687121|volost]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q688385|Q688385]] | ''[[:d:Q688385|Talschaft]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q718570|Q718570]] | ''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q770948|Q770948]] | ''[[:d:Q770948|okres]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q771444|Q771444]] | ''[[:d:Q771444|aul]]'' | ''[[:d:Q136678713|fortified village]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q782614|Q782614]] | ''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q788176|Q788176]] | ''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q817477|Q817477]] | ''[[:d:Q817477|tehsil]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q839328|Q839328]] | ''[[:d:Q839328|fu]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q905280|Q905280]] | ''[[:d:Q905280|pyatina]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q914262|Q914262]] | ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q923805|Q923805]] | ''[[:d:Q923805|trittys]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q935921|Q935921]] | ''[[:d:Q935921|kaza]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1006876|Q1006876]] | ''[[:d:Q1006876|borough in the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1070912|Q1070912]] | ''[[:d:Q1070912|zhou]]'' | ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1087624|Q1087624]] | ''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1093829|Q1093829]] | ''[[:d:Q1093829|citate del Statos Unite de America]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3327870|municipality in the United States]]''<br/>[[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q5951278|urban area of the United States]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1122846|Q1122846]] | ''[[:d:Q1122846|district of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1137272|Q1137272]] | ''[[:d:Q1137272|county borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1138414|Q1138414]] | ''[[:d:Q1138414|isolated settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2887356|farmyard]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1497364|building complex]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1141653|Q1141653]] | ''[[:d:Q1141653|prowincja]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1205915|Q1205915]] | ''[[:d:Q1205915|German Reich within the borders of 31 December 1937]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1209783|Q1209783]] | ''[[:d:Q1209783|shukuba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q786014|rest area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63987304|stage station]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q120922181|postal station]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1210300|Q1210300]] | ''[[:d:Q1210300|Mkhare]]'' | ''[[:d:Q244339|administrative territorial entity of Georgia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1273945|Q1273945]] | ''[[:d:Q1273945|pashalik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1288520|Q1288520]] | ''[[:d:Q1288520|local council in Israel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2762194|local government in Israel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1336152|Q1336152]] | ''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1345234|Q1345234]] | ''[[:d:Q1345234|comarca of Spain]]'' | [[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]<br/>''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>[[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1350181|Q1350181]] | ''[[:d:Q1350181|shire of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q461231|administrative territorial entity of Scotland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q67376938|historic county of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1364324|Q1364324]] | ''[[:d:Q1364324|uezd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367821|Q1367821]] | ''[[:d:Q1367821|subprefecture]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1427085|Q1427085]] | ''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1462047|Q1462047]] | ''[[:d:Q1462047|vilayet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''<ref name="ref_91c7c23bff8c4dcbdbe5d51fa021788763682add9ec85294b192cf219b99e5bb">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/vilayet</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1503467|Q1503467]] | ''[[:d:Q1503467|Unrechtsstaat]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1506541|Q1506541]] | ''[[:d:Q1506541|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>[[region]]<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1541735|Q1541735]] | ''[[:d:Q1541735|former province of Hokkaidō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1564271|Q1564271]] | ''[[:d:Q1564271|nahiye]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1584957|Q1584957]] | ''[[:d:Q1584957|district of Palermo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3976662|subdivision of Palermo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1631226|Q1631226]] | ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]'' | ''[[:d:Q948571|organ of state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1633408|Q1633408]] | ''[[:d:Q1633408|concelho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1683373|Q1683373]] | ''[[:d:Q1683373|Edo-period village]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761072|Q1761072]] | ''[[:d:Q1761072|state park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>[[parco]]<ref name="ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6">''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761350|Q1761350]] | ''[[:d:Q1761350|sum]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761572|Q1761572]] | ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1764608|Q1764608]] | ''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771656|Q1771656]] | ''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1780506|Q1780506]] | ''[[:d:Q1780506|commune of Benin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3502443|administrative territorial entity of Benin]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1782540|Q1782540]] | ''[[:d:Q1782540|railway town]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1787683|Q1787683]] | ''[[:d:Q1787683|Kreishauptmannschaft]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1790016|Q1790016]] | ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798622|Q1798622]] | ''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1839674|Q1839674]] | ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1887569|Q1887569]] | ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2478141|aristocrate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q178706|institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2116450|manor estate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1990968|Q1990968]] | ''[[:d:Q1990968|Divisional Secretariat of Sri Lanka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15313532|administrative territorial entity of Sri Lanka]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q859482|secretariat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2023000|Q2023000]] | ''[[:d:Q2023000|khutor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q72030539|farmstead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2029182|Q2029182]] | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1435020|General Curia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2029618|Q2029618]] | ''[[:d:Q2029618|markaz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2034632|Q2034632]] | ''[[:d:Q2034632|starostwo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2083380|Q2083380]] | ''[[:d:Q2083380|parish union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124964|coalition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2113743|Q2113743]] | ''[[:d:Q2113743|magiri]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q75020334|administrative division of the Ryukyu Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2139516|Q2139516]] | ''[[:d:Q2139516|riksintresse (Sweden)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q96211395|heritage site in Sweden]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2177636|Q2177636]] | ''[[:d:Q2177636|municipality of Denmark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11618279|LAU 1]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3976655|administrative territorial entity of Denmark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2225692|Q2225692]] | ''[[:d:Q2225692|fourth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>[[village]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2246189|Q2246189]] | ''[[:d:Q2246189|justiciarate]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2298529|Q2298529]] | ''[[:d:Q2298529|corregimiento]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17147964|administrative territorial entity of the Spanish Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2311958|Q2311958]] | [[canton]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | unitate administrative in varie paises |- | [[:d:Q2330190|Q2330190]] | ''[[:d:Q2330190|subprefecture in Hokkaidō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q850450|subprefecture of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2349866|Q2349866]] | ''[[:d:Q2349866|Stimmkreis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2385925|Q2385925]] | ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2401504|Q2401504]] | ''[[:d:Q2401504|darugha]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2460358|Q2460358]] | ''[[:d:Q2460358|municipality of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2500304|Q2500304]] | ''[[:d:Q2500304|electoral division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3356092|administrative territorial entity of Ireland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2513212|Q2513212]] | ''[[:d:Q2513212|županija]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2514025|Q2514025]] | ''[[:d:Q2514025|posyolok]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2543447|Q2543447]] | ''[[:d:Q2543447|region of Nunavut]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1414991|area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | lista de un projecto de Wikimedia |- | [[:d:Q2576151|Q2576151]] | ''[[:d:Q2576151|daïra]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2577883|Q2577883]] | ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123614767|occupied location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2615343|Q2615343]] | ''[[:d:Q2615343|region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2631496|Q2631496]] | ''[[:d:Q2631496|constituency of the European Parliament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2695008|Q2695008]] | ''[[:d:Q2695008|administrative territorial entity of Luxembourg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2706826|Q2706826]] | ''[[:d:Q2706826|sheikhdom]]'' | [[Principato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2738486|Q2738486]] | ''[[:d:Q2738486|krai]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2880091|Q2880091]] | ''[[:d:Q2880091|bayrak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2135465|legal term or legal concept]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2885819|Q2885819]] | ''[[:d:Q2885819|ledanía]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944629|Q2944629]] | ''[[:d:Q2944629|Arrotxapea]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944644|Q2944644]] | ''[[:d:Q2944644|Ezcaba]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944651|Q2944651]] | ''[[:d:Q2944651|Buztintxuri]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944737|Q2944737]] | ''[[:d:Q2944737|Iturrama]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2991489|Q2991489]] | ''[[:d:Q2991489|County palatine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3012073|Q3012073]] | ''[[:d:Q3012073|daikansho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q481289|residentia official]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3015636|Q3015636]] | ''[[:d:Q3015636|Txantrea]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3025553|Q3025553]] | ''[[:d:Q3025553|Diputación Foral de Navarra]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3044930|provincial deputation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3183364|Q3183364]] | [[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]] | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3187075|Q3187075]] | ''[[:d:Q3187075|aimag]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3252884|Q3252884]] | ''[[:d:Q3252884|Gau]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3266850|Q3266850]] | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3268571|Q3268571]] | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3327874|Q3327874]] | ''[[:d:Q3327874|rural municipality of Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3788231|municipal government in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3333989|Q3333989]] | ''[[:d:Q3333989|minor local entity of Spain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10854310|administrative territorial entity below municipality in Spain]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3360771|Q3360771]] | ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3373237|Q3373237]] | ''[[:d:Q3373237|payam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3434769|Q3434769]] | ''[[:d:Q3434769|macroregion]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3455524|Q3455524]] | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18810687|political institution]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3477348|Q3477348]] | ''[[:d:Q3477348|urban area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3491994|Q3491994]] | ''[[:d:Q3491994|subdistrict]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3518810|Q3518810]] | ''[[:d:Q3518810|unorganized area of Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q269528|unincorporated area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3532042|Q3532042]] | ''[[:d:Q3532042|block]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3642453|Q3642453]] | ''[[:d:Q3642453|Borgate officielles de Rome]]'' | ''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3677901|Q3677901]] | ''[[:d:Q3677901|circunscripción]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q21286738|Wikimedia permanent duplicate item]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3689003|Q3689003]] | ''[[:d:Q3689003|contrada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3772949|Q3772949]] | ''[[:d:Q3772949|subah]]'' | [[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3818638|Q3818638]] | ''[[:d:Q3818638|mudiriyah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3826458|Q3826458]] | ''[[:d:Q3826458|lamidat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4008486|Q4008486]] | ''[[:d:Q4008486|Borgo Vanchiglia]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4024737|Q4024737]] | ''[[:d:Q4024737|pastoral zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4129217|Q4129217]] | ''[[:d:Q4129217|vyselok]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4165160|Q4165160]] | ''[[:d:Q4165160|ドーリャ]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4208486|Q4208486]] | ''[[:d:Q4208486|qadiyat]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4313916|Q4313916]] | ''[[:d:Q4313916|Nasleg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1192440|history of the administrative division of Russia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1376945|Administrative divisions of the Sakha Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4315043|Q4315043]] | ''[[:d:Q4315043|district national]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4332636|Q4332636]] | ''[[:d:Q4332636|Кас]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4377540|Q4377540]] | ''[[:d:Q4377540|praetorian prefecture]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4388751|Q4388751]] | ''[[:d:Q4388751|razryad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4393587|Q4393587]] | ''[[:d:Q4393587|republic]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4425709|Q4425709]] | ''[[:d:Q4425709|sō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4456179|Q4456179]] | ''[[:d:Q4456179|territorial unit with special status of Moscow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q462667|administrative territorial entity of Moscow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4535144|Q4535144]] | ''[[:d:Q4535144|yurt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4691989|Q4691989]] | ''[[:d:Q4691989|agency]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4856913|Q4856913]] | ''[[:d:Q4856913|banner]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4897108|Q4897108]] | ''[[:d:Q4897108|partida]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4899885|Q4899885]] | ''[[:d:Q4899885|beylerbeylik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | |- | [[:d:Q4976993|Q4976993]] | ''[[:d:Q4976993|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5121385|Q5121385]] | ''[[:d:Q5121385|circle]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5144960|Q5144960]] | ''[[:d:Q5144960|microregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5148433|Q5148433]] | ''[[:d:Q5148433|Mexico City colonia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5154611|Q5154611]] | ''[[:d:Q5154611|community]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5195043|Q5195043]] | ''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5284423|Q5284423]] | ''[[:d:Q5284423|division]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5284624|Q5284624]] | ''[[:d:Q5284624|division of West Bengal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5434436|Q5434436]] | ''[[:d:Q5434436|fanzhen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10922837|administrative territorial entity of the Tang dynasty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1197588|military government]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5473816|Q5473816]] | ''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5571369|Q5571369]] | ''[[:d:Q5571369|quarter of a city in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2824645|divisiones administrative de Italia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5639312|Q5639312]] | [[voivodato]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5811429|Q5811429]] | ''[[:d:Q5811429|districto de Managua]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15633191|distrito]]''<ref name="ref_c5c18d02d2456633a865aa182f508540bb9b7fd9b79faec5410bcc187a564713">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/3eeff3b3d65b7dca062570a100578775?OpenDocument=</ref><ref name="ref_2140b8da7d48a7bcf9ae7ac2fa244fac2a7e7090ffd0d9dc0eae783758b76f89">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/%28%24All%29/CB601E7A823CA0F2062576C600548A12?OpenDocument</ref><ref name="ref_c1ecf794bf294dbadc7b7cd4a918fce24e3a2a7c515bb0f5aa4e78d3265d6202">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/b34f77cd9d23625e06257265005d21fa/09721a4025c41318062570a1005830de</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_c5c18d02d2456633a865aa182f508540bb9b7fd9b79faec5410bcc187a564713">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/3eeff3b3d65b7dca062570a100578775?OpenDocument=</ref><ref name="ref_c1ecf794bf294dbadc7b7cd4a918fce24e3a2a7c515bb0f5aa4e78d3265d6202">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/b34f77cd9d23625e06257265005d21fa/09721a4025c41318062570a1005830de</ref><ref name="ref_2140b8da7d48a7bcf9ae7ac2fa244fac2a7e7090ffd0d9dc0eae783758b76f89">https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/%28%24All%29/CB601E7A823CA0F2062576C600548A12?OpenDocument</ref> | typo de unitate territorial de Managua, Nicaragua; septe districtos create per Decreto Executive 421 (1989), reducite a cinque post Lege 329 e le creation de Ciudad Sandino e El Crucero (1999), e reorganisate in septe per Ordination Municipal 03-2009 |- | [[:d:Q5942455|Q5942455]] | ''[[:d:Q5942455|keverang]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6014817|Q6014817]] | ''[[:d:Q6014817|karye]]'' | | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6024226|Q6024226]] | ''[[:d:Q6024226|metropolitan municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1907114|area metropolitan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6026936|Q6026936]] | ''[[:d:Q6026936|liva]]'' | | [[Unitate militar]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6063891|Q6063891]] | ''[[:d:Q6063891|partido]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6100739|Q6100739]] | ''[[:d:Q6100739|administrative territorial entity of Istanbul]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6104039|Q6104039]] | ''[[:d:Q6104039|región socioeconómica de Costa Rica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6106059|Q6106059]] | ''[[:d:Q6106059|Indian republics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6972919|Q6972919]] | ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q22746|urban park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7194321|Q7194321]] | ''[[:d:Q7194321|has]]'' | ''[[:d:Q975783|estate in land]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]''<ref name="ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi</ref> | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<ref name="ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7251287|Q7251287]] | ''[[:d:Q7251287|protected area of Wales]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7251293|protected area of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7251291|Q7251291]] | ''[[:d:Q7251291|protected area of the Northern Territory]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13406463|lista de Wikimedia]]'' | lista de un projecto de Wikimedia |- | [[:d:Q7375078|Q7375078]] | ''[[:d:Q7375078|royal manor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7380054|Q7380054]] | ''[[:d:Q7380054|Luak Tanah Mengandung]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7425963|Q7425963]] | ''[[:d:Q7425963|Satavado]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7432341|Q7432341]] | ''[[:d:Q7432341|school division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7444705|Q7444705]] | ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]'' | ''[[:d:Q219858|zone]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7495728|Q7495728]] | ''[[:d:Q7495728|shiyakha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7551933|Q7551933]] | ''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7631923|Q7631923]] | ''[[:d:Q7631923|subregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7703797|Q7703797]] | ''[[:d:Q7703797|Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q141463208|Q141463208]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7886462|Q7886462]] | ''[[:d:Q7886462|moshav shitufi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q917146|moshav]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161387|kibbutz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7887960|Q7887960]] | ''[[:d:Q7887960|United Kingdom aircraft registration]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2438179|civil aircraft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7888177|Q7888177]] | ''[[:d:Q7888177|United Kingdom military aircraft registration mark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q216916|military aircraft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q140396411|military aircraft registration mark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8071905|Q8071905]] | ''[[:d:Q8071905|Zillah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8242634|Q8242634]] | ''[[:d:Q8242634|Baronía de Cárcer]]'' | | [[Territorio]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8501237|Q8501237]] | ''[[:d:Q8501237|large city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q50231|administrative territorial entity of the People's Republic of China]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9367715|Q9367715]] | ''[[:d:Q9367715|ulus]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10139375|Q10139375]] | ''[[:d:Q10139375|Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q427961|metropolis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10296503|Q10296503]] | ''[[:d:Q10296503|župa]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10433151|Q10433151]] | ''[[:d:Q10433151|civic municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10466601|Q10466601]] | ''[[:d:Q10466601|Danske grevskaber og baronier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10545864|Q10545864]] | ''[[:d:Q10545864|kism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10551473|Q10551473]] | ''[[:d:Q10551473|parish union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10666776|Q10666776]] | ''[[:d:Q10666776|setting]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10861243|Q10861243]] | ''[[:d:Q10861243|stamp territory]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10910840|Q10910840]] | ''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11183787|Q11183787]] | ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q253019|Ortsteil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11385643|Q11385643]] | ''[[:d:Q11385643|ho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q29428403|pentad]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11396088|Q11396088]] | ''[[:d:Q11396088|bunkoku]]'' | ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]''<br/>[[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11414697|Q11414697]] | ''[[:d:Q11414697|myō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11424278|Q11424278]] | ''[[:d:Q11424278|autonomous ward (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11479488|Q11479488]] | ''[[:d:Q11479488|Industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1662024|industrial district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11479490|Q11479490]] | ''[[:d:Q11479490|Exclusive Industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11480694|Q11480694]] | ''[[:d:Q11480694|urbanization promotion area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11480695|Q11480695]] | ''[[:d:Q11480695|urbanization control area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11488831|Q11488831]] | ''[[:d:Q11488831|mikuriya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564383|Q11564383]] | ''[[:d:Q11564383|Quasi-residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564397|Q11564397]] | ''[[:d:Q11564397|Quasi-industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564414|Q11564414]] | ''[[:d:Q11564414|quasi-city planning area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564415|Q11564415]] | ''[[:d:Q11564415|Quasi-fire Prevention District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11570788|Q11570788]] | ''[[:d:Q11570788|special use district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11570918|Q11570918]] | ''[[:d:Q11570918|Specified Block]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602099|Q11602099]] | ''[[:d:Q11602099|Category 1 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602100|Q11602100]] | ''[[:d:Q11602100|Category 1 Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602101|Q11602101]] | ''[[:d:Q11602101|Category 1 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602320|Q11602320]] | ''[[:d:Q11602320|Category 2 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602321|Q11602321]] | ''[[:d:Q11602321|Category 2 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602322|Q11602322]] | ''[[:d:Q11602322|Category 2 Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602738|Q11602738]] | ''[[:d:Q11602738|suji]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11607807|Q11607807]] | ''[[:d:Q11607807|Ryokuchi hozen chiiki]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11631303|Q11631303]] | ''[[:d:Q11631303|hyō]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11639125|Q11639125]] | ''[[:d:Q11639125|Neighborhood Commercial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11643597|Q11643597]] | ''[[:d:Q11643597|Special Districts for Urban Renaissance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11643682|Q11643682]] | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11649786|Q11649786]] | ''[[:d:Q11649786|railway zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1192403|concession]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11657023|Q11657023]] | ''[[:d:Q11657023|Fire Prevention District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11664885|Q11664885]] | ''[[:d:Q11664885|ryō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11665558|Q11665558]] | ''[[:d:Q11665558|Scenic districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q759882|protected landscape area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q858308|Cultural Property of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11668267|Q11668267]] | ''[[:d:Q11668267|駐車場整備地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11669892|Q11669892]] | ''[[:d:Q11669892|High-level Use District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11669894|Q11669894]] | ''[[:d:Q11669894|Height Control District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11916810|Q11916810]] | ''[[:d:Q11916810|Deli en Serdang]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11970574|Q11970574]] | ''[[:d:Q11970574|Country (Norwegian history)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12033861|Q12033861]] | ''[[:d:Q12033861|Lokalie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12039398|Q12039398]] | ''[[:d:Q12039398|městská část]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12132320|Q12132320]] | ''[[:d:Q12132320|Енпуç ен]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12409827|Q12409827]] | ''[[:d:Q12409827|Territory of the Tribe of Manasseh]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12479773|Q12479773]] | ''[[:d:Q12479773|first-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12479774|Q12479774]] | ''[[:d:Q12479774|second-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3299260|local government area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12724246|Q12724246]] | ''[[:d:Q12724246|cnezat]]'' | [[Principato]] | ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12778511|Q12778511]] | ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12910663|Q12910663]] | ''[[:d:Q12910663|srez]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12978349|Q12978349]] | ''[[:d:Q12978349|Special Grade Municipalities]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13058507|Q13058507]] | ''[[:d:Q13058507|subdivision of West Bengal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13358528|Q13358528]] | ''[[:d:Q13358528|fiscal district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10947702|administrative territorial entity of Song dynasty]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16077826|administrative territorial entity of Jin dynasty]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11387891|administrative territorial entity of the Yuan Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13526752|Q13526752]] | ''[[:d:Q13526752|lugar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13646349|Q13646349]] | ''[[:d:Q13646349|Government (Dutch East Indies)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q14777355|Q14777355]] | ''[[:d:Q14777355|mahalla of Bangladesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2271985|administrative territorial entity of Bangladesh]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q14916058|Q14916058]] | ''[[:d:Q14916058|territory]]'' | [[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15253706|Q15253706]] | ''[[:d:Q15253706|city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7930989|city or town]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15630906|Q15630906]] | ''[[:d:Q15630906|rural district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15637757|Q15637757]] | ''[[:d:Q15637757|mahakuma]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15649504|Q15649504]] | ''[[:d:Q15649504|satrapy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15725677|Q15725677]] | ''[[:d:Q15725677|pedanía]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15727673|Q15727673]] | ''[[:d:Q15727673|city district of Hanover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2740635|Stadtbezirk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15728204|Q15728204]] | ''[[:d:Q15728204|province of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15894786|Q15894786]] | ''[[:d:Q15894786|United States administrative division type]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15901936|Q15901936]] | ''[[:d:Q15901936|district of South Korea (autonomous)]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15903862|Q15903862]] | ''[[:d:Q15903862|縣轄區]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16118675|Q16118675]] | ''[[:d:Q16118675|حي شعبي]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16142566|Q16142566]] | ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16181672|Q16181672]] | ''[[:d:Q16181672|special autonomous city in South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>[[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16638537|Q16638537]] | ''[[:d:Q16638537|мястэчка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16646034|Q16646034]] | ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16652878|Q16652878]] | ''[[:d:Q16652878|zaimka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16915726|Q16915726]] | ''[[:d:Q16915726|mesoregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17051044|Q17051044]] | ''[[:d:Q17051044|mahalle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17130641|Q17130641]] | ''[[:d:Q17130641|syssel]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17143723|Q17143723]] | ''[[:d:Q17143723|Catholic parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<ref name="ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8">''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''</ref><ref name="ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8">''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q13358519|parish]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17147958|Q17147958]] | ''[[:d:Q17147958|intendency]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17208868|Q17208868]] | ''[[:d:Q17208868|都市再生緊急整備地域]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17217734|Q17217734]] | ''[[:d:Q17217734|tenaga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17299748|Q17299748]] | ''[[:d:Q17299748|Vulka]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17319258|Q17319258]] | ''[[:d:Q17319258|presidency of British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3558349|presidency]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17361443|Q17361443]] | ''[[:d:Q17361443|administrative territorial entity of a state of the United States]]'' | [[divisiones politic del Statos Unite]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17990737|Q17990737]] | ''[[:d:Q17990737|Landscape Districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q759882|protected landscape area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18199255|Q18199255]] | ''[[:d:Q18199255|Amtskommune]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18658990|Q18658990]] | ''[[:d:Q18658990|Ke-tsng-siā-hiunn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18652293|Pó-lí-hiong-ò]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18658211|administrative territorial entity of Taiwan under Qing rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18729324|Q18729324]] | ''[[:d:Q18729324|razyezd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19563262|Q19563262]] | ''[[:d:Q19563262|county of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q26654367|former county]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19610511|Q19610511]] | ''[[:d:Q19610511|township]]'' | ''[[:d:Q141104744|geopolitical region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19703730|Q19703730]] | ''[[:d:Q19703730|district-notary office]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19832689|Q19832689]] | ''[[:d:Q19832689|îlot]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19868905|Q19868905]] | ''[[:d:Q19868905|administrative territorial entity of Minas Gerais]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19905455|Q19905455]] | ''[[:d:Q19905455|borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q688718|administrative territorial entity of Quebec]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19939940|Q19939940]] | ''[[:d:Q19939940|ban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19941361|Q19941361]] | ''[[:d:Q19941361|tong]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20113851|Q20113851]] | ''[[:d:Q20113851|gun]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20180964|Q20180964]] | ''[[:d:Q20180964|franciscan custody]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20203616|Q20203616]] | ''[[:d:Q20203616|Indian reservation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q57237926|reservation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20541692|Q20541692]] | ''[[:d:Q20541692|settlement in Galicia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>[[village]]<br/>[[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320">''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320">''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q20826981|Q20826981]] | ''[[:d:Q20826981|Rural community (local government)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q387917|administrative divisions of Germany]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20986707|Q20986707]] | ''[[:d:Q20986707|cantred]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21039427|Q21039427]] | ''[[:d:Q21039427|boma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21619677|Q21619677]] | ''[[:d:Q21619677|amanate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6501447|local government]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21824758|Q21824758]] | ''[[:d:Q21824758|ga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21824871|Q21824871]] | ''[[:d:Q21824871|ro]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22085013|Q22085013]] | ''[[:d:Q22085013|eparchy]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22693483|Q22693483]] | ''[[:d:Q22693483|Pflegamt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23827464|Q23827464]] | ''[[:d:Q23827464|centre of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24024848|Q24024848]] | ''[[:d:Q24024848|eup of South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24026248|Q24026248]] | ''[[:d:Q24026248|участок]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24859699|Q24859699]] | ''[[:d:Q24859699|総合区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24949989|Q24949989]] | ''[[:d:Q24949989|Zonal Council]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24953176|Q24953176]] | ''[[:d:Q24953176|special administrative region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25377531|Q25377531]] | ''[[:d:Q25377531|Territorial Authority]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25532202|Q25532202]] | ''[[:d:Q25532202|amlak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25537045|Q25537045]] | ''[[:d:Q25537045|khaganate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17362920|Wikimedia duplicated page]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q26262476|Q26262476]] | ''[[:d:Q26262476|third-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q26912005|Q26912005]] | ''[[:d:Q26912005|regio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27254663|Q27254663]] | ''[[:d:Q27254663|Station village]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27254666|Q27254666]] | ''[[:d:Q27254666|urban-type settlement by the railway station]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27295972|Q27295972]] | ''[[:d:Q27295972|посёлок железнодорожной платформы]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27517998|Q27517998]] | ''[[:d:Q27517998|маяк]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518087|Q27518087]] | ''[[:d:Q27518087|казарма]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518260|Q27518260]] | ''[[:d:Q27518260|монтёрский пункт]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518266|Q27518266]] | ''[[:d:Q27518266|метеостанция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518282|Q27518282]] | ''[[:d:Q27518282|гидрологический пост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518287|Q27518287]] | ''[[:d:Q27518287|контрольный пункт связи]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518793|Q27518793]] | ''[[:d:Q27518793|железнодорожный блокпост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27526294|Q27526294]] | ''[[:d:Q27526294|железнодорожный пост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27526303|Q27526303]] | ''[[:d:Q27526303|лесной посёлок]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27531730|Q27531730]] | ''[[:d:Q27531730|kordon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27532791|Q27532791]] | ''[[:d:Q27532791|railway booth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27532818|Q27532818]] | ''[[:d:Q27532818|railway barracks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27537456|Q27537456]] | ''[[:d:Q27537456|железнодорожный дом]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27537502|Q27537502]] | ''[[:d:Q27537502|посёлок лесоучастка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27566198|Q27566198]] | ''[[:d:Q27566198|остановочная платформа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27577201|Q27577201]] | ''[[:d:Q27577201|железнодорожная платформа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27587207|Q27587207]] | ''[[:d:Q27587207|city municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27587491|Q27587491]] | ''[[:d:Q27587491|urban-type settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15078955|urban-type settlement in Russia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27588300|Q27588300]] | ''[[:d:Q27588300|железнодорожная площадка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27588331|Q27588331]] | ''[[:d:Q27588331|state farm settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28081313|Q28081313]] | ''[[:d:Q28081313|municipality section]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28517354|Q28517354]] | ''[[:d:Q28517354|sesma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28683636|Q28683636]] | ''[[:d:Q28683636|High-rise residential Attraction District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28754498|Q28754498]] | ''[[:d:Q28754498|chōme]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5327369|chōchō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29925520|Q29925520]] | ''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29946056|Q29946056]] | ''[[:d:Q29946056|highly urbanized city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30674761|Q30674761]] | ''[[:d:Q30674761|Australian marine park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2616170|marine reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30749622|Q30749622]] | ''[[:d:Q30749622|archpriesthood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q385337|deanery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30928563|Q30928563]] | ''[[:d:Q30928563|邑]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q7884789|toponym]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30943418|Q30943418]] | ''[[:d:Q30943418|城]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31835971|Q31835971]] | ''[[:d:Q31835971|Munizipalität]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31883575|Q31883575]] | ''[[:d:Q31883575|amt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33146843|Q33146843]] | ''[[:d:Q33146843|municipality of Catalonia]]'' | [[municipalitates de Espania]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11917457|subdivisions of Catalonia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q42692874|Q42692874]] | ''[[:d:Q42692874|Verwaltungsbezirk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q47795905|Q47795905]] | ''[[:d:Q47795905|Piarist province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48760287|Q48760287]] | ''[[:d:Q48760287|Countryside Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48784221|Q48784221]] | ''[[:d:Q48784221|collación]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1626455|parroquia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48816145|Q48816145]] | ''[[:d:Q48816145|sector of Islamabad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q51041800|Q51041800]] | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52063214|Q52063214]] | ''[[:d:Q52063214|provincial park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>[[parco]]<br/>''[[:d:Q728904|nature park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52226526|Q52226526]] | ''[[:d:Q52226526|Roede van Harelbeke]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>[[canton]] | |- | [[:d:Q55237813|Q55237813]] | ''[[:d:Q55237813|village of New York]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q751708|village in the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47682|administrative territorial entity of New York]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124098638|Q124098638]] | ''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124466626|Q124466626]] | ''[[:d:Q124466626|Gokusho Urban Landscape Formation District]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q676050|old town]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124474738|Q124474738]] | ''[[:d:Q124474738|Jōtenji-dōri Urban Landscape Formation District]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124669069|Q124669069]] | ''[[:d:Q124669069|division of Madhya Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124958590|Q124958590]] | ''[[:d:Q124958590|arrondissement de Brazzaville]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125352368|Q125352368]] | ''[[:d:Q125352368|村镇]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626392|Q125626392]] | ''[[:d:Q125626392|revenue division in Tamil Nadu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626445|Q125626445]] | ''[[:d:Q125626445|revenue division in Andhra Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626476|Q125626476]] | ''[[:d:Q125626476|revenue division in Telangana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125627541|Q125627541]] | ''[[:d:Q125627541|revenue division in Kerala]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125631936|Q125631936]] | ''[[:d:Q125631936|subdivision of Bihar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125631953|Q125631953]] | ''[[:d:Q125631953|subdivision of Uttar Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907346|Q125907346]] | ''[[:d:Q125907346|division of Uttar Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907347|Q125907347]] | ''[[:d:Q125907347|division of Jharkhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907349|Q125907349]] | ''[[:d:Q125907349|division of Chhattisgarh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907350|Q125907350]] | ''[[:d:Q125907350|division of Rajasthan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907351|Q125907351]] | ''[[:d:Q125907351|division of Haryana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907352|Q125907352]] | ''[[:d:Q125907352|division of Jammu And Kashmir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907353|Q125907353]] | ''[[:d:Q125907353|division of Bihar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907354|Q125907354]] | ''[[:d:Q125907354|division of Assam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907355|Q125907355]] | ''[[:d:Q125907355|division of Odisha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907356|Q125907356]] | ''[[:d:Q125907356|division of Delhi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907357|Q125907357]] | ''[[:d:Q125907357|division of Maharashtra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907359|Q125907359]] | ''[[:d:Q125907359|division of Himachal Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907360|Q125907360]] | ''[[:d:Q125907360|division of Karnataka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907362|Q125907362]] | ''[[:d:Q125907362|division of Meghalaya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907363|Q125907363]] | ''[[:d:Q125907363|division of Arunachal Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907364|Q125907364]] | ''[[:d:Q125907364|division of Ladakh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907365|Q125907365]] | ''[[:d:Q125907365|division of Punjab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907368|Q125907368]] | ''[[:d:Q125907368|division of Uttarakhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907369|Q125907369]] | ''[[:d:Q125907369|division of Nagaland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125918906|Q125918906]] | ''[[:d:Q125918906|subdivision of Maharashtra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125919325|Q125919325]] | ''[[:d:Q125919325|subdivision of Uttarakhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125919353|Q125919353]] | ''[[:d:Q125919353|subdivision of Jharkhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125923559|Q125923559]] | ''[[:d:Q125923559|subdivsion of Gujarat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126896673|Q126896673]] | ''[[:d:Q126896673|district of South Korea (non-autonomous)]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127229284|Q127229284]] | ''[[:d:Q127229284|Ammany of Brussels]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127378230|Q127378230]] | ''[[:d:Q127378230|isolated dwelling in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109779065|human settlement in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q128477938|Q128477938]] | ''[[:d:Q128477938|haengjeongmyeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q128807925|Q128807925]] | ''[[:d:Q128807925|arban]]'' | [[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130241638|Q130241638]] | ''[[:d:Q130241638|каймаканство]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130376174|Q130376174]] | ''[[:d:Q130376174|ri (administrative)]]'' | [[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130458414|Q130458414]] | ''[[:d:Q130458414|郷]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130616842|Q130616842]] | ''[[:d:Q130616842|circoscrizione di Ravenna]]'' | ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]''<ref name="ref_dd65dee6a537ba0e05d1f1ed5316bd12d7968992a988c0fc93b55df5d013f4e0">https://www.comune.ra.it/il-comune/decentramento/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132730984|Q132730984]] | ''[[:d:Q132730984|commune of Burundi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132732881|Q132732881]] | ''[[:d:Q132732881|administrative territorial entity of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133800978|Q133800978]] | ''[[:d:Q133800978|praefectura]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134552029|Q134552029]] | ''[[:d:Q134552029|Pana (Meitei culture)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135009855|Q135009855]] | ''[[:d:Q135009855|sub-tehsil]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135111350|Q135111350]] | ''[[:d:Q135111350|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135112192|Q135112192]] | ''[[:d:Q135112192|parish annex]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135299026|Q135299026]] | ''[[:d:Q135299026|territorial unit (uban) of a Tbilisi district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_71c6998a0c78646412338731cf5df74a1762d1601988206b4d7e04c6c89b3f5f">https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2602734</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_71c6998a0c78646412338731cf5df74a1762d1601988206b4d7e04c6c89b3f5f">https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2602734</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q135415335|Q135415335]] | ''[[:d:Q135415335|Hêm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135437929|Q135437929]] | ''[[:d:Q135437929|hetmanate]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135447139|Q135447139]] | ''[[:d:Q135447139|Verbrecherstaat]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135451523|Q135451523]] | ''[[:d:Q135451523|mezraa]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135455595|Q135455595]] | ''[[:d:Q135455595|kasaba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135512166|Q135512166]] | ''[[:d:Q135512166|gospodarlık]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136098733|Q136098733]] | ''[[:d:Q136098733|paşa livası]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136431832|Q136431832]] | ''[[:d:Q136431832|Ortschaft (Niedersachsen)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136442176|Q136442176]] | ''[[:d:Q136442176|Zone police]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136442212|Q136442212]] | ''[[:d:Q136442212|Zone gendarmerie]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136534136|Q136534136]] | ''[[:d:Q136534136|поссовет в СССР]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136534923|Q136534923]] | ''[[:d:Q136534923|горсовет в СССР]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3154693|city council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136935588|Q136935588]] | ''[[:d:Q136935588|Guinean neighborhood]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211599|Q137211599]] | ''[[:d:Q137211599|aksakal]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211677|Q137211677]] | ''[[:d:Q137211677|tuman (Bukhara Emirate)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211923|Q137211923]] | ''[[:d:Q137211923|qūrğancha]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137260405|Q137260405]] | ''[[:d:Q137260405|SS-Abschnitt XXXIX]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q18332808|SS-Abschnitt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q207320|paramilitary organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q153936|militia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138388710|Q138388710]] | ''[[:d:Q138388710|consiglio di zona of Livorno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823494|Q138823494]] | ''[[:d:Q138823494|federated region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823699|Q138823699]] | ''[[:d:Q138823699|federated community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823755|Q138823755]] | ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q177634|community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140039150|Q140039150]] | ''[[:d:Q140039150|presbytery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140835258|Q140835258]] | ''[[:d:Q140835258|arrondissement municipal du Gabon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140835651|Q140835651]] | ''[[:d:Q140835651|commune gabonaise]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141164518|Q141164518]] | ''[[:d:Q141164518|fifth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141164534|Q141164534]] | ''[[:d:Q141164534|sixth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q22927291|sixth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141164550|Q141164550]] | ''[[:d:Q141164550|seventh-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1799794|administrative territorial entity of a specific level]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141715243|Q141715243]] | ''[[:d:Q141715243|indigenous region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141734473|Q141734473]] | ''[[:d:Q141734473|city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1867183|local government area of Australia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141734481|Q141734481]] | ''[[:d:Q141734481|region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1867183|local government area of Australia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q141734493|Q141734493]] | ''[[:d:Q141734493|shire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1867183|local government area of Australia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q662296|shire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q55998242|Q55998242]] | ''[[:d:Q55998242|administrative region of Quebec]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q56205755|Q56205755]] | ''[[:d:Q56205755|district of Rotuma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q56271507|Q56271507]] | ''[[:d:Q56271507|鎮]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q58446572|Q58446572]] | ''[[:d:Q58446572|electoral division of County Galway]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q58872171|Q58872171]] | ''[[:d:Q58872171|baronía]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9008644|Ancient Regime of Spain]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q61478101|administrative territorial entity of the Crown of Castile]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q60843390|Q60843390]] | ''[[:d:Q60843390|subdivision of Odisha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61089180|Q61089180]] | ''[[:d:Q61089180|municipal part of the Czech Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61763780|Q61763780]] | ''[[:d:Q61763780|administrative territorial entity of Aragon]]'' | [[Organisation territorial de Espania|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q63645004|Q63645004]] | ''[[:d:Q63645004|territorial autonomy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65251207|Q65251207]] | ''[[:d:Q65251207|Territory of the Tribe of Benjamin]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65281628|Q65281628]] | ''[[:d:Q65281628|行政区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q137773|ward of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65522058|Q65522058]] | ''[[:d:Q65522058|府藩県]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66661665|Q66661665]] | ''[[:d:Q66661665|governorate of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''<ref name="ref_80b3aaf6e6432e022cda75644619f938b777b2cf758fa0e768d75257f71be855">''[[:d:Q105518758|Law of Provinces]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66980180|Q66980180]] | ''[[:d:Q66980180|macrohood]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66980952|Q66980952]] | ''[[:d:Q66980952|microhood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q69935452|Q69935452]] | ''[[:d:Q69935452|town of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q69935538|Q69935538]] | ''[[:d:Q69935538|village of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q85882297|Q85882297]] | ''[[:d:Q85882297|Exceptional Floor Area Ratio District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86725643|Q86725643]] | ''[[:d:Q86725643|fumoto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86726256|Q86726256]] | ''[[:d:Q86726256|province cartusienne]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q90511324|Q90511324]] | ''[[:d:Q90511324|Franciscan province (O.F.M.)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q92157630|Q92157630]] | ''[[:d:Q92157630|school sector]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q93389881|Q93389881]] | ''[[:d:Q93389881|región sanitaria de Cataluña]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q96196009|Q96196009]] | ''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1063239|polity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q97344267|Q97344267]] | ''[[:d:Q97344267|Поселение]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102104752|Q102104752]] | ''[[:d:Q102104752|city of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q843752|political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102131920|Q102131920]] | ''[[:d:Q102131920|thikana]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104442652|Q104442652]] | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104530683|Q104530683]] | ''[[:d:Q104530683|Pusta]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104711456|Q104711456]] | ''[[:d:Q104711456|Трудовая коммуна (РСФСР)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105063846|Q105063846]] | ''[[:d:Q105063846|part of the municipality part]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105985227|Q105985227]] | ''[[:d:Q105985227|省]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106078286|Q106078286]] | ''[[:d:Q106078286|component city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106079704|Q106079704]] | ''[[:d:Q106079704|independent component city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106458883|Q106458883]] | ''[[:d:Q106458883|state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106458918|Q106458918]] | ''[[:d:Q106458918|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106531650|Q106531650]] | ''[[:d:Q106531650|province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106532582|Q106532582]] | ''[[:d:Q106532582|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106533981|Q106533981]] | ''[[:d:Q106533981|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106534046|Q106534046]] | ''[[:d:Q106534046|dependency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106592151|Q106592151]] | ''[[:d:Q106592151|national nature park]]'' | [[parco national]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106698210|Q106698210]] | ''[[:d:Q106698210|arrondissement of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106889447|Q106889447]] | ''[[:d:Q106889447|ardiaconate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107484850|Q107484850]] | ''[[:d:Q107484850|alcaldía mayor]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107759421|Q107759421]] | ''[[:d:Q107759421|mountain hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107918234|Q107918234]] | ''[[:d:Q107918234|městský obvod]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108000498|Q108000498]] | ''[[:d:Q108000498|part of municipality in Czechoslovakia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20724760|administrative territorial entity of Czechoslovakia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108379543|Q108379543]] | ''[[:d:Q108379543|Fauna and Flora Sanctuary]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108494671|Q108494671]] | ''[[:d:Q108494671|Greek catholic parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q163740|nonprofit organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109562558|Q109562558]] | ''[[:d:Q109562558|salesian province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109586943|Q109586943]] | ''[[:d:Q109586943|Capuchin province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109587150|Q109587150]] | ''[[:d:Q109587150|Conventual Franciscan province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109593182|Q109593182]] | ''[[:d:Q109593182|province of the Order of Preachers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_11f0eddf37fa068d6459534293196ef29db5f4ec33a8062b36139827c576f973">https://www.op.org/provincias/?lang=es#1559123084713-8a1110dd-2fca</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q109612062|Q109612062]] | ''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109612325|Q109612325]] | ''[[:d:Q109612325|vice-province]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110158634|Q110158634]] | ''[[:d:Q110158634|Сєлѥниѥ градьска тѷпа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2989457|urban-type settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110256042|Q110256042]] | ''[[:d:Q110256042|police-administered area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114839325|police administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110256333|Q110256333]] | ''[[:d:Q110256333|new city of Egypt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1074523|planned community]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110390579|Q110390579]] | ''[[:d:Q110390579|city of United Kingdom]]'' | [[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110946229|Q110946229]] | ''[[:d:Q110946229|dong]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111081341|Q111081341]] | ''[[:d:Q111081341|waterfront district (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111264878|Q111264878]] | ''[[:d:Q111264878|demarcación paisajística]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111737478|Q111737478]] | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112245920|Q112245920]] | ''[[:d:Q112245920|полицейская часть]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112945489|Q112945489]] | ''[[:d:Q112945489|circaria]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113386230|Q113386230]] | ''[[:d:Q113386230|independent subprovince]]'' | ''[[:d:Q330425|sanjak]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113388921|Q113388921]] | ''[[:d:Q113388921|privileged Ottoman province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113389351|Q113389351]] | ''[[:d:Q113389351|mutasarrifate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113389576|Q113389576]] | ''[[:d:Q113389576|nahiye seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390156|Q113390156]] | ''[[:d:Q113390156|kaza seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390205|Q113390205]] | ''[[:d:Q113390205|sanjak seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''<ref name="ref_8f744e3de8e53df3722302465cf1f48e542fd72eabe15b2c2796f7dfba6618c6">''[[:d:Q61720929|Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edition]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390253|Q113390253]] | ''[[:d:Q113390253|vilayet seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113660981|Q113660981]] | ''[[:d:Q113660981|Otok (administrative unit)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q946868|Tumen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115252541|Q115252541]] | ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115916908|Q115916908]] | ''[[:d:Q115916908|electoral area of British Columbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115943990|Q115943990]] | ''[[:d:Q115943990|Colonias of Cuautitlan Izcalli]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116007761|Q116007761]] | ''[[:d:Q116007761|land district of British Columbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18346622|cadastral division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116215373|Q116215373]] | ''[[:d:Q116215373|imperial city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116215378|Q116215378]] | ''[[:d:Q116215378|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13218276|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116691874|Q116691874]] | ''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117209621|Q117209621]] | ''[[:d:Q117209621|commune of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117350247|Q117350247]] | ''[[:d:Q117350247|Commercial District in Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5152545|commercial area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1133961|commercial district]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351014|Q117351014]] | ''[[:d:Q117351014|災害危険区域]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351402|Q117351402]] | ''[[:d:Q117351402|歴史的風土特別保存地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351444|Q117351444]] | ''[[:d:Q117351444|第一種歴史的風土保存地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118593746|Q118593746]] | ''[[:d:Q118593746|Luak Berundang]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118594136|Q118594136]] | ''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118601355|Q118601355]] | ''[[:d:Q118601355|Luak Beradat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q119146498|Q119146498]] | ''[[:d:Q119146498|Colonias of State of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q120410026|Q120410026]] | ''[[:d:Q120410026|Local Educational Management Unit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122146132|Q122146132]] | ''[[:d:Q122146132|special green space conservation districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23790|natural monument]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122911647|Q122911647]] | ''[[:d:Q122911647|territorial episcopal vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122955538|Q122955538]] | ''[[:d:Q122955538|treding]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122956696|Q122956696]] | ''[[:d:Q122956696|subdivision of Sikkim]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122987727|Q122987727]] | ''[[:d:Q122987727|subdivision of Lakshadweep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122987729|Q122987729]] | ''[[:d:Q122987729|subdivision of Manipur]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123009250|Q123009250]] | ''[[:d:Q123009250|community development block of Tamil Nadu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2775236|community development block in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123340192|Q123340192]] | ''[[:d:Q123340192|pobláu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123553915|Q123553915]] | ''[[:d:Q123553915|part of National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124022543|Q124022543]] | ''[[:d:Q124022543|Kotar]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} dx6h0j6fm3lxnztbj9qyk9ro685m6am 1942-01 0 40568 704580 704491 2026-10-16T19:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-02-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q161033|Q161033]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-25 | ''[[:d:Q161033|Demyansk Pocket]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1569578|encirclement]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q261776|Q261776]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-05 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-03-21 | ''[[:d:Q261776|Battles of Rzhev]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q305133|Q305133]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-05 | ''[[:d:Q305133|Kholm Pocket]]'' | [[Battalia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q478315|Q478315]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30 | ''[[:d:Q478315|Battle of Lyuban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q558137|Q558137]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q558137|Operation Southeast Croatia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q569454|Q569454]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q569454|Second Happy Time]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q610048|Q610048]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q610048|Battle of Balikpapan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q651977|Q651977]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q651977|1941–42 Primeira Divisão]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q703482|Q703482]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | ''[[:d:Q703482|Battle of Bataan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q907163|Q907163]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | ''[[:d:Q907163|1942 South American Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1572785|Q1572785]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1572785|Battle of Rabaul]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1759161|Q1759161]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1759161|Solomon Islands Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2034438|Q2034438]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20 | ''[[:d:Q2034438|Rzhev-Vyazma offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2165376|Q2165376]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2165376|Battle of Tarakan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2276692|Q2276692]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08 | ''[[:d:Q2276692|New Guinea campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2369529|Q2369529]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-03 | ''[[:d:Q2369529|Jewish Labour Camp]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q2392991|Q2392991]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2392991|Battle of Ambon]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2398940|Q2398940]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | ''[[:d:Q2398940|Technician Fifth Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2587905|Q2587905]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2587905|Battle of Manado]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2889419|Q2889419]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | ''[[:d:Q2889419|Battle of Muar]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4287557|Q4287557]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-03 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | ''[[:d:Q4287557|Медвежьегорская наступательная операция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4870916|Q4870916]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11 | ''[[:d:Q4870916|Battle of Dražgoše]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872395|Q4872395]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-06 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08 | ''[[:d:Q4872395|Battle of Slim River]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4873065|Q4873065]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-27 | ''[[:d:Q4873065|Battle off Endau]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5656259|Q5656259]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | ''[[:d:Q5656259|Lake Ilmen action]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q6018281|Q6018281]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b">''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''</ref><br/>1942-01-17 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-07<ref name="ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b">''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6018281|1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4146861|Hijri year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7692371|Q7692371]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | ''[[:d:Q7692371|Technician Fourth Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7692374|Q7692374]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | ''[[:d:Q7692374|Technician Third Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9367361|Q9367361]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-06 | ''[[:d:Q9367361|Ust-Usa uprising]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2920604|prison riot]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15805395|Q15805395]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q15805395|Deutsche Dreiband-Meisterschaft 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15805414|German three-cushion championship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17017712|Q17017712]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q17017712|Convoy SC 67]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18332219|Q18332219]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-30 | ''[[:d:Q18332219|Riksdagen 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q85680242|Riksdag]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21636225|Q21636225]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-12 | ''[[:d:Q21636225|Боевые действия на Керченском полуострове]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65241261|Q65241261]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3">{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019094925/http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942 |archivedate=2021-10-19 |title=Archive copy |url=http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942 |accessdate=2020-11-15}}</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-17<ref name="ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3"/> | ''[[:d:Q65241261|1942 Pacific typhoon season]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27491613|Pacific typhoon season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356407|Q76356407]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356407|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 09.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356410|Q76356410]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356410|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 11.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356414|Q76356414]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356414|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 13.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356419|Q76356419]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356419|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 15.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356422|Q76356422]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356422|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 19.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356429|Q76356429]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356429|Transport from Berlin to the Riga Ghetto on January 25, 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356432|Q76356432]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-31<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356432|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 26.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478844|Q79478844]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478844|Chicago Council of Camera Clubs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478845|Q79478845]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478845|History of the Modern Poster]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478849|Q79478849]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478849|The Artist Uses His Skill in War: Posters Designed by a Group of Bay Region Artists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478851|Q79478851]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478851|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Models: Art in Camouflage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478854|Q79478854]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478854|William Gropper]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478858|Q79478858]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478858|Oils by William Gerstle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478861|Q79478861]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478861|Exhibitions for Art Understanding]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478864|Q79478864]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478864|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Art of the Argentine Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478867|Q79478867]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478867|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Prints of Latin America, Section I]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478872|Q79478872]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478872|Photographs of Mexico by Maude Martin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478877|Q79478877]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-20<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478877|Emmy Lou Packard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478882|Q79478882]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478882|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Posters from U.S.S.R.]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478884|Q79478884]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478884|Oils by Werner Philipp]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q87406449|Q87406449]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q87406449|Jonge Sierkunstenaars]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99885166|Q99885166]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q99885166|transport from Pilsen to Ghetto Theresienstadt on January 18th 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889221|Q99889221]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | ''[[:d:Q99889221|Transport von Leipzig in das Ghetto Riga am 21.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q99889236|Q99889236]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q99889236|Transport von Pilsen nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 22.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889257|Q99889257]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q99889257|Transport von Pilsen in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889382|Q99889382]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-27 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q99889382|Transport von Gelsenkirchen in das Ghetto Riga am 27.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q100526795|Q100526795]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q100526795|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 28.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100526955|Q100526955]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100526955|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 30.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106104733|Q106104733]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-27 | ''[[:d:Q106104733|Japanische Invasion von Celebes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106450243|Q106450243]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q106450243|Deportations from Brunswick]]'' | ''[[:d:Q379693|deportation]]''<ref name="ref_a21cd404e6d137d131e449ddf463b6aca031da9062ba1f72fc70eb4f1ab790f3">http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106619215|Q106619215]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | ''[[:d:Q106619215|Japanese invasion of West Borneo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890677|Q110890677]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890677|New Acquisitions: Latin-American Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890678|Q110890678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q110890678|New Acquisitions: Photographs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890679|Q110890679]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | ''[[:d:Q110890679|Dancers in Movement: Photographs by Gjon Mili]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890681|Q110890681]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890681|Americans 1942: 18 Artists from 9 States]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890682|Q110890682]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-02 | ''[[:d:Q110890682|The Artists' New York]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113573421|Q113573421]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25 | ''[[:d:Q113573421|1942 German Balkline-45/2 Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046678|Q126046678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<br/>1942-01-17 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<br/>1942-02-16 | ''[[:d:Q126046678|Muharram 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q129076438|Q129076438]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-10 | ''[[:d:Q129076438|Republic of Foča]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4345889|partisan region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11192275|Liberated territories of Yugoslavia in World War II]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138747844|Q138747844]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-17 | ''[[:d:Q138747844|Campionat de Catalunya d'hoquei sobre patins 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} nunv5uvs0hm9i663qrdi89a9lxlcznp Internet del objectos 0 44898 704577 699255 2026-10-16T16:26:30Z Amherst99 5103 /* */ 704577 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''internet del objectos''' ('''IdO''') es un systema de apparatos computante interrelatate, machinas mechanic e digital, objectos, animales o personas que es dotate de [[identificator]]es (UID) unic e le capacitate de transferer datos super un rete sin besonia de interaction human-a-human o human-a-computator. Le definition de Internet del Objectos ha evolvite per le convergentia de plure technologias, [[analyse datos]] real-time, [[apprendimento automatic]], [[commoditate]] [[sensores]] e [[systema(s) integrate]].<ref> nomine="Linux Objectos"</ref> Campos traditional de [[systema(s) integrate]], [[rete(s) de sensores sin filo]], [[systema(s) de controlo]], [[automation]] (anque le [[domotica]] e le [[automation de edificio]]) e alteros, tote collabora al activation de Internet de Objectos ==Historia== Le concepto de un rete de apparatos intelligente ha essite discutite desde 1982, con un [[distributor automatic]] de Coke modificate al [[Universitate Carnegie Mellon]], que deveniva le prime apparato connexe a internet,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~coke/history_long.txt|title=The "Only" Coke Machine on the Internet|website=[[Carnegie Mellon University]]|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> capace a signalar su inventario e si le bibitas justo cargate era o non frigide.<ref>{{cite journal|date=7 July 2014|title=Internet of Things Done Wrong Stifles Innovation|url=http://www.informationweek.com/strategic-cio/executive-insights-and-innovation/internet-of-things-done-wrong-stifles-innovation/a/d-id/1279157|journal=[[InformationWeek]]|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref>Documento del 1991 de [[Mark Weiser]] sur le [[apparatos computante ubique]], "The Computer of the 21st Century", e sedes academic tal como UbiComp e PerCom ha producite le vision contemporanee del IdO.<ref name="IoT journal2">{{cite journal|last1=Mattern|first1=Friedemann|last2=Floerkemeier|first2=Christian|date=2010|title=From the Internet of Computer to the Internet of Things|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/Internet-of-things.pdf|journal=Informatik-Spektrum|volume=33|issue=2|pages=107–121|doi=10.1007/s00287-010-0417-7|accessdate=3 February 2014|bibcode=2009InfSp..32..496H}}</ref><ref name="UbiquitiousComputing">{{cite journal|last=Weiser|first=Mark|date=1991|title=The Computer for the 21st Century|url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Scientific American|volume=265|issue=3|pages=94–104|bibcode=1991SciAm.265c..94W|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0991-94|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220327/http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf|archivedate=11 March 2015|accessdate=5 November 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220327/http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf |date=11 March 2015 }}</ref> In 1994, Reza Raji ha describite le concepto in ''[[IEEE Spectrum]]'' como "[displaciamento] de micre pacchettos de datos a un grande collection de nodos, in maniera de integrar e automatisar toto, ab le articulos de menage al integre fabricas".<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/6.284793|title = Smart networks for control|url = https://archive.org/details/ieee-spectrum_1994-06_31_6/page/45|journal = IEEE Spectrum|volume = 31|issue = 6|pages = 49–55|year = 1994|last1 = Raji|first1 = R.S.}}</ref> Inter 1993<!-- lanceamento de Microsoft at Work --> e 1997<!-- abandono de Novell NEST -->, plure companias ha proponite solutiones como [[at Work]] per [[Microsoft]] o [[Novell Embedded Systems Technology|NEST]] per [[Novell]]. ==Applicationes== [[File:Nest Apprender Thermostat (retaliate).JPG|thumb|Un [[Nest Labs|Nest]] apprender thermostat reporto de active energia uso e conditiones meteorologic local|link=Special:FilePath/Nest_Apprender_Thermostat_(retaliate).JPG]] [[File:Anello video doorbell.jpg|thumb|Un [[Anello (compania)|Anello]] doorbell connexe a internet|link=Special:FilePath/Anello_video_doorbell.jpg]] [[File:augusto 2nd-gen intelligente lock.jpg|thumb|Un [[augusto Casa]] intelligente blocar connexe a internet|link=Special:FilePath/Augusto_2nd-gen_intelligente_lock.jpg]] Le extensive configura de applicationes pro IoT apparatos es frequentemente dividite en spatios pro consummator, commercial, industrial e de infrastructura. ===Applicationes pro consummatores=== Un parte crescente del apparatos IdO es create pro usos del consummatores, assi como pro le connexivitate del vehiculos, le [[domotica]], le [[technologia vestibile]], connexivitate del salute e apparatos de telesurveliantia. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/|title=How IoT's are Changing the Fundamentals of "Retailing"|date=30 August 2016|work=Trak.in – Indian Business of Tech, Mobile & Startups|accessdate=2 June 2017|archivedate=26 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226212121/https://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/}}</ref> ====Casa intelligente==== Le apparatos IdO es un parte del plus grande concepto de automation de casa, que pote includer illumination, calefaction e climatisation, medios e systemas de securitate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Won Min |last2=Moon |first2=Seo Yeon |last3=Park |first3=Jong Hyuk |date=5 March 2017 |title=An enhanced security framework for home appliances in smart home |journal=Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences |volume=7 |issue=6 |doi=10.1186/s13673-017-0087-4 }}</ref><ref name="businessinsider.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/internet-of-things-smart-home-automation-2016-8|title=How IoT & smart home automation will change the way we live|work=Business Insider|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Beneficios a longe-tempore poterea includer le sparnio de energia per assecurar que automaticamente luce e electronica es extinguite. Un casa intelligente o automatisate poterea esser basate sur un platteforma o cardines que controla objectos e apparatos intelligente.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Internet of Things|url=https://archive.org/details/internetofthings0000gree|last=Greengard|first=Samuel|publisher=MIT Press|year=2015|isbn=9780262527736|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internetofthings0000gree/page/90 90]}}</ref> Per exemplo, que usa [[HomeKit]] de[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] manufacturers can have their home products and accessories controlled by an application in [[iOS]] devices such as the [[iPhone]] and the [[Apple Watch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/homekit/|title=HomeKit – Apple Developer|last=Inc.|first=Apple|website=developer.apple.com|language=en|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-homekit-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=Here's everything you need to know about Apple HomeKit|last=Wollerton|first=Megan|date=3 June 2018|work=CNET|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en}}</ref> This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as [[Siri]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://9to5mac.com/2018/08/31/cheap-homekit-bulbs-switches-camera/|title=HomeKit devices getting more affordable as Lenovo announces Smart Home Essentials line|last=Lovejoy|first=Ben|date=31 August 2018|work=9to5Mac|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi bridge.<ref name=":3" /> There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to connect different smart home products and these include the [[Amazon Echo]], [[Google Home]], Apple's [[HomePod]], and Samsung's [[SmartThings|SmartThings Hub]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-smart-home-hubs,review-3200.html|title=Best Smart Home Hubs of 2018|last=Prospero|first=Mike|date=12 September 2018|work=Tom's Guide|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en}}</ref> In addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chinchilla |first1=Chris |title=What Smart Home IoT Platform Should You Use? |url=https://hackernoon.com/what-smart-home-iot-platform-should-you-use-2554ea213df1 |accessdate=13 May 2019 |work=Hacker Noon |date=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jason |title=6 open source home automation tools |url=https://opensource.com/tools/home-automation |accessdate=13 May 2019 |work=opensource.com |date=14 December 2017}}</ref> ====Assistentia al seniores==== Un application clave de un casa intelligente es fornir [[Domotica pro seniores e invalidos|assistentia pro personas con invaliditate o ancian]].These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|last1=Demiris|first1=G|last2=Hensel|first2=K|date=2008|title=Technologies for an Aging Society: A Systematic Review of 'Smart Home' Applications|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cd2c/6718a9e3309532f9f1493208a8215cbba9b2.pdf|journal=IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2008|pages=33–40|accessdate=27 October 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028094055/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cd2c/6718a9e3309532f9f1493208a8215cbba9b2.pdf |date=28 October 2017 }}</ref> [[Voice Control|Voice control]] can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly to [[cochlear implant]]s worn by hearing-impaired users.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aburukba|first1=Raafat|last2=Al-Ali|first2=A. R.|last3=Kandil|first3=Nourhan|last4=AbuDamis|first4=Diala|date=10 May 2016|title=Configurable ZigBee-based control system for people with multiple disabilities in smart homes|pages=1–5|doi=10.1109/ICCSII.2016.7462435|isbn=978-1-4673-8743-9}}</ref> They can also be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mulvenna|first1=Maurice|last2=Hutton|first2=Anton|last3=Martin|first3=Suzanne|last4=Todd|first4=Stephen|last5=Bond|first5=Raymond|last6=Moorhead|first6=Anne|date=14 December 2017|title=Views of Caregivers on the Ethics of Assistive Technology Used for Home Surveillance of People Living with Dementia|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12152-017-9305-z.pdf|journal=Neuroethics|volume=10|issue=2|pages=255–266|doi=10.1007/s12152-017-9305-z|pmid=28725288|pmc=5486509}}</ref> Smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.<ref name="auto1"/> The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019, it is estimated that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.<ref name="Business Insider" /> ===Applicationes commercial=== ====Medic e cura del sanitate==== Le '''Internet de Objectos Medic''' ('''IdOM'''), (alsi appellate le '''internet del objectos del salute'''), es un application del IdO pro propositos correlate medic e de salute, le collection de datos e analyse pro recerca e surveliantia. [[Category:Internet of things| ]] [[Category:Ambient intelligence]] [[Category:Emerging technologies]] [[Category:Technology assessment]] [[Category:Computing and society]] [[Category:Digital technology]] [[Category:21st-century inventions]] dgc7mldvn922ceazy96lpbkhnweqy7l 704578 704577 2026-10-16T16:26:56Z Amherst99 5103 /* */ 704578 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''internet del objectos''' ('''IdO''') es un systema de apparatos computante interrelatate, machinas mechanic e digital, objectos, animales o personas que es dotate de [[identificator]]es (UID) unic e le capacitate de transferer datos super un rete sin besonia de interaction human-a-human o human-a-computator. Le definition de internet del objectos ha evolvite per le convergentia de plure technologias, [[analyse datos]] real-time, [[apprendimento automatic]], [[commoditate]] [[sensores]] e [[systema(s) integrate]].<ref> nomine="Linux Objectos"</ref> Campos traditional de [[systema(s) integrate]], [[rete(s) de sensores sin filo]], [[systema(s) de controlo]], [[automation]] (anque le [[domotica]] e le [[automation de edificio]]) e alteros, tote collabora al activation de Internet de Objectos ==Historia== Le concepto de un rete de apparatos intelligente ha essite discutite desde 1982, con un [[distributor automatic]] de Coke modificate al [[Universitate Carnegie Mellon]], que deveniva le prime apparato connexe a internet,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~coke/history_long.txt|title=The "Only" Coke Machine on the Internet|website=[[Carnegie Mellon University]]|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> capace a signalar su inventario e si le bibitas justo cargate era o non frigide.<ref>{{cite journal|date=7 July 2014|title=Internet of Things Done Wrong Stifles Innovation|url=http://www.informationweek.com/strategic-cio/executive-insights-and-innovation/internet-of-things-done-wrong-stifles-innovation/a/d-id/1279157|journal=[[InformationWeek]]|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref>Documento del 1991 de [[Mark Weiser]] sur le [[apparatos computante ubique]], "The Computer of the 21st Century", e sedes academic tal como UbiComp e PerCom ha producite le vision contemporanee del IdO.<ref name="IoT journal2">{{cite journal|last1=Mattern|first1=Friedemann|last2=Floerkemeier|first2=Christian|date=2010|title=From the Internet of Computer to the Internet of Things|url=http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/Internet-of-things.pdf|journal=Informatik-Spektrum|volume=33|issue=2|pages=107–121|doi=10.1007/s00287-010-0417-7|accessdate=3 February 2014|bibcode=2009InfSp..32..496H}}</ref><ref name="UbiquitiousComputing">{{cite journal|last=Weiser|first=Mark|date=1991|title=The Computer for the 21st Century|url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Scientific American|volume=265|issue=3|pages=94–104|bibcode=1991SciAm.265c..94W|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0991-94|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220327/http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf|archivedate=11 March 2015|accessdate=5 November 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220327/http://web.media.mit.edu/~anjchang/ti01/weiser-sciam91-ubicomp.pdf |date=11 March 2015 }}</ref> In 1994, Reza Raji ha describite le concepto in ''[[IEEE Spectrum]]'' como "[displaciamento] de micre pacchettos de datos a un grande collection de nodos, in maniera de integrar e automatisar toto, ab le articulos de menage al integre fabricas".<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/6.284793|title = Smart networks for control|url = https://archive.org/details/ieee-spectrum_1994-06_31_6/page/45|journal = IEEE Spectrum|volume = 31|issue = 6|pages = 49–55|year = 1994|last1 = Raji|first1 = R.S.}}</ref> Inter 1993<!-- lanceamento de Microsoft at Work --> e 1997<!-- abandono de Novell NEST -->, plure companias ha proponite solutiones como [[at Work]] per [[Microsoft]] o [[Novell Embedded Systems Technology|NEST]] per [[Novell]]. ==Applicationes== [[File:Nest Apprender Thermostat (retaliate).JPG|thumb|Un [[Nest Labs|Nest]] apprender thermostat reporto de active energia uso e conditiones meteorologic local|link=Special:FilePath/Nest_Apprender_Thermostat_(retaliate).JPG]] [[File:Anello video doorbell.jpg|thumb|Un [[Anello (compania)|Anello]] doorbell connexe a internet|link=Special:FilePath/Anello_video_doorbell.jpg]] [[File:augusto 2nd-gen intelligente lock.jpg|thumb|Un [[augusto Casa]] intelligente blocar connexe a internet|link=Special:FilePath/Augusto_2nd-gen_intelligente_lock.jpg]] Le extensive configura de applicationes pro IoT apparatos es frequentemente dividite en spatios pro consummator, commercial, industrial e de infrastructura. ===Applicationes pro consummatores=== Un parte crescente del apparatos IdO es create pro usos del consummatores, assi como pro le connexivitate del vehiculos, le [[domotica]], le [[technologia vestibile]], connexivitate del salute e apparatos de telesurveliantia. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/|title=How IoT's are Changing the Fundamentals of "Retailing"|date=30 August 2016|work=Trak.in – Indian Business of Tech, Mobile & Startups|accessdate=2 June 2017|archivedate=26 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226212121/https://trak.in/tags/business/2016/08/30/internet-of-things-iot-changing-fundamentals-of-retailing/}}</ref> ====Casa intelligente==== Le apparatos IdO es un parte del plus grande concepto de automation de casa, que pote includer illumination, calefaction e climatisation, medios e systemas de securitate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Won Min |last2=Moon |first2=Seo Yeon |last3=Park |first3=Jong Hyuk |date=5 March 2017 |title=An enhanced security framework for home appliances in smart home |journal=Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences |volume=7 |issue=6 |doi=10.1186/s13673-017-0087-4 }}</ref><ref name="businessinsider.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/internet-of-things-smart-home-automation-2016-8|title=How IoT & smart home automation will change the way we live|work=Business Insider|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Beneficios a longe-tempore poterea includer le sparnio de energia per assecurar que automaticamente luce e electronica es extinguite. Un casa intelligente o automatisate poterea esser basate sur un platteforma o cardines que controla objectos e apparatos intelligente.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Internet of Things|url=https://archive.org/details/internetofthings0000gree|last=Greengard|first=Samuel|publisher=MIT Press|year=2015|isbn=9780262527736|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internetofthings0000gree/page/90 90]}}</ref> Per exemplo, que usa [[HomeKit]] de[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] manufacturers can have their home products and accessories controlled by an application in [[iOS]] devices such as the [[iPhone]] and the [[Apple Watch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/homekit/|title=HomeKit – Apple Developer|last=Inc.|first=Apple|website=developer.apple.com|language=en|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-homekit-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=Here's everything you need to know about Apple HomeKit|last=Wollerton|first=Megan|date=3 June 2018|work=CNET|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en}}</ref> This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as [[Siri]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://9to5mac.com/2018/08/31/cheap-homekit-bulbs-switches-camera/|title=HomeKit devices getting more affordable as Lenovo announces Smart Home Essentials line|last=Lovejoy|first=Ben|date=31 August 2018|work=9to5Mac|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi bridge.<ref name=":3" /> There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to connect different smart home products and these include the [[Amazon Echo]], [[Google Home]], Apple's [[HomePod]], and Samsung's [[SmartThings|SmartThings Hub]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-smart-home-hubs,review-3200.html|title=Best Smart Home Hubs of 2018|last=Prospero|first=Mike|date=12 September 2018|work=Tom's Guide|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en}}</ref> In addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chinchilla |first1=Chris |title=What Smart Home IoT Platform Should You Use? |url=https://hackernoon.com/what-smart-home-iot-platform-should-you-use-2554ea213df1 |accessdate=13 May 2019 |work=Hacker Noon |date=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jason |title=6 open source home automation tools |url=https://opensource.com/tools/home-automation |accessdate=13 May 2019 |work=opensource.com |date=14 December 2017}}</ref> ====Assistentia al seniores==== Un application clave de un casa intelligente es fornir [[Domotica pro seniores e invalidos|assistentia pro personas con invaliditate o ancian]].These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|last1=Demiris|first1=G|last2=Hensel|first2=K|date=2008|title=Technologies for an Aging Society: A Systematic Review of 'Smart Home' Applications|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cd2c/6718a9e3309532f9f1493208a8215cbba9b2.pdf|journal=IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2008|pages=33–40|accessdate=27 October 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028094055/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cd2c/6718a9e3309532f9f1493208a8215cbba9b2.pdf |date=28 October 2017 }}</ref> [[Voice Control|Voice control]] can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly to [[cochlear implant]]s worn by hearing-impaired users.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aburukba|first1=Raafat|last2=Al-Ali|first2=A. R.|last3=Kandil|first3=Nourhan|last4=AbuDamis|first4=Diala|date=10 May 2016|title=Configurable ZigBee-based control system for people with multiple disabilities in smart homes|pages=1–5|doi=10.1109/ICCSII.2016.7462435|isbn=978-1-4673-8743-9}}</ref> They can also be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mulvenna|first1=Maurice|last2=Hutton|first2=Anton|last3=Martin|first3=Suzanne|last4=Todd|first4=Stephen|last5=Bond|first5=Raymond|last6=Moorhead|first6=Anne|date=14 December 2017|title=Views of Caregivers on the Ethics of Assistive Technology Used for Home Surveillance of People Living with Dementia|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12152-017-9305-z.pdf|journal=Neuroethics|volume=10|issue=2|pages=255–266|doi=10.1007/s12152-017-9305-z|pmid=28725288|pmc=5486509}}</ref> Smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.<ref name="auto1"/> The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019, it is estimated that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.<ref name="Business Insider" /> ===Applicationes commercial=== ====Medic e cura del sanitate==== Le '''Internet de Objectos Medic''' ('''IdOM'''), (alsi appellate le '''internet del objectos del salute'''), es un application del IdO pro propositos correlate medic e de salute, le collection de datos e analyse pro recerca e surveliantia. [[Category:Internet of things| ]] [[Category:Ambient intelligence]] [[Category:Emerging technologies]] [[Category:Technology assessment]] [[Category:Computing and society]] [[Category:Digital technology]] [[Category:21st-century inventions]] niakwmj9usd26q987tfdo5t15fvt4bl Patrono:Historia de Europa per pais 10 45738 704632 704511 2026-10-17T09:08:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 704632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historia de Europa per pais | state = collapsed | title =[[Historia de Europa]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = Europa nord | list1 = [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda|Irlanda]] • [[Historia del Regno Unite|Regno Unite]] • [[Historia de Islanda|Islanda]] • [[Historia de Norvegia|Norvegia]] • [[Historia de Svedia|Svedia]] • [[Historia de Danmark|Danmark]] • [[Historia de Finlandia|Finlandia]] • [[Historia de Estonia|Estonia]] • [[Historia de Lettonia|Lettonia]] • [[Historia de Lituania|Lituania]] | group2 = Europa nord-west | list2 = [[Historia del Pais Basse|Pais Basse]] • [[Historia de Belgica|Belgica]] • [[Historia de Luxemburg|Luxemburg]] • [[Historia de Germania|Germania]] • [[Historia de Switza|Switza]] • [[Historia de Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] • [[Historia de Austria|Austria]] • [[Historia de Francia|Francia]] • [[Historia de Monaco|Monaco]] | group3 = Europa nord-est | list3 = [[Historia de Polonia|Polonia]] • [[Historia del Republic Chec|Republica Chec]] • [[Historia de Slovachia|Slovachia]] • [[Historia de Hungaria|Hungaria]] • [[Historia de Russia|Russia]] • [[Historia de Bielorussia|Bielorussia]] • [[Historia de Ukraina|Ukraina]] • [[Historia de Moldova|Moldova]] • [[Historia de Romania|Romania]] • [[Historia de Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] | group4 = Europa sud-west | list4 = [[Historia de Portugal|Portugal]] • [[Historia de Espania|Espania]] • [[Historia de Andorra|Andorra]] • [[Historia de Italia|Italia]] • [[Historia de San Marino|San Marino]] • [[Historia del Vaticano|Vaticano]] • [[Historia de Malta|Malta]] | group5 = Europa sud-est | list5 = [[Historia de Slovenia|Slovenia]] • [[Historia de Croatia|Croatia]] • [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina|Bosnia e Herzegovina]] • [[Historia de Serbia|Serbia]] • [[Historia de Kosovo|Kosovo]] • [[Historia de Montenegro|Montenegro]] • [[Historia de Albania|Albania]] • [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord|Macedonia del Nord]] • [[Historia de Grecia|Grecia]] • [[Historia de Turchia|Turchia]] • [[Historia de Cypro‎|Cypro‎]] }} <noinclude>[[Categoria:Patronos de historia]]</noinclude> j0kk0gkw4snhjuh9hy47prcme5hchxc Categoria:Historia de Hungaria 14 55225 704634 659413 2026-10-17T09:11:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 704634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Hungaria]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] 8494uvxkq92mlilnztlevb1h9xq3y2b Usator:Ansony89 2 55969 704648 665124 2026-10-17T09:47:37Z Ansony89 49663 704648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#Babel:en-3|ja-2|fr-1|ia-0}} Come see me on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ansony89 English Wikipedia]. ryfl4s5f2da0xc4va0dkbnrr3u8hq9q Usator:Tim Ocean 2 59505 704573 700638 2026-10-16T15:29:15Z Tim Ocean 30221 act. 704573 wikitext text/x-wiki Salute a omnes. Io es un nove redactor de iste Wikipedia. Io me appella Piotr. Io es un interlinguista polonese. Mi nivello de interlingua es proxime a C1. Plus exactemente io habe plus que 9000 parolas/flashcards active de interlingua in mi Anki. Io ha essite un redactor del Wikipedia Polonese pro un longe tempore. Io es le autor de multiple articulos. Io es tamben un autor de alcun articulos/fragmentos al Wikipedia Anglese. Mi nomine al Reddit es PLrc. Io ha revidite/corrigite errores in le sequente articulos (inter alteres). Le grasses es de longitude medie o grande: * [[Dune]], * [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], * [[Historia de interlingua|'''Historia de interlingua''']], * [[Historia de ido|'''Historia de ido''']], * [[Romance (litteratura)]], * [[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof|'''Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof''']], * [[Vicente Costalago|'''Vicente Costalago''']], * [[Volapük|'''Volapik''']], * [[Historia de esperanto]], * [[Litteratura in Interlingue|'''Litteratura in interlingue''']], * [[Polonia]], * '''[[Francia]],''' * [[Lingua catalan]], * '''[[Historia de volapük]]''' (io non ha ancora revidite stilo in tote le articulo), * [[Hugo Fischer]], * [[Pro Biblia]]. Io es le autor o ha contribute significantemente al sequente articulos: * [[Brian E. Drake]], * [[Andreas Juste]], * [[International concurso pianista Frédéric Chopin|International concurso pianista Frederic Chopin]], * [[Methodo de interlingua|'''Methodo de interlingua''']], * '''[[Grammatica de interlingua]],''' * '''[[Stanley Mulaik]],''' * [[Stanisław Lem]], * [[Solaris]], * [[Auli]], * [[Bridge]]. Le prime duo es traducite ab ido. Io non parla ido (nec esperanto) ma il pare que ido es plus simile a interlingua que esperanto e il es relativemente facile comprender un texto idista. De plus io ha create iste peciettas: * [[Ezra Clark Stillman]], * [[Barbara Rubinstein]], * [[Partition]], * [[Harleigh Kyson]], * [[Vesir]], * [[Lingua extremaduran]], * [[Pat]], * [[Mirosław Wiechowski]], * [[Interlingua. Le Lingua International. Un Grammatica Descriptive]], * [[Levata]], * [[Jocos de levatas]], * [[Cassubia]]. 0v8lmb04ut99p0xk2nas65bak98im9x BlackRock 0 60880 704582 696154 2026-10-16T20:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''BlackRock, Inc.''' es un [[Multinational corporation|corporation multinational]] american de [[investment company|investimento]]. Fundate in 1988, initialmente como un [[Institutional investor|gestor de activos institutional]] de [[enterprise risk management|gestion de riscos de interprisa]] e [[fixed income|renta fixe]], BlackRock es le plus grande gestor de activos del mundo,<ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/2012383/000119312526071966/blk-20251231.htm | title=BlackRock, Inc. 2025 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> con 12,5 billiones de dollars in [[assets under management|activos sub gestion]] a partir de 2025.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Anirban |last2=Bhandari |first2=Ateev |date=2025-07-15 |title=BlackRock shares slump even as assets hit record $12.5 trillion on market rally |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/blackrocks-second-quarter-profit-rises-market-momentum-2025-07-15/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> [[Headquartered|Con sede central]] in le [[New York City|Citate de New York]], BlackRock ha 70 officios in 30 paises e clientes in 100 paises.<ref name="BR_blackrock.com">{{Cite web |title=About Us |publisher=BlackRock|url=https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/about-us/global-impact |access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref> BlackRock es le gestor del gruppo [[iShares]] de [[exchange-traded fund|fundos de investis de excambio]] (ETF), e insimul con [[Fidelity Investments|Fidelity]], [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]], e [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], illo es considerate un del "Big Four" gestores de [[index fund|fundos de indice]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bebchuk |first1=Lucian |author-link=Lucian Bebchuk |last2=Hirst |first2=Scott |date=December 2019 |title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy |url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/ |journal=[[Columbia Law Review]] |volume=119 |issue=8 |pages=2029–2146 |ssrn=3282794 |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129143321/https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=McLaughlin |first1=David |last2=Massa |first2=Annie |date=9 January 2020 |title=The Hidden Dangers of the Great Index Fund Takeover |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-09/the-hidden-dangers-of-the-great-index-fund-takeover |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Bloomberg Businessweek |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607183943/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-09/the-hidden-dangers-of-the-great-index-fund-takeover |url-status=live }}</ref> Su software [[Aladdin (BlackRock)|Aladdin]] se occupa del surveliantia de portofolios de investimento pro multe major institutiones financiari e su division BlackRock Solutions forni servicios de [[risk management|gestion de riscos]] financiari. In 2025, BlackRock esseva classificate in le position 210 in le lista [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] del plus grande corporationes del Statos Unite per receptas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BlackRock |url=https://fortune.com/company/blackrock/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> BlackRock ha cercate positionar se como un lider del industria in considerationes [[environmental, social, and governance|environmental, social e de governantia]] (ESG) in investimentos.<ref name="g939">{{cite web | last=Binnie | first=Isla | title=BlackRock's Fink says he's stopped using 'weaponised' term ESG | website=Reuters | date=26 June 2023 | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/blackrocks-fink-says-hes-stopped-using-weaponised-term-esg-2023-06-26/ | access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> Le statos de [[West Virginia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=West Virginia Treasury Drops BlackRock Over Stance on Climate Risk |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/2bstlkf8328cq1951648w/corner-office/west-virginia-treasury-drops-blackrock-over-stance-on-climate-risk |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en}}</ref> [[Florida]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downey |first=Renzo |date=2022-12-01 |title=Florida divests $2B from BlackRock as movement against woke investing matures |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/573678-florida-divests-2b-from-blackrock-as-movement-against-woke-investing-matures/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=[[Florida Politics]] |language=en-US}}</ref> e [[Louisiana]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muller |first=Wesley |date=2022-10-06 |title=Treasurer pulls Louisiana investments out of BlackRock • Louisiana Illuminator |url=https://lailluminator.com/2022/10/05/treasurer-pulls-louisiana-investments-out-of-blackrock/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Louisiana Illuminator |language=en-US}}</ref> ha de-investite moneta de, o refusa facer negotios con, le firma a causa de su politicas ESG. BlackRock ha essite criticate pro investir in companias implicate in [[fossil fuels|combustibiles fossile]], le [[arms industry|industria de armamento]], le [[People's Liberation Army|Armea de Liberation Popular]], e [[Human rights in China|violationes de derectos human in China]]. ==Controversias== ===Influentia e poter=== Debite a su poter e al dimension e amplicitude massive de su activos e activitates financiari, BlackRock ha essite appellate le plus grande [[Shadow banking system|banca umbra]] del mundo per ''[[The Economist]]'' e ''[[Basler Zeitung]]''.<ref name=bazonline-br>{{Cite news |title=Die grösste Schattenbank der Welt |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |url=http://bazonline.ch/wirtschaft/unternehmen-und-konjunktur/Die-groesste-Schattenbank-der-Welt/story/27331110 |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210163309/https://www.bazonline.ch/wirtschaft/unternehmen-und-konjunktur/die-groesste-schattenbank-der-welt/story/27331110 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="econ-br">{{Cite news |title=Shadow and substance |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21601621-banks-retreat-wake-financial-crisis-shadow-banks-are-taking-growing |date=10 May 2014 |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192843/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21601621-banks-retreat-wake-financial-crisis-shadow-banks-are-taking-growing |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, le Representantes del S.U. [[Katie Porter]] e [[Chuy García]] proponeva un projecto de lege in le Camera de Representantes del S.U. con le objectivo de restringer BlackRock e altere bancas umbra.<ref name=vampire/> Le 4 de martio 2021, le Senatrice del S.U. [[Elizabeth Warren]] suggereva que BlackRock deberea esser designate como "[[too big to fail|troppo grande pro faliar]]" e regulate in consequentia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cox |first=Jeff |title=Yellen supports banks' share buybacks. Sen. Warren wants BlackRock designated too big to fail |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/24/yellen-supports-buybacks-warren-wants-blackrock-deemed-too-big-to-fail.html |website=[[CNBC]] |date=24 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501054456/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/24/yellen-supports-buybacks-warren-wants-blackrock-deemed-too-big-to-fail.html |url-status=live }}</ref> BlackRock investi le fundos de su clientes (per exemplo, le proprietarios de unitates de [[exchange-traded fund|fundos indexate commerciate]] [[iShares]]) in numerose companias cotisate publicamente, alcunes de quales competi inter se.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fichtner |first1=Jan |last2=Heemskerk |first2=Eelke M. |last3=Garcia-Bernardo |first3=Javier |date=2017 |title=Hidden power of the Big Three? Passive index funds, re-concentration of corporate ownership, and new financial risk |journal=Business and Politics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=298–326 |doi=10.1017/bap.2017.6 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2016 |title=Who owns big business: the rise of passive investors (@uvaCORPNET) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYpCxXuF3M8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OYpCxXuF3M8 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2018 |title=BlackRock – The company that owns the world? (Investigate Europe) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4foal20UTA | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/A4foal20UTA |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Debite al dimension del fundos de BlackRock, le compania es inter le principal actionistas de multe interprisas. BlackRock declara que iste actiones es ultimemente proprietate del clientes del compania, e non de BlackRock mesme—un vision compartite per plure academicos independente—ma recognosce que illo pote exercer votos de actionistas in nomine de iste clientes, in multe casos sin le intervention del cliente.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-business-investment-idUSL2N2WI1K4 |title=Fact Check-Video claiming BlackRock and Vanguard 'own all the biggest corporations in the world' is missing context |work=[[Reuters]] |date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606152755/https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-business-investment-idUSL2N2WI1K4 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In le annos 2020, le compania prendeva mesuras pro permitter que le investitores institutional participe in le votation de actionistas in quasi le medietate del activos de indices de actiones de BlackRock.<ref name=":9">{{cite news |last1=Jessop |first1=Simon |title=BlackRock extends AGM vote choice to more equity index clients |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/blackrock-extends-agm-vote-choice-more-equity-index-clients-2022-06-13/ |access-date=March 14, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=June 12, 2022}}</ref> BlackRock ha essite le subjecto de [[conspiracy theories|theorias de conspiration]], includente un in le qual BlackRock es le proprietario tanto de [[Fox News]] como de [[Dominion Voting Systems]]. Ben que il es ver que BlackRock possee 15% de [[Fox Corporation]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=BlackRock Increases Position in Fox Corporation (FOXA) |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/blackrock-increases-position-in-fox-corporation-foxa |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230425034816/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/blackrock-increases-position-in-fox-corporation-foxa |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Nasdaq}}</ref> [[Snopes]] describeva le affirmation complete como "false" e [[PolitiFact]] lo describeva como "principalmente false" debite al absentia de participation de BlackRock in Dominion Voting Systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/does-blackrock-own-fox-news-dominion-voting/ |title=Does BlackRock Own Both Fox News and Dominion Voting Systems? |date=27 April 2023 |publisher=[[Snopes]] |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427113426/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/does-blackrock-own-fox-news-dominion-voting/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2023/apr/26/facebook-posts/blackrock-fox-and-tucker-carlson-untangling-a-web/ |title=Facebook posts |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427000329/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2023/apr/26/facebook-posts/blackrock-fox-and-tucker-carlson-untangling-a-web/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alcun theorias de conspiration super BlackRock ha incorporate [[antisemitic conspiracy theories|antisemitismo]], tal como le theoria de conspiration que le personas judee, includente le fundador de BlackRock Robert Kapito, es parte de un [[cabal]] responsabile pro le [[COVID-19]] e un "[[COVID-19 misinformation|agenda COVID]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-712270 |title='COVID agenda is Jewish': Antisemitic flyer found at Melbourne synagogue |date=16 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427113425/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-712270 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Proprietate commun === "Proprietate commun" occurre quando competitores intra un mercato es possedite communmente. In altere parolas, iste competitores pote haber le mesme actionistas potente si lor actiones es commerciate publicamente. Le proprietate commun ha le potential de causar damno proque illo reduce le competition del mercato, lo que pote esser mal pro le consumtores e le economia. Le proprietate commun pote tamben ducer a salarios plus alte pro le CEOs, mesmo si le competition inter le firmas es reducite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When sky-high executive pay is a case of common ownership |url=https://www.iese.edu/insight/articles/sky-high-executive-pay-common-ownership/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=IESE Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> In responsa a un articulo de recerca amplemente citate que monstrava que le proprietate commun augmenta le precios,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the presence of common shareholders in rival companies looms as a threat |url=https://www.iese.edu/insight/articles/common-shareholders-rival-companies-threat/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=IESE Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> BlackRock publicava un [[white paper|libro blanc]] appellante le mechanismo "vage e inverisimile". Al mesme tempore, le reporto annue de 2023 de BlackRock al [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] identificava le proprietate commun como un risco de negocio potential, notante que "in 2023, le [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]] e le [[United States Department of Justice|DOJ]] publicava nove directivas de fusion recognoscente que le proprietate commun pote reducer le incentivos competitive" e que "le solutiones de politica poterea, a su vice, affectar adversemente BlackRock." Le compania revelava que le proprietate commun "pote reciper major consideration in investigationes regulatori, studios, propostas de regulas, decisiones de politica e/o le scrutinio de fusiones e acquisitiones."<ref>{{cite report |author=BlackRock, Inc. |date=2024-02-28 |title=Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1364742/000095017024019271/blk-20231231.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref> ===Investimento in governantia ambiental, social e corporative=== {{main|Environmental, social and corporate governance}} In 2017, BlackRock expandeva su de projectos de [[environmental, social and corporate governance|governantia ambiental, social e corporative]] (ESG) con nove personal e productos.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2018 |title=BlackRock stakes claim on 'sustainable investing' revolution |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f66b2a9e-d53d-11e8-a854-33d6f82e62f8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131328/https://www.ft.com/content/f66b2a9e-d53d-11e8-a854-33d6f82e62f8 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |quote=BlackRock intends to become a global leader in “sustainable investing”, says Larry Fink, as the world's largest asset manager launched |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chasan |first=Emily |date=10 October 2017 |title=BlackRock Names Former Obama Aide to Run Sustainable Investing |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-10/blackrock-names-former-obama-aide-to-run-sustainable-investing |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506020948/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-10/blackrock-names-former-obama-aide-to-run-sustainable-investing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jarsh |first1=Melissa |last2=Chasan |first2=Emily |date=13 June 2018 |title=BlackRock, Wells Fargo Are Betting on Ethical Investing Funds for 401(k)s |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-13/blackrock-wells-fargo-are-said-to-push-esg-funds-for-401-k-s |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227212546/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-13/blackrock-wells-fargo-are-said-to-push-esg-funds-for-401-k-s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Camilla Giannoni |date=19 October 2018 |title=BlackRock hires new Switzerland CEO |url=https://citywire.ch/news/blackrock-hires-new-switzerland-ceo/a1167087 |quote=deepen our commitment to clients in Switzerland and broaden our sustainable investing footprint in Europe |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129230207/https://citywire.ch/news/blackrock-hires-new-switzerland-ceo/a1167087 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Independent Capital's Staub-Bisang to run BlackRock Switzerland | first=Angelika | last=Gruber | work=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/blackrock-swiss/moves-independent-capitals-staub-bisang-to-run-blackrock-switzerland-idUSL8N1WZ49G | date=19 October 2018 | access-date=3 November 2018 | archive-date=31 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031182352/https://www.reuters.com/article/blackrock-swiss/moves-independent-capitals-staub-bisang-to-run-blackrock-switzerland-idUSL8N1WZ49G | url-status=live }}</ref> BlackRock comenciava a attraher attention super questiones ambiental e de diversitate per medio de litteras official a CEOs e votos de actionistas conjunctemente con [[activist investor|investitores activista]] o retes de investitores tal como le [[Carbon Disclosure Project]], que in 2017 supportava un resolution de actionistas pro que [[ExxonMobil]] agerea super le [[climate change|cambio climatic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tarek Soliman |title=The new normal: Exxon shareholders vote in favour of climate action |url=https://www.cdp.net/en/articles/investor/the-new-normal-exxon-shareholders-vote-in-favour-of-climate-action |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129230157/https://www.cdp.net/en/articles/investor/the-new-normal-exxon-shareholders-vote-in-favour-of-climate-action |url-status=live |accessdate=12 March 2026 |archivedate=29 January 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129230157/https://www.cdp.net/en/articles/investor/the-new-normal-exxon-shareholders-vote-in-favour-of-climate-action }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gary McWilliams |date=31 May 2017 |title=Exxon shareholders approve climate impact report in win for activists |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exxonmobil-climate-idUSKBN18R0DC |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507064600/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exxonmobil-climate-idUSKBN18R0DC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Winston |title=Does Wall Street Finally Care About Sustainability? |url=https://hbr.org/2018/01/does-wall-street-finally-care-about-sustainability |journal=[[Harvard Business Review]] |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501054456/https://hbr.org/2018/01/does-wall-street-finally-care-about-sustainability |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, illo demandava al companias del [[Russell 1000]] de meliorar le [[gender diversity|diversitate de genere]] in lor consilio de administration si illos habeva minus de duo feminas in illos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chasan |first=Emily |date=3 November 2018 |title=BlackRock Is Sick of Excuses for Corporate Boards Lacking Women |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-03/blackrock-is-sick-of-excuses-for-corporate-boards-lacking-women |website=Bloomberg |access-date=3 November 2018 }}</ref> In augusto 2021, un ancian executivo de BlackRock qui habeva servite como le prime director global de investimentos pro investimento sustenibile del compania, diceva que ille pensava que le investimento ESG del firma esseva un "placebo periculose que damna le interesse public." Le ancian executivo diceva que le institutiones financiari es motivate a participar in investimentos ESG proque le productos ESG ha commissiones plus alte, lo que a su vice augmenta le beneficios del compania.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amaro |first1=Silvia |title=Blackrock's former sustainable investing chief now thinks ESG is a 'dangerous placebo' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/blackrocks-former-sustainable-investing-chief-says-esg-is-a-dangerous-placebo.html |access-date=26 October 2021 |work=CNBC |date=24 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603155515/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/blackrocks-former-sustainable-investing-chief-says-esg-is-a-dangerous-placebo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In octobre 2021, le consilio editorial de ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' scribeva que BlackRock pulsava le [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] a adoptar regulas que require que le companias private revela publicamente lor impacto climatic, le diversitate de lor consilios de administration, e altere metricas. Le consilio editorial opinava que "le mandatos ESG, que tamben comporta riscos substantial de litigation e reputation, causara que multe companias evita le mercatos public. Isto nocerea al boursas de valores e al gestores de activos, ma super toto al investitores minorista."<ref>{{cite news |title=Opinion: BlackRock's Wish Is Your Command |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/follow-larry-finks-orders-or-else-blackrock-nasdaq-adena-friedman-esg-sec-11633112228 |author=The Editorial Board |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 October 2021 |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202193935/https://www.wsj.com/articles/follow-larry-finks-orders-or-else-blackrock-nasdaq-adena-friedman-esg-sec-11633112228 |url-status=live }}</ref> In januario 2022, le fundador e CEO de BlackRock Larry Fink defendeva le foco del compania in le investimento ESG, rejectante "le accusationes que le gestor de activos usava su peso e influentia pro supportar un agenda [[politically correct|politicmente correcte]] o [[progressivism|progressive]]."<ref name="cnbc">{{cite news |last1=Meredith |first1=Sam |title=BlackRock CEO Larry Fink says stakeholder capitalism is not 'woke' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/18/blackrock-ceo-larry-fink-says-stakeholder-capitalism-is-not-woke.html |work=CNBC |date=18 January 2022 |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511121237/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/18/blackrock-ceo-larry-fink-says-stakeholder-capitalism-is-not-woke.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fink diceva que le practica de ESG "non es [[woke]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=BlackRock CEO Says Stakeholder Capitalism Isn't 'Woke' |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-18/blackrock-ceo-says-nothing-woke-about-stakeholder-capitalism |last1=Brush |first1=Silla |last2=Ward |first2=Russell |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=17 January 2022 |url-access=limited |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118132510/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-18/blackrock-ceo-says-nothing-woke-about-stakeholder-capitalism |url-status=live }}</ref> Le emphase de BlackRock in ESG ha attrahite criticas como "ceder a interessos anti-negocio" o esser "mermente marketing".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/business/dealbook/fink-blackrock-woke.html |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |author-link1=Andrew Ross Sorkin |last2=Karaian |first2=Jason |last3=Kessler |first3=Sarah |last4=Gandel |first4=Stephen |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Livni |first7=Ephrat |title=Larry Fink Defends Stakeholder Capitalism |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 January 2022 |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155955/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/business/dealbook/fink-blackrock-woke.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In un conferentia al [[Aspen Ideas Festival]] in junio 2023, le CEO de BlackRock Larry Fink diceva que ille ha cessate de usar le termino "ESG" proque le termino ha essite "usate como arma". Secundo un reporter de ''[[Axios (website)|Axios]]'', Fink diceva, "Io ha vergonia de esser parte de iste conversation." Plus tarde, secundo ''Axios'', Fink diceva, "Io nunquam diceva que io habeva vergonia. Io non ha vergonia. Io crede in le capitalismo conscientiose."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/06/26/larry-fink-ashamed-esg-weaponized-desantis |last1=Frank |first1=John |title=Larry Fink "ashamed" to be part of ESG political debate |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626183241/https://www.axios.com/2023/06/26/larry-fink-ashamed-esg-weaponized-desantis |url-status=live }}</ref> In julio 2023, BlackRock annunciava que illo permitterea al investitores minorista un [[proxy vote|voto per procura]] in su major ETF a partir de 2024. Le movimento esseva initiate in le contexto de affirmationes de republicanos del S.U. que BlackRock tenta systematicamente de pulsar un 'agenda woke' a transverso de su activitates pro-ESG. Sub le plano, le investitores in le iShares Core S&P 500 ETF de BlackRock essera invitate a facer optiones inter septe differente politicas general que varia de votar generalmente con le direction de BlackRock, a factores ambiental, social e de governantia o priorisar valores catholic. Le investitores non potera votar super companias specific.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Masters |first=Brooke |date=17 July 2023 |title=BlackRock offers a vote to retail investors in its biggest ETF |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3f0f26bf-cb33-4fd4-a1dd-4104cd294b17 |access-date=17 July 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717152547/https://www.ft.com/content/3f0f26bf-cb33-4fd4-a1dd-4104cd294b17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Le [[Editorial Board at The Wall Street Journal|Consilio Editorial de ''The Wall Street Journal'']] argueva que isto equivaleva a un "false option de voto" post que quasi tote le politicas de voto pre-selectionate es elaborate per le consultores de procura aliniate con ESG [[Glass Lewis]] e [[Institutional Shareholder Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/blackrocks-false-voting-choice-proxy-esg-ballots-iss-glass-lewis-66652357 |title=BlackRock's False Voting 'Choice' |date=24 July 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725054150/https://www.wsj.com/articles/blackrocks-false-voting-choice-proxy-esg-ballots-iss-glass-lewis-66652357 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Investimentos in contributores al cambio climatic=== [[File:XR_and_GreenFaith_activists_protest_BlackRock,_May_31_2022.jpg|thumb|Activistas ambiental, includente le organisation interreligiose global [[GreenFaith]] e [[Extinction Rebellion]], protesta le reunion de actionistas de BlackRock le 31 de maio 2022. ]] A partir de decembre 2018, BlackRock esseva le plus grande investitor del mundo in [[coal-fired power station|centrales electric a carbon]], possedente actiones con un valor de $11 milliardos in 56 companias del industria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Research Reveals the Banks and Investors Financing the Expansion of the Global Coal Plant Fleet |url=https://urgewald.org/medien/new-research-reveals-banks-and-investors-financing-expansion-global-coal-plant-fleet |work=[[Urgewald]] |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423193825/https://www.urgewald.org/medien/new-research-reveals-banks-and-investors-financing-expansion-global-coal-plant-fleet |url-status=live |accessdate=12 March 2026 |archivedate=23 April 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423193825/https://www.urgewald.org/medien/new-research-reveals-banks-and-investors-financing-expansion-global-coal-plant-fleet }}</ref> BlackRock possedeva plus de reservas de petroleo, gas e carbon thermal que omne altere compania de gestion de investimentos con reservas total que amontava a 9,5 gigatonnas de emissiones de {{CO2}} o 30% del emissiones total ligate al energia de 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New report confirms BlackRock's big fossil fuel problem |url=https://foe.org/news/new-report-confirms-blackrocks-big-fossil-fuel-problem/ |work=[[Friends of the Earth]] |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409054038/https://foe.org/news/new-report-confirms-blackrocks-big-fossil-fuel-problem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gruppos ambiental includente le [[Sierra Club]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Campaign Is Calling Out BlackRock's Big Climate Problem |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/compass/2018/10/new-campaign-calling-out-blackrock-s-big-climate-problem |website=[[Sierra Club]] |date=5 October 2018 |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501160704/https://www.sierraclub.org/compass/2018/10/new-campaign-calling-out-blackrock-s-big-climate-problem |url-status=live }}</ref> assi como [[Amazon Watch]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=BlackRock Targeted as Largest Driver of Climate Destruction in New Campaign |url=https://amazonwatch.org/news/2018/0926-blackrock-targeted-as-largest-driver-of-climate-destruction-in-new-campaign |website=[[Amazon Watch]] |date=27 September 2018 |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409054038/https://amazonwatch.org/news/2018/0926-blackrock-targeted-as-largest-driver-of-climate-destruction-in-new-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref> lanceava un campania in septembre 2018 appellate "BlackRock's Big Problem" (Le Grande Problema de BlackRock),<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=BlackRock's Big Problem- Making the climate crisis worse |url=https://www.blackrocksbigproblem.com/ |website=BlackRock's Big Problem |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605065933/https://blackrocksbigproblem.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> affirmante que BlackRock es le "plus grande motor de destruction climatic sur le planeta", in parte debite a su opposition al [[fossil fuel divestment|disinvestimento in combustibiles fossile]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2019, activistas climatic realisava theatro de strata e se glutinava al porta del officios del compania in London.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hammond |first1=Holly |last2=McIntyre |first2=Iain |date=9 March 2022 |title="You can't eat money": An interview with Extinction Rebellion activist Jo Flanagan |url=https://commonslibrary.org/you-cant-eat-money/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120324/https://commonslibrary.org/you-cant-eat-money/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 10 de januario 2020, un gruppo de activistas climatic entrava precipitosemente in le officios de BlackRock Francia in Paris, pingente muros e solos con advertimentos e accusationes super le responsabilitate del compania in le [[effects of global warming|effectos del calefaction global]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BlackRock's Paris Office Barricaded by Climate Activists |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/blackrock-s-paris-office-barricaded-by-climate-activists |first=Gaspard |last=Sebag |date=10 February 2020 |url-access=limited |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126223052/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-10/blackrock-s-paris-office-barricaded-by-climate-activists |url-status=live }}</ref> In maio 2019, BlackRock esseva criticate pro le impacto ambiental de su inversiones post que illo esseva un actionista majoritari in cata [[supermajors|supermajor]] de petroleo excepte [[Total S.A.]] e in 7 del 10 plus grande productores de carbon.<ref>{{Cite news |title=World's biggest investor accused of dragging feet on climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/may/21/blackrock-investor-climate-crisis-blackrock-assets |date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205191100/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/may/21/blackrock-investor-climate-crisis-blackrock-assets |url-status=live }}</ref> Le 14 de januario 2020, le compania cambiava su politica de investimento; le CEO de BlackRock [[Larry Fink]] diceva que le [[sustenibilitate]] ambiental esserea un objectivo clave pro le decisiones de investimento.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Sorkin |first=Andrew Ross |author-link=Andrew Ross Sorkin |title=BlackRock C.E.O. Larry Fink: Climate Crisis Will Reshape Finance |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/14/business/dealbook/larry-fink-blackrock-climate-change.html |date=14 January 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525020110/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/14/business/dealbook/larry-fink-blackrock-climate-change.html |url-status=live }}</ref> BlackRock annunciava que illo venderea activos ligate al carbon per un valor de 500 milliones de dollars, e creava fundos que non investirea in companias que profita de [[combustibiles fossile]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web | title=BlackRock to sell $500 million in coal investments in climate change push | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blackrock-puts-climate-change-first-in-its-its-investment-strategy/ | first=STEPHEN | last=GANDEL | website=[[CBS News]] | date=14 January 2020 | access-date=16 January 2020 | archive-date=6 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506131141/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blackrock-puts-climate-change-first-in-its-its-investment-strategy/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Nonobstante, le appoio de BlackRock a resolutiones de actionistas que solicitava le divulgation de [[risco climatic]] cadeva de 25% in 2019 a 14% in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Jackie |title=How Big Fund Families Voted on Climate Change: 2020 Edition |url=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/1002749/how-big-fund-families-voted-on-climate-change-2020-edition |work=[[Morningstar, Inc.]] |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409150858/https://www.morningstar.com/articles/1002749/how-big-fund-families-voted-on-climate-change-2020-edition |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409150858/https://www.morningstar.com/articles/1002749/how-big-fund-families-voted-on-climate-change-2020-edition |archivedate=9 April 2022 |accessdate=12 March 2026 }}</ref> BlackRock ha anque essite criticate concernente le inaction super le [[cambiamento climatic]] e le [[disforestation]] in le [[foresta amazonic]].<ref>{{Cite news | first=Stephen | last=Gandel | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-fires-blackrock-investment-firm-financial-role-cbsn-originals-documentary/ | title=Investment giant BlackRock faces critics on climate change, Amazon deforestation | work=[[CBS News]] | date=2 March 2020 | access-date=30 December 2020 | archive-date=31 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231075301/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-fires-blackrock-investment-firm-financial-role-cbsn-originals-documentary/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | first=Patrick | last=Greenfield | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/12/top-three-asset-managers-fossil-fuel-investments | title=World's Top Three Asset Managers Oversee $300bn Fossil Fuel Investments | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=12 October 2019 | access-date=30 December 2020 | archive-date=31 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231075420/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/12/top-three-asset-managers-fossil-fuel-investments | url-status=live }}</ref> Secundo ''[[The New Republic]]'', BlackRock "se ha positionate como le 'bono' in [[Wall Street]], e su executivos como un equipa de gestores de moneta de character placide qui comprende le riscos del crise climatic e le importantia del diversitate. Sed ille compromissos, secundo le criticos, se extende solmente usque a certe puncto in le operationes quotidian del firma."<ref name="vampire">{{cite magazine |last=Aronoff |first=Kate |title=Is BlackRock the New Vampire Squid? |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/158263/blackrock-climate-change-fossil-fuel-investments |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527114526/https://newrepublic.com/article/158263/blackrock-climate-change-fossil-fuel-investments |url-status=live }}</ref> Secundo [[IESE Business School|IESE]], BlackRock ha de facto influentiate companias polluente a reducer lor emissiones de carbon. Le studio monstrava que le companias que se reuniva con le CEO de BlackRock, Larry Fink, habeva emissiones de CO<sub>2</sub> plus basse le anno sequente.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The sweeping change of net zero emissions |url=https://www.iese.edu/insight/articles/change-zero-emissions/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=IESE Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> Un altere studio monstrava que BlackRock ha etiquettate incorrectemente alcun fundos de investimento, habente solmente 9% de 82 fundos etiquettate como sustenibile que non investiva in companias de combustibiles fossile.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naef |first=Alain |title=Fossil-Washing? The Fossil Fuel Investment of ESG Funds |date=2024-01-01 |work=Responsible Firms: CSR, ESG, and Global Sustainability |volume=23 |pages=137–146 |editor-last=Jay Choi |editor-first=J. |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/s1569-376720240000023007/full/html |access-date=2025-01-27 |series=International Finance Review |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |doi=10.1108/s1569-376720240000023007 |isbn=978-1-83753-963-5 |editor2-last=Kim |editor2-first=Jimi|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Investimentos in fabricantes de armas de foco === In maio 2018, manifestantes contra armas de foco realisava un demonstration extra le [[reunion general annue]] del compania in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news | first1=Chelsia Rose | last1=Marcius | first2=Rich | last2=Schapiro | title=Anti-gun protesters rally outside BlackRock shareholder meeting to condemn its Sturm Ruger investments | url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/anti-gun-protesters-rally-blackrock-shareholder-meeting-article-1.4005409 | work=[[New York Daily News]] | date=23 May 2018 | access-date=3 November 2019 | archive-date=1 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501163758/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/anti-gun-protesters-rally-blackrock-shareholder-meeting-article-1.4005409 | url-status=live }}</ref> Post discussiones con fabricantes e distributores de armas de foco, le 5 de april 2018, BlackRock introduceva duo nove [[fundo de investimente indexate]] (ETFs) que exclude actiones de fabricantes de armas e de grande venditores de armas como [[Walmart]], [[Dick's Sporting Goods]], [[Kroger]], [[Sturm Ruger]], [[American Outdoor Brands]], e [[Vista Outdoor]], e eliminava le actiones de septe fundos ESG existente.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moyer |first=Liz |title=BlackRock to offer new funds that exclude stocks of gun makers and retailers including Walmart |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/blackrock-to-offer-new-funds-that-exclude-stocks-of-gun-makers-and-retailers-including-walmart.html |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210025800/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/blackrock-to-offer-new-funds-that-exclude-stocks-of-gun-makers-and-retailers-including-walmart.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Kate |title=BlackRock unveils line of gun-free investment products |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blackrock-unveils-line-of-gun-free-investment-products/ |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129230155/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blackrock-unveils-line-of-gun-free-investment-products/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Siegel |first=Rachel |title=BlackRock unveils gun-free investment options |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/04/06/blackrock-unveils-gun-free-investment-options/ |date=6 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403124747/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/04/06/blackrock-unveils-gun-free-investment-options/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Studio de BlackRock sur le integration de ESG in le regulas bancari === Le [[Ombudsman Europee]] aperiva un investigation in maio 2020 pro inspicer le dossier del commission sur le decision del [[Commission Europee]] de attribuer un contracto a BlackRock pro realisar un studio sur le integration de riscos e objectivos ambiental, social e de governantia (ESG) in le regulas bancari del UE ('le marco prudential'). Membros del [[Parlamento Europee]] questionava le impartialitate de BlackRock viste su investimentos in le sector.<ref>{{Cite web | title=European Ombudsman | url=https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/fr/case/en/57060 | work=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] | date=23 November 2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=30 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130153636/https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/fr/case/en/57060 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commission's decision to award a contract to BlackRock to oversee the development of ESG factors in the EU banking sector and corporate investment policies |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-9-2020-002369_EN.html |work=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501165035/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-9-2020-002369_EN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Statos del SUA que refusa facer commercio con BlackRock a causa de politicas ESG === [[Riley Moore]], le [[tresorero de stato]] de West Virginia, diceva in junio 2022 que BlackRock e cinque altere institutiones financiari non serea plus permittite facer commercio con le stato de West Virginia a causa del advocation del compania contra le industria de combustibiles fossile.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Virginia threatens to bar big banks, BlackRock over perceived fossil fuel boycotts |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/west-virginia-threatens-bar-big-banks-blackrock-over-perceived-fossil-fuel-2022-06-14/ |last=Schroeder |first=Pete |work=[[Reuters]] |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617180616/https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/west-virginia-threatens-bar-big-banks-blackrock-over-perceived-fossil-fuel-2022-06-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In octobre 2022, Louisiana retirava 794 milliones de dollars de fundos de BlackRock a causa del impulsion del compania verso ESG e energia verde.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/louisiana-remove-794-mln-blackrock-funds-over-esg-drive-2022-10-05/ | title=Louisiana to remove $794 mln from BlackRock funds over ESG drive | first1=Niket | last1=Nishant | first2=Mehr | last2=Bedi | work=[[Reuters]] | date=5 October 2022 | access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-date=30 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330210530/https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/louisiana-remove-794-mln-blackrock-funds-over-esg-drive-2022-10-05/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In decembre 2022, [[Jimmy Patronis]], le director financiari de Florida, annunciava que le [[governamento de Florida]] disinvestirea 2 milliardos de dollars de investimentos sub le gestion de BlackRock a causa del movimento del firma pro rinforsar le standardes e politicas ESG.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Florida pulls $2B worth of investments from BlackRock over ESG investment after DeSantis resolution |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/3759466-florida-pulls-2b-worth-of-investments-from-blackrock-over-esg-investment-after-desantis-resolution/ |last=Folmar |first=Chloe |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204213311/https://thehill.com/homenews/3759466-florida-pulls-2b-worth-of-investments-from-blackrock-over-esg-investment-after-desantis-resolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Florida to pull $2bn from BlackRock in spreading ESG backlash |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/38f87ec9-41c6-441d-a6c2-314ff0435166 |date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204213713/https://www.ft.com/content/38f87ec9-41c6-441d-a6c2-314ff0435166 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=4 December 2022 }}</ref> BlackRock respondeva postea al annuncio con un declaration affirmante que le disinvestimento placerea le politica super le interesse del investitores.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/florida-pulls-2-bln-blackrock-largest-anti-esg-divestment-2022-12-01/ | title=Florida pulls $2 bln from BlackRock in largest anti-ESG divestment | work=[[Reuters]] | last=Kerber | first=Ross | date=1 December 2022 | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=4 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204213316/https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/florida-pulls-2-bln-blackrock-largest-anti-esg-divestment-2022-12-01/ | url-status=live }}</ref> === Critica de investimentos in China === In augusto 2021, BlackRock establiva su prime fundo mutue in China post colliger plus de un milliardo de dollars de 111.000 investitores chinese. BlackRock deveniva le prime compania de proprietate estranier permittite per le governamento chinese a operar un interprisa de proprietate exclusive in le industria de fundos mutue de China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandler |first1=Clay |last2=Gordon |first2=Nicholas |title=BlackRock is 'blundering' in China—all the way to the bank |url=https://fortune.com/2021/09/09/blackrock-china-mutual-fund-investment-soros-mistake/ |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Fortune |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109100019/https://fortune.com/2021/09/09/blackrock-china-mutual-fund-investment-soros-mistake/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhok |first1=Diksha |title=Chinese investors pour $1 billion into BlackRock's new fund |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/08/investing/blackrock-china-fund-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=CNN |date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213205242/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/08/investing/blackrock-china-fund-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BlackRock's China unit raises $1 bln in maiden mutual fund |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/blackrocks-china-unit-raises-1-bln-maiden-mutual-fund-2021-09-08/ |work=Reuters |date=8 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120071106/https://www.reuters.com/business/blackrocks-china-unit-raises-1-bln-maiden-mutual-fund-2021-09-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Scribente in le ''The Wall Street Journal'', [[George Soros]] describeva le initiativa de BlackRock in China como un "error tragic" que "damnificarea le interesses de securitate national del SUA e de altere democratias."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meredith |first1=Sam |title=BlackRock responds to George Soros' criticism over China investments |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/08/blackrock-responds-to-george-soros-criticism-over-china-investments.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=CNBC |date=8 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411205223/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/08/blackrock-responds-to-george-soros-criticism-over-china-investments.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Soros |first=George |title=Opinion: BlackRock's China Blunder |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/blackrock-larry-fink-china-hkex-sse-authoritarianism-xi-jinping-term-limits-human-rights-ant-didi-global-national-security-11630938728 |date=6 September 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609074502/https://www.wsj.com/articles/blackrock-larry-fink-china-hkex-sse-authoritarianism-xi-jinping-term-limits-human-rights-ant-didi-global-national-security-11630938728 |url-status=live }}</ref> In octobre 2021, le gruppo conservative sin scopo lucrative [[Consumers' Research]] lanceava un campania publicitari criticante le relation de BlackRock con le governamento chinese in responda al activismo de BlackRock sur le cambio climatic,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rapoza|first=Kenneth|date=27 October 2021|title=BlackRock's China Relationship Target In Nationwide Ad Campaign|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2021/10/27/blackrocks-china-relationship-target-in-nationwide-ad-campaign/|access-date=27 October 2021|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505202251/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2021/10/27/blackrocks-china-relationship-target-in-nationwide-ad-campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref> como parte del campania de Consumers' Research contra le percipite "[[woke]]ness" in le corporationes american.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2021 |title=New Campaign Against 'Woke Companies' Slams Them for Not Being Woke Enough |url=https://reason.com/2021/05/19/new-campaign-against-woke-companies-slams-them-for-not-being-woke-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723000321/https://reason.com/2021/05/19/new-campaign-against-woke-companies-slams-them-for-not-being-woke-enough/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=[[Reason.com]]}}</ref> In decembre 2021, on reportava que BlackRock esseva un investitor in duo companias que habeva essite ponite in le lista nigre per le governamento del SUA, accusante China de [[Persecution de uighures in China|abusos de derectos human]] contra le [[uighures]] in Xinjiang. In un caso ([[Hikvision]]), BlackRock augmentava su nivello de investimento post que le compania esseva listate in le lista nigre.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fa-mag.com/news/nonprofit-warns-governors-about-blackrock-retirement-funds--chinese-investments-65225.html |title=Nonprofit Warns Governors About BlackRock Retirement Funds' Chinese Investments |website=fa-mag.com |date=3 December 2021 |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501054459/https://www.fa-mag.com/news/nonprofit-warns-governors-about-blackrock-retirement-funds--chinese-investments-65225.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In augusto 2023, le [[United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party|Comitite Selecte del Camera de Representantes del SUA sur le Partito Communista Chinese]] initiava un investigation sur le investimentos del firma in companias chinese accusate de violar le derectos human e de adjutar le [[Armea de Liberation Popular]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Suter |first=Tara |date=1 August 2023 |title=House China committee launches probe into investment firm BlackRock |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4131522-house-china-committee-probe-blackrock/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802042823/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4131522-house-china-committee-probe-blackrock/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=O’Keeffe |first1=Kate |last2=Driebusch |first2=Corrie |date=1 August 2023 |title=BlackRock, MSCI Face Congressional Probes for Facilitating China Investments |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/blackrock-msci-face-congressional-probes-for-facilitating-china-investments-2147ce2c |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 August 2023 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801230329/https://www.wsj.com/articles/blackrock-msci-face-congressional-probes-for-facilitating-china-investments-2147ce2c |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Jimmy |date=3 August 2023 |title=House Committee: BlackRock Has Funneled over $429 Million to Blacklisted Chinese Firms |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/08/house-committee-blackrock-has-funneled-over-429-million-to-blacklisted-chinese-firms/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[National Review]] |language=en-US |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905035246/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/08/house-committee-blackrock-has-funneled-over-429-million-to-blacklisted-chinese-firms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In april 2024, un reporto del comitite diceva que le inclusion in indices e le investimentos de fundos habeva dirigite al minus 1,9 milliardos de dollars a entitates "listate in le lista nigre" per le autoritates del SUA. Le comitite notava que le activitate esseva legal sub le regulas tunc currente e instava a cambios de politica. BlackRock diceva que su productos conforma al lege del SUA e al mandatos del clientes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Pritam |last2=Yasmin |first2=Mehnaz |date=April 18, 2024 |title=US firms channeled funds to blacklisted Chinese companies, says House panel |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/wall-street-steered-billions-blacklisted-chinese-companies-probe-wsj-reports-2024-04-18/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In februario 2025, un gruppo de 17 procuratores general de statos del SUA criticava BlackRock pro facer divulgationes improprie o inadequate sur investimentos in China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2025 |title=Top US asset managers face scrutiny from Republican state AGs over China funds |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/top-us-asset-managers-face-scrutiny-republican-state-ags-over-china-funds-2025-02-06/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> === Ligamines con le Reserva Federal === BlackRock esseva examinate pro allegatemente profitar de su ligamines stricte con le [[Reserva Federal]] durante le effortios de responda al pandemia de COVID-19.<ref>Leslie P. Norton. [https://www.barrons.com/articles/blackrock-is-biggest-beneficiary-of-fed-purchases-of-corporate-bond-etfs-51591034726 BlackRock Is Biggest Beneficiary of Fed Purchases of Corporate Bond ETFs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116100638/https://www.barrons.com/articles/blackrock-is-biggest-beneficiary-of-fed-purchases-of-corporate-bond-etfs-51591034726 |date=16 January 2021 }}, ''Barron's'', 1 June 2020</ref><ref>Richard Henderson and Robin Wigglesworth. [https://www.ft.com/content/08b897a5-aadb-40d7-922c-431154ed968a Fed's big boost for BlackRock raises eyebrows on Wall Street] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224153727/https://www.ft.com/content/08b897a5-aadb-40d7-922c-431154ed968a |date=24 December 2020 }}, ''Financial Times'', 27 March 2020</ref><ref>Richard Henderson and Robin Wigglesworth. [https://www.ft.com/content/6a587ebf-064d-48a2-9817-9bc6ccc80591 BlackRock's growing clout carries risks for asset manager: Group faces increased scrutiny as central banks ask it to help run stimulus packages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104114155/https://www.ft.com/content/6a587ebf-064d-48a2-9817-9bc6ccc80591 |date=4 January 2021 }}, ''Financial Times'', 30 April 2020</ref> In junio 2020, ''[[The New Republic]]'' scribeva que BlackRock "habeva un multo bon pandemia" e se presentava "como socialmente responsabile durante que illo contribueva al catastrophe climatic, evitante le scrutinio regulatori, e cercante influentiar un [potential] [[Presidientia de Joe Biden|administration de Biden]]."<ref name=vampire/> Le ''[[Financial Times]]'' describeva BlackRock como habente assecurate un rolo de consultoria prominente in le [[Expansion quantitative|programma de emption de activos]] post-COVID del Fed, lo que suscitava preoccupationes sur si BlackRock usarea su influentia pro incoragiar le Fed a emer productos de BlackRock; durante le programma de expansion quantitative de 2020 del Fed, le ETF de obligationes corporative de BlackRock recipeva 4,3 milliardos de dollars in nove investimentos, comparate al respective 33 milliones e 15 milliones recipite per le competitores de BlackRock, [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard Group]] e [[State Street Corporation|State Street]].<ref name="FT ETF">{{Cite news |date=20 May 2020 |title=BlackRock trounces ETF rivals after Fed appointment |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7091a2a5-7eef-4c78-8331-9fd986925f8a |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218222910/https://www.ft.com/content/7091a2a5-7eef-4c78-8331-9fd986925f8a |url-status=live }}</ref> BlackRock se obligava a renunciar al beneficios del programma del Fed ultra su fies de consultoria de mercatos financiari. Illo prometteva que le revenutos additional ganiate sur su ETFs de obligationes como resultato del programma de emption serea retornate al Reserva Federal.<ref name="FT ETF" /> Le 26 de maio 2020, le contracto esseva publicate. ''The New York Times'' scribeva sur le contracto que BlackRock "ganiarea non plus de 7,75 milliones de dollars per anno pro le principal borsa de obligationes que illo gestionara. Illo etiam habera prohibite ganiar fies sur le vendita de fundos de investimente indexate basate sur obligationes, un segmento del mercato que illo domina."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/business/coronavirus-blackrock-federal-reserve.html New York Times 3/27/2020]</ref> In januario 2026, le [[Secretario del Tresoro del SUA]] [[Scott Bessent]] confirmava que le [[Director de Investimentos|CIO]] de Renta Fixe Global de BlackRock, Rick Rieder, es un del quatro candidatos in le lista de selection considerate per le [[Donald Trump|Presidente Trump]] pro succeder al [[Presidente del Reserva Federal|Presidente del Reserva Federal]] [[Jerome Powell]] quando su mandato termina, in maio 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Jeff |date=2026-01-20 |title=Bessent says Trump's pick for the next Fed chair could happen next week |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/20/bessent-says-trumps-pick-for-the-next-fed-chair-could-happen-next-week.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:BlackRock| ]] [[Categoria:Fundationes de 1988 in New York City]] [[Categoria:Offertas public initial de 1999]] [[Categoria:Companias con sede in Manhattan]] [[Categoria:Companias listate in le Borsa de Valores de New York]] [[Categoria:Companias de investimento con sede in New York City]] [[Categoria:Companias de servicios financiari fundate in 1988]] [[Categoria:Companias de gestion de investimento del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Companias multinational con sede in New York City]] [[Categoria:Companias publicamente commerciate con sede in New York City]] [[Categoria:Fundos de investimento cotate in borsa]] [[Categoria:Companias de gestion de activos]] 987prqyuqubzdct56nzoub1mxei9mi6 Jack Massey Welsh 0 60980 704596 696410 2026-10-16T23:20:59Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704596 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jacksucksatlife (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jack Massey Welsh in 2023]] '''Jack Massey Welsh''' (nascite le 24 de junio 1996), cognite online como '''JackSucksAtLife''', es un [[YouTube|YouTuber]] [[Regno Unite|britannic]] cognite pro su hobby de colliger YouTube Play Buttons. Le 9 de octobre 2020, ille etiam obteneva le Guinness World Record pro le maxime numero de canales con plus de 100 000 subscriptores.<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2020/10/jacksucksatlife-creator-jack-massey-welsh-sets-record-with-his-youtube-channels-634011</ref> A partir de abril 2026, ille es ora in su tardive vinti annos. Le major parte de su vistas proveni del [[Statos Unite]], le [[Regno Unite]], le [[Philippinas]], [[India]], [[Canada]], [[Nigeria]] e [[Australia]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sPvupI9tPg</ref> == Carriera in Internet == === Vita initial sur YouTube === In 2008, Jack lanceva su prime canal appellate SamSmellsOfApricots. Pois in 2013, ille comenciava su principal canal, JackSucksAtLife.{{Require referentia|data=2026-04-10}} Jack esseva un vice totalmente dedicate a [[Minecraft]], producente videos exclusivamente super le joco durante annos. In parallel, ille creava Q&A e altere contento general. Hodie, Jack produce tote le genere de videos sur su canal JackSucksAtStuff. Le contento de su canal principal include ora reactiones, analyses de su canales, e actualisationes super su recerca de premios de YouTube. Ille attingeva 1 million subscriptores le 23 de octobre 2019. === Play Button de diamante de KSI === In 2020, Jack explota un fallimento de YouTube pro obtener le Play Button de diamante de KSI, lo que le permitteva obtener un Play Button de diamante sin haber attingite 10 milliones de subscriptores in alcun de su canales.<ref>https://gamerant.com/youtube-diamond-play-button-creator-award-exploit/</ref> === Don’t Subscribe === In 2020, MrBeast desafiava Jack a vider si ille poteva attinger 1 million subscriptores in un canal appellate "Don't Subscribe" sin incargar alcun videos. Si Jack habeva successo, MrBeast promitteva darle 100 000 dollars US. Jack certemente lo realisava e completava le desafio.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421070650/https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-millionaire-mrbeast-once-lost-100000-after-losing-in-his-own-game-to-a-guinness-world-record-holder/ |archivedate=2026-04-21 |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-millionaire-mrbeast-once-lost-100000-after-losing-in-his-own-game-to-a-guinness-world-record-holder/ |accessdate=2026-04-10}}</ref> === Guinness World Records de Jack === Le 9 de octobre 2020, Jack reciveva le Guinness World Record pro le major numero de canales de [[YouTube]] con plus de 100 000 subscriptores possedite per un sol individuo.<ref name=":0">https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/6/minecraft-gamer-tommyinnit-breaks-two-twitch-records-663433</ref> Hace paucos annos, ille dava a su amico TommyInnit duo Guinness World Records. Le prime esseva pro le canal de Minecraft le plus sequite sur Twitch, e le altere pro le maxime numero de spectatores de un live stream de joco Minecraft sur Twitch.<ref name=":0" /> === Videos de camminata === In 2025, Jack Massey Welsh publicava un video in le qual ille caminava 250 000 passos in un septimana, basate in su region/pais de origine, [[Anglaterra]]. In le mesme anno, Jack publicava un altere video in le qual ille caminava 100 000 passos in un die.{{Require referentia|data=2026-04-10}} === Videos de ''Among Us'' del Sidemen === Jack ha apparite in multiple videos de ''Among Us'' organisate per le Sidemen, un gruppo de creatores de contento.{{Require referentia|data=2026-04-12}} === JackSucksAtWigs === Jack habeva promittite que ille crearea un canal de recension de perrucas appellate JackSucksAtWigs, a causa de haber recipite 75 000 likes.<ref>[https://youtube.com/watch/f-OvSquLyNM&t=379 https://youtu.be/f-OvSquLyNM&t=379]</ref><ref>[https://youtube.com/watch/MKGFzQMkWuo&t=119 https://youtu.be/MKGFzQMkWuo&t=119]</ref> Welsh non ha ancora create iste canal, e probabilemente jammais lo facera, pois ille ha exprimite que isto non es qualcosa que ille volerea facer. In 2025, un membro de su subreddit reclamava su Play Button e scribeva “JackSucksAtWigs” como le nomine del canal. Jack cambiava le Play Button de argento de JackSucksAtStuff pro le Play Button de JackSucksAtWigs, officialmente complente le promissa. === TDD41 === Un altere canal, intitulate TDD41, es le canal [[Universitate|universitari]] de Jack in le qual il ha alcun videos con ille presente. Ille cambiava alcun del titulos del videos del canal a titulos plus amusante, como “''The Greatest Video on The Internet''”, e non ha cambiate isto desde alora. Le canal es actualmente inactive. == Incidente mortal de Instagram == Le 4 de maio 2021, ille se eveliava e trovava que su conto de Instagram habeva essite cambiate in un “conto memorial,” lo que significava que ille esseva considerate como morte. Multe personas credeva que ille esseva realmente morte e commentava con le phrase “Resta in pace,” ma plus tarde ille publicava un message sur [[Twitter|X]] e un video sur YouTube dicente que ille non esseva morte e que ille non comprendeva proque Instagram habeva facite ille evaluation sin provas.{{Require referentia|data=2026-04-10}} {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:YouTubers britannic]] [[Categoria:YouTubers]] [[Categoria:Britannic]] 113suxgxpqdh3xks8xteae6j6fbsoms Stanisław Lem 0 61057 704574 699654 2026-10-16T16:15:43Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Biographia */ dis. 704574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Le tote familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] 7rpt4468d5sz9ubtgu5rhfpj9x6gcmu 704575 704574 2026-10-16T16:17:43Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Biographia */ subtit. 704575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Le tote familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] o6rquca7kd1vhixixo7x2an3ubx5bzz 704576 704575 2026-10-16T16:21:08Z Tim Ocean 30221 pat. 704576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Le tote familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] cxlui4ghf8ppsjyoewihwizry2j55vp 704579 704576 2026-10-16T16:59:21Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Emigration */ stilo 704579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] fscq04ht49h2pbw8vqkt47mx394ew8p 704583 704579 2026-10-16T20:54:15Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Emigration */ dis. 704583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem considerava Austriacos como xenophobos. Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] lwnzeptd284mdof4raidrhlbptx9376 704584 704583 2026-10-16T20:55:24Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Biographia */ subtitulo 704584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem considerava Austriacos como xenophobos. Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] 91p8uodaqypzx0etg5xm5sxoklaae9f 704585 704584 2026-10-16T20:57:13Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Referentias */ pat. 704585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem considerava Austriacos como xenophobos. Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] roblq05brvjxkl7vpoozl42g7cz69x7 704586 704585 2026-10-16T20:59:48Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Emigration */ ref. 704586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad Berlin Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in Vienna. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem les considerava como xenophobos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/175237%2C1%2Crozmowa-ze-stanislawem-lemem.read|language=pol|year=2006|title=Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Lemem|quote=- Ale nie chciał pan zostać na Zachodzie? - Pewnie że nie. Moją ojczyzną jest język. Austriacy są ksenofobami i mieli bardzo pogardliwy stosunek do Polaków. Uważali, że zawsze będziemy żebrakami.}}</ref> Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] 42r4to3tehcgmwhj5brybmps2dptfof 704587 704586 2026-10-16T21:18:21Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Emigration */ lig. 704587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad [[Berlin]] Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in [[Vienna]]. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem les considerava como xenophobos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/175237%2C1%2Crozmowa-ze-stanislawem-lemem.read|language=pol|year=2006|title=Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Lemem|quote=- Ale nie chciał pan zostać na Zachodzie? - Pewnie że nie. Moją ojczyzną jest język. Austriacy są ksenofobami i mieli bardzo pogardliwy stosunek do Polaków. Uważali, że zawsze będziemy żebrakami.}}</ref> Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] ja86upn07yuuwoxzbnl4ed78nnu3s7c 704670 704587 2026-10-17T11:18:55Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Emigration */ subtit. 704670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor de Lem === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration e retorno === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad [[Berlin]] Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in [[Vienna]]. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem les considerava como xenophobos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/175237%2C1%2Crozmowa-ze-stanislawem-lemem.read|language=pol|year=2006|title=Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Lemem|quote=- Ale nie chciał pan zostać na Zachodzie? - Pewnie że nie. Moją ojczyzną jest język. Austriacy są ksenofobami i mieli bardzo pogardliwy stosunek do Polaków. Uważali, że zawsze będziemy żebrakami.}}</ref> Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] rclizguzdzzevd5eymh1qwlw5zm3x56 704671 704670 2026-10-17T11:22:56Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Vita e labor de Lem */ stilo 704671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{in uso| data = 2026-10-16}} [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration e retorno === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad [[Berlin]] Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in [[Vienna]]. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem les considerava como xenophobos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/175237%2C1%2Crozmowa-ze-stanislawem-lemem.read|language=pol|year=2006|title=Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Lemem|quote=- Ale nie chciał pan zostać na Zachodzie? - Pewnie że nie. Moją ojczyzną jest język. Austriacy są ksenofobami i mieli bardzo pogardliwy stosunek do Polaków. Uważali, że zawsze będziemy żebrakami.}}</ref> Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] 04a63cwp0l66hku42q7ektu94oswgpu 704672 704671 2026-10-17T11:23:15Z Tim Ocean 30221 pat. 704672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration e retorno === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad [[Berlin]] Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in [[Vienna]]. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem les considerava como xenophobos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/175237%2C1%2Crozmowa-ze-stanislawem-lemem.read|language=pol|year=2006|title=Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Lemem|quote=- Ale nie chciał pan zostać na Zachodzie? - Pewnie że nie. Moją ojczyzną jest język. Austriacy są ksenofobami i mieli bardzo pogardliwy stosunek do Polaków. Uważali, że zawsze będziemy żebrakami.}}</ref> Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] qgxbof48x5oewosjgx2p0ks9vitiaed Usator:Interlingvisto 2 61141 704604 704570 2026-10-17T07:25:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704604 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] * [[Historia de Danmark]] * [[Historia de Islanda]] * [[Historia de Norvegia]] * [[Historia de Svedia]] * [[Historia de Finlandia]] * [[Historia de Estonia]] * [[Historia de Lettonia]] * [[Historia de Lituania]] * [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] * [[Historia de Belgica]] * [[Historia de Luxemburg]] * [[Historia de Austria]] * [[Historia de Russia]] * [[Historia de Slovenia]] * [[Historia de Polonia]] * [[Historia del Republic Chec]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 7sxb7xyeo8k8c985uo515bmyit3sr46 704610 704604 2026-10-17T08:49:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704610 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa ** [[Historia de Danmark]] ** [[Historia de Islanda]] ** [[Historia de Norvegia]] ** [[Historia de Svedia]] ** [[Historia de Finlandia]] ** [[Historia de Estonia]] ** [[Historia de Lettonia]] ** [[Historia de Lituania]] ** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] ** [[Historia de Belgica]] ** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] ** [[Historia de Austria]] ** [[Historia de Russia]] ** [[Historia de Slovenia]] ** [[Historia de Polonia]] ** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] ** [[Historia de Slovachia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 2fhtogjnv1nlr1wrbxkhhtv3c7evhyq 704611 704610 2026-10-17T08:49:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704611 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] d8amv4lntfsay2v6wu55lja9bmp7lel 704622 704611 2026-10-17T08:56:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704622 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] hlkut4jrl2kyu29g6sxn2zplj29ocwo 704627 704622 2026-10-17T09:01:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704627 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 19id5di6femrwka5kw32kv8mw4vxd9q 704630 704627 2026-10-17T09:07:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704630 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] syqxaso3hf64gl89obsuvn582sflm1f 704635 704630 2026-10-17T09:12:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704635 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] awaehxx2upqr1ocwj3x5nj3hnd18e6h 704638 704635 2026-10-17T09:18:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704638 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] hftrxdaei9v8cl8hzce70x1c4aqmlpi 704641 704638 2026-10-17T09:24:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704641 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] dseos3yt61h0i5hzj5qu61j3z6tvqgd 704644 704641 2026-10-17T09:32:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704644 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 2dvmeehizkd0l5s8iuk1gg7f1gsl4u3 704647 704644 2026-10-17T09:39:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704647 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] mtwtwfkx18s1lz0tul1d9bqrl1evs7x 704652 704647 2026-10-17T09:55:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704652 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 3o0zxrmyd3fn3mcrrrra7rl9c6ztd1x 704655 704652 2026-10-17T10:20:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704655 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] * [[Historia de Bulgaria]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] kfetyiff7ffxfwybkncjiupdqpg5zr5 704659 704655 2026-10-17T10:24:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704659 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] lm9jhbtpsyuqawv4qz3sjzyzbh66yfn 704662 704659 2026-10-17T10:29:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704662 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] m7xwe3u3rn4ztq0b0p5c14q6vz836g0 704666 704662 2026-10-17T10:31:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704666 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] p5t2iyxtgockhbese428k272q77vqhl 704669 704666 2026-10-17T10:34:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704669 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] t7rg0v7w2d2cjuhd6tubuhqdpfwjv0x Geographia de Espania 0 61429 704593 700919 2026-10-16T22:29:59Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''geographia de Espania''' studia le position, le territorio, le relief, le clima, le hidrografia, le vegetacion, le population e le distribution del activitates economic del [[Espania]]. Le pais es situate in le extremo sud-occidental de [[Europa]] e occupa le major parte del [[peninsula iberic]], al qual se adjunge le [[Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le citates autonome de [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]] in le nord de [[Africa]].<ref name="IGNdatos">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ane-datos-geograficos |title=Información Geográfica Destacada |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio espaniol ha un superficie de circa 506 000 km² e es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de formas de relief, climas e paisages. Le position inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]], le [[Mar Mediterranee]], Europa e Africa explica parte de iste diversitate geographic.<ref name="IGNrelief">{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/caractersticas_del_relieve_espaol.html |title=Características del relieve español |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Position geographic == Espania es un Stato transcontinental, con le major parte de su territorio in le Peninsula Iberic e un parve parte in le continente africano. Le peninsula es limitate al west per [[Portugal]], al nord-est per [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]], e al sud per le territorio britanno de [[Gibraltar]] e le costas del [[Mar Mediterraneo]]. Ceuta e Melilla ha frontieras terrestre con [[Marocco]].<ref name="IGNdatos" /> Le territorio peninsular es circumdate per le Oceano Atlantic al nord e west, le Mar Cantabrico al nord e le Mar Mediterraneo al sud e est. Le Insulas Canari se trova in le Atlantic, al proximitate del costa occidental de Africa, mentre le Insulas Balear se trova in le Mediterraneo oriental.<ref name="IGNrelief" /> Le major parte del territorio espaniol se trova in le zona temperate del Hemispherio Nord, ben que le Insulas Canari ha un position plus meridional e un clima subtropical influentiate per lor position oceanic e proximitate al Africa. == Geographia physic == Le geographia physic de Espania es caracterisate per le grande diversitate del relief, del clima, del vegetation e del rete hydrographic. Le position inter le Atlantic e le Mediterraneo e le importante altitude del territorio contribui a iste diversitate.<ref name="IGNrelief" /> === Relief === Le relief del Peninsula Iberic es dominate per le [[Meseta Central]], un grande altipiano interior con un altitude medie de circa 600 a 800 metros. Le Meseta occupa un parte importante del centro del peninsula e es dividite per le [[Sistema Central]] in le submeseta septentrional e le submeseta meridional.<ref name="IGNmeseta">{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/la_meseta.html |title=La Meseta |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319060833/https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/la_meseta.html |archivedate=2025-03-19}}</ref> Le Meseta es circumdate per plure sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Cordillera Iberic]], e al sud le [[Sierra Morena]]. Al nord-est le [[Pireneos]] forma le principal sistema montuose inter Espania e Francia.<ref name="IGNrelief" /> Al exterior del Meseta se trova etiam le depressiones del [[Ebro]] e del [[Guadalquivir]], insimul con diverse cordilleras littoral e mediterranee. Le altitude medie del Peninsula es circa 660 metros, un del plus alte inter le paises europee.<ref name="IGNrelief" /> Le plus alte puncto del territorio espaniol es le [[Teide]], in le insula de [[Tenerife]], con 3 715 metros super le nivello del mar. In le Peninsula, le culmine maxime alte es le [[Mulhacen]], in le [[Sierra Nevada]], con 3 479 metros.<ref name="IGNcumbres">{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-eso/formas_del_relieve.html |title=Formas del relieve |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Insulas === Le Insulas Balear constitue un archipelago in le Mar Mediterraneo, al est del Peninsula. Le principales insulas es [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] e [[Cabrera]].<ref name="IGNrelief" /> Le Insulas Canari forma un archipelago de origine volcanic in le Oceano Atlantic. Le principales insulas es [[Tenerife]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Lanzarote]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[El Hierro]] e [[La Graciosa]]. Le origine volcanic explica le predominio de formas de relief volcanic e le altitude del Teide.<ref name="IGNrelief" /> === Costas e mares === Espania possede un extensive litoral, con costas appartenente al Atlantic, al Mar Cantabrico e al Mediterraneo. Le costa septentrional es generalmente plus umide e presenta numerosas rias, golfos e estuarios, specialmente in [[Gallecia]].<ref name="IGNrelief" /> Le costa mediterranee presenta numerosas plaias, golfos e sectores rocheose, con un forte concentration de population e activitate turistic. Le insulas contribue etiam al extension e al diversitate del litoral espaniol.<ref name="INEturismo">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2025_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=España en cifras 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Hydrographia === [[File:Demarcaciones hidrográficas de España 2012 mapa 13483 spa.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Bassinos hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic.]] Le rete hydrographic espaniol es organise principalmente in tres grandes vertentes: Atlantic, Cantabric e Mediterranee. Le major parte del grandes fluvios del peninsula flue verso le Atlantic, inter illos le [[Douro]], le [[Tago]], le [[Guadiana]] e le [[Guadalquivir]].<ref name="IGNhidro">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/seccion-hidrografia |title=Hidrografía |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le principal fluvio del vertente Mediterranee es le [[Ebro]], que nasce in le nord e desemboca in le Mediterraneo per un grande delta. Altere fluvios mediterranee, como le [[Jucar]] e le [[Segura]], ha un curso plus breve e presenta un regime plus irregular.<ref name="IGNhidro" /> Le rios del vertente Cantabric es generalmente breve, perque le montanias se trova proxime al costa, ma presenta un fluxo plus regular a causa del pluvas frequente del nord. Le Instituto Geografico National include in su bases geographic le principales cursos de aqua, massas de aqua e cuencas hydrographic del territorio espaniol.<ref name="IGNhidro" /> == Clima == Le clima de Espania es multo diverse a causa del extension territorial, del relief, del altitude e del influentia maritime. Le nord e nord-west ha un clima oceanic, caracterisate per temperaturas moderate e pluvas relativement regular durante le anno.<ref name="MITECOclima">{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/picos.html |title=Parque Nacional de los Picos de Europa |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le major parte del peninsula ha un clima mediterranee, con estates calide e sic e pluvas concentrate principalmente in le primavera e le autumno. In le interior del Meseta, le altitude e le distantia del mar favorisa contrastes termic plus forte inter estate e hiberno.<ref name="MITECOcabaneros">{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/cabaneros.html |title=Parque Nacional de Cabañeros |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> In partes del sud-est del peninsula existe zonas con climate plus aride o semi-aride, specialmente in le region de [[Murcia]] e in le sud-est de [[Andalusia]]. Le Insulas Canari presenta un clima subtropical, con variationes inter insulas e altitude. == Vegetation e medio ambiente == Le diversitate climatic e geographic produce un grande varietate de vegetation. Le zonas humides del nord es caracterisate per boscos decidue e prados, mentre le regiones mediterranee presenta vegetation adaptate al siccitate, como le quercia, le pin, le olive selvatic e diverse arbustos.<ref name="MITECObiodiversitate">{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/plan-nacional-adaptacion-cambio-climatico/pnatural-bd.html |title=Patrimonio natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le regiones plus aride del sud-est le vegetation es plus sparse. In le montanias, le vegetation varia secundo le altitude, con differentias inter le basse zonas, le boscos montan e le vegetation de alte montania.<ref name="MITECObiodiversitate" /> Le protection del medio ambiente include le conservation de parcos national, reservas natural, zonas humide e altere areas protegite. Le observation del territorio e le cartographia official es coordinate principalmente per le Instituto Geografico National.<ref name="MITECOcartografia">{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/cartografia.html |title=Cartografía de los sistemas naturales terrestres |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="IGNobserv">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/es/ign/portal/obs-area-observacion-territorio |title=Observación del Territorio |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia human == Le population espaniol es distribute de maniera irregular. Le major concentrationes demographic se trova in le regiones littoral e in le grandes areas metropolitan, inter le quales [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], [[Bilbao]] e [[Malaga]]. Le Instituto National de Statistica publica datos de population per communitate autonome, provincia, municipio e grado de urbanisation.<ref name="INEpopulation">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&padre=11555 |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le interior peninsular presenta in plure zonas un densitate demographic plus basse, con exceptiones importante como le area metropolitane de Madrid. Iste contrastes ha essite influentiate per le industrialisation, le urbanisation, le migrationes interne e le transformation del activitates economic.<ref name="INEpopulation" /> Le urbanisation ha crescite fortemente durante le 20e e le initio del 21e seculo. Le grandes citates concentra un parte importante del population, del services, del administration e del activitate economic.<ref name="INEpopulation" /> === Organisation territorial === Le territorio de Espania es dividite administrativemente in 17 [[Communitates autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] e 2 citates autonome, [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]]. Le Communitates Autonome es subdividite in provincias, con exceptiones in le quales le organisation provincial ha particularitates.<ref name="Administracion">{{cite web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/espanaAdmon/comoSeOrganizaEstado/Sistema_Politico.html?imprimir=1 |title=Organización del Estado español |publisher=Punto de Acceso General, Gobierno de España |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation territorial reflecte le diversitate historic, cultural e geographic del pais. Le Communitates Autonome dispone de differentes nivellos de competentia in materias como education, sanitate, transportes e administration territorial.<ref name="Administracion" /> == Geographia economic == Le activitate economic presenta importante contrastes territorial. Le grandes areas urban e industrial concentra services avantiate, industria, administration e infrastructure, mentre le zonas rural conserva un rol importante in le agricultura, le ganaderia e le exploitation forestal. Le industria es particularmente importante in regiones como [[Catalonia]], le [[Pais Basc]], [[Navarra]], Madrid, Valencia e Aragon. Le turismo ha un importante concentration in le costas mediterranee, le [[Insulas Baleares|Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le grandes citates.<ref name="INEturismo" /> Le agricultura varia fortemente secundo le clima e le relief. Le agricultura mediterranee es importante in le production de olive, citros, fructos e vino, mentre le interior del peninsula presenta grande areas de cereales e ganaderia. Le position geographic de Espania e su rete de portos, aeroportos, autovias e ferrovias favorisa le commercio con le resto de Europa, Africa e America. Le Instituto Geografico National considera le geographia physic, human e economic como partes interconnectite del analyse del territorio.<ref name="IGNdatos" /> == Diversitate geographic == Le principal characteristica del territorio espaniol es le combination de grande extension, altitude elevate, varietate climatic e position inter Europa e Africa. Le Peninsula, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari, Ceuta e Melilla forma un territorio geographic multo diverse.<ref name="IGNrelief" /> Iste diversitate se reflecte in le paisages, le climatologia, le distribution del population, le agricultura, le industria e le turismo. Le geographia de Espania es assi marcate per le relation constante inter le factores physic e le activitate human.<ref name="IGNdatos" /><ref name="INEpopulation" /> == Referentias == <references /> {{Espania}} [[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]] 6lah2034sx3tfbk92u4lq3wpdtfoqrd Cultura de Espania 0 61432 704589 700888 2026-10-16T21:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religiones e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> == Historia e influentias == Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban. == Costumes e traditiones == Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari. Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc. In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic. Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> == Arte e architectura == [[File:12 Vista general del techo de polícromos.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Tecto del Grande Sala del Cavernas de Altamira desde le puncto de vista de un visitante actual. ]] [[File:Ancient Roman theatre in Mérida 2023.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Le theatro roman de [[Mérida]], in Extremadura.]] [[File:Aqueduct of Segovia 02.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Le Aqueducto de Segovia.]] [[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]] [[File:Córdoba (5157827355).jpg|thumb|right|Sala hypostyle con columnas maurese in le [[Moschea-Cathedral de Cordova]].]] Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente. Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in [[Cantabria]], contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Durante le medievo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le 11e seculo e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del 15e e 16e seculos, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le 17e e 18e seculos e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como ''Las Meninas'', ''La rendición de Breda'' e le serie de retratos del corte. Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha. Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del 17e e 18e seculos illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le 16e seculo per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> In le 18e seculo, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le 19e seculo es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate. Le Modernismo catalan del fin del 19e seculo e initio del 20e seculo constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le arte del 10e seculo es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol. Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del 20e seculo influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural. Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises. Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate. Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260925133801/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |archivedate=2026-09-25 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-25}}</ref> In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol. == Linguas == [[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]] Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&p=20260520&tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le espaniol es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo. Le catalan es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como valencian. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia. Le gallecian es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia. Le basco es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral. Le aranese, varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}</ref> Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le asturleonese, parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le aragonese, conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente. Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&lang=es&p=&tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}</ref> == Litteratura == Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel. Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}</ref> In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo. Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}</ref> == Musica == Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional. Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres. Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> == Gastronomia == Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón. Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional. Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> == Habitos social e vita quotidian == Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate. Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban. == Moda e cultura contemporanee == Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international. Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}</ref> == Patrimonio cultural immaterial == Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}</ref> Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee. == Referentias == {{commonscat|Culture of Spain}} <references /> {{Espania}} [[Categoria:Cultura de Espania| ]] q72ktiz311vah49g8zkviby9x5cqsrs Aqueducto de Segovia 0 61442 704581 700917 2026-10-16T20:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Aqueducto de Segovia''' es un aqueducto roman situate in le citate de [[Segovia]], in [[Castilia e Leon]], construite pro transportar aqua desde le montanias del [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] usque al area urban. Le monumento, un del obras de ingenieria civil roman plus ben conservate, ha devenite le principal symbolo de Segovia. Le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' esseva inscribite in le [[Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 1985.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == Le data exacte del construction non es cognoscite con certezza, proque le monumento non conserva un inscription que permitterea datar lo directemente. Le fontes historic e archeologic lo situa generalmente inter le secunde parte del seculo I e le initio del seculo II, durante le periodo del dinastia Flavia o sub le imperator [[Trajano]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/lugares-interes/acueducto-segovia/ |title=Acueducto de Segovia. Romano. Información |publisher=Spain.info |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le construction corresponde al expansion del citate roman de Segovia, que requireva un alimentation de aqua plus regular. Le aqueducto transportava le aqua desde un fonte in le Sierra de Guadarrama verso le citate, ubi illo alimentava cisternas, fontes e altere infrastructuras hydric.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/311 |title=Ciudad vieja y acueducto de Segovia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Percurso del aqua == Le percurso total del aqueducto es de circa 16 kilometros. Le aqua proveniva del area de La Acebeda e esseva captate e conduquite per un systema de canales usque al citate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le aqua passava per un serie de structures destinate a su purification e regulation. Inter illos se trova le cisterna cognoscite como '''El Caserón''' e un secunde construction appellate '''Casa de Aguas''', ubi le aqua poteva decantar e perder parte del materias solide ante continuar su percurso verso Segovia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Arqueria == Le parte plus celebre es le grande arqueria que travessa le depression del terreno in le area del [[Plaza del Azoguejo]]. Le percurso del arqueria es de circa 959 metros e le construction attinge un altitude maxime de 28,10 metros.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le arqueria comprende '''167 arcos''' distribuite in un o duo ordines secundo le topographia. In le zona central, ubi le terreno es plus profunde, le aqueducto presenta su caracteristic duo filas superposate de arcos, que permitte mantener le canal superior al altitude necessari pro le fluxo del aqua.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/lugares-interes/acueducto-segovia/ |title=Acueducto de Segovia. Romano. Información |publisher=Spain.info |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Construction == Le aqueducto es construite principalemente con grande blocos de [[granito]]. Un del aspectos plus notabile es le absentia de argamassa o cemento inter le blocos: illos es apposite e equilibrate de maniera que le peso e le distribution del forces mantene le structura stabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le architectura combina le necessitate technic de transportar aqua con un structura monumental. Le pilares del arqueria varia in dimensiones secundo le terreno, e le blocos esseva arrangiate pro resistir le cargas vertical e le pression lateral generate per le arcos. == Function hydric == Le canal superior del aqueducto transportava le aqua con un declive regular usque al citate. Secundo le datos del Ministerio de Cultura, le systema habeva un declive de circa 1 % in un del principal segmentos del percurso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le systema continua a fornir aqua al citate durante multe seculos. Le percurso del canal esseva mantenite e reparate in diverse periodos, e le aqua arrivava usque al parte alte del citate e al area del [[Alcázar de Segovia]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Conservation medieval e moderne == Le aqueducto superviveva le transformationes del citate durante le periodo medieval. Le structura esseva conservate e integrate in le nove urbanisation de Segovia, lo que explica su presentia in le centro historic del citate. Le monumento ha essite objecto de diverse obras de conservation. Su longe uso como infrastructura hydric contribueva al mantenimento del canal, ma le crescente necessitate de proteger le structura conduceva progressivemente al restriction del circulation e al adoption de medidas de conservation. == Fin del uso como aqueducto == Le aqueducto manteneva un function hydric durante quasi duo millennios. Le uso del structura pro le distribution del aqua al citate continua usque al seculo XX e cessava definitivemente in 1973.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Post le fin de su function original, le aqueducto deveniva principalmente un monumento historic e cultural. Le conservation del structura es hodie un responsabilitate del institutiones public e es ligate al protection del patrimonio historic de Segovia. == Patrimonio historic == Le Aqueducto de Segovia esseva declarate monumento national in 1884, recognition que contribueva al su protection juridic como patrimonio historic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 1985, le UNESCO inscribeva le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' como Patrimonio Mundial. Le designation include le aqueducto como un elemento fundamental del ensemble historic del citate e recognosce le valor del monumento como testimonio exceptional del civilisation roman e del historia urban de Segovia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/311 |title=Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Conservation contemporanee == Le Aqueducto es un bene de titularitate municipal. In maio 2026, le Ministerio de Cultura, le Junta de Castilla e Leon e le Ayuntamiento de Segovia signava un accordo de collaboration con un duration initial de quatro annos pro coordinate actiones de conservation preventive, restauration, investigation e diffusion del monumento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ca/actualidad/2026/05/260505-acueducto-segovia.html |title=El Ministerio de Cultura, la Junta de Castilla y León y el Ayuntamiento de Segovia firman un acuerdo de colaboración para la conservación del Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=5 de maio 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260925193934/https://www.cultura.gob.es/ca/actualidad/2026/05/260505-acueducto-segovia.html |archivedate=2026-09-25 |accessdate=2026-09-25}}</ref> Le conservation implica etiam le protection del ambiente urban circumstante, proque le aqueducto es directemente integrate in le centro historic de Segovia. Le objective es mantener le integritate del structura e limitar le deterioramento causate per le tempore, le pollution e le pressiones del uso urban e turistic. == Symbolo de Segovia == Le aqueducto es un del principal symbolos de Segovia e appare in le insignias del citate. Su imagine ha essite utilisate in le scudo e le bandera municipal e etiam como marca in monetas producite in le citate durante le historia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le monumental arqueria del Plaza del Azoguejo es etiam un del imagines plus recognoscibile del patrimonio roman in Espania. Le combination de function technic, longevitate e conservation ha convertite le aqueducto in un exemplo international del ingenieria hydric antique.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/acueducto-de-segovia |title=Acueducto de Segovia |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Signification architectural e historic == Le Aqueducto de Segovia illustra le capacitate del architectura roman a combinar infrastructura e monumentalitate. Su grande arcos, construite sin argamassa, ha conservate un structura functionale durante circa duo millennios. Insimul con le Alcázar e le cathedral, le aqueducto forma un del elementos principal del paisaje historic de Segovia. Le UNESCO considera le citate e su aqueducto un exemplo del interaction de diverse traditiones cultural e architectural in un centro urban conservate durante le seculos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/311 |title=Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Aqueductos romanos]] [[Categoria:Monumentos de Segovia]] [[Categoria:Architectura roman in Espania]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio Mundial in Espania]] [[Categoria:Segovia]] jkvax3o3547gi7oooay8csd6knzb576 Policia autonomic 0 61598 704600 701465 2026-10-17T01:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} [[File:Mapa Policías de España.svg|thumb|Mappa con le differente policias de Espania.<br />* '''Gris''': CC. AA. sin unitates adscripte del CNP o policia autonome.<br />* '''Orange''': CC. AA. con UU.AA. del CNP.<br />* '''Marron''': CC.AA. con un policia autonome.|252x252px]] Le '''policia autonomic in Espania''' es le insimile del corpores policial dependente del [[Communitates autonome de Espania|Communitates Autonome]], create secundo le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution]], le Statutos de Autonomia e le Lege Organic 2/1986 del [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)|Fortias e Corpores de Securitate]]. Illos forma parte del systema general del Fortias e Corpores de Securitate e lor competentias varia secundo le Statuto e le legislation de cata Communitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Non tote le Communitates Autonome ha un corpore policial proprie. Le principales corpores autonomic proprie in operation es le ''[[Ertzaintza]]'' in le [[Pais Basc]], le ''[[Mossos d'Esquadra]]'' in [[Catalonia]], le ''[[Policia Foral de Navarra]]'' e le ''[[Corpore General del Policia Canari]]''. Altere Communitates dispone de unitates del Policia National adscripte functionalmente al administrationes autonome. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Quadro constitutional e juridic == Le Constitution Espaniol permitte al Communitates Autonome crear corpores de policia proprie in le forma establite per un lege organic. Le securitate public remane un competentia del Stato, durante que le Communitates participa in su mantenimento secundo lor Statutos e le legislation estatal. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 2/1986 regula le regime general del Policias del Communitates Autonome. Illo establi que iste corpores es institutos armate de natura civil, con structura e organisation hierarchic. Illes debe disponer del medios technic e operative necessari e pote portar armas de foco conforme al legislation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le creation, modification o suppression de un corpore autonomic corresponde al organos competente del Communitate, quando illo es previde per le respectivo Statuto de Autonomia. Le regime del personal e le regulation specific es completate per le legislation autonomic. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Ambito territorial == In principio, le corpores de Policia del Communitates Autonome exerce lor functiones in le territorio del proprie Communitate. Le lege establi exceptiones pro situationes de emergentia, previo requesta del autoritates estatal competente. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1986/03/13/2/con/20150729 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad, texto consolidado |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Lor action se coordina con le [[Corpore National de Policia |Policia National]], le [[Guarda Civil]] e le [[Policia local de Espania|Policias Local]], secundo le distribution de competentias establite per le legislation. Le Junta de Securitate, quando previde, serve como organo de coordination inter le Communitate e le Stato. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le functiones proprie del Policias del Communitates Autonome include velar pro le observantia del dispositiones del Communitate, proteger personas, organos, edificios e dependentias del administration autonomic e inspectar activitates submittite al regulation del Communitate. Illos pote etiam usar le coaction pro le execution forzate de actos del administration autonomic quando le lege lo permitte. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad, artículo 38 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In collaboration con le Fortias e Corpores de Securitate del Stato, illos participa in le observantia del leges estatal, le protection del servicios public essential, le functiones de Policia Judicial, le vigilantie del spatio public, le protection del manifestationes e le mantenimento del ordine in grande concentrationes human. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad, artículo 38 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le corpore autonomic pote etiam prestar auxilio in accidentes, catastrophes e calamitate public, colaborar in le protection civil e velar pro le conservation del natura, del medio ambiente e del recursos natural. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Corpores autonomic proprie == === Ertzaintza === {{AP|Ertzaintza}} Le Ertzaintza es le corpore de policia autonomic del Pais Basc. Illo exerce un large conjunto de competentias in securitate citatan, ordine public, traffic, Policia Judicial e investigation criminal, in le quadro del Statuto de Autonomia e del legislation autonomic. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-12366 |title=Ley 1/2020, de 11 de junio, de Policía del País Vasco |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le corpore depende del Governo Basc e participa etiam in le cooperation inter policial con le Policia National e le Guarda Civil. Su competentias specific es determinate per le Statuto del Pais Basc e le legislation de policia basc. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-12366 |title=Ley 1/2020, de 11 de junio, de Policía del País Vasco |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> === Mossos d'Esquadra == {{AP|Mossos d'Esquadra}} Le Mossos d'Esquadra, officialmente Policia de la Generalitat – Mossos d'Esquadra, es le corpore de policia autonomic integral de Catalonia. Illo exerce competentias in securitate citatan, ordine public, traffic, investigation criminal e Policia Judicial, inter altere functiones establite per le legislation catalan. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1994-16247 |title=Ley 10/1994, de 11 de julio, de la Policía de la Generalidad-Mozos de Escuadra |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le corpore depende del Generalitat de Catalonia e participa in le coordination con le altere Fortias e Corpores de Securitate secundo le quadro legal estatal e autonomic. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1994-16247 |title=Ley 10/1994, de 11 de julio, de la Policía de la Generalidad-Mozos de Escuadra |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> === Policia Foral de Navarra === {{AP|Policia Foral de Navarra}} Le Policia Foral de Navarra es le corpore policial del Communitate Foral de Navarra. Su competentias include securitate citatan, policia administrative, investigation criminal, Policia Judicial e traffic. Le regime foral attribue a Navarra competentias proprie in materia de traffic e securitate vial. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2024/12/05/6 |title=Ley Orgánica 6/2024, de 5 de diciembre, de reforma del Régimen Foral de Navarra en materia de tráfico, circulación y seguridad vial |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le reforma de 2024 confirmava le competentia de Navarra pro executar le legislation del Stato in materia de traffic e pro exercer le functiones de vigilantie e controlo del traffic in le Communitate Foral. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2024/12/05/6 |title=Ley Orgánica 6/2024, de 5 de diciembre |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> === Corpore General del Policia Canari === {{AP|Corpore General del Policia Canari}} Le Corpore General del Policia Canari es le corpore de policia dependente del Communitate Autonome del Canaries. Illo exerce functiones de securitate, protection de personas e edificios del administration autonomic, policia administrative, Policia Judicial e cooperation con le altere corpores policial. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12494 |title=Ley 2/2008, de 28 de mayo, del Cuerpo General de la Policía Canaria |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le corpore esseva create in 2008 e su competentias es determinate per le legislation canari in le quadro del Lege Organic 2/1986. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12494 |title=Ley 2/2008, de 28 de mayo, del Cuerpo General de la Policía Canaria |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Unidades del Policia National adscripte == Le systema autonomic include etiam unitates del Policia National adscripte al Communitates Autonome. Illas non es corpores autonomic independente: organicamente illas remane sub le Policia National e su personnel, durante que lor activitate es functionalmente assignate al autoritates del Communitate. Le regime es regulate per le Lege Organic 2/1986 e le Real Decreto 221/1991. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1991-5152 |title=Real Decreto 221/1991, de 22 de febrero, por el que se regula la organización de unidades del Cuerpo Nacional de Policía adscritas a las Comunidades Autónomas |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> In 2026 existe unitates adscripte in le Communitate Valenciana, Andalusia, Galicia e Aragon. Le unitate valencian es organicamente dependente del Ministerio del Interior e functionalmente del administration autonomic competent. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://sede.gva.es/es/detall-departament?id_dept=20616 |title=Unidad del Cuerpo Nacional de Policía Adscrita a la Comunitat Valenciana |publisher=Generalitat Valenciana |access-date=30 September 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427183328/https://sede.gva.es/es/detall-departament?id_dept=20616 |archivedate=27 April 2026 |accessdate=30 September 2026}}</ref> In Aragon, un nove convenio publicate in 2025 establi un unitate del Policia National adscripte con un plantilla previde de 150 functionarios e un integration progressive del personal. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-26093 |title=Resolución de 10 de diciembre de 2025, por la que se publica el convenio con la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Competentias e cooperation == Le competentias del policia autonomic non es identic in tote le Communitates. Le Statutos de Autonomia e le legislation specific determina le extension del competentias, durante que le Lege Organic 2/1986 establi un quadro commun de functiones e cooperation. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le coordination con le Policia National, le Guarda Civil e le Policias Local es necessari in materias ubi le competentias se superpone o quando un operation require le participation de plure corpores. Le legislation establi etiam mecanismos de coordination inter le administrationes e de cooperation in Policia Judicial, protection civil e securitate public. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Le altere Communitates Autonome == Le altere Communitates Autonome non dispone de un corpore autonomic proprie equivalente al Ertzaintza, Mossos d'Esquadra, Policia Foral o Corpore General del Policia Canari. Alcunes de illas ha unitates del Policia National adscripte, durante que in altere territorios le securitate continua a esser prestite principalmente per le Policia National, le Guarda Civil e le Policias Local. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le Communitates pote etiam coordinar le Policias Local in lor territorio, establir normas-marco, promover le homogenisation del medios e formation e coordinar le formation professional del personal local. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad, artículo 39 |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Evolution == Le developpamento del policia autonomic es ligate al organisation territorial del Stato post le Constitution de 1978. Le legislation establiva un quadro commun, ma permitte que le competentias varia secundo le Statutos de Autonomia, le transferentias e le legislation de cata Communitate. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> Le evolution del systema ha includite le consolidation del Ertzaintza e del Mossos d'Esquadra como corpores integrales, le expansion del competentias del Policia Foral e le creation e expansion del Corpore General del Policia Canari. In parallelo, le Stato ha establite unitates del Policia National adscripte pro prestar services specific in altere Communitates. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859 |title=Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=30 September 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Policia autonomic]] tvrer5byutd07dudeisbtqhe7snlhrz Opera Garnier 0 61806 704598 702159 2026-10-17T01:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Opera Garnier''' (in [[francese]]: ''Opéra Garnier''), officialmente denominate '''Palatio Garnier''' (''Palais Garnier''), es un teatro de opera situate in le [[9e arrondissement de Paris]], in le placia del Opéra. Illo esseva dissimulate per le architecto [[Charles Garnier]] e construite durante le [[Second Imperio francese]], como parte del grande transformation urban del Paris de [[Napoléon III]] e [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]]. Le edificio esseva inaugurate le 5 de januario 1875 e es considerate un del major exemplos del architectura de teatro del seculo XIX. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Palais Garnier es un edificio representative del stilo del [[Second Imperio]], que combina influentias classic, baroc e renascentista con un grande ricchessa decorative. Le insimul comprende un sala de spectaculos, le Grand Foyer, le Grand Escalier, plure salons e foyers, un biblioteca-museo e differente spacios de preparation e ateliers. Le sala de spectaculos pote accoglier circa 2 100 spectatores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le monumento es classificate como monumento historic desde 1923 e es uno del sitios cultural e architectural plus visitate de Paris. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine del projecto == Le projecto de un nove opera nasce in le contexto del modernisation del Paris durante le Second Imperio. Le 14 de januario 1858, un attentato esseva committite contra Napoléon III quando ille se dirigeva al Opera situate in le [[rue Le Peletier]]. Le imperator decideva le die sequente de facer construer un nove sala plus secure e plus monumental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1860 esseva organisate un concurso international pro le construction del nove opera. 171 architectos submitteva lor projectos. Le architecto [[Charles Garnier]], alora relativamente poc cognoscite e in etate de 35 annos, vinceva le concurso le 30 de maio 1861. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/histoire/lopera-au-19e-siecle |titulo=L'Opéra au XIXe siècle |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Garnier esseva un laureato del [[Prix de Rome]] de architectura in 1848. Ille habeva studiate in le [[École des Beaux-Arts]] e passava cinque annos in Italia in le [[Villa Médicis]]. Le nove Opera deveniva su principal obra e le projecto occupava le major parte de su activitate durante circa quattordeci annos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/charles-garnier-architecte |titulo=Charles Garnier, architecte |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Construction == Le prime petra del nove opera esseva posite le 21 de julio 1862. Le terreno presentava importante difficultates, specialmente a causa del aqua subterranee. In le primavera de 1862, Charles Garnier faceva assiugar le aqua subterranee per medio de bombas a vapor que functionava durante cinque menses. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le construction procedeva durante le annos sequente. In 1863 esseva construite le bases, le voltas e le cellarios; in 1864 le principal partes structural esseva complite; in 1865 le edificio attingeva circa le medie de su altezza final. In 1867 le obra structural esseva terminate e le faciada esseva revelate al publico in augusto. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le decorationes comenciava in 1868-1869, ma le construction esseva interrumpite per le [[Guerra Franco-Prussian]] e le [[Communa de Paris]]. Durante le [[Siege de Paris]] in 1870, le opera esseva requisitionate e utilisate successive como hospital e como deposito de abastecimentos militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 1871 le edificio esseva occupate per le Federatos del Communa. Post le restaurationes de 1872, le obras reprendeva. Le incendio del 28-29 de octobre 1873, que destrueva le antique Opera del rue Le Peletier, accelera le construction del nove edificio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/histoire/lopera-au-19e-siecle |titulo=L'Opéra au XIXe siècle |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove opera esseva inaugurate le 5 de januario 1875, sub le preside de [[Patrice de Mac Mahon]]. Le inauguration esseva un grande ceremonia international. Alcun elementos, includente le entrata imperial, le galerie e le Salon del Glaciero, non esseva ancora completemente finite al momento del inauguration. Le costo total superava 35 milliones de francos-or. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Architectura == Le Palais Garnier combina elementos del architectura classic, baroc e renascentista. Le conception de Garnier se distingue per le monumentalitate del faciada, le ricchessa del sculpturas e le policromia del materiales. Le architectura es intimemente ligate al conception del teatro como un loco ubi le spectatores veni non solmente pro le spectaculo, ma etiam pro vider e esser vidite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/info/150-ans-du-palais-garnier |titulo=150 ans du Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le faciada principal es riccamente decorate con columnas, pilastros, arcadas, sculpturas e elementos dorate. Le exterior combina diverse varietates de petra, marmore e metal, producente le impression de un edificio policrome. Le insimul esseva concepite pro esser un del principales monumentos del nove Paris haussmannian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/l-opera-garnier-fete-ses-150-ans-feuilletez-son-album-photo-29886 |titulo=L'Opéra Garnier fête ses 150 ans |sitioweb=Ville de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Grand Escalier == Le Grand Escalier es un del spacios le plus monumental del Palais Garnier. Illo conduce al foyers e al differente nivellos del sala de spectaculos per medio de un grande scala a duple revolution. Le nef del escalier attinge circa 30 metros de altezza e es construite con marmores de differente colores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |titulo=Visiter le Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722141815/https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |archivedate=2019-07-22 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> Al base del escalier se trova le sculpture del Pythie, durante que le balustradas, columnas e lampas participa al effecto monumental del insimul. Le Grand Escalier esseva concepite como un spatio de representation social tanto como de circulation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Grand Foyer e salons == Le Grand Foyer esseva concepite per Garnier como un grande galerie inspirate per le galerias del palatios del epocha classic. Le grande fenestras e speculos multiplica le effecto de amplitude. Le plafond, depingite per Paul Baudry, presenta themas ligate al historia del musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |titulo=Visiter le Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722141815/https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |archivedate=2019-07-22 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> Le Avant-Foyer ha un volta decorate con mosaicos super fundo dorate. Le Salon del Sol es decorate in nigro e auro e presenta un dragon e un salamandra super le plafond. Le Salon del Luna usa nigro e argento e presenta motifs de animales nocturne. Le Salon del Glaciero, finite post le inauguration, es decorate secundo le gusto del [[Belle Époque]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Sala de spectaculos == Le sala de spectaculos es un teatro a le [[italiana]], con un plan in forma de ferradura. Le disposition del locos responde al principio de « vider e esser vidite », e le sala combina marmore, stucco, veluto e doratura. Le grande lustro central de bronzo e crystallo pesa circa 8 tonnas e es equipate de 340 lampas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |titulo=Visiter le Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722141815/https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |archivedate=2019-07-22 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> Le plafond actual esseva depingite per Marc Chagall e inaugurate le 23 de septembre 1964. Le obra esseva commandate per [[André Malraux]], ministro francese del cultura, e rende hommage a grande compositores e obras del historia del opera e del ballet. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bibliotheca-Museo del Opera == Le Bibliotheca-Museo del Opera conserva le memoria del institution desde circa tres seculos. Su collectiones include pinturas, designos, photographias e maquettes de scenographias. Le biblioteca es parte del [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] e su sala de lectura es reservate al investigadores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |titulo=Visiter le Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722141815/https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier/individuels |archivedate=2019-07-22 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-04}}</ref> == Opera, ballet e vita artistic == Le Palais Garnier esseva concepite principalmente pro le grande opera del seculo XIX. Post su inauguration, le edificio deveniva un del principal centros del vita lyric e choreographic de Paris. Durante le fin del seculo XIX, le repertorio includeva obras de [[Giuseppe Verdi]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns]] e [[Jules Massenet]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/histoire/lopera-au-19e-siecle |titulo=L'Opéra au XIXe siècle |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ballet occupava etiam un position importante in le historia del Palais Garnier. Con le tempore, le edificio deveniva particularmente associate al arte choreographic, specialmente post le construction del [[Opéra Bastille]] in 1989. Hodie le Palais Garnier e le Opéra Bastille es le duo principal salas del [[Opéra national de Paris]], con le Palais Garnier dedicate principalmente al ballet e le Bastille al grande productiones de opera, ben que le programmation pote variar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/l-opera-garnier-fete-ses-150-ans-feuilletez-son-album-photo-29886 |titulo=L'Opéra Garnier fête ses 150 ans |sitioweb=Ville de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le Fantome del Opera == Le Palais Garnier es intimemente associate al romanzo Le Fantôme de l'Opéra de [[Gaston Leroux]], publicate inicialmente in folieton inter 1909 e 1910. Le romanzo presenta le Palais Garnier como le loco de un historia policier e fantastic centrate super un misteriose figura que vive in le partes subterranee del edificio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/actualites/le-palais-garnier-demeure-du-legendaire-fantome-de-lopera-est-sur-airbnb |titulo=Le Palais Garnier, demeure du légendaire Fantôme de l'Opéra |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del Fantome se appoia super elementos real del edificio, includente su vaste subterraneos e le existentia de un basin subterranee associate al installationes technic del opera. Le figura del Fantome, tamen, es un creation litterari e non un persona historic documentate. Le romanzo ha inspirate numerose adaptationes in cinema, teatro e musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/actualites/le-palais-garnier-demeure-du-legendaire-fantome-de-lopera-est-sur-airbnb |titulo=Le Palais Garnier, demeure du légendaire Fantôme de l'Opéra |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Importantie in le cultura popular == A causa de su architectura monumental, su historia artistic e le successo del romanzo de Gaston Leroux, le Palais Garnier ha devenite un del symbolos plus recognoscibile del cultura del opera. Le edificio ha essite representate in numerosas obras artistic e audiovisual e continua a alimentar un grande numero de historias e legendas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/info/le-palais-garnier-objet-de-tous-les-fantasmes |titulo=Le Palais Garnier, objet de tous les fantasmes |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Monumento historic == Le Palais Garnier es protegite como monumento historic desde 1923. Iste protection reflecte su valor architectural, artistic e historic como un del major edificios public del Paris del seculo XIX. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/apropos/theatres-et-ateliers/palais-garnier |titulo=Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le edificio es etiam parte del patrimonio architectural del grande Paris haussmannian. Su position al extremitate del Avenue de l'Opéra le face un elemento central del perspective urban create durante le transformationes del Second Imperio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/l-opera-garnier-fete-ses-150-ans-feuilletez-son-album-photo-29886 |titulo=L'Opéra Garnier fête ses 150 ans |sitioweb=Ville de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le Palais Garnier in le seculo XXI == Le Palais Garnier continua a esser un del duo salas del Opéra national de Paris. Illo accoglie principalmente spectacles de ballet, ma continua tamben a presentar opera, concerts e recitals secundo le programmation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/info/150-ans-du-palais-garnier |titulo=150 ans du Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le monumento es anque aperte al publico pro visitas e percursoes cultural. Le visita permitte de discoperir le Grand Escalier, le Grand Foyer, le sala de spectaculos, le plafon de Chagall e le altere spacios historic del edificio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/visites/palais-garnier |titulo=Visiter le Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2025, le Palais Garnier celebrava le 150e anniversario de su inauguration con un programma de concerts, exhibitiones, rencontres e visitas thematic. Le anniversario esseva anque un occasion pro presentar le edificio como un monumento historic que continua a esser un loco active de creation artistic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/info/150-ans-du-palais-garnier |titulo=150 ans du Palais Garnier |sitioweb=Opéra national de Paris |accesso=4 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Architectura del seculo XIX in Île-de-France]] [[Categoria:Sala de theatro public in Paris]] [[Categoria:Museo in le 9e arrondissement de Paris]] [[Categoria:Palatio in Paris]] [[Categoria:Monumento historic in le 9e arrondissement de Paris]] [[Categoria:Patrimonio del seculo XIX]] [[Categoria:Architectura eclectic in Francia]] [[Categoria:Architectura civil del seculo XIX in Francia]] [[Categoria:Cupola (architectura) in Paris]] [[Categoria:Secunde Imperio]] [[Categoria:Sala del Opera national de Paris|Garnier]] [[Categoria:Monumento in Paris]] [[Categoria:Monumento historic classificate in 1923]] [[Categoria:Edificio de Charles Garnier]] [[Categoria:Edificio construite in 1875]] [[Categoria:Nominate secundo un personalitate]] hwjmtptu7wx8ytqdg6bjniqlip0wike Fortias Armate de Portugal 0 61825 704592 702231 2026-10-16T22:16:47Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 17 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Fortias Armate Portugese''' es le institution militar del Stato portugese e le principal instrumento del defensa militar del [[Portugal|Republica Portugese]]. Illas constitue le structura del Stato incaricate fundamentalmente de garantir le defensa militar del Republica e se integra in le administration directe del Stato per medio del [[Ministerio del Defensa National]]. Le quadro basic actual es establite principalmente per le Lege Organic 2/2021, de 9 de augusto, que approba le Lege Organic de Bases del Organisation del Fortias Armate (LOBOFA). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Fortias Armate es submittite al organos de sovranitate competente secundo le Constitution e le lege. Le organos directemente responsabile del defensa national e del Fortias Armate include le Presidente del Republica, le [[Assemblea del Republica]], le Governamento e le Consilio Superior de Defensa National. Le Ministro del Defensa National es politicemente responsabile del elaboration e execution del componente militar del politica de defensa national, del administration del Fortias Armate e del resultatos de lor empleo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Historia e quadro legal == Le actual organisation del Fortias Armate se funda super le evolution del systema de defensa portugese e super le principio constitutional que le defensa militar del Republica es un responsabilitate del Stato. Le reforma del 2009 reforçava le integration inter le ramos e le function del [[Estado-Major General del Fortias Armate]] (EMGFA). Le reforma de 2021, concretisate per le LOBOFA e per le nove legislation organic del EMGFA, reforçava ulteriormente le unitate de commandamento e le rol del Capite del Stato-Major General del Fortias Armate (CEMGFA). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto-lei/19-2022-178080766 |titulo=Decreto-Lei n.º 19/2022, de 24 de janeiro |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Lege Organic 2/2021 revocava le anterior Lege Organic 1-A/2009 e establiva nove bases pro le organisation del Fortias Armate. Illa define le EMGFA, le tres ramos e le organos militar de commandamento e de consilio como componentes del structura del Fortias Armate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Missiones == Le mission fundamental del Fortias Armate es garantir le defensa militar del Republica. Lor operation es orientate al preparation permanente pro responder a aggressiones o menacias externe e se realiza in le respeto del Constitution e del lege, in execution del politica de defensa national e del concepto strategic de defensa national. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le missiones del Fortias Armate es: * garantir le sovranitate, le independentia national e le integritate territorial del Republica; * participar in missiones militar international pro respectar le compromissoes international de Portugal, includente missiones humanitari e de pace; * executar missiones extra le territorio national, autonomemente o in quadro multinational, pro salvaguardar le vita e le interesses del portugeses; * executar cooperation technico-militar in le quadro del politica national de cooperation; * collaborar con le fortias e servicios de securitate contra aggressiones o menacias transnational; * collaborar in missiones de protection civil e in actiones concernente le necessitates basic e le benesser del population; * cumprir le missiones resultante del stato de assedio o del stato de emergentia; * garantir le conditiones pro le education superior militar e le sanitate militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/emgfa |titulo=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organisation == Le structura del Fortias Armate comprende le Estado-Major General del Fortias Armate, le tres ramos — Marina, Armea e Fortia Aeree —, le organos militar de commandamento e le organos militar de consilio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le systema de fortias ha duo componentes principal: un componente operational, que reuni le fortias e medios destinate al empleo militar conjuncte e integrate, e un componente fixe, que comprende commandos, unitates, stabilimentos, organos e servicios necessari al organisation e al supporto del Fortias Armate e del ramos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le organisation es orientate al preparation efficace e al emprego operational efficace del fortias. Le legislation exige etiam le articulation e le complementaritate inter le EMGFA e le ramos, con le creation de organos conjuncte o inter-ramos quando isto es objective necessitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Estado-Major General del Fortias Armate == Le Estado-Major General del Fortias Armate (EMGFA) es un structura del Fortias Armate integrate in le administration directe del Stato per medio del Ministerio del Defensa National. Illo ha autonomia administrative e es incaricate de planificar, dirigir e controlar le execution del strategia del defensa militar e le empleo del Fortias Armate in le missiones que illas debe complir. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/quem-somos/Paginas/missao.aspx |titulo=Missão |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le EMGFA ha etiam competentias in le planification e direction del education superior militar, del sanitate militar, del informationes e securitate militar, del cyberdefense, del aspectos militar del programma spatial del defensa national e del innovation e transformation del Fortias Armate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual Capite del Stato-Major General del Fortias Armate, abreviate CEMGFA, es le General João Cartaxo Alves, qui exerce le cargo desde le 2 de martio 2026. Ille es le plus alte autoritate in le hierarchia del Fortias Armate e es responsabile ante le Governamento, per medio del Ministro del Defensa National, del capacitate de responsa militar del Fortias Armate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/emgfa |titulo=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116001139/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/emgfa |archivedate=2026-01-16 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/quem-somos/Paginas/CEMGFA.aspx |titulo=Chefe do Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CEMGFA es le principal consiliero militar del Ministro del Defensa National e exerce le commandamento operational del Fortias Armate. In le tempore de pace, ille es responsabile del empleo del fortias del componente operational pro le execution del missiones del Fortias Armate; in stato de guerra, ille exerce le commandamento complete del Fortias Armate sub le autoritate del Presidente del Republica e del Governo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/quem-somos/Paginas/CEMGFA.aspx |titulo=Chefe do Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Marina == Le Marina es un del tres ramos del Fortias Armate Portugese. Su mission principal es participar in le defensa militar del Republica e generar, preparar e sustener le fortias e medios del componente naval del systema de fortias. Illa complira etiam le missiones particular previde per le legislation e le missiones operational assignate per le CEMGFA. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |titulo=Marinha |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123043635/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |archivedate=2026-01-23 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le Capite del Stato-Major del Marina (CEMA) es le commandante del Marina. Desde le 27 de decembre 2024, le cargo es exercite per le Almirante Nobre de Sousa, qui es etiam, per inrentia, Autoritate Maritime National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |titulo=Marinha |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123043635/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |archivedate=2026-01-23 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le Marina include le commandamento del componente naval, le superintendientias responsabile del material, personal, finantias e technologias del information, le Instituto Hidrografic, le Escola Naval, le Academia de Marina, le Commission Cultural del Marina e le Inspecion General del Marina. Le Servitio Maritime de Recerca e Salvamento functiona etiam in le ambito del Marina. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |titulo=Marinha |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123043635/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |archivedate=2026-01-23 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Armea == Le Armea es le ramo terrestre del Fortias Armate. Su mission principal es participar in forma integrate in le defensa militar del Republica e generar e sustener le fortias e medios del componente terrestre del systema de fortias. Illo participa etiam in missiones international e in operationes extra le territorio national in quadro autonome o multinational. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |titulo=Exército |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116180805/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |archivedate=2026-01-16 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le Capite del Stato-Major del Armea (CEME) es le commandante del Armea. Le actual titular es le General Eduardo Mendes Ferrão, qui exerce le cargo desde le 1 de martio 2023. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |titulo=Exército |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116180805/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |archivedate=2026-01-16 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le Armea es organisate in un structura vertical e hierarchic e comprende le Stato-Major del Armea, organos central de administration e direction, le Commandamento del Fortias Terrestre, organos de consilio, le Inspecion General del Armea, organos de base e le elementos del componente operational del systema de fortias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |titulo=Exército |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116180805/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |archivedate=2026-01-16 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Fortia Aeree == Le Fortia Aeree es le ramo aeree del Fortias Armate. Su mission es cooperar in forma integrate al defensa militar del Republica mediante operationes aerie e le defensa del spatio aeree national, durante que illo complira le missiones previde per le legislation e le missiones operational assignate per le CEMGFA. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Força Aérea |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005124506/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le Capite del Stato-Major del Fortia Aeree (CEMFA) es le commandante del ramo. Le actual titular es le General Piloto-Aviator Sérgio Pereira, qui prendeva possession del cargo le 2 de martio 2026. Le CEMFA es etiam, per inrentia, le Autoritate Aeronautic National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Força Aérea |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005124506/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le Fortia Aeree es organisate super un structura vertical e hierarchic, con nivellos de autoritate hierarchic, functional, technic e de coordination, pro garantir le efficacitate del componentes operational, logistic e de personal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Força Aérea |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005124506/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Commandamento operational == Le reforma del 2021 renforçava le centralitate del CEMGFA in le commandamento del operationes. Le Commandamento Conjuncte pro le Operationes Militar (CCOM) es le principal structura per le qual le CEMGFA exerce le commandamento operational del fortias e medios del componente operational del systema de fortias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/unidades/CCOM/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Comando Conjunto para as Operações Militares |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le CCOM exerce coordination super le Commandamento Operational del Açores, le Commandamento Operational del Madeira, le Commandamento del Operationes de Cyberdefense, le Centro de Informationes e Securitate Militar e le commandos del componentes naval, terrestre e aeree. Le missiones de recerca e salvamento maritime e aerie remane sub le responsabilitate del respectives ramos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/unidades/CCOM/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Comando Conjunto para as Operações Militares |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Education superior e sanitate militar == Le Fortias Armate dispone de un systema proprie de education superior militar e de servicios de sanitate militar. Le EMGFA ha le responsabilitate de planificar, dirigir e controlar iste areas a nivello conjuncte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Instituto Universitari Militar (IUM) es le institution central del education superior militar. Le structura del EMGFA include etiam le Hospital del Fortias Armate (HFAR) e le Direction de Sanitate Militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/quem-somos/Paginas/estrutura.aspx |titulo=Estrutura |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cooperation international == Le Fortias Armate Portugese participa in missiones e operationes international in le quadro de organisationes international e accordos de defense. Portugal es un del membros fundatores del NATO, al qual illo se adjunge in 1949, e participa in le effortio collective del Aliança in varie regiones e operationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/pdefesa/dn/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Defesa na Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Fortias Portugese participa tamben in missiones del Union Europee, del Naciones Unite e in cooperation bilateral e multinational. Le EMGFA include iste participationes inter le missiones del Fortias Armate e le commitmentes international del Stato portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/quem-somos/Paginas/missao.aspx |titulo=Missão |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le periodo recente, le Fortias Armate ha participiate in operationes NATO e in missiones humanitari e de pace, assi como in cooperation militar con altere statos. Le natura e le numero del missiones varia secundo le decisiones del Stato portugese e le quadro international de securitate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/pdefesa/dn/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Defesa na Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005111119/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/pdefesa/dn/Paginas/default.aspx |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Cooperation con altere servicios del Stato == Le legislation portugese previde que le Fortias Armate pote collaborar con le fortias e servicios de securitate e con le protection civil quando le natura del mission lo require. Iste cooperation es distincte del lor mission fundamental de defensa militar e es effectuate secundo le conditiones establite per le Constitution e le legislation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Marina collabora con le Autoritate Maritime National, durante que le Fortia Aeree presta le recursos human e material necessari al functiones del Autoritate Aeronautic National. Le ramos pote etiam participar in missiones de protection civil e in actiones de supporto al population. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |titulo=Marinha |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123043635/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |archivedate=2026-01-23 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Força Aérea |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005124506/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Situation actual == In 2026, le Fortias Armate Portugese continua organisate como un structura integrate del Stato, con le EMGFA e le tres ramos — Marina, Armea e Fortia Aeree — al centro del systema. Le CEMGFA es le plus alte autoritate militar del hierarchia e exerce le commandamento operational conjuncte, durante que le chefes del ramos dirige le respectives organisations e genera e sustene le fortias e medios necessari al systema de fortias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.emgfa.pt/pt/quem-somos/Paginas/CEMGFA.aspx |titulo=Chefe do Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |sitioweb=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei-organica/2-2021-169256653 |titulo=Lei Orgânica n.º 2/2021, de 9 de agosto |sitioweb=Diário da República |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le actual CEMGFA es General João Cartaxo Alves; le chef del Marina es Almirante Nobre de Sousa; le chef del Armea es General Eduardo Mendes Ferrão; e le chef del Fortia Aeree es General Piloto-Aviator Sérgio Pereira. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/emgfa |titulo=Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116001139/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/emgfa |archivedate=2026-01-16 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |titulo=Marinha |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123043635/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/marinha |archivedate=2026-01-23 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |titulo=Exército |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116180805/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/exercito |archivedate=2026-01-16 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |titulo=Força Aérea |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005124506/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/forcasarmadas/fa/Paginas/default.aspx |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Portugal]] g186vuvc9xa31bo3wcjosc3rpngai5z Historia del Islam in Italia medieval 0 61833 704595 702277 2026-10-16T23:06:05Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del Islam in Italia medieval''' es le historia del contactos, incursiones, insediamentos e dominios musulman in le [[Peninsula Italian|peninsula italian]] e, specialmente, in [[Sicilia]], durante le [[Medievo]]. Le presentia musulman in Italia esseva multiforme: illa comprendeva incursiones naval e militar, occupationes territorial temporari in le Italia meridional, le establimento de un emirato in [[Bari]], le colonia musulman del [[Garigliano]] e, super toto, le formation de un stato islamic in Sicilia inter le seculo IX e le conquista [[Normannos|normanne]] del seculo XI. Le presentia islamic esseva particularmente importante in Sicilia, ubi le conquista initiate in 827 conduceva al formation de un societate arabophone e multiconfessional. Post le conquista normanne, le cultura e le population musulman non desapareva immediatemente, ma continuava a participar al vita del Regno de Sicilia. In le seculo XIII, le politica de [[Federico II]] conduceva al deportation de numerose communitates musulman de Sicilia a [[Lucera]], in le Apulia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/saraceni-di-sicilia_%28Federiciana%29/ |titulo=Saraceni di Sicilia |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana – Treccani |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prime incursiones == Le prime incursiones arabe contra le territorios italian occurreva ja in le seculo VII. Le costas del Sicilia, del [[Sardinia]] e del Italia meridional esseva regularmente exposte al incursiones proveniente del Africa del Nord. Durante le seculos VIII e IX, iste expeditiones deveniva plus frequente e, in certe casos, se transformava in occupationes territorial o insediamentos plus stabile. Le Sardinia esseva un del areas frequentemente attingite per expeditiones musulman proveniente del Africa del Nord e, plus tarde, del [[Al-Andalus]]. Le fontes archeologic e historic indica contactos e expeditiones inter le seculo VIII e le prime decennios del seculo XI, ma le insediamento musulman in Sardinia non attingeva le nivello de domination territorial que existeva in Sicilia. In le Italia meridional, le incursiones deveniva particularmente intense durante le seculo IX. [[Brindisi]] esseva destruite in 838 e [[Taranto]] esseva occupate circa 840. Le region de [[Apulia]] deveniva un del principal areas de confrontation inter [[Imperio Byzantin|Byzantinos]], [[Longobardos]], [[Francos]] e gruppos musulman proveniente principalmente del Sicilia e del Africa del Nord. == Le emirato de Bari == Le plus importante insediamento musulman permanente in le peninsula italian esseva le emirato de Bari, establite in 847. Le citate esseva sub dominio byzantin quando le mercenario musulman Khalfūn se impatroniva de illo. Le nove emirato esseva posteriormente recognoscite per le califato [[Abbassidas|abbasside]] e deveniva un centro de operationes militar contra le territorios vicin. Le emirato durava circa 24 annos. Su ultime emir, Sawdān, dirigeva Bari durante le fase final del dominio musulman. Le imperator [[Ludovico II]] initiava un grande expedition contra le musulman del Italia meridional e, post un assedio prolongate, reconquireva Bari in 871. Sawdān esseva capturate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovico-ii-re-d-italia-e-imperatore/ |titulo=Ludovico II re d'Italia e imperatore |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana – Treccani |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bari/ |titulo=Bari |sitioweb=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana – Treccani |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le emirato existeva etiam un moschea in Bari. Le evidentia archeologic del periodo es limitate, ma le fontes historic confirma le presentia de un communitate musulman e de structuras religiose islamic in le citate. Le cadita de Bari non poneva fin al activitate musulman in le Italia meridional. Post 871, expeditiones continuava a partir del Africa del Nord e del Sicilia, e Taranto remaneva un importante base musulman usque al reconquista byzantin circa 880. == Insediamento del Garigliano == Un altere importante centro musulman esseva establite al Garigliano, in le zona del actual confine inter le Campania e le Lazio. Inter 882 e 915, un colonia militar musulman utilisava le loco como base pro expeditiones contra le Campania e le Lazio meridional. Le musulman del Garigliano manteneva relationes con le potentias del Italia meridional. Le duces de [[Gaeta]], [[Napoli]] e altere principes poteva alternativemente combatter contra illes o establir accordos con illes secundo le circumstantias politic. In 915, un coalition formate per potentias del Italia meridional, le papato e le [[Imperio Byzantin|Byzantinos]] assediava le colonia. Le victoria del Garigliano poneva fin al principal insediamento militar musulman in iste parte del peninsula. == Conquista musulman de Sicilia == Le plus importante phase del historia del Islam in Italia comenciava in 827, quando un expedition proveniente de [[Ifriqiya]] sbarcava a [[Mazara del Vallo]]. Le expedition esseva associate con le crisi del autoritate byzantin in le insula e esseva commandate per Asad ibn al-Furat. Le forces includeva Arabes, Berberes e altere gruppos proveniente del mundo islamic. Le conquista esseva lente e difficil. [[Palermo]] cadeva in 831 e deveniva le capital del Sicilia musulman. Siracusa esseva conquerite in 878 post un longe assedio, e [[Taormina]] cadeva in 902. Le ultime fortificationes byzantin esseva eliminate durante le prime annos del seculo X. Le Sicilia deveniva un provincia importante del mundo islamic del Mediterraneo. Le population comprendeva musulman, christianos e judeos, con importante uso del arabe in le administration e in le vita urban. Palermo se transformava in un grande centro politic, commercial e cultural. == Le emirato de Sicilia == In le prime phase, Sicilia esseva governate per le [[Aghlabidas]] de Ifriqiya. Post le elimination del Aghlabidas, le insula passava sub le autoritate del [[Fatimidas]] in 909. In le decennio 940, le dynastia del Kalbidas establiva un emirato local que, formalmente, recognosceva le autoritate fatimida. Le periodo del Kalbidas, approximativemente del 948 al 1050, es generalmente considerate le periodo de major prosperitate del Sicilia sub dominio musulman. Le agricultura esseva reorganisate, le irrigation esseva developpate e le jardins e areas cultivate se expandiva. Le artesanato e le commercio mediterranee prosperava, durante que Palermo deveniva un importante centro intellectual. Le societate esseva multilingue e multiconfessional. Le influentia islamic non se limitava al religion: illo esseva visibile in le agriculture, administration, architectura, arte, scientia e lingua. Un parte del vocabulario e del toponymia sicilian ha origine arabe. == Le conquista normanne == Durante le prime medietate del seculo XI, le autoritate politic musulman in Sicilia se fragmentava inter plure potentias local. Le emir de [[Catania]], Ibn al-Thumna, appelleva in 1061 le Normannes pro obtener auxilio in su conflicto con altere principes sicilian. Le Normannes, conducite per [[Roberto il Guiscardo]] e [[Ruggero I de Sicilia|Ruggero]], transformava iste intervention in un conquista del insula. Palermo cadeva in 1072. Le ultima grande fortia musulman, [[Noto]], se rendeva in 1091, marcante le fin del dominio politic islamic independente in Sicilia. Le conquista normanne non significava le disparition immediate del Islam in Sicilia. Le populationes musulman remaneva importante, e le nove governatores utilisava personnel arabophone e conservava plure practicas administrative e technic del periodo anterior. == Le Regno normanne e le cultura arabo-normanne == Le [[Regno de Sicilia]] del seculo XII esseva un societate in le qual musulman, christianos de tradition latin e grec e judeos viveva sub un mesme monarchia. Le corte normanne usava personnel e technicas proveniente de differente traditiones cultural. Le arabe remaneva un lingua importante del administration e del cultura, specialmente in le prime periodo del regno. Le architectura del Palermo normanne demonstra iste interscambio. Le [[Palatio del Normanni]], le [[Capella Palatina]], le [[Palatio della Zisa]], le [[Catedrale de Palermo]], le ecclesias de [[San Giovanni degli Eremiti]] e [[San Cataldo]], assi como le catedrales de [[Cefalù]] e [[Monreale]], combina elementos del traditiones occidental, islamic e byzantin. Le UNESCO ha inscribite le complexe Palermo arabo-normanne e le catedrales de Cefalù e Monreale al Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 2015, recognoscente su valor como exemplo del syncretismo socio-cultural inter le traditiones occidental, islamic e byzantin. == Le periodo de Federico II == Le relation inter le autoritate imperial e le communitates musulman se deteriorava durante le regno de Federico II. In le prime decennio del seculo XIII, varie communitates musulman del Sicilia occidental se rebellava contra le autoritate imperial. Le conflictos se prolongava durante plure annos. A partir de 1221–1223, Federico II lanceva expeditiones militar contra le rebelles musulman. Post le victoriaes imperial, numerose familias esseva deportate del Sicilia al continente. Le principal loco de destination deveniva Lucera, in le Capitanata, ubi le imperator organisava un grande colonia musulman. Le transferimento non concerneva solmente combattentes. Le familias e le communitates esseva etiam relocate, e nove gruppos esseva transferite a Lucera durante le annos sequente. Le guerra in Sicilia continuava usque al repression definitive del principal rebelliones in 1246. == Lucera == Le colonia musulman de Lucera deveniva le principal centro del Islam in le Italia continental del seculo XIII. Le citate esseva transformate in un centro de population, agricultura, artesanato e activitate militar. Le fontas historic e archeologic mentiona moscheas e altere structuras associate al communitate musulman. Federico II utilisava le musulman de Lucera in su exercitos. Illes formava un importante contingente militar e esseva empleate in le guerras imperial e in le guarnitiones de castellos. Le communitate conservava in exchange un grado de autonomia religiose e le practica del Islam. Le musulman de Lucera remaneva fideles a Federico II e a su successores in plure conflictos del seculo XIII. Le citate susteneva etiam Manfredo e Corradino contra le Angioines. Post le victoria angioina, le relationes inter le communitate musulman e le nove autoritate deveniva plus conflictual. In 1300, durante le regno de Carlo II de Anjou, le citate esseva conquerite e le communitate musulman esseva disgregate. Numerose habitantes esseva deportate e vendite como sclavos, durante que alteres esseva disperse in altere locos. Le citate esseva posteriormente redesignate Civitas Sanctae Mariae. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dgagaeta.cultura.gov.it/public/uploads/documents/Saggi/5bdc103f889dd.pdf |titulo=Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato – studio su Lucera |sitioweb=Ministero della Cultura – Direzione generale Archivi |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261005103422/https://dgagaeta.cultura.gov.it/public/uploads/documents/Saggi/5bdc103f889dd.pdf |archivedate=2026-10-05 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Societate e economia == Le historia del Islam in le Italia medieval non se reduce al guerras e conquestas. Sicilia esseva un spatio de contacts inter le Mediterraneo oriental, Africa del Nord, Peninsula Iberic e Europa occidental. Le portos de Palermo, Messina e altere citates facilitava le circulation de mercantes, technicas e ideas. Le administration islamic contribueva al developpamento de sistemas de irrigation, al expansion de jardins e horticultura e al intensification del agricultura. Le cultura material e le technicas de construction e decoration esseva ulteriormente integrate in le civilisation normanne del Sicilia. Le contactos inter arabe e italiano esseva etiam importante pro le transmission de vocabulario. Le Sicilia medieval constitueva un caso particular de bilingüismo arabe-romanzo e ha lassate un numero importante de arabismos in le vocabulario e toponymia sicilian. == Cultura e architectura == Le influentia islamic es particularmente visible in le Sicilia normanne. Le monumentos del Palermo arabo-normanne combina formas e technicas islamic con traditiones byzantin e occidental. Le mosaicos, cupolas, archos, pavimentos, decorationes lapidari e inscriptiones arabe testimonia iste interscambio. Le Capella Palatina in Palermo, con su archos de tradition islamic, mosaicos byzantin e architectura occidental, es un exemplo particularmente importante de iste synthesis. Le UNESCO considera le complexe arabo-normanne como un exemplo exceptional de intercambio cultural inter le mundos occidental, islamic e byzantin. == Lingua arabe == Le arabe esseva un del linguas de administration e cultura in le Sicilia musulman e continuava a esser usate in le periodo normanne. Documentos official, inscriptiones, monetas e altere testimonios monstrava le persistente importantia del arabe in le vita public del insula. Le ultime documento in arabe mentionate per le fontes linguistic esseva redigite in 1242, ben post le fin del dominio politic musulman. == Declino del presentia islamic == Le fin del dominio politic musulman in Sicilia esseva un processo gradual. Le conquista normanne del 1061–1091 eliminava le emiratos, ma non le communitates musulman. Durante le seculos XI e XII, musulman continuava a habitar in plure partes del insula e a participar al economia e administration del Regno de Sicilia. Le repression del rebelliones musulman in le Sicilia sub Federico II, seguite per le deportationes a Lucera, reduceva fortemente le presentia musulman in le insula. Post le mid-seculo XIII, le principal centro del Islam in le Regno esseva Lucera in le continente. Le destruction de Lucera in 1300 poneva fin al principal communitate musulman medieval del Italia continental. Post iste evento, le presentia del Islam in le Italia medieval deveniva multo plus fragmentari e se continuava principalmente per individuos, mercantes e sclavos de origine musulman, sin un importante territorio politic proprie. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Historia del islam in Italia meridional| ]] jdozol056k3wigkn49g00kgkl63d68q Portugal in le Reconquesta 0 61844 704601 702329 2026-10-17T02:00:31Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Reconquesta in le territorio de Portugal''' designa le processo de expansion territorial del regnos e potentias christian del nord del Peninsula Iberic verso le territorios sub dominio musulman, que contribueva al formation e al consolidation del [[Regno de Portugal]]. In le caso portugese, le processo se extendite desde le occupation e repopulation christian del region de Portucale in le seculo IX usque al conquista del [[Algarve]] in le seculo XIII. Le formation territorial del futuro Portugal esseva intimemente ligate al expansion del regno astur-leonese. Le conde Vímara Peres occupava Portucale in 868, durante le regno de [[Alfonso III de Asturias]], e iste territorio deveniva un del nucleos del nove organisation christian del extremo occidental del Peninsula. Le expansion verso le sud conduceva al occupation de Coimbra in 878 e al consolidation del territorios inter le Minho e le Mondego. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dl.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/33422/1/rph44_artigo4.pdf |titulo=O Nascimento do Reino de Portugal |sitioweb=Universidade de Coimbra |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le processo non esseva un movimento militar continue. Illo comprendeva conquistas, recapturas, accordos, repopulation, construction de fortificationes e organisation del nove territorios. In le seculos XI e XII, le formation del Condado Portucalense e le action de su governatores ligava progressivemente le expansion territorial con le formation de un potentia politic distincte. == Formation del Condado Portucalense == In le seculo IX, le territorios de Portucale e Coimbra esseva incorporate in le expansion del regno astur-leonese. Vímara Peres, associatte al presúria de Portucale in 868, deveniva le fundador del linea comtal portucalense, durante que Hermenegildo Guterres es associate al occupation de Coimbra in 878. Le condes exerceva functiones politic, administrative, judicial e militar in le frontiera meridional del regno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dl.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/33422/1/rph44_artigo4.pdf |titulo=O Nascimento do Reino de Portugal |sitioweb=Universidade de Coimbra |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio esseva successivemente subjecte al regno de Asturias e, postea, al regno de Leon. Le potentia del nobilitate local augmentava, ma le autonomia politic del territorio restava dependente del monarchia leonese. In 1096, le governamento del Condado Portucalense esseva attribuite a Henrique de Borgonha, qui se maritava con Teresa de Leon, filia del rege Alfonso VI. Henrique assumeva le direction del territorio e participa al expansion christian verso le sud. Le condado habeva un extension superior al nucleo portucalense medieval, includente Coimbra e altere territorios meridional. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/a-ascensao-de-d-afonso-henriques-e-a-transformacao-do-condado-em-reino-h26/ |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques e a transformação do condado em reino |sitioweb=RTP Ensina |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Afonso Henriques e le autonomia del condado == Post le morte de Henrique de Borgonha, Teresa assumeva le governamento del Condado Portucalense durante le minoritate de su filio Afonso Henriques. Le rivalitate inter le factiones politic del condado e le orientation politic de Teresa conduceva al confrontation con le nobiles portucalenses. Le Batalia de São Mamede, le 24 de junio 1128, esseva decisive pro le ascension politic de Afonso Henriques. Secundo le Assembleia del Republica de Portugal, le victoria contra le partidarios de Teresa marca le initio del governamento de Afonso Henriques super le Condado Portucalense. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Afonso Henriques establiva su centro strategic in Coimbra e orientava su politica verso duo objectivos conjuncte: le consolidation del autonomia del condado e le expansion territorial contra le potentias musulman del sud. Le expansion verso le linea del Tejo deveniva un objective central del sua politica militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://geo.lisboa.pt/atividades-e-difusao/investigacao/detalhe/a-primeira-tentativa-de-conquista-de-lisboa-por-afonso-henriques-em-1142 |titulo=A Primeira tentativa de conquista de Lisboa por Afonso Henriques, em 1142 |sitioweb=Gabinete de Estudos Olisiponenses – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Expansion verso le Tejo == Durante le regno de Afonso Henriques, le territorios christian esseva extendite verso le sud. Le fortification de Leiria constitueva un elemento important del nove frontiera, e le controllo de Leiria e del territorios adjacente permitteva preparar operationes contra Santarém e Lisboa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://geo.lisboa.pt/atividades-e-difusao/investigacao/detalhe/a-primeira-tentativa-de-conquista-de-lisboa-por-afonso-henriques-em-1142 |titulo=A Primeira tentativa de conquista de Lisboa por Afonso Henriques, em 1142 |sitioweb=Gabinete de Estudos Olisiponenses – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime tentativa de Afonso Henriques de conquistar Lisboa occurreva circa 1142, ma le expedition non conduceva al occupation del citate. Le preparation del operation esseva ligate al intention de portar le frontiera del condado usque al Tejo e de controlar le principal fortificationes del region. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://geo.lisboa.pt/atividades-e-difusao/investigacao/detalhe/a-primeira-tentativa-de-conquista-de-lisboa-por-afonso-henriques-em-1142 |titulo=A Primeira tentativa de conquista de Lisboa por Afonso Henriques, em 1142 |sitioweb=Gabinete de Estudos Olisiponenses – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation del Regno de Portugal == Le expansion territorial esseva accompagnate per un processo de autonomia politic. Le Batalia de Ourique, traditionalmente datate de 1139, occupa un loco importante in le memoria politic del formation del regno. Le Parlamento portugese indica que post iste victoria Afonso Henriques assumeva le titulo de rege, ben que le recognition ecclesiastic del titulo veniva plus tarde. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tractato de Zamora de 1143 constitueva un altere momento fundamental in le relationes inter Afonso Henriques e le monarchia de Leon e Castella. Le Governamento portugese considera iste accordo, insimul con São Mamede, Ourique e le bulla papal de 1179, inter le eventos fundamental del formation e affirmation politic de Portugal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://portugal.gov.pt/gc25/comunicacao/noticias/comemoracoes-dos-900-anos-da-fundacao-de-portugal-ja-tem-comissao-executiva- |titulo=Comemorações dos 900 anos da Fundação de Portugal já têm comissão executiva |sitioweb=XXV Governo Constitucional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le recognition del titulo regal per le Santa Sede esseva obtenite in 1179, quando le papa Alexandre III emitteva le bulla *Manifestis Probatum*. Le Parlamento portugese describe iste bulla como le confirmation del titulo de rege de Afonso Henriques per le papa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conquista de Santarém e Lisboa == Le Santarém esseva conquistate per Afonso Henriques in 1147. Le operation esseva un passo important verso le consolidation del territorios a sud del Tejo e precedeva le grande expedition contra Lisboa del mesme anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le mesme anno, Afonso Henriques assediava Lisboa con le auxilio de un importante contingente de cruciatos del nord de Europa qui se dirigeva verso le Oriente pro le Secunde Cruciata. Le assedio comenciava in le initio de julio e se terminava le 21 de octobre 1147, quando le defensores capitulava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://geo.lisboa.pt/atividades-e-difusao/investigacao/detalhe/engenhos-de-aproximacao-no-cerco-de-lisboa-de-1147 |titulo=Engenhos de aproximação no Cerco de Lisboa de 1147 |sitioweb=Gabinete de Estudos Olisiponenses – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conquista de Lisboa esseva un evento major in le expansion territorial portugese. Le Archivo Municipal de Lisboa considera le incorporation del citate al regno de Portugal in 1147 como un evento decisive del historia de Lisboa e del consolidation del nove regno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://arquivomunicipal.lisboa.pt/sobre-nos/historia/ |titulo=História |sitioweb=Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618100125/https://arquivomunicipal.lisboa.pt/sobre-nos/historia |archivedate=2026-06-18 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Expansion in le Alentejo == Post le conquista de Lisboa, le expansion portugese continuava verso le Alentejo. Le controllo del fortificationes e del centros urban del region requireva nove campanhas e accordos con ordines militar, specialmente le Ordine de Santiago, que deveniva un importante actor in le expansion territorial del seculo XII e XIII. Alcácer do Sal esseva conquistate per le portugeses circa 1160, ma le citate esseva recapturate per le Almohades in 1191. Le conquista definitive occurreva in 1217, durante le regno de Afonso II, con le auxilio de forzas cruciate. Post le conquista, Alcácer esseva associate al Ordine de Santiago, que lo usava como un de su principal centros in le Alentejo litoral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cm-alcacerdosal.pt/municipio/concelho/historia/o-dominio-portugues-e-alcacer/ |titulo=O domínio Português e Alcácer |sitioweb=Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le recapture de Alcácer in 1217 es un exemplo del character discontinu del Reconquesta. Le possession christian del citate non esseva irreversible: le fortificationes poteva esser recapturate per le forzas musulman e, plus tarde, reconquestate per le regno portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cm-alcacerdosal.pt/locais/castelo-de-alcacer-do-sal-2/ |titulo=Castelo de Alcácer do Sal |sitioweb=Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Ordines militar e repopulation == Le expansion del regno portugese dependeva non solmente del exercito regal, ma etiam del participation de ordines militar, nobiles, milicias municipal e comunidades ecclesiastic. Le ordines esseva particularmente importante in le defense del nove frontieras e in le colonisation e administration del territorios recentemente incorporate. Durante le periodo del Reconquesta, le nove territorios esseva organisate per medio de cartas de foral, fundation de villas, installation de comunidades e donationes a ecclesias e ordines militar. Le ordines militar, inter illes le templarios e le santiagistas, assumeva functiones de defense, fortification e administration territorial. Le caso de Alcácer do Sal illustra iste modelo: post su recaptura in 1217, le castello e le territorio esseva date al Ordine de Santiago, que establiva ibi su sede e exerceva control super un vaste territorio del Alentejo litoral. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cm-alcacerdosal.pt/municipio/concelho/historia/o-dominio-portugues-e-alcacer/ |titulo=O domínio Português e Alcácer |sitioweb=Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conquista del Algarve == Le ultime grande phase del expansion territorial portugese se concentra in le Algarve, o Al-Gharb al-Andalus. Le conquestas del region esseva effectuate durante le regnos de Sancho II e, principalmente, Afonso III. Afonso III, qui deveniva rege in 1248, poursuiveva le expansion verso le sud e concludeva le conquista del territorios musulman del Algarve in 1249. Le Parlamento portugese identifica le conquista del Algarve inter le principal conquestas de Afonso Henriques e le continuation del expansion territorial portugese sub le prime monarches. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Algarve esseva incorporate al Corona portugese como un territorio con un statuto particular. In le titulatura regal, Afonso III comenciava a usar le formula «Rei de Portugal e dos Algarves», e le Algarve remaneva mentionate como regno in le titulatura del monarches portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |titulo=Caracterização da Evolução do Território Pátrio durante a Expansão Ultramarina |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006041849/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Del conquista al consolidation territorial == Le fin del principal conquestas in le Algarve non significa que le construction territorial del regno esseva immediatemente terminate. Le monarchia debeva consolidar le nove frontiera, organisar le administration e stabilisar le relationes con le regno de Castella. Le Tractato de Alcanises, signate in 1297, fixa le principal frontiera inter Portugal e le regno de Castella e es generalmente considerate un momento decisive in le stabilisation territorial del Portugal continental. Le Ministerio del Defense de Portugal nota que le frontieras continental esseva stabilite post le accordos concernente Riba-Côa e le area del Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |titulo=Caracterização da Evolução do Território Pátrio durante a Expansão Ultramarina |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006041849/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le period inter le seculo IX e le fin del seculo XIII esseva assi un periodo de transformation profunde: un frontiera del regno astur-leonese deveniva le Condado Portucalense, le condado se transformava in un regno independente e le regno extendeva su territorio usque al Algarve ante de stabilisar su frontiera oriental con Castella. == Chronologia == * 868 — Vímara Peres occupa Portucale e initia le formation del potentia comtal portucalense. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dl.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/33422/1/rph44_artigo4.pdf |titulo=O Nascimento do Reino de Portugal |sitioweb=Universidade de Coimbra |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 878 — Hermenegildo Guterres es associate al occupation de Coimbra e al consolidation del expansion christian in le region. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dl.uc.pt/bitstream/10316.2/33422/1/rph44_artigo4.pdf |titulo=O Nascimento do Reino de Portugal |sitioweb=Universidade de Coimbra |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1096 — Henrique de Borgonha recipe le governamento del Condado Portucalense. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/explicador/a-ascensao-de-d-afonso-henriques-e-a-transformacao-do-condado-em-reino-h26/ |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques e a transformação do condado em reino |sitioweb=RTP Ensina |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1128 — Afonso Henriques vence le Batalia de São Mamede e assume le governamento del condado. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1139 — Batalia de Ourique e proclamation del titulo regal de Afonso Henriques secundo le tradition historic portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/VisitaParlamento/Paginas/BiogDAfonsoHenriques.aspx |titulo=D. Afonso Henriques |sitioweb=Assembleia da República Portuguesa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1143 — Tractato de Zamora e recognition politic de Afonso Henriques como rege. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://portugal.gov.pt/gc25/comunicacao/noticias/comemoracoes-dos-900-anos-da-fundacao-de-portugal-ja-tem-comissao-executiva- |titulo=Comemorações dos 900 anos da Fundação de Portugal já têm comissão executiva |sitioweb=XXV Governo Constitucional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1147 — Santarém e Lisboa es conquistate per Afonso Henriques, con participation de cruciatos in le assedio de Lisboa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://geo.lisboa.pt/atividades-e-difusao/investigacao/detalhe/engenhos-de-aproximacao-no-cerco-de-lisboa-de-1147 |titulo=Engenhos de aproximação no Cerco de Lisboa de 1147 |sitioweb=Gabinete de Estudos Olisiponenses – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1160 — Alcácer do Sal es conquistate per le portugeses. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cm-alcacerdosal.pt/municipio/concelho/historia/o-dominio-portugues-e-alcacer/ |titulo=O domínio Português e Alcácer |sitioweb=Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1191 — Alcácer do Sal recade in le manos del Almohades. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cm-alcacerdosal.pt/municipio/concelho/historia/o-dominio-portugues-e-alcacer/ |titulo=O domínio Português e Alcácer |sitioweb=Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1217 — Alcácer do Sal es reconquestate definitivamente per Afonso II con auxilio de cruciatos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cm-alcacerdosal.pt/locais/castelo-de-alcacer-do-sal-2/ |titulo=Castelo de Alcácer do Sal |sitioweb=Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> * 1249 — Afonso III conclude le principal conquestas del Algarve e le expansion territorial portugese attinge le limite meridional del continente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |titulo=Caracterização da Evolução do Território Pátrio durante a Expansão Ultramarina |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006041849/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> * 1297 — Tractato de Alcanises contribue al fixation del frontiera continental inter Portugal e Castella. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |titulo=Caracterização da Evolução do Território Pátrio durante a Expansão Ultramarina |sitioweb=Ministério da Defesa Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006041849/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/1 |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Signification historic == Le Reconquesta in le occidente iberic esseva un processo de longe duration e de grande complexitate, in le qual le frontieras cambiava repetitemente e le conquestas esseva accompagnate per repopulation, organisation ecclesiastic, fundation de villas e construction de fortificationes. Pro le historia de Portugal, le processo esseva inseparabile del formation del stato portugese. Le expansion del territorio portucalense forni le base territorial super le qual Afonso Henriques poteva consolidar su autonomia politic, durante que le conquestas del Tejo, del Alentejo e del Algarve extendiva le territorio del nove regno. Le processo non terminava semplicemente con un ultime battalia. Le conquista del Algarve in le seculo XIII esseva sequite per le consolidation administrative e le definition del frontieras con Castella, culminante in le Tractato de Alcanises de 1297. In iste senso, le Reconquesta portugese esseva tanto un processo de expansion militar como un processo de formation territorial e institutional del regno. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Historia de Portugal]] 44ylahqtc7bvzl8ggtfiqbmhbsezrip Ministerio de Cultura (Espania) 0 61902 704597 702590 2026-10-17T00:36:42Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 12 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Ministerio de Cultura''' es un departamento de le [[Administration General del Stato]] de [[Espania]] incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. Su competentias include le promotion, protection e diffusion del patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal, le artes, le libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, le activitates cinematographic e audiovisual, e le libros e bibliothecas statal. Illo promove etiam le cultura in espaniol, le cooperation cultural e, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Exterior, Union Europee e Cooperation, le relationes international in materia cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le sede del Ministerio se trova al Plaza del Rey, 1, Madrid, in le edificio historic appellate Casa de las Siete Chimeneas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006204437/https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Historia == Le actual Ministerio de Cultura ha su origine in le reorganisation del Administration General del Stato durante le transition democratic. Le Ministerio de Cultura y Bienestar esseva create per le Real Decreto 1961/1977, de 29 de julio, e le denomination Ministerio de Cultura esseva establite definitivamente per le Real Decreto 2258/1977, de 27 de augusto, que defineva su structura organic e su competentias. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/167396 |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y Bienestar / Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007111714/https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/167396 |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007184408/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le nove departamento reuniva unitates que ante esseva repartite inter altere departamentos, includente le direction general concernente al patrimonio artistic e cultural, unitates del Ministerio de Information e Turismo e organos relative al familia, juventute e deporte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007184408/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le creation del Ministerio marca un nove quadro institutional pro le politica cultural estatal post le establimento del systema democratic. Inter le nove competentias esseva le protection del patrimonio historic-artistic, le archivos, le museos, le libro e bibliothecas, le musica, le teatro, le cinematographia e le diffusion cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/bellasartes/historia/proyectos-web-bellas-artes/bellas-artes-y-la-constitucion/bellas-artes-1978.html |titulo=Bellas Artes en 1978 |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007000802/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/bellasartes/historia/proyectos-web-bellas-artes/bellas-artes-y-la-constitucion/bellas-artes-1978.html |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> In 1983, le sede del Ministerio esseva transferite al actual edificio del Plaza del Rey, 1, in Madrid. Le edificio historic, cognoscite como Casa de las Siete Chimeneas, deveniva assi le sede principal del departamento. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007184408/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le Ministerio esseva mantenite como departamento autonome usque a 1996, quando un nove reorganisation del Governamento lo integrate con le education in le Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. In 2000 le denomination deveniva Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/50798 |titulo=España. Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=PARES – Archivos Españoles |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007100436/https://pares.cultura.gob.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/50798 |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> In 2004, le politica cultural recuperava un Ministerio proprie con le creation del Ministerio de Cultura e le elevation del Secretariato de Stato de Cultura al rango de departamento ministerial. Ulteriormente, le competentias cultural esseva integrate de novo in le Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte inter 2011 e 2018. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://censoarchivos.cultura.gob.es/CensoGuia/productordetail.htm?id=50798 |titulo=España. Ministerio de Cultura |sitioweb=Censo-Guía de Archivos de España e Iberoamérica |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007090351/https://censoarchivos.cultura.gob.es/CensoGuia/productordetail.htm?id=50798 |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> In 2018, le cultura reveniva a esser gestionate per un Ministerio de Cultura proprie. Post le reorganisation ministerial de 2023, le Ministerio de Cultura esseva mantenite como departamento autonome del Governamento. Le actual structura organic es regulate principalmente per le Real Decreto 323/2024, ulteriormente modificate in 2025. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Competentias == Le Ministerio es incaricate de proponer e executar le politica del Governamento concernente al patrimonio historic espaniol, le museos e archivos statal e le artes. Iste competentias include le protection, conservation, restauration, investigation e diffusion del patrimonio cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In materia de libro e lectura, le Ministerio promove le industria del libro, le lectura e le creation litterari, e coordina le politica statal concernente le bibliothecas statal. Desde 2025, iste dominio include explicitemente le promotion del libro e del comic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio es competente etiam in le derectos cultural, includente le promotion e garantia del accesso del citatanos al cultura e le protection del pluralitate del expressiones cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |titulo=Funciones y competencias |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica del cinematographia e del sector audiovisual es exercite principalmente per le Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales, organismo autonome adscripte al Ministerio. Le Ministerio promove le cinematographia e le creation audiovisual e participa in le elaboration e execution del politica public in iste sectores. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/cine/inicio.html |titulo=Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223215107/https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/cine/inicio.html |archivedate=2026-02-23 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Le Ministerio es responsabile etiam de le artes scenic e le musica, includente lor protection, promotion e diffusion. Iste competentias es actualmente coordinate per le Direction General de Artes Escenicas e Musica e per le Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio participa etiam in le cooperation cultural con le Communitates Autonome e in le relationes cultural international de Espania, in coordination con le Ministerio del Affaires Exterior, Union Europee e Cooperation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Structura == Le Ministerio de Cultura es sub le superior direction del Ministro e se structura principalmente in le Secretariato de Stato de Cultura e le Subsecretariato de Cultura. Le Secretariato de Stato es le organo superior del departamento incaricate del impulsion, disveloppamento e execution del politica del Governamento in materia de cultura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Secretariato de Stato de Cultura === Le Secretariato de Stato de Cultura ha le responsabilitate superior pro le impulsion e execution del politica cultural. Su competentias include le libro, le comic, le lectura, le derectos cultural, le proprietate intellectual, le cooperation cultural, le patrimonio historic, le museos, le archivos, le bibliothecas statal, le artes visual e le artes scenic e musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministro/secretaria-estado-cultura.html |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Del Secretariato de Stato depende le sequente directiones general: * le Direction General del Libro, del Comic e del Lectura; * le Direction General del Derectos Cultural; * le Direction General del Patrimonio Cultural e Belle Artes; * le Direction General del Artes Scenicas e Musica. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama.html |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Secretariato de Stato dispone etiam de un Gabinet, con nivello organic de subdirection general, que provide assistentia immediate al Secretario de Stato. Le actual Secretario de Stato de Cultura es Jordi Martí Grau. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/ministro/secretaria-estado-cultura.html |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Subsecretariato de Cultura === Le Subsecretariato de Cultura es le altere organo superior del departamento e ha sub su dependentia le Secretariato General Technic. Illo exerce le functiones de coordination e supporto administrative general del Ministerio, conforme al legislation super le organisation del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama.html |titulo=Organigrama |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Organismos attachate == Le Ministerio coordina un insimul de organismos public e institutions cultural attachate, inter le quales se trova le Bibliotheca National de Espania, le Gerentia de Infrastructure e Equipamentos de Cultura, le Instituto de le Cinematographia e del Artes Audiovisual, le Instituto National del Artes Scenicas e del Musica, le Museo National Centro de Arte Reina Sofía e le Museo del Prado. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Ministerio ha etiam relationes con diverse fundationes del sector public, inter le quales le Instituto de Cultura Gitana, le Fundación Colección Thyssen-Bornemisza, le Fundación del Teatro Real e le Fundación Festival Internacional de Teatro Clásico de Almagro. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006204437/https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Sede == Le sede del Ministerio es al Plaza del Rey, 1, Madrid. Le edificio, cognoscite como Casa de las Siete Chimeneas, esseva occupate per le Ministerio desde 1983, quando le departamento esseva transferite desde le anterior sede del Paseo de la Castellana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/mc/amc/presentacion/historia.html |titulo=Historia del Archivo Central de Cultura |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Casa de las Siete Chimeneas es un edificio historic del centro de Madrid e constitui le sede institutional del departamento. Le adresse official del Ministerio es Plaza del Rey, 1, 28004 Madrid. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |titulo=Ministerio de Cultura y organismos públicos adscritos |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261006204437/https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio.html |archivedate=2026-10-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> == Relationes con le Communitates Autonome == Le Constitution espaniol attribue al Stato competentias legislative e de coordination in differente materias cultural, durante que le Communitates Autonome exerce important competentias de administration e protection cultural secundo lor Statutos de Autonomia. Le Ministerio participa in iste systema per le cooperation cultural territorial e le coordination con le administrationes autonome. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2024-6087 |titulo=Real Decreto 323/2024, de 26 de marzo |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cooperation con le Communitates Autonome es particularmente relevante pro le patrimonio historic, le museos, le archivos, le bibliothecas e le promotion del derectos cultural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |titulo=Funciones y competencias |sitioweb=Ministerio de Cultura |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20261007001240/https://www.cultura.gob.es/ministerio/funciones-y-competencias.html |archivedate=2026-10-07 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] [[Categoria:Ministerios de Espania]] efrigfza6k6mju48fgl5zbcluvq42pi Fluvio Guadiana 0 61925 704590 702688 2026-10-16T22:03:35Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Guadiana''' es un importante fluvio international del [[Peninsula Iberic]] que traversa [[Espania]] e [[Portugal]] e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic]], in le [[Golfo de Cadiz]], inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le rio es un del principal cursos fluvial del sud-occidente del peninsula e forma, in su curso inferior, parte del frontiera inter le duo paises. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le cuenca del Guadiana ha un superficie total de circa 67 129 km², con 55 508 km² in le parte espaniol e 11 621 km² in le parte portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le longitude attribuite al Guadiana varia secundo le methodo usate pro definir su origine e le segmento initial del curso. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana usa circa 818 km pro le curso del rio, durante que documentation international ibero-portugese indica un percurso de plus de 860 km desde le systema de su origine usque al mar. Le differentias deriva in parte del tractamento del curso superior e del relation inter le Guadiana e le systema del [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] e del [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/servicio-al-ciudadano/educacion-ambiental/otras-actividades/otros-contenidos |titulo=Otros contenidos: La Gota del Guadiana |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906072554/https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |archivedate=2025-09-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-07}}</ref> == Nomine == Le nomine ''Guadiana'' ha origine arabe. Le forma actual es generalmente explicate como un adaptation del arabe ''Wadi Ana'', con ''wadi'' significante « valle » o « curso de aqua » e ''Ana'' associate al nom antique del rio. Le nom latin del rio esseva ''Anas'' o ''Anas flumen''. Le elemento arabe ''wadi'' esseva adjungite al hydronymo durante le periodo musulman, producendo le forma que deveniva le moderne Guadiana. Le nom portugese es etiam ''Guadiana''. == Historia e cultura == Le Guadiana ha un importantia historic in le relationes inter le communitates del sud-occidental Peninsula Iberic. Su position como via de communication e, in certe periodos, como limite politic ha influentiate le formation del settlements e del fortificationes del territorio. In le curso inferior, le relation inter Espania e Portugal ha essite particularmente importante. Citates como [[Badajoz]], [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]], [[Ayamonte]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] ha habite relationes historic con le commercio e le transporto fluvial. Vila Real de Santo António esseva construite in le seculo XVIII in un position strategic al moutha del Guadiana. Le plano urban esseva associate al necessitate de controlar le commercio fluvial e maritime e le activitate piscatori del zona. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Le Guadiana ha un curso general de est a west in su curso superior e medie. Post [[Badajoz]], le rio cambia de direction verso le sud e continua per Extremadura, Portugal e le sud-occidente de Espania ante de attinger le Atlantico. In su parte inferior, le rio forma un limite international inter Espania e Portugal in plure sectiones. In Espania, le cuenca del Guadiana se extende principalmente per [[Castilia-La Mancha]], [[Extremadura]] e partes de [[Andalusia]]. Le demarcation hydrographic espaniol ha un superficie de 55 508,28 km² e include partes del provincias de [[Ciudad Real]], [[Cuenca]], [[Toledo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Cordoba]] e [[Huelva]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le cuenca continua per le regiones del [[Alentejo]] e del [[Algarve]]. Le curso inferior passa per localitates como [[Mértola]], [[Alcoutim]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]]. In le ultime section, le estuario del Guadiana es influentiate per le mareas del Atlantico. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e curso superior == Le origine del Guadiana es un subjecto de discussion inter hydrologos e geographos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana recognosce que le question del origine del rio ha essite discutite perque le systema fluvial del curso superior comprende le [[Lagunas de Ruidera]], le [[Guadiana Viejo]] e le [[Ojos del Guadiana]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/el-organismo/bienvenida |titulo=Bienvenida |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le systema del Lagunas de Ruidera se trova in le provincia de Ciudad Real e constitue un complexe de lagunas alimentate per aquas superficial e subterranee. Le aqua del Guadiana Viejo se dirige verso le west e, in le area calcaree de La Mancha, parte del aqua pote infiltrar se in le subterraneo. Plus al west, le aquas subterranee emergeva historicamente per le Ojos del Guadiana, in le territorio de [[Villarrubia de los Ojos]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime del Ojos del Guadiana ha essite fortemente affectate per le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation. Le diminution historic del aquas subterranee ha modificate le contribution natural del systema al curso superficial del Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel: El clima y la geomorfología condicionan la biodiversidad |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso medie == Post le zona del Alto Guadiana, le rio entra in le grande planitie de La Mancha e continua verso west. Le curso traversa un territorio caracterisate per agricultura, centros urban e un complexe rete de aquas superficial e subterranee. Le [[Tablas de Daimiel]] es situate in iste parte del cuenca. Illo es un humedal formate per le confluencia del Guadiana e del [[Cigüela]]. Le escasse pendentia del terreno permitte le formation de un grande planitie inundabile, in le qual le aquas superficial e subterranee interage. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/eu/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel.html |titulo=Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tablas de Daimiel representa un del plus importante humides interior del Peninsula Iberic. Le sito es etiam un [[Ramsar|zona humide Ramsar]] e un importante area pro aves aquatic e migratori. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Plus al west, le Guadiana entra in Extremadura. Le rio e su tributarios forma un grande systema de cursos de aqua e reservoirs que supporta agricultura, production hydroelectric, approvisionnement e altere usos. == Tributarios == Le systema del Guadiana ha un grande numero de tributarios. Inter le plus importante se trova le [[Cigüela]], [[Záncara]], [[Jabalón]], [[Bullaque]], [[Zújar]], [[Matachel]], [[Ardila]], [[Gévora]] e [[Chanza]]. Le tributarios del Alto Guadiana contribue al systema de La Mancha e al formation del humides del curso superior. Le Zújar, que nasce in le area del Sierra de Tudia e traversa partes de Extremadura, es un del plus importante tributarios del Guadiana in su curso medie. Le Matachel es un altere importante tributario in Extremadura. Illo conflue con le Guadiana in le area de [[Mérida]] e contribue al ressources aquatic del parte medie del cuenca. Le Gévora nasce in [[Espania]] e conflue con le Guadiana in le area de Badajoz, proxime al frontiera. Le Chanza es un del principal tributarios del curso inferior e es ligate al systema hydrographic del sud-west espaniol. == Reservoirs == Le cuenca del Guadiana ha un grande numero de reservoirs. Secundo le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, le parte espaniol del cuenca ha 66 reservoirs con un capacitate superior a 1 hm³, con un capacitate total que supera 9 500 hm³. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Inter le reservoirs plus importante se trova le embalse de Orellana, le embalse de La Serena, le embalse de Cijara, le embalse de García de Sola, le embalse de Alange e le systemas associate al [[Zújar]] e al Guadiana. In Portugal, le [[Alqueva]] es un del plus grande reservoirs artificial de Europa occidental. Le systema del Alqueva es usate pro irrigation, approvisionnement, production de energia e altere usos economic. Le reservoir es situate super le Guadiana in le Alentejo. == Agricultura e irrigation == Le aqua del Guadiana es un recurso importante pro le agricultura de La Mancha, Extremadura e le Alentejo. Le irrigation ha un importantia special in le production de cereales, olivos, vite, horticultura e altere cultivos. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana identifica un grande numero de zonas irrigate in le parte espaniol del cuenca. Inter le principal se trova Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar, La Mancha, Vicario e Peñarroya. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le Alto Guadiana, le irrigation ha habite un effecto importante super le aquas subterranee. Le exploitation del aquifero ha contribuite al reduction del nivellos de aqua e al deterioration del functionamento hydrologic del systema del Ojos del Guadiana e del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Curso inferior e frontiera international == In le parte occidental del peninsula, le Guadiana deveni un rio international in senso geographic e politic. In plure sectiones, le curso del rio forma le frontiera inter Espania e Portugal. Le documentation del cooperation hydrographic ibero-portugese indica que circa 600 km del curso se trova in Espania, circa 260 km in Portugal, e que un section de circa 110 km forma frontiera inter le duo paises. Le valores del longitude total varia secundo le definition del curso considerate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |titulo=Documento de coordinación internacional |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906072554/https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/AssuntosInternacionais/CADC/Planeamento/DocumentoCoordenacaoInternacional_2016_2021_ES_PT.pdf |archivedate=2025-09-06 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-07}}</ref> Le section frontaliero traversa un paisage de valles, colles e zonas de vegetation mediterranee. Localitates como [[Alcoutim]] in Portugal e [[Sanlúcar de Guadiana]] in Espania es situate al margines del rio. == Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana == In Portugal, le [[Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana]] protege un vaste territorio associate con le valle del curso inferior del rio. Le parque include ambientes fluvial, zonas rocheose, areas agricole e paisages mediterranee. Le Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas define le parque como un area con regime de protection e regulation de activitates secundo le valores natural del territorio. Le plan de ordenamento include dispositiones concernente protection partial, conservation e actividades de turismo de natura. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/84c4dc2d01242731 |titulo=Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana: Plano de Ordenamento |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le valle del Guadiana es etiam parte de areas del rete [[Natura 2000]]. Le [[Zona de Protection Special Vale do Guadiana]] ha un superficie de circa 76 547 hectares e es designate principalmente pro le conservation de habitats e aves. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Estuario e disimboccatura == Le curso final del Guadiana attinge le Atlantico inter [[Ayamonte]] in Espania e [[Vila Real de Santo António]] in Portugal. Le estuario es influentiate per le mareas e forma areas de palude e marisma. Le [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] es situate proxime al desembocadura. Le aqua del estuario e le marismas es importante pro le reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos e pro numerose aves aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le estuario del Guadiana ha etiam un importantia economic historic. Le rio esseva un via de transporte e commercio e le localitate de Vila Real de Santo António esseva planificate in le seculo XVIII in parte pro controlar le commercio que entrava per le Guadiana. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/vila-real-de-santo-antonio |titulo=Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Biodiversitate == Le cuenca del Guadiana include un grande varietate de habitats, desde le humides de La Mancha usque al boscos mediterranee e le valles del curso inferior. Le Tablas de Daimiel es un importante sito pro aves aquatic e migratori. Le humedal es recognoscite como Zona Humide de Importantie International sub le Convention de Ramsar e es etiam un Parque National. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-humedales/los-humedales/tablas_daimiel_lista_ramsar.html |titulo=La Lista Ramsar Española: Parque Nacional Tablas de Daimiel |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le valle portugese, le biodiversitate include species adaptate al ecosistemas mediterranee e al ambientes fluvial. Le Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana e le ZPE del valle include areas de protection pro numerose species de aves e altere fauna. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/b6a87eabe221da38 |titulo=Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000: ZPE Vale do Guadiana |sitioweb=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le area del estuario, le marismas e zonas salin de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António provide habitat pro aves como fenicotteros, cigonias e altere species aquatic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Gestion del aqua == Le gestion del cuenca del Guadiana es un responsabilitate compartite inter Espania e Portugal. In Espania, le organismo de cuenca es le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, que exerce functiones de planification, gestion del ressources, protection del dominio public hydraulic e controlo del qualitate del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Confederación gestiona le parte espaniol del cuenca in le quadro del legislation national e del [[Directive-cadro super le aqua]] del Union Europee. Le planification hydrographic include mesuras concernente le quantitate e qualitate del aqua, le protection del ecosistemas e le prevention del riscos de inundation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Portugal, le gestion es integrate in le quadro del [[Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente]] e del Planes de Gestion del Region Hydrographic del Guadiana. Le cooperation inter le duo paises es particularmente importante pro le sectiones transfrontaliero e pro le coordination del regime del aquas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2022-2027/PTRH7/PGRH_3_RH7_Parte2_VolumeA.pdf |titulo=Plano de Gestão de Região Hidrográfica do Guadiana |sitioweb=Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Problemas ambiental == Le cuenca del Guadiana face pressiones concernente le disponibilitate de aqua, le extraction pro irrigation, le modification del habitats, le pollution e le effectos del cambio climatic. In le Alto Guadiana, le exploitation del aquas subterranee ha essite un del principal factores affectante le humides e le systema del Ojos del Guadiana. Le Ministero espaniol del ambiente describe le exploitation del aquifero pro le irrigation como un factor importante in le degradation del functionamento hydrologic del Tablas de Daimiel. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/daimiel/valores-naturales/mnatural.html |titulo=Tablas de Daimiel: El medio natural |sitioweb=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cambio climatic pote augmentar le pression super le ressources aquatic per medio de alterationes del precipitation, augmento del evaporation e frequentia de periodos de siccitate. Le planification hydrographic del cuenca include dunque mesuras pro le adaptation e pro le protection del aquas e del ecosistemas. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/planificacion/plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion/introduccion-al-plan-hidrologico-de-la-demarcacion |titulo=La planificación hidrológica |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Navigation == Le Guadiana ha essite usate como via de navigation e transporte in diverse periodos historic. Le navigation esseva importante specialmente in le curso inferior, ubi le rio connecte le interior del Alentejo e del sud-west espaniol con le Atlantico. In le actualitate, le navigation recreational e turistic es presente in plure sectiones del rio. Le [[Grande Route del Guadiana]] in le Algarve, per exemplo, accompania le rio inter Vila Real de Santo António e Alcoutim per un percurso de circa 65 kilometros, usabile a pede o in bicycletta. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/content/la-gran-ruta-del-guadiana |titulo=La Gran Ruta del Guadiana |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Guadiana es etiam utilisate pro activitates nautic in le zona del reservoirs e del curso inferior, subjecte al regulationes del autoritates del aqua e del areas protegite. == Importantia economic == Le Guadiana supporta numerose activitates economic. Le plus importante es le agricultura irrigate, ma le aqua del cuenca es usate etiam pro consumption urban, industria, production hydroelectric e turismo. In le parte espaniol del cuenca existe plure grande zonas irrigate, con un superficie significative dedicate al agricultura. Le Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana reporta zonas irrigate como Orellana, Montijo, Lobón, Zújar e La Mancha inter le principal areas de utilisation del aqua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.chguadiana.es/cuenca-hidrografica/datos-basicos/superficie-y-datos-hidrologicos |titulo=Superficie y datos hidrológicos |sitioweb=Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reservoirs es importante pro le production de energia e pro le regulation del aqua. In Portugal, le systema de Alqueva ha un rol central in le agricultura irrigate del Alentejo e in le gestion del ressources aquatic. Le estuario ha etiam un importantia economic pro le pesca, le marisqueo, le turismo e le navigation. Le marismas del estuario supporta reproduction de pisces, crustaceos e molluscos. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/es/node/156056 |titulo=Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António |sitioweb=VisitPortugal |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Guadiana Viejo]] * [[Lagunas de Ruidera]] * [[Ojos del Guadiana]] * [[Tablas de Daimiel]] * [[Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana]] * [[Alqueva]] * [[Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António]] {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Fluvios de Espania]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Rios del Oceano Atlantic]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Castilia-La Mancha]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Extremadura]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Andalusia]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Cuenca del Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Rios international]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Espania]] [[Categoria:Zonas humide de Portugal]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino atlantic de Andalusia|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del versante del Atlantico de Castilia-La Mancha|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios de Extremadura|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Ciudad Real|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Badajoz|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del provincia de Huelva|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Fluvios del bassino del Guadiana|Guadiana]] [[Categoria:Districto de Beja]] [[Categoria:Districto de Faro]] [[Categoria:Districto de Evora]] [[Categoria:Locos de importantia comunitari de Portugal]] doamlpran3xeowogdtcektbtyzfedsf Historia de Paraguay 0 62205 704594 704327 2026-10-16T22:59:34Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 704594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Paraguay''' es marcate per le evolution del societates indigena, le colonisation espaniol, le formation de un stato independente, le guerras del seculo XIX, le conflictos politic del seculo XX e le transition verso un systema democratic. Situate in le interior del continente sudamerican, Paraguay ha disveloppate un identitate national in le qual le linguas e culturas guarani e hispanic occupa un position central. Le territorio esseva inhabitate per diverse populos indigena ante le arrivata del europeos. Le periodo colonial, le region deveniva un parte del Imperio espaniol e un centro de evangelisation e commercio. Le independentia esseva proclamate in maio 1811. Durante le seculo XIX, le Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864–1870) e le Guerra del Chaco (1932–1935) transformava le population, le territorio e le institutiones del pais. In le seculo XX, le dictatura de Alfredo Stroessner dominava le vita politic inter 1954 e 1989; post su cadita, le pais initiava un transition democratic e adoptava un nove constitution in 1992.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=Organisation de Cooperation e de Disveloppamento Economic (OCDE) |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Populos indigena e periodo precolonial == Ante le colonisation europee, le territorio del actual Paraguay esseva inhabitate per plure populos indigena, specialmente grupos de lingua guarani. Le societates guarani practicava le agricultura, le pisca, le venation e le recolta, e manteneva relationes de intercambio con communitates del regiones vicin. Le cultura guarani habeva un importantia particular in le formation del identitate del pais. Le lingua guarani superviveva al colonisation e deveniva, con le espaniol, un del linguas official del Paraguay contemporanee. Le traditiones, le organisation familial e le relationes con le ambiente natural del populos indigena continua a influentiar le cultura national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://guides.loc.gov/paraguay-country-guide |titulo=Paraguay: Country Guide |sitioweb=Library of Congress |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio non constitueva un stato unificate ante le arrivata del europeos. Le communitates indigena habeva lor proprie formas de organisation social e politic, e le relationes inter illos variava inter cooperation, commercio e conflicto. == Exploration e colonisation espaniol == Le exploration europee del region comenciava durante le prime parte del seculo XVI. Le expeditiones espaniol que penetrava le bacino del Río de la Plata establiva contacto con le populos indigena e initiava le formation de asentamentos colonial. Asunción esseva fundate le 15 de augusto 1537 per Juan de Salazar y Espinosa. Le asentamento deveniva un del principal centros espaniol del region e un puncto de partida pro expeditiones que contribuiva al formation de altere colonias e citates in le bacino del Río de la Plata.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/la-historia-paraguaya-en-hitos/ |titulo=La historia paraguaya en hitos |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le colonisation transformava le organisation del territorio e le relationes inter le europeos e le populos indigena. Le administration colonial introduceva le institutiones del Corona espaniol, le religion catholic e nove formas de proprietate e production. Le lingua guarani, tamen, remaneva largemente usate e exerceva un influentia durabile super le societate colonial. Le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras administrative del Imperio espaniol e passava per plure cambios de dependentia. In le seculo XVIII, le creation del Viceregnato del Río de la Plata in 1776 situava Paraguay in un structura regional que includeva etiam grande partes del actual Argentina, Uruguay e Bolivia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.embajadadeparaguay.org/pages/acerca-de-paraguay/historia.php |titulo=Historia |sitioweb=Embajada del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Missiones jesuitic e societate colonial == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le Societate de Jesus establiva missiones inter le populos guarani. Le missiones combinava le evangelisation catholic con formas organisate de agricultura, instruction, artesanato e vita comunitari. Le missiones jesuitic deveniva importante centros de production e de cultura, ma lor organisation e lor relationes con le autoritates colonial esseva frequentemente objecto de controversia. Le expulsion del jesuitas del territorios espaniol in 1767 poneva fin a lor administration del missiones e modificava le equilibrio social e economic del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.embajadadeparaguay.org/pages/acerca-de-paraguay/historia.php |titulo=Historia |sitioweb=Embajada del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le societate colonial esseva organisate per hierarchias social e ethnic. Le administration espaniol, le Ecclesia catholic e le proprietarios de terra exerceva un influentia importante, durante que le major parte del population continuava a depender del agricultura e del production local. == Le revoltas comuneras == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le territorio de Paraguay esseva le scena de conflictos inter le autoritates colonial, le interesses commercial e le grupos local que demandava un altere distribution del poter. Le Revolta Comunera del Paraguay del seculo XVIII esseva un serie de conflictos concernente le autoritate del governatores, le influentia del administration colonial e le autonomia del population local. Le movimento esseva reprimite, ma le memoria del revoltas remaneva un parte del historia politic preindependentista del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/la-historia-paraguaya-en-hitos/ |titulo=La historia paraguaya en hitos |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Iste conflictos non constitueva ancora un movimento national pro le independentia in le senso moderne, ma illos illustrava le tensiones inter le administration colonial e le sectores local. == Revolution e independentia in 1811 == Le crise del monarchia espaniol, provocate per le invasion napoleonic e le disorganisation del autoritate royal, favorava le formation de movimentos autonomistas in plure partes de America del Sud durante le annos 1810 e 1811. In Paraguay, un grupo de officieres e dirigentes local organisava un insurrection in Asunción durante le nocte del 14 al 15 de maio 1811. Inter le protagonistas se trovava Pedro Juan Caballero, Vicente Ignacio Iturbe e Fulgencio Yegros. Le governator espaniol Bernardo de Velasco perdeva gradualmente su autoritate, e le nove dirigentes establiva un governo provisorio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/1811-la-revolucion-del-14-de-mayo/ |titulo=1811 – La Revolución del 14 de mayo |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le processo non esseva un declaration immediate e definitive de independentia. Le prime autoritates adoptava un position prudente in le contexto del crise del monarchia espaniol, ma le congresso de junio 1811 establiva un junta governamental con participation de dirigentes paraguayan. Iste evento es considerate le initio del formation de Paraguay como stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/1811-la-revolucion-del-14-de-mayo/ |titulo=1811 – La Revolución del 14 de mayo |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le independentia esseva ulteriormente consolidate per le disveloppamento de institutiones proprie e per le separation progressive del autoritate de Buenos Aires e del Corona espaniol. == Governo de José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia == Post le independentia, le figura de José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia deveniva central in le organisation del nove stato. Francia assumeva un rolo dominante in le governo e esseva declarate dictator perpetue in 1814. Su regime promoveva un forte centralisation del poter, limitava le influentia de actores politic rival e adoptava un politica de autonomia exterior. Le relationes commercial e diplomatic con altere paises esseva restrictate, e le administration del stato exerceva un controlo extensive super le economia e le societate. Le politica de Francia contribueva al consolidation del autonomia de Paraguay, ma esseva etiam caracterisate per le concentration del poter e le limitation del opposition politic. Ille remaneva in le direction del pais usque a su morte in 1840.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=OCDE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Carlos Antonio López e le modernisation del stato == Post le morte de Francia, un periodo de transition precedeva le accession al poder de Carlos Antonio López, qui dirigeva le pais desde 1844 usque a 1862. Le governo de López promoveva un apertura economic e diplomatic plus grande que durante le regime precedente. Le stato investiva in infrastructuras, instruction technic, industria e communicationes. Le administration initiava projectos de modernisation e promoveva le construction de installationes militar e industrial. Le modernisation restava tamen sub un systema politic autoritari, con un concentration importante del poter executive. Carlos Antonio López preparava etiam le succession de su filio Francisco Solano López, qui assumeva le presidentia in 1862.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=OCDE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864–1870) == Le Guerra de la Triple Alianza, cognoscite etiam como Guerra del Paraguay, esseva le conflicto militar inter Paraguay e le coalition de Brasil, Argentina e Uruguay. Le guerra comenciava in 1864, durante le presidentia de Francisco Solano López, e terminava in 1870 con le derrota de Paraguay. Le conflicto esseva ligate al tensiones regional in le bacino del Río de la Plata, includente le intervention brasilian in Uruguay e le controversias concernente le passage de tropas paraguayan per territorio argentin. In 1865, Brasil, Argentina e Uruguay formalizava lor alliantia contra Paraguay.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/la-guerra-de-la-triple-alianza-1864-70/ |titulo=La Guerra de la Triple Alianza, 1864 al 1870 |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155823/https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/la-guerra-de-la-triple-alianza-1864-70/ |archivedate=2023-11-04 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> Le guerra devastava le pais. Le population esseva fortemente reducite, le agricultura e le ganaderia suffreva damnos massive e numerose infrastructuras esseva destruite. Le proportiones exacte del perdita demographic es subjecto de debatte inter historicos, ma le fontes concorda que le conflicto habeva un effecto catastrofic super le societate paraguayan. Francisco Solano López esseva occidite in Cerro Corá le 1 de martio 1870. Post le guerra, tropas brasilian occupava parte del pais durante plure annos, e Paraguay affrontava le reconstruction del economia e del institutiones. Le settlement territorial post le conflicto modificava le frontieras del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/la-guerra-de-la-triple-alianza-1864-70/ |titulo=La Guerra de la Triple Alianza, 1864 al 1870 |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155823/https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/la-guerra-de-la-triple-alianza-1864-70/ |archivedate=2023-11-04 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-14}}</ref> == Reconstruction e instabilitate politic == Post le guerra, Paraguay habeva a reconstruer su administration, economia e infrastructuras con recursos limitate e in un contexto de forte dependentia exterior. Le debilitate economic e le rivalitates inter elites politic contribuiva a un longe periodo de instabilitate. Le pais vendeva parte del terras public e promoveva le investition estranier in certe sectores, includente le agricultura e le exploitation del recursos natural. Le economia deveniva plus integrate in le mercatos international, ma le distribution del terra e del ricchessas remaneva unequal. Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX, le vita politic esseva dominate per grupos rival e per interventiones militar. Le formation de partidos politic moderne, includente le Partido Colorado e le Partido Liberal, deveniva un element important del organisation del stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=OCDE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerras civil e alternantia politic == Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Paraguay experientiava frequente cambios de governo, rebelliones e conflictos inter factiones politic. Le rivalitate inter le Partido Colorado e le Partido Liberal esseva un del principal factores del instabilitate. Le Guerra Civil Paraguayan de 1922–1923 esseva un del conflictos interne plus importante del periodo. Le rivalitates politic e le fragilitate del institutiones continuava a complicar le consolidation del regime constitutional. Le conflictos del periodo reflecteva etiam le difficultates del stato pro integrar regiones distante, controlar le recursos e crear un administration stabile post le devastation del seculo XIX. == Guerra del Chaco (1932–1935) == Le Guerra del Chaco esseva combattite inter Paraguay e Bolivia inter 1932 e 1935 pro le controlo del region del Gran Chaco. Le territorio habeva importantia strategic e esseva considerate possibilemente ric in petroleum, ben que le motives del guerra includeva etiam le definition del frontieras e le controlo del accessos regional. Paraguay obteneva un victoria militar e le tractato de pace esseva signate in 1938. Le nove frontiera esseva definite per accordos posterior, e Paraguay conservava un grande parte del Chaco disputate. Le guerra habeva tamen un costo human e economic importante e contribuiva al discontentamento con le elites politic e militar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=OCDE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le experientia del guerra reforçava le rolo del militares in le politica national. Post le fin del conflicto, le pais affrontava nove crises institutional e un serie de cambios de governo. == Crise politic e guerra civil de 1947 == Durante le annos 1930 e 1940, Paraguay passava per diverse gobiernos e interventiones militar. Le presidentia de José Félix Estigarribia esseva sequite per le governo de Higinio Morínigo, qui consolidava un regime autoritari e restringeva le activitate del opposition. In 1947, un rebellion contra le governo provocava un guerra civil inter le forzas governamental e un coalition de grupos oppositionista. Le governo prevaleva, e le conflicto fortificava le relationes inter le Partido Colorado e le Fortias Armate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=OCDE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra civil provocava mortes e dislocation e contribuiva al consolidation de un systema politic plus restrictive. Le instabilitate del annos sequente preparava le terreno pro le colpo militar de 1954. == Dictatura de Alfredo Stroessner (1954–1989) == In 1954, le general Alfredo Stroessner prendeva le poter per un colpo de stato e establiva un regime que durava 35 annos. Su governo combinava le supporto del Partido Colorado, le controlo del Fortias Armate e un systema de repression contra le opposition politic. Le regime manteneva un forte controlo super le institutiones e le vita public. Organisatores politic, sindicalistas, jornalistas e altere oppositores esseva subjecte a detention, persecution e exilio. Le governo promoveva etiam obras public e projectos economic, ma le disveloppamento politic remaneva restrictive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/el-derrocamiento-de-la-dictadura-de-alfredo-stroessner-en-1989/ |titulo=El derrocamiento de la dictadura de Alfredo Stroessner en 1989 |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regime de Stroessner terminava durante le nocte del 2 al 3 de februario 1989, quando un colpo militar conducite per Andrés Rodríguez lo removeva del poter. Stroessner partiva in exilio e moriva in Brasil in 2006.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/el-derrocamiento-de-la-dictadura-de-alfredo-stroessner-en-1989/ |titulo=El derrocamiento de la dictadura de Alfredo Stroessner en 1989 |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Transition democratic == Post le cadita de Stroessner, le governo de Andrés Rodríguez initiava un processo de apertura politic. Le reformas permitteva le participation plus large del partidos politic, le reorganisation del institutiones e le preparation de nove electiones. Le Constitution de 1992 establiva un quadro institutional democratic, reforçava le protection del derectos e introduceva un plus grande decentralisation politic e administrative. Le texto constitutional defini Paraguay como un republica democratic e representa un ruptura formal con le concentration del poter del periodo anterior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.gov.py/2011/05/1992-ano-de-cambios-estructurales/ |titulo=1992: Año de cambios estructurales |sitioweb=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura del Paraguay |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le transition non eliminava tote le problemas institutional. Le Partido Colorado continuava a mantener un position central in le politica national, durante que le partidos oppositionista cercava de ampliar lor representation. Le electiones deveniva le principal mecanismo pro le alternantia del governo, ben que le conflictos politic e le accusationes de corruption continuava a influentiar le debatte public. == Politica del seculo XXI == Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, Paraguay experientiava alternantias politic e reformas economic. In 2008, Fernando Lugo esseva electe presidente, ponente fin al longe periodo de presidentes del Partido Colorado. Su governo initiava con un coalition heterogenee e affrontava difficultates in le relationes con le Parlamento. In 2012, Lugo esseva removite del presidentia per un processo politic accelerate in le Congresso, un evento que provocava controversias national e international super le interpretation del procedura constitutional. Le vicepresidente Federico Franco assumeva le presidentia usque al election de 2013. In 2013, Horacio Cartes del Partido Colorado esseva electe presidente. In 2018, ille esseva succedite per Mario Abdo Benítez, etiam del Partido Colorado. In 2023, Santiago Peña esseva electe presidente e assumeva le cargo le 15 de augusto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mef.gov.py/sites/default/files/2025-08/Informe%20OCDE_PGR_Paraguay.pdf |titulo=Paraguay: Pursuing National Development through Integrated Public Governance |sitioweb=OCDE |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le politica contemporanee es marcate per le debattes super le governantia, le corruption, le disveloppamento economic, le servicios public e le relationes con le paises vicin. Le Partido Colorado remane un actor central del systema politic. == Economia e transformation social == Le economia paraguayan ha historicamente dependite del agricultura e del exportation de productos primari. Le soja, le canna de zucaro, le carne bovin e altere productos agricultural representa elementos importante del production e del commercio exterior. Le production de energia hydroelectric, specialmente per le Dama de Itaipú e le Dama de Yacyretá, ha etiam un importantia major in le economia national. Le energia hydroelectric supporta le consumo domestic e le exportation, e constitue un elemento importante del relationes economic con Brasil e Argentina. Durante le ultime decennios, le urbanisation, le expansion del servicios e le transformation del agricultura ha modificate le structura del societate. Le migration interne e international ha influentiate le distribution del population e le relationes inter le zonas rural e urban. == Cultura e identitate national == Le identitate paraguayan es profundemente marcate per le relation inter le culturas guarani e hispanic. Guarani es un lingua official del pais, insimul con le espaniol, e remane largemente usate in le communication quotidian, in le musica e in le traditiones popular. Le musica traditional, le polca paraguayan, le guarania, le gastronomia e le festivitates religiose forma parte del patrimonio cultural del pais. Le memoria del guerras, del independentia e del periodos de autoritarismo continua a influentiar le representation del historia national. Le preservation del archivos historic e del documentos public ha un rolo importante in le studio del evolution del stato. Archivo Nacional de Asunción conserva documentos concernente le administration colonial, le independentia e le historia del institutiones paraguayan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historia.archivonacional.gov.py/index.php/decreto-sobre-el-reconocimiento-de-la-independencia-del-paraguay-por-la-reina-de-gran-bretana-e-irlanda |titulo=Decreto sobre el reconocimiento de la independencia del Paraguay |sitioweb=Archivo Nacional de Asunción |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de America}} [[Categoria:Historia de Paraguay| ]] irl7dacoov6oclcnamnw8qzbypvso5d Historia del Republic Chec 0 62286 704603 2026-10-17T07:21:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del terras chec''' concerne le evolution historic del territorio que corresponde principalmente al actual [[Republica Chec]], situate in Europa Central. Iste territorios comprende le regiones historic de [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] e [[Silesia Chec]]. Lor historia es marcate per le formation de statos slavic, le developpamento del Regno de Bohemia, le integration in le monarchia de Habsburg, le emergentia del nationalismo chec...” 704603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del terras chec''' concerne le evolution historic del territorio que corresponde principalmente al actual [[Republica Chec]], situate in Europa Central. Iste territorios comprende le regiones historic de [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] e [[Silesia Chec]]. Lor historia es marcate per le formation de statos slavic, le developpamento del Regno de Bohemia, le integration in le monarchia de Habsburg, le emergentia del nationalismo chec e le creation de [[Checoslovachia]] in 1918. Desde le 1 de januario 1993, iste territorios forma parte del Republica Chec independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le terras chec ha occupate un position importante in le historia de Europa Central, al intersecration de vias commercial, cultural e politic. Durante le Medievo, le Regno de Bohemia deveniva un importante centro del [[Sacro Imperio Roman]] e, sub le imperator [[Carolo IV]], attingeva un periodo de grande influentia politic e cultural. In le epoca moderne, le regiones esseva integrate in le monarchia de Habsburg e, post le Prime Guerra Mundial, deveniva parte de un nove Stato commun con Slovakia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Republica Chec ha essite habitate desde le Paleolithico. Reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de grupos human in iste region desde centenas de milles de annos. Durante le etate del ferro, le territorio recipeva le influxo de differente culturas e populationes de Europa Central. Verso le seculo V a.C., le tribos celtic, specialmente le Boii, habitava partes del region. Le nomine latin *Boiohaemum*, de ubi deriva *Bohemia*, es traditionalmente associate al nomine de iste populo. Durante le prime seculos de nostre era, gruppos germanic, inter illes le [[Marcomannes]] e le [[Quados]], habitava partes del territorio e manteneva relationes, sovente conflictual, con le [[Imperio Roman]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo del migrationes del populationes, le composition etnic del region se transformava. A partir del fin del seculo V e del initio del seculo VI, gruppos slavic se establiva in Bohemia e Moravia. Illes deveniva le base del populationes slavic occidental que contribuiva al formation del posterior communitates chec e moravian. == Le prime statos slavic == === Le regno de Samo === Durante le prime medietate del seculo VII, le gruppos slavic del region participa al formation de un union sub le direction de [[Samo]], un mercator de origine franc que deveniva lor dirigente. Le entitate, cognoscite como Regno de Samo, organisava le resistentia contra le [[Avaros]], cuje potentia se concentrava in le region del basse Danubio e del actual Hungaria. Le union de Samo es considerate un del prime experientias de organisation politic commun inter le Slavos del Europa Central. Tamen, le natura exacte de su structura e le extension de su territorio resta subjectos a interpretation historic. Post le morte de Samo, le union perdeva su unitate e le region continuava a esser occupate per differente gruppos e potentias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Imperio de Grande Moravia === Durante le prime parte del seculo IX, un importante entitate politic se developpava in Moravia e in territorios adjacente: le Grande Moravia. Su formation es generalmente situate circa le annos 830, sub le dinastia de Mojmir. Le territorio del Stato comprendeva partes del actual Moravia e del Slovakia occidental, con un influentia que variava secundo le periodo. Le principe [[Rastislav de Moravia]] invitava in 863 le missionarios bizantin [[Cirillo e Methodio]] a venir al region pro propagar le christianismo e promover le uso del lingua slavic in le liturgia. Le mission contribuiva al developpamento del cultura scripte slavic e al diffusion del alphabeto glagolitic, create pro representar le lingua liturgic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub [[Svatopluk I]], Grande Moravia attingeva un del momentos de su plus grande extension. Tamen, le conflictos dynastic, le pression de potentias vicin e le incursiones magiar debilitava le Stato. Illo disappareva como potentia regional al initio del seculo X. Le declino del Grande Moravia favorava le consolidation del potentia politic in Bohemia. == Le ducato de Bohemia e le dinastia de Premysl == Durante le seculo IX e le initio del seculo X, le dinastia de [[Premysl]] consolidava su potentia in Bohemia. Le formation del Ducato de Bohemia se articulava circa le centro politic de [[Praga]], que deveniva gradualmente le principal sede del governamento. Le duces de Bohemia manteneva relationes con le reges franc oriental e, ulteriormente, con le governantes del Sacro Imperio Roman. Ben que le ducato esseva integrate in un rete de dependentias politic, su governantes conservava un grado importante de autonomia e fortificava lor administration interne. Un del figuras plus importante del prime historia del Stato es [[Wenceslao de Bohemia]], duce del seculo X e patron del terras chec. Secundo le tradition christian, ille esseva occidite in 935 per adversarios politic. Su culto deveniva un elemento central del identitate religiose e historic de Bohemia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le christianisation del region se consolidava durante iste periodo. In 973 esseva establite le episcopato de Praga, un institution que reforçava le organisation ecclesiastic e le relationes del Stato con le mundo christian occidental. === Le creation del Regno de Bohemia === Durante le seculos XI e XII, le governantes de Bohemia augmentava lor importantia in le politica del Sacro Imperio Roman. Alcun duces recipeva temporarimente le titulo de rege, ma le recognition definitive del character hereditari del monarchia deveniva un passo decisive in le formation del Stato. In 1212, [[Ottocar I de Bohemia]] recipeva le [[Bulla Auree de Sicilia]] ab le rege german [[Philip de Swabia]]. Le documento confirma le position del Regno de Bohemia e le derecto hereditari del su governantes al corona. Le regno deveniva un del entitates plus importante del Sacro Imperio Roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub [[Ottocar II de Bohemia]], durante le seculo XIII, le potentia del monarchia se expandiva. Su ambitiones territorial lo menava a conflictos con altere governantes del Europa Central. Post su morte in le battalia de Marchfeld in 1278, le expansion del regno esseva frenate, ma le monarchia de Bohemia continuava a esser un actor importante in le region. Le dinastia de Premysl terminava in 1306 con le morte de [[Wenceslao III de Bohemia]]. Le succession del corona conduceva al ascension de un nove dinastia. == Le dinastia de Luxembourg e le epocha de Carolo IV == In 1310, [[Johannes de Luxembourg]] deveniva rege de Bohemia per medio de su matrimonio con [[Elisabeth de Bohemia]], hereditera del dinastia de Premysl. Su regno reforçava le relationes del terras chec con le politica europee e preparava le ascension del dinastia de Luxembourg. Le periodo de plus grande prestigio del Regno de Bohemia occurreva sub [[Carolo IV]], rege de Bohemia desde 1346 e imperator del Sacro Imperio Roman desde 1355. Carolo transformava Praga in un centro politic, religiose e cultural de importantia europee. In 1344, le episcopato de Praga esseva elevate al rango de archiepiscopato. In 1348, Carolo fundava le [[Universitate Carolo de Praga]], un del plus ancian universitates de Europa Central, e establiva un base institutional pro le education superior in le regno. In le mesme anno, ille formalizava le organisation del Terras del Corona de Bohemia, que includeva Bohemia, Moravia e territorios associate, inter illes partes de Silesia e le Lusatias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regno experimentava un periodo de expansion economic, construction de edificios religiose e civil, e developpamento del commercio. Praga deveniva un del principal centros del Sacro Imperio Roman. == Le guerras hussite == Durante le initio del seculo XV, le terras chec esseva marcate per un crise religiose e politic. Le predicationes de [[Jan Hus]], un theologiano e reformator que criticava alcun practicas del Ecclesia catholic, trovava un grande echo in Bohemia. Hus esseva condemnate como heretic e executate per combustion in 1415 al [[Concilio de Constanta]]. Su morte provocava un movimento de protestation religiose e politic que deveniva le movimento hussite. In 1419, le tensiones culminava in le Prime Defenestration de Praga e in un rebellion contra le autoritates del urbe e le potentias ecclesiastic. Durante le decennios sequente, le guerras hussite opponeva le partisanos del reformatores a exercitos catholic e a expeditiones militar organisate contra illes. Le hussites comprendeva plure factiones, inter illes gruppos moderate e le Taboritas plus radical. Le victoria de forcas hussite in plure battalias impediva le suppression rapide del movimento. Le conflictos terminava gradualmente per medio de negotiationes e accordos religiose. Le Compactatos de Basilea de 1436 permitteva un forma limitate de recognition del practicas hussite in le regno. Tamen, le guerras transformava le societate, le relationes religiose e le organisation politic del terras chec. == Le dinastias Jagellon e Habsburg == Post le guerras hussite, le Regno de Bohemia continuava a esser un monarchia con un forte rol del ordines e del nobiles. In 1458, [[Georgius de Podebrady]] esseva eligite rege. Ille cercava de mantener un equilibrio inter le communitates religiose e promoveva un projecto de cooperation inter governantes europee, ma su regno esseva confrontate a oppositiones interne e externe. In 1471, [[Vladislao II de Bohemia]] del dinastia Jagellon deveniva rege. Le dynastia governava Bohemia e Hungaria, ma le morte de [[Ludovico II de Hungaria]] in 1526, durante le battalia de Mohács contra le Ottomanos, provocava un crise de succession. Le corona de Bohemia passava al [[Casa de Habsburg]] con le election de [[Ferdinand I de Habsburg]]. Desde alora, le terras chec faceva parte del monarchia de Habsburg, un complexe politic que reuniva differente regnos e populationes in Europa Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le rebellion de 1618 e le battalia del Monte Blanc == Durante le seculo XVI e le initio del seculo XVII, le tensiones religiose inter catholicismo e confessiones protestante cresceva in le terras chec. Le nobiles e le ordines del regno defendeva lor privilegios e le tradition de autonomia, durante que le governantes de Habsburg promoveva un plus grande centralisation del poter. In 1618, le [[Secunde Defenestration de Praga]] initiava un rebellion contra le autoritates imperial. Le nobiles protestante rejectava le governamento de Habsburg e, in 1619, eligiva [[Frederico V del Palatinato]] como rege de Bohemia. Le rebellion terminava con le victoria del exercito imperial al [[Battalia del Monte Blanc]] le 8 de novembre 1620. Le derrota provocava un repression contra le nobiles rebelde, confiscationes de proprietates e un processo de recatholicisation. Le monarchia de Habsburg reforçava su controlo super Bohemia e limitava le autonomia del ordines del regno. Le consequentias del derrota esseva importante pro le societate e le cultura chec. Le exilio de numerose protestantes, le transformation del proprietates e le promotion del catholicismo modificava le structura religiose e social del terras. == Le terras chec sub le Habsburg == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Bohemia, Moravia e le partes remanente de Silesia esseva integrate in le monarchia de Habsburg. Le administration deveniva plus centralisate e le lingua german acquireva un rolo importante in le administration, le education e le vita urban, ben que le lingua chec continuava a esser usate per grande partes del population. Le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos]] (1618–1648) affectava profundemente le terras chec. Le conflictos militar, le epidemias, le famine e le destruction de regiones agricole causava importante damnos demographic e economic. Le reconstruction postbellic esseva accompaniate per reformas administrative e per le diffusion del [[Barocco]] in le architectura e le arte religiose. In 1740, le accession de [[Maria Theresa de Austria]] al hereditage de Habsburg provocava nove conflictos europee. Durante le [[Guerra de Succession de Austria]], [[Federico II de Prussia]] occupava grande parte de Silesia. Le perdita esseva confirmate per le accordos de pace de 1742 e le major parte de Silesia remaneva sub controlo prussian, durante que un parte plus parve continuava a esser governate per Austria. Iste region deveniva cognoscite como Silesia austriac, e postea parte de Silesia chec. == Le renascimento national chec == Durante le fin del seculo XVIII e le seculo XIX, le [[Renascimento National Chec]] promoveva le revival del lingua, litteratura e identitate cultural chec. Le movemento se developpava in un contexto de reformas administrative, de expansion del education e de transformationes social in le monarchia de Habsburg. Le intellectuales studiava le historia e le lingua chec, collectava folklore e publicava obras in le lingua national. Le developpamento del presse, del societates cultural e del institutiones educational contribueva al formation de un conscientia national moderne. Inter le figuras importante del Renascimento National se trova [[Josef Dobrovský]], [[Josef Jungmann]] e [[František Palacký]]. Le movemento comenciava principalmente como un effortio linguistic e cultural, ma deveniva gradualmente un movemento politic que demandava plus grande autonomia pro le terras chec intra le monarchia. == Industrialisation e transformationes politic == Durante le seculo XIX, le terras chec deveniva un del regiones plus industrialisate del monarchia austro-hungaric. Le industria textile, metallurgic, carbonifere e mecanic se developpava specialmente in Bohemia e Moravia. Le expansion del ferrovias e del urbes transformava le economia e le societate. Le industrialisation contribuiva al formation de un classe operaie e de un burguesia urban, durante que le movementos national chec acquireva plus grande influentia. Le relationes inter le populationes chec e germanophone deveniva un del questiones central del politica del region. Post le creation del monarchia dual de Austria-Hungaria in 1867, le terras chec remaneva in le parte austriac del monarchia. Le demandas pro un autonomia politic plus grande non conduceva al creation de un Stato chec independente ante le Prime Guerra Mundial. == Le creation de Checoslovachia == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] provocava le disintegration del monarchia de Habsburg. Le dirigentes politic chec e slovac promoveva le creation de un Stato independente, con supporto de movementos national e de representantes exiliate. Le 28 de octobre 1918, le Republica de [[Checoslovachia]] esseva proclamate in Praga. Le nove Stato reuniava le terras chec de Bohemia, Moravia e Silesia chec con Slovakia e, inicialmente, le region de [[Rutenia subcarpathic]]. [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] deveniva le prime presidente del republica, durante que [[Edvard Beneš]] e [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]] esseva figuras importante del movemento de independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo inter le guerras, Checoslovachia deveniva un republica parlamentar con un economia industrial developpate. Tamen, le Stato reuniva populationes de differente linguas e identitates, includente checos, slovacos, germanos, hungaros e altere gruppos. Le questiones relative al minoritates e al repartition del poter restava importante in le vita politic. == Le crise de Munich e le occupation german == Durante le annos 1930, le expansion del [[Germania nazi]] aggravava le crise politic de Europa Central. In le terras chec, le population germanophone del region del Sudetes deveniva le foco de un crise international, specialmente post le ascension del [[Partito German del Sudetes]] sub [[Konrad Henlein]]. Le [[Accordo de Munich]], signate le 30 de septembre 1938 per Germania, Italia, Regno Unite e Francia, permitteva a Germania de annexar le Sudetes. Checoslovachia non participava directemente al negotiationes que determinava le cessio de su territorios. Le perdita del region de frontiera debilitava le defensa del Stato e aggravava su crise politic. Le 15 de martio 1939, Germania occupava le resto del terras chec e establiva le [[Protectorato de Bohemia e Moravia]]. Slovakia deveniva un Stato formalmente independente, ma dependente de Germania. Durante le occupation, le autoritates nazi applicava repression, deportationes e persecutiones contra le population, specialmente contra le judios e le membros del resistentia. Le insurrection e le resistentia interne participa al effortios contra le occupation usque al liberation de 1945. == Checoslovachia post le Secunde Guerra Mundial == Post le fin del guerra in 1945, Checoslovachia esseva restaurate, con exception de Rutenia subcarpathic, que esseva cedite al Union Sovietic. Le deportation e expulsion de grande parte del population germanophone del terras chec transformava profundemente le composition demographic del region. Le [[Partito Communista de Checoslovachia]] augmentava su influentia in le politica del postguerra. In februario 1948, le communistas assumeva le controlo del governamento e establiva un regime de partido unic. Le Stato deveniva parte del sfera de influentia sovietic e adoptava un economia planificate e un systema politic autoritari. Durante le decennios sequente, le regime nationalisava grande parte del industria e del proprietates, restringeva le libertates politic e exercitava repression contra adversarios e dissidentes. Le terras chec remaneva tamen un del principal centros industrial del federation. == Le Primavera de Praga e le invasion de 1968 == In 1968, le dirigente reformator [[Alexander Dubček]] initiava un processo de liberalisation cognoscite como Primavera de Praga. Le reformas cercava crear un «socialismo con facie human», con plus grande libertate de expression, un reduction del censura e transformationes del systema politic e economic. Le reformas provocava le opposition del governantes sovietic e de altere membros del [[Pacto de Varsovia]]. In le nocte del 20 al 21 de augusto 1968, le fortias del Pacto de Varsovia invadeva Checoslovachia e poneva fin al processo reformator. Post le invasion, le nove direction politic initiava un periodo cognoscite como «normalisation», que restabliva le controlo autoritari e limitava le libertates public. Le dissidentes, includente le signatarios del manifesto [[Carta 77]], continuava a reclamar le observantia del derectos human e del accordos international. == Le Revolution de Veluto == Durante le annos 1980, le crise economic del bloc sovietic e le reformas in altere paises del Europa Central debilitava le regime communista. Le 17 de novembre 1989, un manifestation studentesc in Praga deveniva le puncto de partida de un serie de protestas de massa. Le movemento, cognoscite como Revolution de Veluto, promoveva le fin del regime communista per medio de mobilisation pacific e negotiationes politic. Le dissidente e scriptor [[Václav Havel]] deveniva un del figuras central del transition e esseva eligite presidente de Checoslovachia in decembre 1989. Le transition democratic introduceva le pluralismo politic, le libertate de expression e le transformation del economia verso un systema de mercato. Le cambio de regime initiava etiam un debatte super le organisation futur del federation e le relationes inter checos e slovacos. == Le dissolution de Checoslovachia == Post le Revolution de Veluto, le dirigentes politic del duo partes del federation habeva visiones differente super le repartition del competentias e le direction del reformas economic. Le negotiationes conduceva a un accordo pro dissolver le Stato commun in duo entitates independente. Le 1 de januario 1993, Checoslovachia esseva dissolvite pacificamente. Le [[Republica Chec]] e le [[Republica Slovac]] deveniva statos independente. Iste evento es sovente denominate le «Divortio de Veluto», in analogia con le character pacific del transition. Le Republica Chec adoptava un systema parlamentar e manteneva le territorios historic de Bohemia, Moravia e Silesia chec. Praga remaneva su capital e principal centro politic e economic. == Le Republica Chec contemporanee == Post 1993, le Republica Chec developpava institutiones democratic, un economia de mercato e relationes plus strette con le organisationes europee e transatlantic. Le pais aderiva al [[NATO]] in 1999 e al [[Union Europee]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le integration europee accompaniava transformationes economic e institutional, includente le privatization de numerose interprisas, le disveloppamento del servicios e le expansion del cooperation international. Le pais continua a esser marcate per su position in Europa Central e per le patrimonio cultural del regiones historic. Le historia del terras chec reflecte le interaction inter le traditiones local, le imperios regional, le movementos national e le transformationes politic del Europa moderne. Le formation del Stato chec contemporanee resulta de un processo longe, que include le formation del Ducato e Regno de Bohemia, le integration in le monarchia de Habsburg, le nationalismo del seculo XIX, le creation de Checoslovachia in 1918 e le formation del Republica Chec independente in 1993. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Category:History del Republica Chec| ]] on6agl7rec3ca45tzlipgeu7aq606w6 704612 704603 2026-10-17T08:51:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le Republica Chec contemporanee */ 704612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del terras chec''' concerne le evolution historic del territorio que corresponde principalmente al actual [[Republica Chec]], situate in Europa Central. Iste territorios comprende le regiones historic de [[Bohemia]], [[Moravia]] e [[Silesia Chec]]. Lor historia es marcate per le formation de statos slavic, le developpamento del Regno de Bohemia, le integration in le monarchia de Habsburg, le emergentia del nationalismo chec e le creation de [[Checoslovachia]] in 1918. Desde le 1 de januario 1993, iste territorios forma parte del Republica Chec independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le terras chec ha occupate un position importante in le historia de Europa Central, al intersecration de vias commercial, cultural e politic. Durante le Medievo, le Regno de Bohemia deveniva un importante centro del [[Sacro Imperio Roman]] e, sub le imperator [[Carolo IV]], attingeva un periodo de grande influentia politic e cultural. In le epoca moderne, le regiones esseva integrate in le monarchia de Habsburg e, post le Prime Guerra Mundial, deveniva parte de un nove Stato commun con Slovakia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Republica Chec ha essite habitate desde le Paleolithico. Reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de grupos human in iste region desde centenas de milles de annos. Durante le etate del ferro, le territorio recipeva le influxo de differente culturas e populationes de Europa Central. Verso le seculo V a.C., le tribos celtic, specialmente le Boii, habitava partes del region. Le nomine latin *Boiohaemum*, de ubi deriva *Bohemia*, es traditionalmente associate al nomine de iste populo. Durante le prime seculos de nostre era, gruppos germanic, inter illes le [[Marcomannes]] e le [[Quados]], habitava partes del territorio e manteneva relationes, sovente conflictual, con le [[Imperio Roman]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo del migrationes del populationes, le composition etnic del region se transformava. A partir del fin del seculo V e del initio del seculo VI, gruppos slavic se establiva in Bohemia e Moravia. Illes deveniva le base del populationes slavic occidental que contribuiva al formation del posterior communitates chec e moravian. == Le prime statos slavic == === Le regno de Samo === Durante le prime medietate del seculo VII, le gruppos slavic del region participa al formation de un union sub le direction de [[Samo]], un mercator de origine franc que deveniva lor dirigente. Le entitate, cognoscite como Regno de Samo, organisava le resistentia contra le [[Avaros]], cuje potentia se concentrava in le region del basse Danubio e del actual Hungaria. Le union de Samo es considerate un del prime experientias de organisation politic commun inter le Slavos del Europa Central. Tamen, le natura exacte de su structura e le extension de su territorio resta subjectos a interpretation historic. Post le morte de Samo, le union perdeva su unitate e le region continuava a esser occupate per differente gruppos e potentias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Imperio de Grande Moravia === Durante le prime parte del seculo IX, un importante entitate politic se developpava in Moravia e in territorios adjacente: le Grande Moravia. Su formation es generalmente situate circa le annos 830, sub le dinastia de Mojmir. Le territorio del Stato comprendeva partes del actual Moravia e del Slovakia occidental, con un influentia que variava secundo le periodo. Le principe [[Rastislav de Moravia]] invitava in 863 le missionarios bizantin [[Cirillo e Methodio]] a venir al region pro propagar le christianismo e promover le uso del lingua slavic in le liturgia. Le mission contribuiva al developpamento del cultura scripte slavic e al diffusion del alphabeto glagolitic, create pro representar le lingua liturgic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub [[Svatopluk I]], Grande Moravia attingeva un del momentos de su plus grande extension. Tamen, le conflictos dynastic, le pression de potentias vicin e le incursiones magiar debilitava le Stato. Illo disappareva como potentia regional al initio del seculo X. Le declino del Grande Moravia favorava le consolidation del potentia politic in Bohemia. == Le ducato de Bohemia e le dinastia de Premysl == Durante le seculo IX e le initio del seculo X, le dinastia de [[Premysl]] consolidava su potentia in Bohemia. Le formation del Ducato de Bohemia se articulava circa le centro politic de [[Praga]], que deveniva gradualmente le principal sede del governamento. Le duces de Bohemia manteneva relationes con le reges franc oriental e, ulteriormente, con le governantes del Sacro Imperio Roman. Ben que le ducato esseva integrate in un rete de dependentias politic, su governantes conservava un grado importante de autonomia e fortificava lor administration interne. Un del figuras plus importante del prime historia del Stato es [[Wenceslao de Bohemia]], duce del seculo X e patron del terras chec. Secundo le tradition christian, ille esseva occidite in 935 per adversarios politic. Su culto deveniva un elemento central del identitate religiose e historic de Bohemia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le christianisation del region se consolidava durante iste periodo. In 973 esseva establite le episcopato de Praga, un institution que reforçava le organisation ecclesiastic e le relationes del Stato con le mundo christian occidental. === Le creation del Regno de Bohemia === Durante le seculos XI e XII, le governantes de Bohemia augmentava lor importantia in le politica del Sacro Imperio Roman. Alcun duces recipeva temporarimente le titulo de rege, ma le recognition definitive del character hereditari del monarchia deveniva un passo decisive in le formation del Stato. In 1212, [[Ottocar I de Bohemia]] recipeva le [[Bulla Auree de Sicilia]] ab le rege german [[Philip de Swabia]]. Le documento confirma le position del Regno de Bohemia e le derecto hereditari del su governantes al corona. Le regno deveniva un del entitates plus importante del Sacro Imperio Roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Sub [[Ottocar II de Bohemia]], durante le seculo XIII, le potentia del monarchia se expandiva. Su ambitiones territorial lo menava a conflictos con altere governantes del Europa Central. Post su morte in le battalia de Marchfeld in 1278, le expansion del regno esseva frenate, ma le monarchia de Bohemia continuava a esser un actor importante in le region. Le dinastia de Premysl terminava in 1306 con le morte de [[Wenceslao III de Bohemia]]. Le succession del corona conduceva al ascension de un nove dinastia. == Le dinastia de Luxembourg e le epocha de Carolo IV == In 1310, [[Johannes de Luxembourg]] deveniva rege de Bohemia per medio de su matrimonio con [[Elisabeth de Bohemia]], hereditera del dinastia de Premysl. Su regno reforçava le relationes del terras chec con le politica europee e preparava le ascension del dinastia de Luxembourg. Le periodo de plus grande prestigio del Regno de Bohemia occurreva sub [[Carolo IV]], rege de Bohemia desde 1346 e imperator del Sacro Imperio Roman desde 1355. Carolo transformava Praga in un centro politic, religiose e cultural de importantia europee. In 1344, le episcopato de Praga esseva elevate al rango de archiepiscopato. In 1348, Carolo fundava le [[Universitate Carolo de Praga]], un del plus ancian universitates de Europa Central, e establiva un base institutional pro le education superior in le regno. In le mesme anno, ille formalizava le organisation del Terras del Corona de Bohemia, que includeva Bohemia, Moravia e territorios associate, inter illes partes de Silesia e le Lusatias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le regno experimentava un periodo de expansion economic, construction de edificios religiose e civil, e developpamento del commercio. Praga deveniva un del principal centros del Sacro Imperio Roman. == Le guerras hussite == Durante le initio del seculo XV, le terras chec esseva marcate per un crise religiose e politic. Le predicationes de [[Jan Hus]], un theologiano e reformator que criticava alcun practicas del Ecclesia catholic, trovava un grande echo in Bohemia. Hus esseva condemnate como heretic e executate per combustion in 1415 al [[Concilio de Constanta]]. Su morte provocava un movimento de protestation religiose e politic que deveniva le movimento hussite. In 1419, le tensiones culminava in le Prime Defenestration de Praga e in un rebellion contra le autoritates del urbe e le potentias ecclesiastic. Durante le decennios sequente, le guerras hussite opponeva le partisanos del reformatores a exercitos catholic e a expeditiones militar organisate contra illes. Le hussites comprendeva plure factiones, inter illes gruppos moderate e le Taboritas plus radical. Le victoria de forcas hussite in plure battalias impediva le suppression rapide del movimento. Le conflictos terminava gradualmente per medio de negotiationes e accordos religiose. Le Compactatos de Basilea de 1436 permitteva un forma limitate de recognition del practicas hussite in le regno. Tamen, le guerras transformava le societate, le relationes religiose e le organisation politic del terras chec. == Le dinastias Jagellon e Habsburg == Post le guerras hussite, le Regno de Bohemia continuava a esser un monarchia con un forte rol del ordines e del nobiles. In 1458, [[Georgius de Podebrady]] esseva eligite rege. Ille cercava de mantener un equilibrio inter le communitates religiose e promoveva un projecto de cooperation inter governantes europee, ma su regno esseva confrontate a oppositiones interne e externe. In 1471, [[Vladislao II de Bohemia]] del dinastia Jagellon deveniva rege. Le dynastia governava Bohemia e Hungaria, ma le morte de [[Ludovico II de Hungaria]] in 1526, durante le battalia de Mohács contra le Ottomanos, provocava un crise de succession. Le corona de Bohemia passava al [[Casa de Habsburg]] con le election de [[Ferdinand I de Habsburg]]. Desde alora, le terras chec faceva parte del monarchia de Habsburg, un complexe politic que reuniva differente regnos e populationes in Europa Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le rebellion de 1618 e le battalia del Monte Blanc == Durante le seculo XVI e le initio del seculo XVII, le tensiones religiose inter catholicismo e confessiones protestante cresceva in le terras chec. Le nobiles e le ordines del regno defendeva lor privilegios e le tradition de autonomia, durante que le governantes de Habsburg promoveva un plus grande centralisation del poter. In 1618, le [[Secunde Defenestration de Praga]] initiava un rebellion contra le autoritates imperial. Le nobiles protestante rejectava le governamento de Habsburg e, in 1619, eligiva [[Frederico V del Palatinato]] como rege de Bohemia. Le rebellion terminava con le victoria del exercito imperial al [[Battalia del Monte Blanc]] le 8 de novembre 1620. Le derrota provocava un repression contra le nobiles rebelde, confiscationes de proprietates e un processo de recatholicisation. Le monarchia de Habsburg reforçava su controlo super Bohemia e limitava le autonomia del ordines del regno. Le consequentias del derrota esseva importante pro le societate e le cultura chec. Le exilio de numerose protestantes, le transformation del proprietates e le promotion del catholicismo modificava le structura religiose e social del terras. == Le terras chec sub le Habsburg == Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, Bohemia, Moravia e le partes remanente de Silesia esseva integrate in le monarchia de Habsburg. Le administration deveniva plus centralisate e le lingua german acquireva un rolo importante in le administration, le education e le vita urban, ben que le lingua chec continuava a esser usate per grande partes del population. Le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos]] (1618–1648) affectava profundemente le terras chec. Le conflictos militar, le epidemias, le famine e le destruction de regiones agricole causava importante damnos demographic e economic. Le reconstruction postbellic esseva accompaniate per reformas administrative e per le diffusion del [[Barocco]] in le architectura e le arte religiose. In 1740, le accession de [[Maria Theresa de Austria]] al hereditage de Habsburg provocava nove conflictos europee. Durante le [[Guerra de Succession de Austria]], [[Federico II de Prussia]] occupava grande parte de Silesia. Le perdita esseva confirmate per le accordos de pace de 1742 e le major parte de Silesia remaneva sub controlo prussian, durante que un parte plus parve continuava a esser governate per Austria. Iste region deveniva cognoscite como Silesia austriac, e postea parte de Silesia chec. == Le renascimento national chec == Durante le fin del seculo XVIII e le seculo XIX, le [[Renascimento National Chec]] promoveva le revival del lingua, litteratura e identitate cultural chec. Le movemento se developpava in un contexto de reformas administrative, de expansion del education e de transformationes social in le monarchia de Habsburg. Le intellectuales studiava le historia e le lingua chec, collectava folklore e publicava obras in le lingua national. Le developpamento del presse, del societates cultural e del institutiones educational contribueva al formation de un conscientia national moderne. Inter le figuras importante del Renascimento National se trova [[Josef Dobrovský]], [[Josef Jungmann]] e [[František Palacký]]. Le movemento comenciava principalmente como un effortio linguistic e cultural, ma deveniva gradualmente un movemento politic que demandava plus grande autonomia pro le terras chec intra le monarchia. == Industrialisation e transformationes politic == Durante le seculo XIX, le terras chec deveniva un del regiones plus industrialisate del monarchia austro-hungaric. Le industria textile, metallurgic, carbonifere e mecanic se developpava specialmente in Bohemia e Moravia. Le expansion del ferrovias e del urbes transformava le economia e le societate. Le industrialisation contribuiva al formation de un classe operaie e de un burguesia urban, durante que le movementos national chec acquireva plus grande influentia. Le relationes inter le populationes chec e germanophone deveniva un del questiones central del politica del region. Post le creation del monarchia dual de Austria-Hungaria in 1867, le terras chec remaneva in le parte austriac del monarchia. Le demandas pro un autonomia politic plus grande non conduceva al creation de un Stato chec independente ante le Prime Guerra Mundial. == Le creation de Checoslovachia == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] provocava le disintegration del monarchia de Habsburg. Le dirigentes politic chec e slovac promoveva le creation de un Stato independente, con supporto de movementos national e de representantes exiliate. Le 28 de octobre 1918, le Republica de [[Checoslovachia]] esseva proclamate in Praga. Le nove Stato reuniava le terras chec de Bohemia, Moravia e Silesia chec con Slovakia e, inicialmente, le region de [[Rutenia subcarpathic]]. [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] deveniva le prime presidente del republica, durante que [[Edvard Beneš]] e [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]] esseva figuras importante del movemento de independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://mzv.gov.cz/stockholm/en/information_about_the_czech_republic/history |titulo=History of the Czech Republic |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe del Republica Chec |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo inter le guerras, Checoslovachia deveniva un republica parlamentar con un economia industrial developpate. Tamen, le Stato reuniva populationes de differente linguas e identitates, includente checos, slovacos, germanos, hungaros e altere gruppos. Le questiones relative al minoritates e al repartition del poter restava importante in le vita politic. == Le crise de Munich e le occupation german == Durante le annos 1930, le expansion del [[Germania nazi]] aggravava le crise politic de Europa Central. In le terras chec, le population germanophone del region del Sudetes deveniva le foco de un crise international, specialmente post le ascension del [[Partito German del Sudetes]] sub [[Konrad Henlein]]. Le [[Accordo de Munich]], signate le 30 de septembre 1938 per Germania, Italia, Regno Unite e Francia, permitteva a Germania de annexar le Sudetes. Checoslovachia non participava directemente al negotiationes que determinava le cessio de su territorios. Le perdita del region de frontiera debilitava le defensa del Stato e aggravava su crise politic. Le 15 de martio 1939, Germania occupava le resto del terras chec e establiva le [[Protectorato de Bohemia e Moravia]]. Slovakia deveniva un Stato formalmente independente, ma dependente de Germania. Durante le occupation, le autoritates nazi applicava repression, deportationes e persecutiones contra le population, specialmente contra le judios e le membros del resistentia. Le insurrection e le resistentia interne participa al effortios contra le occupation usque al liberation de 1945. == Checoslovachia post le Secunde Guerra Mundial == Post le fin del guerra in 1945, Checoslovachia esseva restaurate, con exception de Rutenia subcarpathic, que esseva cedite al Union Sovietic. Le deportation e expulsion de grande parte del population germanophone del terras chec transformava profundemente le composition demographic del region. Le [[Partito Communista de Checoslovachia]] augmentava su influentia in le politica del postguerra. In februario 1948, le communistas assumeva le controlo del governamento e establiva un regime de partido unic. Le Stato deveniva parte del sfera de influentia sovietic e adoptava un economia planificate e un systema politic autoritari. Durante le decennios sequente, le regime nationalisava grande parte del industria e del proprietates, restringeva le libertates politic e exercitava repression contra adversarios e dissidentes. Le terras chec remaneva tamen un del principal centros industrial del federation. == Le Primavera de Praga e le invasion de 1968 == In 1968, le dirigente reformator [[Alexander Dubček]] initiava un processo de liberalisation cognoscite como Primavera de Praga. Le reformas cercava crear un «socialismo con facie human», con plus grande libertate de expression, un reduction del censura e transformationes del systema politic e economic. Le reformas provocava le opposition del governantes sovietic e de altere membros del [[Pacto de Varsovia]]. In le nocte del 20 al 21 de augusto 1968, le fortias del Pacto de Varsovia invadeva Checoslovachia e poneva fin al processo reformator. Post le invasion, le nove direction politic initiava un periodo cognoscite como «normalisation», que restabliva le controlo autoritari e limitava le libertates public. Le dissidentes, includente le signatarios del manifesto [[Carta 77]], continuava a reclamar le observantia del derectos human e del accordos international. == Le Revolution de Veluto == Durante le annos 1980, le crise economic del bloc sovietic e le reformas in altere paises del Europa Central debilitava le regime communista. Le 17 de novembre 1989, un manifestation studentesc in Praga deveniva le puncto de partida de un serie de protestas de massa. Le movemento, cognoscite como Revolution de Veluto, promoveva le fin del regime communista per medio de mobilisation pacific e negotiationes politic. Le dissidente e scriptor [[Václav Havel]] deveniva un del figuras central del transition e esseva eligite presidente de Checoslovachia in decembre 1989. Le transition democratic introduceva le pluralismo politic, le libertate de expression e le transformation del economia verso un systema de mercato. Le cambio de regime initiava etiam un debatte super le organisation futur del federation e le relationes inter checos e slovacos. == Le dissolution de Checoslovachia == Post le Revolution de Veluto, le dirigentes politic del duo partes del federation habeva visiones differente super le repartition del competentias e le direction del reformas economic. Le negotiationes conduceva a un accordo pro dissolver le Stato commun in duo entitates independente. Le 1 de januario 1993, Checoslovachia esseva dissolvite pacificamente. Le [[Republica Chec]] e le [[Republica Slovac]] deveniva statos independente. Iste evento es sovente denominate le «Divortio de Veluto», in analogia con le character pacific del transition. Le Republica Chec adoptava un systema parlamentar e manteneva le territorios historic de Bohemia, Moravia e Silesia chec. Praga remaneva su capital e principal centro politic e economic. == Le Republica Chec contemporanee == Post 1993, le Republica Chec developpava institutiones democratic, un economia de mercato e relationes plus strette con le organisationes europee e transatlantic. Le pais aderiva al [[NATO]] in 1999 e al [[Union Europee]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.czechia.eu/history/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Czechia.eu |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le integration europee accompaniava transformationes economic e institutional, includente le privatization de numerose interprisas, le disveloppamento del servicios e le expansion del cooperation international. Le pais continua a esser marcate per su position in Europa Central e per le patrimonio cultural del regiones historic. Le historia del terras chec reflecte le interaction inter le traditiones local, le imperios regional, le movementos national e le transformationes politic del Europa moderne. Le formation del Stato chec contemporanee resulta de un processo longe, que include le formation del Ducato e Regno de Bohemia, le integration in le monarchia de Habsburg, le nationalismo del seculo XIX, le creation de Checoslovachia in 1918 e le formation del Republica Chec independente in 1993. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Category:Historia del Republica Chec| ]] of9omirmzd99108cw6nhotkii50prtk Historia de Slovachia 0 62287 704605 2026-10-17T08:46:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Slovakia''' concerne le evolution del territorio que corresponde al actual [[Republica Slovaca]], situate in Europa Central. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de plure entitates politic, inter illos le [[Grande Moravia]], le [[Regno de Hungaria]], le monarchia de [[Habsburg]] e [[Checoslovachia]]. Slovakia deveniva un Stato independente le 1 de januario 1993, post le dissolution pacific...” 704605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Slovakia''' concerne le evolution del territorio que corresponde al actual [[Republica Slovaca]], situate in Europa Central. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de plure entitates politic, inter illos le [[Grande Moravia]], le [[Regno de Hungaria]], le monarchia de [[Habsburg]] e [[Checoslovachia]]. Slovakia deveniva un Stato independente le 1 de januario 1993, post le dissolution pacific de Checoslovachia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le position geographic del territorio, al contacto inter le [[Carpathos]] e le basse terras del [[Danubio]], ha influentiate su historia. Durante multe seculos, le region esseva un zona de contacto inter le mundos slavic, germanic, hungar e latino. Le formation del identitate national slovac deveniva specialmente importante durante le seculo XIX, quando le lingua e le cultura slovac esseva promovite per un movimento national. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Slovakia es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le vestigios archeologic indica le presentia de communitates human durante le prehistoria, sequite per cultures del [[Neolithico]] e del [[Etate del Bronze]]. Le agricultura, le metallurgia e le commercio se developpava gradualmente, connectente le region con altere partes de Europa Central. Durante le Etate del Ferro, gruppos [[celtic]] habitava partes del territorio. In le region de [[Bratislava]] se trovava un importante oppidum celtic, ubi esseva producite monetas con inscriptiones como Biatec. Le nomine e le vestigios de iste settlementes representa un del principal testimonios del cultura celtic in le region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime seculos de nostre era, partes del territorio se trovava in le zona de contacto inter le [[Imperio Roman]] e le populationes germanic. Le [[Quados]] habitava partes del region e participava in conflictos con Roma. Le exercitos roman faceva expeditiones al nord del Danubio durante le [[Guerras Marcomannic]] del seculo II. Le vestigios del presentia roman include le fortificationes de [[Gerulata]], vicino a Bratislava, e un inscription roman in le rocca de [[Trenčín]], que commemora le presentia de soldados roman circa 179–180. Tamen, le major parte del territorio del actual Slovakia non esseva incorporate permanentemente in le Imperio Roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Migrationes slavic e le prime entitates politic == Durante le migrationes del populationes, gruppos [[slavic]] comenciava a establir se in le territorio durante le seculos V e VI. Illes deveniva le base linguistic e cultural del population slovac, ben que le identitate national moderne se formava multo plus tarde. === Le dominio de Samo === Durante le seculo VII, diverse gruppos slavic se associava sub le direction de [[Samo]], un mercator franc qui, secundo le tradition historic, deveniva lor dirigente. Le union, cognoscite como Dominio de Samo, existeva circa inter 623 e 658 e habeva su centro in partes de Europa Central. Parte del territorio del actual Slovakia pote haber appartenite a iste entitate, ma su limites exacte non es cognoscite con certitude.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.slovakia.travel/en/review-of-important-historical-events-and-dates |titulo=Review of important historical events and dates |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Principato de Nitra === Al initio del seculo IX, le Principato de Nitra deveniva un del principal entitates politic slavic del region. Su governante [[Pribina]] es associate al developpamento del centro de [[Nitra]] e al prime phase del christianisation local. Circa 833, [[Mojmir I]], principe de Moravia, expelleva Pribina e univa le Principato de Nitra con le territorios moravian. Iste union marcava le formation del Grande Moravia, un del prime statos slavic importante de Europa Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le Grande Moravia == Le Grande Moravia attingeva su expansion major sub le principes [[Rastislav]] e [[Svatopluk I]]. Su territorio comprendeva partes del actual Slovakia e Moravia, con influentia super regiones vicin. Le Stato developpava relationes diplomatic con le Imperio Franc Oriental e con Byzantio. In 863, a requesta de Rastislav, le imperator bizantin [[Michael III]] mandava le missionarios [[Cirillo e Methodio]] al Grande Moravia. Illes promoveva le christianismo in lingua slavic e contribuiva al creation del alphabeto [[glagolitic]] e al traduction de textos religiose in [[slavonic ecclesiastic ancian]]. Le mission habeva un importantia durable pro le cultura e le tradition religiose del Slavos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le morte de Svatopluk, le Stato perdeva gradualmente su unitate. Le conflictos dynastic, le pression de potentias vicin e le incursiones del Magiares contribuiva a su declino. Grande Moravia disappareva como entitate politic al initio del seculo X, circa 907. == Integration in le Regno de Hungaria == Durante le fin del seculo IX e le seculo X, le Magiares se establiva in le basse terras del Carpathos e organisava un nove entitate politic. Le territorio del actual Slovakia deveniva gradualmente parte del [[Principato de Hungaria]] e, postea, del [[Regno de Hungaria]], establite circa le anno 1000 sub [[Stephano I de Hungaria]]. Durante le seculos sequente, le historia del region esseva ligate al evolution del Regno de Hungaria. Le population slavic local manteneva su lingua e traditiones, durante que le administration politic esseva exercite per le monarchia hungar e per le nobiles del regno. Le region non functionava como un Stato slovac independente e le notion de Slovakia como un territorio national distincte se developpava multo plus tarde.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Invasiones mongol e reconstruction === In 1241–1242, le [[Mongolos]] invadeva grande partes del Regno de Hungaria. Le territorio del actual Slovakia esseva gravemente affectate, con destructiones de settlementes e perdita de population. Post le invasion, le rege [[Béla IV de Hungaria]] promoveva le reconstruction del regno, includente le fortification del castellos e le developmentamento de villas e centros commercial. Le privilegios concedite a certe urbes contribuiva al expansion del commercio e al developpamento de communitates urban.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cites, commercio e cultura medieval == Durante le Medievo, le territorios del actual Slovakia deveniva importante pro lor minas de auro, argento e cupro. Cites como [[Kremnica]] e [[Banská Štiavnica]] deveniva centros de extraction minier e de commercio. Le monetas producite in Kremnica acquireva un reputation importante in le economia del Europa Central. Le citates developpava privilegios, institutiones local e relationes commercial con altere partes del Regno de Hungaria e con le regiones germanophone. Le cultura religiose e le architectura medieval esseva influentiate per le traditiones catholic del regno e per le contactos con Europa Central. In 1467, le rege [[Matthias Corvinus]] fundava le [[Academia Istropolitana]] in [[Bratislava]], alora cognoscite per su nomines german e hungar. Illo es generalmente considerate le prime universit ate establite in le territorio del actual Slovakia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/review-of-important-historical-events-and-dates |titulo=Review of important historical events and dates |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le dominio de Habsburg e le guerras contra le Ottomanos == In 1526, le exercito hungar esseva vincite per le Ottomanos al [[Battalia de Mohács]], e le morte del rege [[Ludovico II de Hungaria]] provocava un crise de succession. Le corona passava al [[Casa de Habsburg]], que governava le parte del regno non occupate per le Ottomanos. Le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] in Hungaria transformava le position del territorios del actual Slovakia. Post le occupation de [[Buda]] per le Ottomanos in 1541, Bratislava deveniva le capital administrative e le loco de coronation del Regno de Hungaria sub le Habsburgs. Le citate, cognoscite etiam como Pressburg o Pozsony, manteneva iste rolo durante plure seculos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le regiones meridional esseva afectate per guerras, incursiones e occupationes Ottoman. Le fortificationes, le castellos e le citates fortificate habeva un rolo importante in le defensa del territorio. Le regiones del nord e del interior continuava a formar parte del Regno de Hungaria sub le Habsburgs. == Le seculos XVII e XVIII == Durante le seculo XVII, le territorio esseva affectate per le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos]] e per revoltas del nobiles hungar contra le governamento de Habsburg. Le conflicts religiose e politic contribuiva al instabilitate del region. Le recatholicisation e le reformas del monarchia modificava le vita religiose e administrative. Durante le regno de [[Maria Theresa de Austria]] e de [[Joseph II de Habsburg]], le reformas educational e administrative contribuiva al transformation del societate. Le exploitation minier e le commercio continuava a esser importante pro le economia local. Le [[Illuminismo]] e le developpamento del education promoveva nove formas de conscientia cultural. Durante le fin del seculo XVIII, le intellectuales comenciava a elaborar projectos pro le standardisation del lingua slovac e le promotion del cultura local. == Le formation del identitate national slovac == Le [[Renascimento National Slovac]] se developpava durante le fin del seculo XVIII e le seculo XIX. Su objectivos includeva le promotion del lingua slovac, le publication de litteratura, le education e le recognition del population slovac como communitate national. In 1787, le sacerdote [[Anton Bernolák]] codificava un prime forma de lingua litterari slovac, basate principalmente super dialectos occidental. Su projecto non esseva adoptate per tote le communitate, ma illo marcava un passo importante in le standardisation linguistic. Un nove codification esseva elaborate durante le annos 1840 per [[Ľudovít Štúr]], que basava su modello super dialectos central slovac. Su standard deveniva le fundamento del lingua litterari moderne. Štúr e altere dirigentes, includente [[Jozef Miloslav Hurban]] e [[Michal Miloslav Hodža]], liga va le promotion del lingua a demandas de education, cultura e derectos politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le revolutions de 1848–1849 === Durante le [[Revolutions de 1848]], le dirigentes slovac presenta va demandas pro recognition national, uso del lingua slovac in le education e administration, e plus grande autonomia. Le autoritates hungar rejectava le major parte de iste demandas. Le 19 de septembre 1848, le prime [[Consilio National Slovac]] esseva proclamate in [[Myjava]], sub le direction de Hurban e de su collaboratores. Le movimento participava a un insurrection contra le governamento hungar, ma le rebellion esseva reprimite. Ben que le insurrection non attingeva su objectivos immediate, illo contribuiva al formation de un programma politic slovac e al developpamento del identitate national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Austria-Hungaria e le politica de magiarisation == Le Compromisso Austro-Hungar de 1867 establiva le monarchia dual de [[Austria-Hungaria]]. Le terras slovac remaneva in le parte hungar del monarchia, ubi le governamento promoveva le uso del lingua hungar in le administration e le education. Le politica de [[magiarisation]] restringeva le spatio institutional pro le lingua slovac. In 1875, le autoritates hungar clausurava le institution cultural [[Matica slovenská]], fundate in 1863 pro promover le cultura, education e litteratura slovac. Nonobstante iste restrictiones, le movimento national continuava per le presse, le activitate cultural e le cooperation inter intellectuales. Le population slovac manteneva su lingua e su traditiones, ma le possibilitates de representation politic e de education in lingua proprie remaneva limitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prime Guerra Mundial e creation de Checoslovachia == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] debilitava e finalmente disintegrava Austria-Hungaria. Durante le guerra, le dirigentes chec e slovac in exilio promoveva le creation de un Stato commun. Le politicos [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]], [[Edvard Beneš]] e le general slovac [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]] habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del movimento pro independentia. Le 28 de octobre 1918, [[Checoslovachia]] esseva proclamate in Praga. Le representantes politic slovac approbava le union con le checos in le [[Declaration de Martin]], le 30 de octobre 1918.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove Stato comprendeva le territorios historic chec e le major parte del territorios slovac. Slovakia deveniva un parte del republica, con Bratislava como su principal centro administrative. Le creation del Stato commun permitteva le developpamento de institutiones educational e cultural slovac, ma le repartition del poter inter Praga e Bratislava deveniva un questione politic persistente. == Le prime Republica de Checoslovachia == Inter 1918 e 1938, Checoslovachia functionava como un republica parlamentar. Le pais possedeva un economia industrial developpate, specialmente in le territorios chec, durante que Slovakia remaneva plus rural e economicamente minus industrialisate. Le governamento establiva institutiones educational e administrative in Slovakia e promoveva le formation de un elite politic e cultural slovac. Tamen, le demandas pro un autonomia plus grande continuava a esser un fonte de tensiones inter le partitos slovac e le autoritates central. Le crisis economic del annos 1930 e le expansion del [[Germania nazi]] aggravava le situation. Le movementos autonomista e nationalista slovac acquireva plus grande supporto in un contexto de instabilitate international. == Le Stato Slovac durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial == In octobre 1938, post le [[Accordo de Munich]] e le crisis del Stato checoslovac, Slovakia obteneva un autonomia plus grande. Le 14 de martio 1939, sub pression del Germania nazi, le parlamento slovac proclamava un Stato independente, generalmente cognoscite como Republica Slovac o Stato Slovac. Le governamento esseva dirigite per [[Jozef Tiso]], sacerdote catholic e dirigente del [[Partito Popular Slovac de Hlinka]]. In practica, le Stato depend eva fortemente de Germania nazi e participava al systema politic del Axis. Le regime adoptava leges antisemite e collabora va al deportation de judios slovac al campos de concentration e extermination. Circa 70 000 judios esseva deportate ab Slovakia durante le guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Insurrection National Slovac === Le 29 de augusto 1944, un insurrection armate contra le regime e le occupation german comenciava in le centro de Slovakia. Le [[Insurrection National Slovac]] reuniva soldatos, partisanos e gruppos civil que voleva opponer se al Germania nazi e restabilir un Checoslovachia democratic. Le insurrection controla va temporarimente partes del territorio, con su centro in [[Banská Bystrica]]. Le fortias german reprimeva le rebellion durante le autumno de 1944, e multe combatentes continuava le resistentia in le montanias. Le insurrection deveniva un del principales eventos del resistentia anti-nazi in Europa Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Postguerra e regime communista == Post le liberation in 1945, Checoslovachia esseva restaurate. Le major parte del territorio slovac esseva reintegrate in le Stato commun, durante que Rutenia subcarpathic esseva cedite al Union Sovietic. In februario 1948, le [[Partito Communista de Checoslovachia]] assumeva le controlo del governamento. Checoslovachia deveniva un Stato communista in le sfera de influentia sovietic. Le economia esseva reorganisate per medio del nationalisation e del planification central, e le opposition politic esseva reprimite. Le constitution de 1960 establiva le [[Republica Socialista de Checoslovachia]]. Le autoritates promoveva le industrialisation de Slovakia, includente le expansion del industria pesada e del production de armamentos. Le developpamento economic transformava le societate slovac, ma le libertates politic remaneva limitate. == Primavera de Praga e federalisation == In 1968, le dirigente reformator [[Alexander Dubček]], un slovac, promoveva un programma de liberalisation cognoscite como [[Primavera de Praga]]. Le reformas includeva le relaxation del censura e le tentativa de crear un systema politic plus aperte. In augusto 1968, le fortias del [[Pacto de Varsovia]] invadeva Checoslovachia e poneva fin al reformas. Le regime communista restabliva un controlo plus stricte durante le periodo de «normalisation». Nonobstante le repression, le [[Lege constitutional de 1968]] establiva le federation de Checoslovachia, entrante in vigor le 1 de januario 1969. Le Stato esseva dividite in duo republicas federate: le Republica Socialista Chec e le Republica Socialista Slovac. Iste arrangemento augmentava formalmente le autonomia institutional de Slovakia, ben que le poter politic real remaneva sub le controlo del partito communista. == Le Revolution de Veluto == Durante le annos 1980, le crise del systema communista e le cambiamentos in le Europa oriental debilitava le regime. In novembre 1989, manifestationes de massa in Praga e in altere citates conduceva al fin del governamento communista. Le transition pacific deveniva cognoscite como le [[Revolution de Veluto]]. Le nove regime introduceva le pluralismo politic, le libertate de expression e le transformation del economia verso un systema de mercado. Le dissidente chec [[Václav Havel]] deveniva presidente de Checoslovachia. In Slovakia, le transition democratic era accompaniate per debattes super le autonomia del republica federate, le organisation del Stato e le repartition del competentias economic e politic. == Independentia de Slovakia == Durante le annos 1990–1992, le dirigentes politic chec e slovac non attingeva un accordo stabile super le futuro del federation. Le electiones de 1992 reforçava le position de dirigentes con programas differente pro le organisation del Stato. Le parlament os approbava le dissolution de Checoslovachia, que deveniva effective le 1 de januario 1993. Le [[Republica Slovaca]] nasceva como Stato independente, durante que le Republica Chec deveniva le altere successor del federation. Le separation occurreva pacificamente e es sovente denominate le «Divortio de Veluto».<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/slovakia |titulo=Slovakia: Recognition and Diplomatic Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove Stato establiva su proprie institutiones, politica exterior e systema economic. Bratislava deveniva le capital e le principal centro politic e administrative del Republica Slovaca. == Slovakia independente == Post 1993, Slovakia developpava un systema democratic multipartitic e transformava su economia verso le mercado. Le prime annos esseva marcate per le creation del institutiones del nove Stato e per le negotiationes concernente su integration in organisationes europee e transatlantic. Le pais deveniva membro del [[NATO]] le 29 de martio 2004 e del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de maio del mesme anno. In 2007, Slovakia entrava in le [[Spatio Schengen]] e in 2009 adoptava le [[euro]] como moneta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le integration europee ha fortificate le relationes economic e politic de Slovakia con le altere statos del Union Europee. Le pais participa etiam in le cooperation international in le quadro del NATO, del Union Europee e de altere organisationes. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa pe pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Slovakia| ]] lzvwp0pmw9vzfbuohcb6ineoc2uisci 704606 704605 2026-10-17T08:47:13Z Interlingvisto 60932 704606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Slovakia''' concerne le evolution del territorio que corresponde al actual [[Slovachia]], situate in Europa Central. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de plure entitates politic, inter illos le [[Grande Moravia]], le [[Regno de Hungaria]], le monarchia de [[Habsburg]] e [[Checoslovachia]]. Slovakia deveniva un Stato independente le 1 de januario 1993, post le dissolution pacific de Checoslovachia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le position geographic del territorio, al contacto inter le [[Carpathos]] e le basse terras del [[Danubio]], ha influentiate su historia. Durante multe seculos, le region esseva un zona de contacto inter le mundos slavic, germanic, hungar e latino. Le formation del identitate national slovac deveniva specialmente importante durante le seculo XIX, quando le lingua e le cultura slovac esseva promovite per un movimento national. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Slovakia es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le vestigios archeologic indica le presentia de communitates human durante le prehistoria, sequite per cultures del [[Neolithico]] e del [[Etate del Bronze]]. Le agricultura, le metallurgia e le commercio se developpava gradualmente, connectente le region con altere partes de Europa Central. Durante le Etate del Ferro, gruppos [[celtic]] habitava partes del territorio. In le region de [[Bratislava]] se trovava un importante oppidum celtic, ubi esseva producite monetas con inscriptiones como Biatec. Le nomine e le vestigios de iste settlementes representa un del principal testimonios del cultura celtic in le region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime seculos de nostre era, partes del territorio se trovava in le zona de contacto inter le [[Imperio Roman]] e le populationes germanic. Le [[Quados]] habitava partes del region e participava in conflictos con Roma. Le exercitos roman faceva expeditiones al nord del Danubio durante le [[Guerras Marcomannic]] del seculo II. Le vestigios del presentia roman include le fortificationes de [[Gerulata]], vicino a Bratislava, e un inscription roman in le rocca de [[Trenčín]], que commemora le presentia de soldados roman circa 179–180. Tamen, le major parte del territorio del actual Slovakia non esseva incorporate permanentemente in le Imperio Roman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Migrationes slavic e le prime entitates politic == Durante le migrationes del populationes, gruppos [[slavic]] comenciava a establir se in le territorio durante le seculos V e VI. Illes deveniva le base linguistic e cultural del population slovac, ben que le identitate national moderne se formava multo plus tarde. === Le dominio de Samo === Durante le seculo VII, diverse gruppos slavic se associava sub le direction de [[Samo]], un mercator franc qui, secundo le tradition historic, deveniva lor dirigente. Le union, cognoscite como Dominio de Samo, existeva circa inter 623 e 658 e habeva su centro in partes de Europa Central. Parte del territorio del actual Slovakia pote haber appartenite a iste entitate, ma su limites exacte non es cognoscite con certitude.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.slovakia.travel/en/review-of-important-historical-events-and-dates |titulo=Review of important historical events and dates |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Principato de Nitra === Al initio del seculo IX, le Principato de Nitra deveniva un del principal entitates politic slavic del region. Su governante [[Pribina]] es associate al developpamento del centro de [[Nitra]] e al prime phase del christianisation local. Circa 833, [[Mojmir I]], principe de Moravia, expelleva Pribina e univa le Principato de Nitra con le territorios moravian. Iste union marcava le formation del Grande Moravia, un del prime statos slavic importante de Europa Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le Grande Moravia == Le Grande Moravia attingeva su expansion major sub le principes [[Rastislav]] e [[Svatopluk I]]. Su territorio comprendeva partes del actual Slovakia e Moravia, con influentia super regiones vicin. Le Stato developpava relationes diplomatic con le Imperio Franc Oriental e con Byzantio. In 863, a requesta de Rastislav, le imperator bizantin [[Michael III]] mandava le missionarios [[Cirillo e Methodio]] al Grande Moravia. Illes promoveva le christianismo in lingua slavic e contribuiva al creation del alphabeto [[glagolitic]] e al traduction de textos religiose in [[slavonic ecclesiastic ancian]]. Le mission habeva un importantia durable pro le cultura e le tradition religiose del Slavos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le morte de Svatopluk, le Stato perdeva gradualmente su unitate. Le conflictos dynastic, le pression de potentias vicin e le incursiones del Magiares contribuiva a su declino. Grande Moravia disappareva como entitate politic al initio del seculo X, circa 907. == Integration in le Regno de Hungaria == Durante le fin del seculo IX e le seculo X, le Magiares se establiva in le basse terras del Carpathos e organisava un nove entitate politic. Le territorio del actual Slovakia deveniva gradualmente parte del [[Principato de Hungaria]] e, postea, del [[Regno de Hungaria]], establite circa le anno 1000 sub [[Stephano I de Hungaria]]. Durante le seculos sequente, le historia del region esseva ligate al evolution del Regno de Hungaria. Le population slavic local manteneva su lingua e traditiones, durante que le administration politic esseva exercite per le monarchia hungar e per le nobiles del regno. Le region non functionava como un Stato slovac independente e le notion de Slovakia como un territorio national distincte se developpava multo plus tarde.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Invasiones mongol e reconstruction === In 1241–1242, le [[Mongolos]] invadeva grande partes del Regno de Hungaria. Le territorio del actual Slovakia esseva gravemente affectate, con destructiones de settlementes e perdita de population. Post le invasion, le rege [[Béla IV de Hungaria]] promoveva le reconstruction del regno, includente le fortification del castellos e le developmentamento de villas e centros commercial. Le privilegios concedite a certe urbes contribuiva al expansion del commercio e al developpamento de communitates urban.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cites, commercio e cultura medieval == Durante le Medievo, le territorios del actual Slovakia deveniva importante pro lor minas de auro, argento e cupro. Cites como [[Kremnica]] e [[Banská Štiavnica]] deveniva centros de extraction minier e de commercio. Le monetas producite in Kremnica acquireva un reputation importante in le economia del Europa Central. Le citates developpava privilegios, institutiones local e relationes commercial con altere partes del Regno de Hungaria e con le regiones germanophone. Le cultura religiose e le architectura medieval esseva influentiate per le traditiones catholic del regno e per le contactos con Europa Central. In 1467, le rege [[Matthias Corvinus]] fundava le [[Academia Istropolitana]] in [[Bratislava]], alora cognoscite per su nomines german e hungar. Illo es generalmente considerate le prime universit ate establite in le territorio del actual Slovakia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/review-of-important-historical-events-and-dates |titulo=Review of important historical events and dates |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le dominio de Habsburg e le guerras contra le Ottomanos == In 1526, le exercito hungar esseva vincite per le Ottomanos al [[Battalia de Mohács]], e le morte del rege [[Ludovico II de Hungaria]] provocava un crise de succession. Le corona passava al [[Casa de Habsburg]], que governava le parte del regno non occupate per le Ottomanos. Le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] in Hungaria transformava le position del territorios del actual Slovakia. Post le occupation de [[Buda]] per le Ottomanos in 1541, Bratislava deveniva le capital administrative e le loco de coronation del Regno de Hungaria sub le Habsburgs. Le citate, cognoscite etiam como Pressburg o Pozsony, manteneva iste rolo durante plure seculos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le regiones meridional esseva afectate per guerras, incursiones e occupationes Ottoman. Le fortificationes, le castellos e le citates fortificate habeva un rolo importante in le defensa del territorio. Le regiones del nord e del interior continuava a formar parte del Regno de Hungaria sub le Habsburgs. == Le seculos XVII e XVIII == Durante le seculo XVII, le territorio esseva affectate per le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos]] e per revoltas del nobiles hungar contra le governamento de Habsburg. Le conflicts religiose e politic contribuiva al instabilitate del region. Le recatholicisation e le reformas del monarchia modificava le vita religiose e administrative. Durante le regno de [[Maria Theresa de Austria]] e de [[Joseph II de Habsburg]], le reformas educational e administrative contribuiva al transformation del societate. Le exploitation minier e le commercio continuava a esser importante pro le economia local. Le [[Illuminismo]] e le developpamento del education promoveva nove formas de conscientia cultural. Durante le fin del seculo XVIII, le intellectuales comenciava a elaborar projectos pro le standardisation del lingua slovac e le promotion del cultura local. == Le formation del identitate national slovac == Le [[Renascimento National Slovac]] se developpava durante le fin del seculo XVIII e le seculo XIX. Su objectivos includeva le promotion del lingua slovac, le publication de litteratura, le education e le recognition del population slovac como communitate national. In 1787, le sacerdote [[Anton Bernolák]] codificava un prime forma de lingua litterari slovac, basate principalmente super dialectos occidental. Su projecto non esseva adoptate per tote le communitate, ma illo marcava un passo importante in le standardisation linguistic. Un nove codification esseva elaborate durante le annos 1840 per [[Ľudovít Štúr]], que basava su modello super dialectos central slovac. Su standard deveniva le fundamento del lingua litterari moderne. Štúr e altere dirigentes, includente [[Jozef Miloslav Hurban]] e [[Michal Miloslav Hodža]], liga va le promotion del lingua a demandas de education, cultura e derectos politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le revolutions de 1848–1849 === Durante le [[Revolutions de 1848]], le dirigentes slovac presenta va demandas pro recognition national, uso del lingua slovac in le education e administration, e plus grande autonomia. Le autoritates hungar rejectava le major parte de iste demandas. Le 19 de septembre 1848, le prime [[Consilio National Slovac]] esseva proclamate in [[Myjava]], sub le direction de Hurban e de su collaboratores. Le movimento participava a un insurrection contra le governamento hungar, ma le rebellion esseva reprimite. Ben que le insurrection non attingeva su objectivos immediate, illo contribuiva al formation de un programma politic slovac e al developpamento del identitate national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Austria-Hungaria e le politica de magiarisation == Le Compromisso Austro-Hungar de 1867 establiva le monarchia dual de [[Austria-Hungaria]]. Le terras slovac remaneva in le parte hungar del monarchia, ubi le governamento promoveva le uso del lingua hungar in le administration e le education. Le politica de [[magiarisation]] restringeva le spatio institutional pro le lingua slovac. In 1875, le autoritates hungar clausurava le institution cultural [[Matica slovenská]], fundate in 1863 pro promover le cultura, education e litteratura slovac. Nonobstante iste restrictiones, le movimento national continuava per le presse, le activitate cultural e le cooperation inter intellectuales. Le population slovac manteneva su lingua e su traditiones, ma le possibilitates de representation politic e de education in lingua proprie remaneva limitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prime Guerra Mundial e creation de Checoslovachia == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] debilitava e finalmente disintegrava Austria-Hungaria. Durante le guerra, le dirigentes chec e slovac in exilio promoveva le creation de un Stato commun. Le politicos [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]], [[Edvard Beneš]] e le general slovac [[Milan Rastislav Štefánik]] habeva un rolo importante in le organisation del movimento pro independentia. Le 28 de octobre 1918, [[Checoslovachia]] esseva proclamate in Praga. Le representantes politic slovac approbava le union con le checos in le [[Declaration de Martin]], le 30 de octobre 1918.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove Stato comprendeva le territorios historic chec e le major parte del territorios slovac. Slovakia deveniva un parte del republica, con Bratislava como su principal centro administrative. Le creation del Stato commun permitteva le developpamento de institutiones educational e cultural slovac, ma le repartition del poter inter Praga e Bratislava deveniva un questione politic persistente. == Le prime Republica de Checoslovachia == Inter 1918 e 1938, Checoslovachia functionava como un republica parlamentar. Le pais possedeva un economia industrial developpate, specialmente in le territorios chec, durante que Slovakia remaneva plus rural e economicamente minus industrialisate. Le governamento establiva institutiones educational e administrative in Slovakia e promoveva le formation de un elite politic e cultural slovac. Tamen, le demandas pro un autonomia plus grande continuava a esser un fonte de tensiones inter le partitos slovac e le autoritates central. Le crisis economic del annos 1930 e le expansion del [[Germania nazi]] aggravava le situation. Le movementos autonomista e nationalista slovac acquireva plus grande supporto in un contexto de instabilitate international. == Le Stato Slovac durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial == In octobre 1938, post le [[Accordo de Munich]] e le crisis del Stato checoslovac, Slovakia obteneva un autonomia plus grande. Le 14 de martio 1939, sub pression del Germania nazi, le parlamento slovac proclamava un Stato independente, generalmente cognoscite como Republica Slovac o Stato Slovac. Le governamento esseva dirigite per [[Jozef Tiso]], sacerdote catholic e dirigente del [[Partito Popular Slovac de Hlinka]]. In practica, le Stato depend eva fortemente de Germania nazi e participava al systema politic del Axis. Le regime adoptava leges antisemite e collabora va al deportation de judios slovac al campos de concentration e extermination. Circa 70 000 judios esseva deportate ab Slovakia durante le guerra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Insurrection National Slovac === Le 29 de augusto 1944, un insurrection armate contra le regime e le occupation german comenciava in le centro de Slovakia. Le [[Insurrection National Slovac]] reuniva soldatos, partisanos e gruppos civil que voleva opponer se al Germania nazi e restabilir un Checoslovachia democratic. Le insurrection controla va temporarimente partes del territorio, con su centro in [[Banská Bystrica]]. Le fortias german reprimeva le rebellion durante le autumno de 1944, e multe combatentes continuava le resistentia in le montanias. Le insurrection deveniva un del principales eventos del resistentia anti-nazi in Europa Central.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.prezident.sk/en/short-history/ |titulo=Short History |sitioweb=President of the Slovak Republic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Postguerra e regime communista == Post le liberation in 1945, Checoslovachia esseva restaurate. Le major parte del territorio slovac esseva reintegrate in le Stato commun, durante que Rutenia subcarpathic esseva cedite al Union Sovietic. In februario 1948, le [[Partito Communista de Checoslovachia]] assumeva le controlo del governamento. Checoslovachia deveniva un Stato communista in le sfera de influentia sovietic. Le economia esseva reorganisate per medio del nationalisation e del planification central, e le opposition politic esseva reprimite. Le constitution de 1960 establiva le [[Republica Socialista de Checoslovachia]]. Le autoritates promoveva le industrialisation de Slovakia, includente le expansion del industria pesada e del production de armamentos. Le developpamento economic transformava le societate slovac, ma le libertates politic remaneva limitate. == Primavera de Praga e federalisation == In 1968, le dirigente reformator [[Alexander Dubček]], un slovac, promoveva un programma de liberalisation cognoscite como [[Primavera de Praga]]. Le reformas includeva le relaxation del censura e le tentativa de crear un systema politic plus aperte. In augusto 1968, le fortias del [[Pacto de Varsovia]] invadeva Checoslovachia e poneva fin al reformas. Le regime communista restabliva un controlo plus stricte durante le periodo de «normalisation». Nonobstante le repression, le [[Lege constitutional de 1968]] establiva le federation de Checoslovachia, entrante in vigor le 1 de januario 1969. Le Stato esseva dividite in duo republicas federate: le Republica Socialista Chec e le Republica Socialista Slovac. Iste arrangemento augmentava formalmente le autonomia institutional de Slovakia, ben que le poter politic real remaneva sub le controlo del partito communista. == Le Revolution de Veluto == Durante le annos 1980, le crise del systema communista e le cambiamentos in le Europa oriental debilitava le regime. In novembre 1989, manifestationes de massa in Praga e in altere citates conduceva al fin del governamento communista. Le transition pacific deveniva cognoscite como le [[Revolution de Veluto]]. Le nove regime introduceva le pluralismo politic, le libertate de expression e le transformation del economia verso un systema de mercado. Le dissidente chec [[Václav Havel]] deveniva presidente de Checoslovachia. In Slovakia, le transition democratic era accompaniate per debattes super le autonomia del republica federate, le organisation del Stato e le repartition del competentias economic e politic. == Independentia de Slovakia == Durante le annos 1990–1992, le dirigentes politic chec e slovac non attingeva un accordo stabile super le futuro del federation. Le electiones de 1992 reforçava le position de dirigentes con programas differente pro le organisation del Stato. Le parlament os approbava le dissolution de Checoslovachia, que deveniva effective le 1 de januario 1993. Le [[Republica Slovaca]] nasceva como Stato independente, durante que le Republica Chec deveniva le altere successor del federation. Le separation occurreva pacificamente e es sovente denominate le «Divortio de Veluto».<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/slovakia |titulo=Slovakia: Recognition and Diplomatic Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nove Stato establiva su proprie institutiones, politica exterior e systema economic. Bratislava deveniva le capital e le principal centro politic e administrative del Republica Slovaca. == Slovakia independente == Post 1993, Slovakia developpava un systema democratic multipartitic e transformava su economia verso le mercado. Le prime annos esseva marcate per le creation del institutiones del nove Stato e per le negotiationes concernente su integration in organisationes europee e transatlantic. Le pais deveniva membro del [[NATO]] le 29 de martio 2004 e del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de maio del mesme anno. In 2007, Slovakia entrava in le [[Spatio Schengen]] e in 2009 adoptava le [[euro]] como moneta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Slovakia.travel |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le integration europee ha fortificate le relationes economic e politic de Slovakia con le altere statos del Union Europee. Le pais participa etiam in le cooperation international in le quadro del NATO, del Union Europee e de altere organisationes. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Slovachia| ]] n5csracl6ujmg1dmnd4ahe9byc419z9 Categoria:Historia de Slovachia 14 62288 704607 2026-10-17T08:47:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Slovakia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Slovakia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] rx04k1j4g7ezimhnafrrl4hzu9zo98m 704608 704607 2026-10-17T08:47:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 704608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Slovachia]] iawvssfnoq8fyfnwbssu0o3qm5u3pa9 704609 704608 2026-10-17T08:48:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 704609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Slovachia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] d1qmi4z1965jfhhzglkm00lcwgqkv9b Categoria:Historia del Republica Chec 14 62289 704613 2026-10-17T08:52:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Republica Chec]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704613 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Republica Chec]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] kgjmu54gljugppjuuq8rljrt8wxoh74 Historia de Moldavia 0 62290 704614 2026-10-17T08:52:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Moldova''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Moldova]], situate in Europa Oriental, inter le [[Prut]] e le [[Dniester]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de differente entitates politic, inter illos le [[Principato de Moldavia]], le [[Imperio Russic]], [[Romania]] e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le Stato moldove moderne declarava su independentia le 27 de augusto...” 704614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Moldova''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Moldova]], situate in Europa Oriental, inter le [[Prut]] e le [[Dniester]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de differente entitates politic, inter illos le [[Principato de Moldavia]], le [[Imperio Russic]], [[Romania]] e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le Stato moldove moderne declarava su independentia le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del region es marcate per su position inter Europa Central e Europa Oriental e per le relationes con le poteres vicin. Le territorio ha essite influentiate per le culturas roman, slavic, hungar, ottoman e russic. Le question del identitate national, del lingua e del relationes con Romania e Russia ha habite un rolo importante in le evolution politic del pais. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Moldova es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de communitates human in le region desde le prehistoria remote. Durante le [[Neolithico]] e le [[Etate del Bronze]], le populationes local developpava le agricultura, le ceramica e settlementes permanente. Un del culturas archeologic le plus importante del region esseva le cultura Cucuteni-Tripolie, developpate durante le Eneolithico in partes del actual Romania, Moldova e Ucraina. Illa es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate e pro le dimension de alcun de su settlementes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva populate per gruppos geto-dacian e se trovava in un zona de contacto inter le culturas del Mar Nere e Europa Central. Le expansion del [[Imperio Roman]] in Dacia durante le seculo II influentiava le region, specialmente in su partes occidental e meridional, ben que non tote le territorio del actual Moldova esseva incorporate in le imperio. Post le retrahimento del legiones roman de Dacia in 271, le region continuava a esser habitate per populationes local e esseva traversate per varie gruppos migratori, includente Gothos, Hunos, Avaros e Slavos. Le influentia de iste populationes participa al formation del communitates medieval del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation del Principato de Moldavia == Durante le Medievo, le territorio inter le Carpathos e le Dniester faceva parte de un zona de contactos e de conflictos inter diverse potentias regional. Le migrationes, le developpamento del commercio e le evolution del principatos del Europa Oriental contribuiva gradualmente al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le medietate del seculo XIV, le Principato de Moldavia se formava como un Stato medieval. [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]] es generalmente considerate le fundator del principato independente circa 1359, post haber se liberate del suzeranitate hungar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato comprendeva un territorio plus vaste que le actual Republica de Moldova, includente partes del actual Romania. Su capitales successive includeva [[Baia]], [[Suceava]] e, plus tarde, [[Iași]]. Le territorio al est del Prut, que corresponde a grande parte del actual Moldova, formava un parte del principato. == Le Regno de Stephano le Grande == Un del governantes le plus importante del Principato de Moldavia esseva [[Stephano le Grande]], qui regnava inter 1457 e 1504. Su periodo es associate al consolidation del administration del principato, al developpamento de fortificationes e al construction de monasterios e ecclesias. Stephano cercava de mantener le independentia del principato contra le pression de potentias vicin, includente le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le Regno de Hungaria e le [[Regno de Polonia]]. Su victoria contra le Ottomanos al battalia de Vaslui in 1475 es un del episodios plus celebre de su regno. Nonobstante le resistentia militar, le Principato de Moldavia deveniva gradualmente un Stato tributari del Imperio Ottoman durante le seculo XVI.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato manteneva tamen su proprie governamento, leges e institutiones interne. Le suzeranitate ottoman significava principalmente obligationes tributari e limitationes in le politica exterior, non un incorporation complete al imperio. == Le Principato de Moldavia sub suzeranitate ottoman == Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Principato de Moldavia remaneva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le governantes, cognoscite como hospodares, esseva nominate o recognoscite in le quadro del relationes con le autoritates ottoman. Le region continuava a esser un zona de contacto inter le Ottomanos, le Polonos, le Hungaros e le Russos. Le guerras e le rivalitates inter iste potentias affectava le stabilitate del principato e le conditiones economic del population. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russic]] augmentava su influentia in Europa Oriental. Le guerras russo-ottoman habeva consequentias importante pro Moldavia, specialmente pro le territorio al est del Prut. == Annexation de Bessarabia per le Imperio Russic == In 1812, post le [[Guerra Russo-Ottoman de 1806–1812]], le [[Tractato de Bucharest de 1812]] transferiva al Imperio Russic le parte oriental del Principato de Moldavia, situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste territorio deveniva cognoscite como Bessarabia e esseva integrate in le administration imperial russic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dominio russic modificava le organisation administrative, le education e le relationes cultural del region. Le population comprendeva moldovanos, ucrainos, russofonos, judios, bulgaros, gagauzos e altere communitates. Le russification administrative e le migrationes interne e externe transformava gradualmente le composition social del territorio. Le parte occidental del Principato de Moldavia remaneva distincte de Bessarabia. In 1859, Moldavia e [[Wallachia]] se univa sub [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], creando le base del Stato roman moderne. In 1878, post le [[Guerra Russo-Turc de 1877–1878]], le Imperio Russic recuperava le sud de Bessarabia, que habeva essite retrocesse a Moldavia in 1856.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia durante le Prime Guerra Mundial == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Revolution Russic de 1917]] provocava un crise del autoritate imperial in Bessarabia. In le autumno de 1917, representantes de diverse gruppos politic e social creava le Sfatul Țării, un assemblea representative que deveniva le principal organo politic del region. Le 2 de decembre 1917, le assemblea proclamava le Republica Democratic Moldava, initialmente concepite como un entitate autonome intra un futur federation russic. Le crise politic e militar del region continuava, e le 24 de januario 1918 le assemblea proclamava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://visit.chisinau.md/en/istoric/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Visit Chișinău |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 27 de martio 1918, le Sfatul Țării votava pro le union de Bessarabia con le [[Regno de Romania]]. Le decision esseva adoptate per majoritate, con conditiones que esseva ulteriormente tractate e removite. Le union deveniva un elemento central del historia politic del region, ma su interpretation continua a esser un subjecto de debatte historic e politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia in Romania inter le guerras == Inter 1918 e 1940, Bessarabia esseva administrate como parte de Romania. Le integration involveva le harmonisation del institutiones, le legislation e le administration del region con le resto del regno roman. Le reforma agrari de 1918–1920 redistribueva parte del terras e affectava le structura rural. Le education e le alfabetisation se developpava, ma Bessarabia remaneva in grande parte rural e economicamente minus industrialisate que plure altere regiones de Romania. Le politica de romanisation del administration e del education esseva un elemento importante del periodo. Le effectos de iste politica variava inter communitates e locos, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman e le minoritates linguistic e ethnic esseva sovente complex.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Annexation sovietic e creation del Republica Sovietic Moldava == In augusto 1939, le [[Union Sovietic]] e le [[Germania nazi]] signava le [[Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop]], cuje protocollo secrete includeva Bessarabia in le zona de interesse sovietic. In junio 1940, le Union Sovietic exig eva que Romania cedeva Bessarabia e le nord de [[Bucovina]]; le tropas sovietic entrava in le territorio post le retrahimento roman. Le 2 de augusto 1940, le Union Sovietic establiva le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava (RSS Moldava). Le nove republica esseva formate principalmente con le parte central de Bessarabia e partes del ancian Republica Autonome Sovietic Socialista Moldava, que habeva essite create in 1924 in le Republica Sovietic de Ucraina, al est del Dniester. Partes del nord e del sud de Bessarabia esseva transferite al Republica Sovietic Socialista de Ucraina.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le administration sovietic introduceva collectivisation agricole, nationalisation del proprietates e transformation del institutiones. Le repression politic, le deportationes e le famine del annos 1946–1947 habeva effectos grave super le population. Le politica sovietic etiam promoveva le uso del lingua russe e un identitate moldava distincte del identitate roman, un question que deveniva central in le debates politic posterior. == Secunde Guerra Mundial == In junio 1941, Romania, alora alliate con Germania nazi, participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. Le tropas roman e german recapturava Bessarabia e le region remaneva sub administration roman usque al retorno del fortias sovietic in 1944. Durante iste periodo, le autoritates roman participa al persecution e deportation de judios e de altere gruppos, includente le deportationes a Transnistria, un territorio al est del Dniester administrate per Romania durante le guerra. Le population judee de Bessarabia suffreva massacres, deportationes e conditiones mortal. In 1944, le Union Sovietic recuperava le controlo del territorio. Post le fin del guerra, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava esseva restabilite e le structura territorial create in 1940 remaneva in vigor.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Moldova sub le regime sovietic == Inter 1944 e 1991, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava faceva parte del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le administration sovietic promoveva le industrialisation, le urbanisation e le collectivisation del agricultura. Le citates, specialmente [[Chișinău]], cresceva, e le industria alimentari, mecanic e altere sectores deveniva importante pro le economia local. Le politica linguistic e identitari esseva un del aspectos plus contestate del periodo. Le autoritates sovietic usava le denomination «lingua moldava» pro le lingua official del republica e, durante parte del periodo, imponeva le alfabeto [[cyrillic]] pro su scriptura. Le relation inter le lingua roman e le lingua moldava deveniva un puncto central del debates cultural e politic. Le regime manteneva un systema de partido unic e restringeva le libertates politic. Le opposition era reprimite, e le autoritates exercitava controlo super le education, le cultura e le activitate religiose. Tamen, le societate sovietic etiam transformava le economia e le structura demografic del region per migrationes, education de massa e expansion urban. == Le movimento national e le fin del Union Sovietic == Durante le fin del annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cognoscite como [[Perestroika]] e [[Glasnost]], permitteva le expansion del debatte public e del movimentos national. In Moldova, gruppos cultural e politic reclamava le recognition del lingua roman e le reintroduction del alphabeto latin. Le 31 de augusto 1989, le lingua roman deveniva le lingua de Stato e le alphabeto latin esseva reintroducite. Iste decision es commemorate como un evento importante in le historia moderne del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 23 de junio 1990, le parlamento declarava le sovranitate del Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava. Le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic, le Republica de Moldova proclamava su independentia. Le declaration de independentia denunciava le consequentias del Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le incorporation del territorio in le Union Sovietic in 1940.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia e le conflicto de Transnistria == Post le proclamation del independentia, le governamento de Moldova debeva enfrentar tensiones concernente le identitate national, le lingua official e le organisation del Stato. In le region de [[Transnistria]], al est del Dniester, le autoritates local rejectava le direction politic de Chișinău e proclamava un entitate separate in 1990. Le tensiones escalava in un conflicto armate in 1992 inter le fortias del governamento moldove e le fortias separatista transnistrian, que recipeva supporto de elementos del [[14e Armata de Guardias]] russic. Le accordo de cessate le foco del julio 1992 poneva fin al major parte del combates, ma non resolveva le question del status del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://presedinte.md/eng/discursuri/discursul-presedintei-maia-sandu-in-parlamentul-lituaniei-de-ziua-restaurarii-independentei-lituaniei |titulo=President Maia Sandu’s speech to the Lithuanian Parliament on Independence Restoration Day |sitioweb=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Transnistria ha mantenite su proprie administration de facto, ma su independentia non es recognoscite internationalmente; de jure, le territorio es considerate parte del Republica de Moldova. Le solution del conflicto continua a esser un del principales questiones de securitate e politica exterior del pais. == Moldova independente in le seculo XXI == Post 1991, Moldova ha developpate un systema politic multipartitic e ha traversate transformationes economic significative. Le pais ha affrontate difficultates associate al transition post-sovietic, al migration, al corruption e al vulnerabilitate economic. Le relationes exterior ha includite cooperation con Romania, Ucraina, Russia e le Union Europee. In 2014, Moldova signava un accordo de association con le Union Europee, que entrava in vigor in 2016. Le 3 de martio 2022, Moldova presentava un application pro devenir membro del [[Union Europee]] e recipeva le status de pais candidate in junio 2022. Le negotiationes de accession esseva formalmente aperite le 25 de junio 2024.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/moldova/ |titulo=Moldova |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra de Russia contra Ucraina, initiate in 2022, ha augmentate le importantia del securitate regional, del energia e del relationes exterior pro Moldova. Le pais continua a confrontar le question non resolvite de Transnistria e a developpar su institutiones e su relationes con le Union Europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Moldova| ]] 2gfuphdkxx1mrubumw9793yea25ntyv 704616 704614 2026-10-17T08:53:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Historia de Moldova]] a [[Historia de Moldavia]] 704614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Moldova''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Moldova]], situate in Europa Oriental, inter le [[Prut]] e le [[Dniester]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de differente entitates politic, inter illos le [[Principato de Moldavia]], le [[Imperio Russic]], [[Romania]] e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le Stato moldove moderne declarava su independentia le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del region es marcate per su position inter Europa Central e Europa Oriental e per le relationes con le poteres vicin. Le territorio ha essite influentiate per le culturas roman, slavic, hungar, ottoman e russic. Le question del identitate national, del lingua e del relationes con Romania e Russia ha habite un rolo importante in le evolution politic del pais. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Moldova es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de communitates human in le region desde le prehistoria remote. Durante le [[Neolithico]] e le [[Etate del Bronze]], le populationes local developpava le agricultura, le ceramica e settlementes permanente. Un del culturas archeologic le plus importante del region esseva le cultura Cucuteni-Tripolie, developpate durante le Eneolithico in partes del actual Romania, Moldova e Ucraina. Illa es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate e pro le dimension de alcun de su settlementes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva populate per gruppos geto-dacian e se trovava in un zona de contacto inter le culturas del Mar Nere e Europa Central. Le expansion del [[Imperio Roman]] in Dacia durante le seculo II influentiava le region, specialmente in su partes occidental e meridional, ben que non tote le territorio del actual Moldova esseva incorporate in le imperio. Post le retrahimento del legiones roman de Dacia in 271, le region continuava a esser habitate per populationes local e esseva traversate per varie gruppos migratori, includente Gothos, Hunos, Avaros e Slavos. Le influentia de iste populationes participa al formation del communitates medieval del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation del Principato de Moldavia == Durante le Medievo, le territorio inter le Carpathos e le Dniester faceva parte de un zona de contactos e de conflictos inter diverse potentias regional. Le migrationes, le developpamento del commercio e le evolution del principatos del Europa Oriental contribuiva gradualmente al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le medietate del seculo XIV, le Principato de Moldavia se formava como un Stato medieval. [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]] es generalmente considerate le fundator del principato independente circa 1359, post haber se liberate del suzeranitate hungar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato comprendeva un territorio plus vaste que le actual Republica de Moldova, includente partes del actual Romania. Su capitales successive includeva [[Baia]], [[Suceava]] e, plus tarde, [[Iași]]. Le territorio al est del Prut, que corresponde a grande parte del actual Moldova, formava un parte del principato. == Le Regno de Stephano le Grande == Un del governantes le plus importante del Principato de Moldavia esseva [[Stephano le Grande]], qui regnava inter 1457 e 1504. Su periodo es associate al consolidation del administration del principato, al developpamento de fortificationes e al construction de monasterios e ecclesias. Stephano cercava de mantener le independentia del principato contra le pression de potentias vicin, includente le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le Regno de Hungaria e le [[Regno de Polonia]]. Su victoria contra le Ottomanos al battalia de Vaslui in 1475 es un del episodios plus celebre de su regno. Nonobstante le resistentia militar, le Principato de Moldavia deveniva gradualmente un Stato tributari del Imperio Ottoman durante le seculo XVI.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato manteneva tamen su proprie governamento, leges e institutiones interne. Le suzeranitate ottoman significava principalmente obligationes tributari e limitationes in le politica exterior, non un incorporation complete al imperio. == Le Principato de Moldavia sub suzeranitate ottoman == Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Principato de Moldavia remaneva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le governantes, cognoscite como hospodares, esseva nominate o recognoscite in le quadro del relationes con le autoritates ottoman. Le region continuava a esser un zona de contacto inter le Ottomanos, le Polonos, le Hungaros e le Russos. Le guerras e le rivalitates inter iste potentias affectava le stabilitate del principato e le conditiones economic del population. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russic]] augmentava su influentia in Europa Oriental. Le guerras russo-ottoman habeva consequentias importante pro Moldavia, specialmente pro le territorio al est del Prut. == Annexation de Bessarabia per le Imperio Russic == In 1812, post le [[Guerra Russo-Ottoman de 1806–1812]], le [[Tractato de Bucharest de 1812]] transferiva al Imperio Russic le parte oriental del Principato de Moldavia, situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste territorio deveniva cognoscite como Bessarabia e esseva integrate in le administration imperial russic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dominio russic modificava le organisation administrative, le education e le relationes cultural del region. Le population comprendeva moldovanos, ucrainos, russofonos, judios, bulgaros, gagauzos e altere communitates. Le russification administrative e le migrationes interne e externe transformava gradualmente le composition social del territorio. Le parte occidental del Principato de Moldavia remaneva distincte de Bessarabia. In 1859, Moldavia e [[Wallachia]] se univa sub [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], creando le base del Stato roman moderne. In 1878, post le [[Guerra Russo-Turc de 1877–1878]], le Imperio Russic recuperava le sud de Bessarabia, que habeva essite retrocesse a Moldavia in 1856.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia durante le Prime Guerra Mundial == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Revolution Russic de 1917]] provocava un crise del autoritate imperial in Bessarabia. In le autumno de 1917, representantes de diverse gruppos politic e social creava le Sfatul Țării, un assemblea representative que deveniva le principal organo politic del region. Le 2 de decembre 1917, le assemblea proclamava le Republica Democratic Moldava, initialmente concepite como un entitate autonome intra un futur federation russic. Le crise politic e militar del region continuava, e le 24 de januario 1918 le assemblea proclamava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://visit.chisinau.md/en/istoric/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Visit Chișinău |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 27 de martio 1918, le Sfatul Țării votava pro le union de Bessarabia con le [[Regno de Romania]]. Le decision esseva adoptate per majoritate, con conditiones que esseva ulteriormente tractate e removite. Le union deveniva un elemento central del historia politic del region, ma su interpretation continua a esser un subjecto de debatte historic e politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia in Romania inter le guerras == Inter 1918 e 1940, Bessarabia esseva administrate como parte de Romania. Le integration involveva le harmonisation del institutiones, le legislation e le administration del region con le resto del regno roman. Le reforma agrari de 1918–1920 redistribueva parte del terras e affectava le structura rural. Le education e le alfabetisation se developpava, ma Bessarabia remaneva in grande parte rural e economicamente minus industrialisate que plure altere regiones de Romania. Le politica de romanisation del administration e del education esseva un elemento importante del periodo. Le effectos de iste politica variava inter communitates e locos, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman e le minoritates linguistic e ethnic esseva sovente complex.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Annexation sovietic e creation del Republica Sovietic Moldava == In augusto 1939, le [[Union Sovietic]] e le [[Germania nazi]] signava le [[Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop]], cuje protocollo secrete includeva Bessarabia in le zona de interesse sovietic. In junio 1940, le Union Sovietic exig eva que Romania cedeva Bessarabia e le nord de [[Bucovina]]; le tropas sovietic entrava in le territorio post le retrahimento roman. Le 2 de augusto 1940, le Union Sovietic establiva le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava (RSS Moldava). Le nove republica esseva formate principalmente con le parte central de Bessarabia e partes del ancian Republica Autonome Sovietic Socialista Moldava, que habeva essite create in 1924 in le Republica Sovietic de Ucraina, al est del Dniester. Partes del nord e del sud de Bessarabia esseva transferite al Republica Sovietic Socialista de Ucraina.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le administration sovietic introduceva collectivisation agricole, nationalisation del proprietates e transformation del institutiones. Le repression politic, le deportationes e le famine del annos 1946–1947 habeva effectos grave super le population. Le politica sovietic etiam promoveva le uso del lingua russe e un identitate moldava distincte del identitate roman, un question que deveniva central in le debates politic posterior. == Secunde Guerra Mundial == In junio 1941, Romania, alora alliate con Germania nazi, participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. Le tropas roman e german recapturava Bessarabia e le region remaneva sub administration roman usque al retorno del fortias sovietic in 1944. Durante iste periodo, le autoritates roman participa al persecution e deportation de judios e de altere gruppos, includente le deportationes a Transnistria, un territorio al est del Dniester administrate per Romania durante le guerra. Le population judee de Bessarabia suffreva massacres, deportationes e conditiones mortal. In 1944, le Union Sovietic recuperava le controlo del territorio. Post le fin del guerra, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava esseva restabilite e le structura territorial create in 1940 remaneva in vigor.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Moldova sub le regime sovietic == Inter 1944 e 1991, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava faceva parte del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le administration sovietic promoveva le industrialisation, le urbanisation e le collectivisation del agricultura. Le citates, specialmente [[Chișinău]], cresceva, e le industria alimentari, mecanic e altere sectores deveniva importante pro le economia local. Le politica linguistic e identitari esseva un del aspectos plus contestate del periodo. Le autoritates sovietic usava le denomination «lingua moldava» pro le lingua official del republica e, durante parte del periodo, imponeva le alfabeto [[cyrillic]] pro su scriptura. Le relation inter le lingua roman e le lingua moldava deveniva un puncto central del debates cultural e politic. Le regime manteneva un systema de partido unic e restringeva le libertates politic. Le opposition era reprimite, e le autoritates exercitava controlo super le education, le cultura e le activitate religiose. Tamen, le societate sovietic etiam transformava le economia e le structura demografic del region per migrationes, education de massa e expansion urban. == Le movimento national e le fin del Union Sovietic == Durante le fin del annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cognoscite como [[Perestroika]] e [[Glasnost]], permitteva le expansion del debatte public e del movimentos national. In Moldova, gruppos cultural e politic reclamava le recognition del lingua roman e le reintroduction del alphabeto latin. Le 31 de augusto 1989, le lingua roman deveniva le lingua de Stato e le alphabeto latin esseva reintroducite. Iste decision es commemorate como un evento importante in le historia moderne del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 23 de junio 1990, le parlamento declarava le sovranitate del Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava. Le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic, le Republica de Moldova proclamava su independentia. Le declaration de independentia denunciava le consequentias del Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le incorporation del territorio in le Union Sovietic in 1940.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia e le conflicto de Transnistria == Post le proclamation del independentia, le governamento de Moldova debeva enfrentar tensiones concernente le identitate national, le lingua official e le organisation del Stato. In le region de [[Transnistria]], al est del Dniester, le autoritates local rejectava le direction politic de Chișinău e proclamava un entitate separate in 1990. Le tensiones escalava in un conflicto armate in 1992 inter le fortias del governamento moldove e le fortias separatista transnistrian, que recipeva supporto de elementos del [[14e Armata de Guardias]] russic. Le accordo de cessate le foco del julio 1992 poneva fin al major parte del combates, ma non resolveva le question del status del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://presedinte.md/eng/discursuri/discursul-presedintei-maia-sandu-in-parlamentul-lituaniei-de-ziua-restaurarii-independentei-lituaniei |titulo=President Maia Sandu’s speech to the Lithuanian Parliament on Independence Restoration Day |sitioweb=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Transnistria ha mantenite su proprie administration de facto, ma su independentia non es recognoscite internationalmente; de jure, le territorio es considerate parte del Republica de Moldova. Le solution del conflicto continua a esser un del principales questiones de securitate e politica exterior del pais. == Moldova independente in le seculo XXI == Post 1991, Moldova ha developpate un systema politic multipartitic e ha traversate transformationes economic significative. Le pais ha affrontate difficultates associate al transition post-sovietic, al migration, al corruption e al vulnerabilitate economic. Le relationes exterior ha includite cooperation con Romania, Ucraina, Russia e le Union Europee. In 2014, Moldova signava un accordo de association con le Union Europee, que entrava in vigor in 2016. Le 3 de martio 2022, Moldova presentava un application pro devenir membro del [[Union Europee]] e recipeva le status de pais candidate in junio 2022. Le negotiationes de accession esseva formalmente aperite le 25 de junio 2024.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/moldova/ |titulo=Moldova |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra de Russia contra Ucraina, initiate in 2022, ha augmentate le importantia del securitate regional, del energia e del relationes exterior pro Moldova. Le pais continua a confrontar le question non resolvite de Transnistria e a developpar su institutiones e su relationes con le Union Europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Moldova| ]] 2gfuphdkxx1mrubumw9793yea25ntyv 704618 704616 2026-10-17T08:53:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 704618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Moldova''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Moldova]], situate in Europa Oriental, inter le [[Prut]] e le [[Dniester]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de differente entitates politic, inter illos le [[Principato de Moldavia]], le [[Imperio Russic]], [[Romania]] e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le Stato moldove moderne declarava su independentia le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del region es marcate per su position inter Europa Central e Europa Oriental e per le relationes con le poteres vicin. Le territorio ha essite influentiate per le culturas roman, slavic, hungar, ottoman e russic. Le question del identitate national, del lingua e del relationes con Romania e Russia ha habite un rolo importante in le evolution politic del pais. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Moldova es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de communitates human in le region desde le prehistoria remote. Durante le [[Neolithico]] e le [[Etate del Bronze]], le populationes local developpava le agricultura, le ceramica e settlementes permanente. Un del culturas archeologic le plus importante del region esseva le cultura Cucuteni-Tripolie, developpate durante le Eneolithico in partes del actual Romania, Moldova e Ucraina. Illa es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate e pro le dimension de alcun de su settlementes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva populate per gruppos geto-dacian e se trovava in un zona de contacto inter le culturas del Mar Nere e Europa Central. Le expansion del [[Imperio Roman]] in Dacia durante le seculo II influentiava le region, specialmente in su partes occidental e meridional, ben que non tote le territorio del actual Moldova esseva incorporate in le imperio. Post le retrahimento del legiones roman de Dacia in 271, le region continuava a esser habitate per populationes local e esseva traversate per varie gruppos migratori, includente Gothos, Hunos, Avaros e Slavos. Le influentia de iste populationes participa al formation del communitates medieval del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation del Principato de Moldavia == Durante le Medievo, le territorio inter le Carpathos e le Dniester faceva parte de un zona de contactos e de conflictos inter diverse potentias regional. Le migrationes, le developpamento del commercio e le evolution del principatos del Europa Oriental contribuiva gradualmente al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le medietate del seculo XIV, le Principato de Moldavia se formava como un Stato medieval. [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]] es generalmente considerate le fundator del principato independente circa 1359, post haber se liberate del suzeranitate hungar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato comprendeva un territorio plus vaste que le actual Republica de Moldova, includente partes del actual Romania. Su capitales successive includeva [[Baia]], [[Suceava]] e, plus tarde, [[Iași]]. Le territorio al est del Prut, que corresponde a grande parte del actual Moldova, formava un parte del principato. == Le Regno de Stephano le Grande == Un del governantes le plus importante del Principato de Moldavia esseva [[Stephano le Grande]], qui regnava inter 1457 e 1504. Su periodo es associate al consolidation del administration del principato, al developpamento de fortificationes e al construction de monasterios e ecclesias. Stephano cercava de mantener le independentia del principato contra le pression de potentias vicin, includente le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le Regno de Hungaria e le [[Regno de Polonia]]. Su victoria contra le Ottomanos al battalia de Vaslui in 1475 es un del episodios plus celebre de su regno. Nonobstante le resistentia militar, le Principato de Moldavia deveniva gradualmente un Stato tributari del Imperio Ottoman durante le seculo XVI.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato manteneva tamen su proprie governamento, leges e institutiones interne. Le suzeranitate ottoman significava principalmente obligationes tributari e limitationes in le politica exterior, non un incorporation complete al imperio. == Le Principato de Moldavia sub suzeranitate ottoman == Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Principato de Moldavia remaneva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le governantes, cognoscite como hospodares, esseva nominate o recognoscite in le quadro del relationes con le autoritates ottoman. Le region continuava a esser un zona de contacto inter le Ottomanos, le Polonos, le Hungaros e le Russos. Le guerras e le rivalitates inter iste potentias affectava le stabilitate del principato e le conditiones economic del population. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russic]] augmentava su influentia in Europa Oriental. Le guerras russo-ottoman habeva consequentias importante pro Moldavia, specialmente pro le territorio al est del Prut. == Annexation de Bessarabia per le Imperio Russic == In 1812, post le [[Guerra Russo-Ottoman de 1806–1812]], le [[Tractato de Bucharest de 1812]] transferiva al Imperio Russic le parte oriental del Principato de Moldavia, situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste territorio deveniva cognoscite como Bessarabia e esseva integrate in le administration imperial russic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dominio russic modificava le organisation administrative, le education e le relationes cultural del region. Le population comprendeva moldovanos, ucrainos, russofonos, judios, bulgaros, gagauzos e altere communitates. Le russification administrative e le migrationes interne e externe transformava gradualmente le composition social del territorio. Le parte occidental del Principato de Moldavia remaneva distincte de Bessarabia. In 1859, Moldavia e [[Wallachia]] se univa sub [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], creando le base del Stato roman moderne. In 1878, post le [[Guerra Russo-Turc de 1877–1878]], le Imperio Russic recuperava le sud de Bessarabia, que habeva essite retrocesse a Moldavia in 1856.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia durante le Prime Guerra Mundial == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Revolution Russic de 1917]] provocava un crise del autoritate imperial in Bessarabia. In le autumno de 1917, representantes de diverse gruppos politic e social creava le Sfatul Țării, un assemblea representative que deveniva le principal organo politic del region. Le 2 de decembre 1917, le assemblea proclamava le Republica Democratic Moldava, initialmente concepite como un entitate autonome intra un futur federation russic. Le crise politic e militar del region continuava, e le 24 de januario 1918 le assemblea proclamava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://visit.chisinau.md/en/istoric/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Visit Chișinău |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 27 de martio 1918, le Sfatul Țării votava pro le union de Bessarabia con le [[Regno de Romania]]. Le decision esseva adoptate per majoritate, con conditiones que esseva ulteriormente tractate e removite. Le union deveniva un elemento central del historia politic del region, ma su interpretation continua a esser un subjecto de debatte historic e politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia in Romania inter le guerras == Inter 1918 e 1940, Bessarabia esseva administrate como parte de Romania. Le integration involveva le harmonisation del institutiones, le legislation e le administration del region con le resto del regno roman. Le reforma agrari de 1918–1920 redistribueva parte del terras e affectava le structura rural. Le education e le alfabetisation se developpava, ma Bessarabia remaneva in grande parte rural e economicamente minus industrialisate que plure altere regiones de Romania. Le politica de romanisation del administration e del education esseva un elemento importante del periodo. Le effectos de iste politica variava inter communitates e locos, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman e le minoritates linguistic e ethnic esseva sovente complex.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Annexation sovietic e creation del Republica Sovietic Moldava == In augusto 1939, le [[Union Sovietic]] e le [[Germania nazi]] signava le [[Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop]], cuje protocollo secrete includeva Bessarabia in le zona de interesse sovietic. In junio 1940, le Union Sovietic exig eva que Romania cedeva Bessarabia e le nord de [[Bucovina]]; le tropas sovietic entrava in le territorio post le retrahimento roman. Le 2 de augusto 1940, le Union Sovietic establiva le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava (RSS Moldava). Le nove republica esseva formate principalmente con le parte central de Bessarabia e partes del ancian Republica Autonome Sovietic Socialista Moldava, que habeva essite create in 1924 in le Republica Sovietic de Ucraina, al est del Dniester. Partes del nord e del sud de Bessarabia esseva transferite al Republica Sovietic Socialista de Ucraina.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le administration sovietic introduceva collectivisation agricole, nationalisation del proprietates e transformation del institutiones. Le repression politic, le deportationes e le famine del annos 1946–1947 habeva effectos grave super le population. Le politica sovietic etiam promoveva le uso del lingua russe e un identitate moldava distincte del identitate roman, un question que deveniva central in le debates politic posterior. == Secunde Guerra Mundial == In junio 1941, Romania, alora alliate con Germania nazi, participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. Le tropas roman e german recapturava Bessarabia e le region remaneva sub administration roman usque al retorno del fortias sovietic in 1944. Durante iste periodo, le autoritates roman participa al persecution e deportation de judios e de altere gruppos, includente le deportationes a Transnistria, un territorio al est del Dniester administrate per Romania durante le guerra. Le population judee de Bessarabia suffreva massacres, deportationes e conditiones mortal. In 1944, le Union Sovietic recuperava le controlo del territorio. Post le fin del guerra, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava esseva restabilite e le structura territorial create in 1940 remaneva in vigor.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Moldova sub le regime sovietic == Inter 1944 e 1991, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava faceva parte del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le administration sovietic promoveva le industrialisation, le urbanisation e le collectivisation del agricultura. Le citates, specialmente [[Chișinău]], cresceva, e le industria alimentari, mecanic e altere sectores deveniva importante pro le economia local. Le politica linguistic e identitari esseva un del aspectos plus contestate del periodo. Le autoritates sovietic usava le denomination «lingua moldava» pro le lingua official del republica e, durante parte del periodo, imponeva le alfabeto [[cyrillic]] pro su scriptura. Le relation inter le lingua roman e le lingua moldava deveniva un puncto central del debates cultural e politic. Le regime manteneva un systema de partido unic e restringeva le libertates politic. Le opposition era reprimite, e le autoritates exercitava controlo super le education, le cultura e le activitate religiose. Tamen, le societate sovietic etiam transformava le economia e le structura demografic del region per migrationes, education de massa e expansion urban. == Le movimento national e le fin del Union Sovietic == Durante le fin del annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cognoscite como [[Perestroika]] e [[Glasnost]], permitteva le expansion del debatte public e del movimentos national. In Moldova, gruppos cultural e politic reclamava le recognition del lingua roman e le reintroduction del alphabeto latin. Le 31 de augusto 1989, le lingua roman deveniva le lingua de Stato e le alphabeto latin esseva reintroducite. Iste decision es commemorate como un evento importante in le historia moderne del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 23 de junio 1990, le parlamento declarava le sovranitate del Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava. Le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic, le Republica de Moldova proclamava su independentia. Le declaration de independentia denunciava le consequentias del Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le incorporation del territorio in le Union Sovietic in 1940.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia e le conflicto de Transnistria == Post le proclamation del independentia, le governamento de Moldova debeva enfrentar tensiones concernente le identitate national, le lingua official e le organisation del Stato. In le region de [[Transnistria]], al est del Dniester, le autoritates local rejectava le direction politic de Chișinău e proclamava un entitate separate in 1990. Le tensiones escalava in un conflicto armate in 1992 inter le fortias del governamento moldove e le fortias separatista transnistrian, que recipeva supporto de elementos del [[14e Armata de Guardias]] russic. Le accordo de cessate le foco del julio 1992 poneva fin al major parte del combates, ma non resolveva le question del status del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://presedinte.md/eng/discursuri/discursul-presedintei-maia-sandu-in-parlamentul-lituaniei-de-ziua-restaurarii-independentei-lituaniei |titulo=President Maia Sandu’s speech to the Lithuanian Parliament on Independence Restoration Day |sitioweb=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Transnistria ha mantenite su proprie administration de facto, ma su independentia non es recognoscite internationalmente; de jure, le territorio es considerate parte del Republica de Moldova. Le solution del conflicto continua a esser un del principales questiones de securitate e politica exterior del pais. == Moldova independente in le seculo XXI == Post 1991, Moldova ha developpate un systema politic multipartitic e ha traversate transformationes economic significative. Le pais ha affrontate difficultates associate al transition post-sovietic, al migration, al corruption e al vulnerabilitate economic. Le relationes exterior ha includite cooperation con Romania, Ucraina, Russia e le Union Europee. In 2014, Moldova signava un accordo de association con le Union Europee, que entrava in vigor in 2016. Le 3 de martio 2022, Moldova presentava un application pro devenir membro del [[Union Europee]] e recipeva le status de pais candidate in junio 2022. Le negotiationes de accession esseva formalmente aperite le 25 de junio 2024.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/moldova/ |titulo=Moldova |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra de Russia contra Ucraina, initiate in 2022, ha augmentate le importantia del securitate regional, del energia e del relationes exterior pro Moldova. Le pais continua a confrontar le question non resolvite de Transnistria e a developpar su institutiones e su relationes con le Union Europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Moldavia| ]] 2qv33z7mmqdam7erykzvawrngjneb57 704621 704618 2026-10-17T08:55:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 704621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Moldavia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Moldavia]], situate in Europa Oriental, inter le [[Prut]] e le [[Dniester]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de differente entitates politic, inter illos le [[Principato de Moldavia]], le [[Imperio Russic]], [[Romania]] e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le Stato moldove moderne declarava su independentia le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldavia al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del region es marcate per su position inter Europa Central e Europa Oriental e per le relationes con le poteres vicin. Le territorio ha essite influentiate per le culturas roman, slavic, hungar, ottoman e russic. Le question del identitate national, del lingua e del relationes con Romania e Russia ha habite un rolo importante in le evolution politic del pais. == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == Le territorio del actual Moldavia es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Le reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de communitates human in le region desde le prehistoria remote. Durante le [[Neolithico]] e le [[Etate del Bronze]], le populationes local developpava le agricultura, le ceramica e settlementes permanente. Un del culturas archeologic le plus importante del region esseva le cultura Cucuteni-Tripolie, developpate durante le Eneolithico in partes del actual Romania, Moldavia e Ucraina. Illa es cognoscite pro su ceramica elaborate e pro le dimension de alcun de su settlementes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldavia in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva populate per gruppos geto-dacian e se trovava in un zona de contacto inter le culturas del Mar Nere e Europa Central. Le expansion del [[Imperio Roman]] in Dacia durante le seculo II influentiava le region, specialmente in su partes occidental e meridional, ben que non tote le territorio del actual Moldavia esseva incorporate in le imperio. Post le retrahimento del legiones roman de Dacia in 271, le region continuava a esser habitate per populationes local e esseva traversate per varie gruppos migratori, includente Gothos, Hunos, Avaros e Slavos. Le influentia de iste populationes participa al formation del communitates medieval del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Formation del Principato de Moldavia == Durante le Medievo, le territorio inter le Carpathos e le Dniester faceva parte de un zona de contactos e de conflictos inter diverse potentias regional. Le migrationes, le developpamento del commercio e le evolution del principatos del Europa Oriental contribuiva gradualmente al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le medietate del seculo XIV, le Principato de Moldavia se formava como un Stato medieval. [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]] es generalmente considerate le fundator del principato independente circa 1359, post haber se liberate del suzeranitate hungar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato comprendeva un territorio plus vaste que le actual Republica de Moldavia, includente partes del actual Romania. Su capitales successive includeva [[Baia]], [[Suceava]] e, plus tarde, [[Iași]]. Le territorio al est del Prut, que corresponde a grande parte del actual Moldavia, formava un parte del principato. == Le Regno de Stephano le Grande == Un del governantes le plus importante del Principato de Moldavia esseva [[Stephano le Grande]], qui regnava inter 1457 e 1504. Su periodo es associate al consolidation del administration del principato, al developpamento de fortificationes e al construction de monasterios e ecclesias. Stephano cercava de mantener le independentia del principato contra le pression de potentias vicin, includente le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le Regno de Hungaria e le [[Regno de Polonia]]. Su victoria contra le Ottomanos al battalia de Vaslui in 1475 es un del episodios plus celebre de su regno. Nonobstante le resistentia militar, le Principato de Moldavia deveniva gradualmente un Stato tributari del Imperio Ottoman durante le seculo XVI.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://aboutmoldova.md/en/view_sub_cat.php?sub_cat=108 |titulo=History |sitioweb=About Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato manteneva tamen su proprie governamento, leges e institutiones interne. Le suzeranitate ottoman significava principalmente obligationes tributari e limitationes in le politica exterior, non un incorporation complete al imperio. == Le Principato de Moldavia sub suzeranitate ottoman == Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Principato de Moldavia remaneva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le governantes, cognoscite como hospodares, esseva nominate o recognoscite in le quadro del relationes con le autoritates ottoman. Le region continuava a esser un zona de contacto inter le Ottomanos, le Polonos, le Hungaros e le Russos. Le guerras e le rivalitates inter iste potentias affectava le stabilitate del principato e le conditiones economic del population. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russic]] augmentava su influentia in Europa Oriental. Le guerras russo-ottoman habeva consequentias importante pro Moldavia, specialmente pro le territorio al est del Prut. == Annexation de Bessarabia per le Imperio Russic == In 1812, post le [[Guerra Russo-Ottoman de 1806–1812]], le [[Tractato de Bucharest de 1812]] transferiva al Imperio Russic le parte oriental del Principato de Moldavia, situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste territorio deveniva cognoscite como Bessarabia e esseva integrate in le administration imperial russic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dominio russic modificava le organisation administrative, le education e le relationes cultural del region. Le population comprendeva moldovanos, ucrainos, russofonos, judios, bulgaros, gagauzos e altere communitates. Le russification administrative e le migrationes interne e externe transformava gradualmente le composition social del territorio. Le parte occidental del Principato de Moldavia remaneva distincte de Bessarabia. In 1859, Moldavia e [[Wallachia]] se univa sub [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], creando le base del Stato roman moderne. In 1878, post le [[Guerra Russo-Turc de 1877–1878]], le Imperio Russic recuperava le sud de Bessarabia, que habeva essite retrocesse a Moldavia in 1856.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sua.mfa.gov.md/ro/content/istoria |titulo=Istoria |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova in le Statos Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia durante le Prime Guerra Mundial == Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Revolution Russic de 1917]] provocava un crise del autoritate imperial in Bessarabia. In le autumno de 1917, representantes de diverse gruppos politic e social creava le Sfatul Țării, un assemblea representative que deveniva le principal organo politic del region. Le 2 de decembre 1917, le assemblea proclamava le Republica Democratic Moldava, initialmente concepite como un entitate autonome intra un futur federation russic. Le crise politic e militar del region continuava, e le 24 de januario 1918 le assemblea proclamava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://visit.chisinau.md/en/istoric/ |titulo=History |sitioweb=Visit Chișinău |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 27 de martio 1918, le Sfatul Țării votava pro le union de Bessarabia con le [[Regno de Romania]]. Le decision esseva adoptate per majoritate, con conditiones que esseva ulteriormente tractate e removite. Le union deveniva un elemento central del historia politic del region, ma su interpretation continua a esser un subjecto de debatte historic e politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Bessarabia in Romania inter le guerras == Inter 1918 e 1940, Bessarabia esseva administrate como parte de Romania. Le integration involveva le harmonisation del institutiones, le legislation e le administration del region con le resto del regno roman. Le reforma agrari de 1918–1920 redistribueva parte del terras e affectava le structura rural. Le education e le alfabetisation se developpava, ma Bessarabia remaneva in grande parte rural e economicamente minus industrialisate que plure altere regiones de Romania. Le politica de romanisation del administration e del education esseva un elemento importante del periodo. Le effectos de iste politica variava inter communitates e locos, e le relationes inter le autoritates roman e le minoritates linguistic e ethnic esseva sovente complex.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.md/en/exhibitions/the_compartment_bessarabia_in_the_first_half_of_the_20th_century/ |titulo=The compartment “Bessarabia in the first half of the 20th century” |sitioweb=Museo National de Historia de Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Annexation sovietic e creation del Republica Sovietic Moldava == In augusto 1939, le [[Union Sovietic]] e le [[Germania nazi]] signava le [[Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop]], cuje protocollo secrete includeva Bessarabia in le zona de interesse sovietic. In junio 1940, le Union Sovietic exig eva que Romania cedeva Bessarabia e le nord de [[Bucovina]]; le tropas sovietic entrava in le territorio post le retrahimento roman. Le 2 de augusto 1940, le Union Sovietic establiva le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava (RSS Moldava). Le nove republica esseva formate principalmente con le parte central de Bessarabia e partes del ancian Republica Autonome Sovietic Socialista Moldava, que habeva essite create in 1924 in le Republica Sovietic de Ucraina, al est del Dniester. Partes del nord e del sud de Bessarabia esseva transferite al Republica Sovietic Socialista de Ucraina.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le administration sovietic introduceva collectivisation agricole, nationalisation del proprietates e transformation del institutiones. Le repression politic, le deportationes e le famine del annos 1946–1947 habeva effectos grave super le population. Le politica sovietic etiam promoveva le uso del lingua russe e un identitate moldava distincte del identitate roman, un question que deveniva central in le debates politic posterior. == Secunde Guerra Mundial == In junio 1941, Romania, alora alliate con Germania nazi, participa al invasion del Union Sovietic. Le tropas roman e german recapturava Bessarabia e le region remaneva sub administration roman usque al retorno del fortias sovietic in 1944. Durante iste periodo, le autoritates roman participa al persecution e deportation de judios e de altere gruppos, includente le deportationes a Transnistria, un territorio al est del Dniester administrate per Romania durante le guerra. Le population judee de Bessarabia suffreva massacres, deportationes e conditiones mortal. In 1944, le Union Sovietic recuperava le controlo del territorio. Post le fin del guerra, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava esseva restabilite e le structura territorial create in 1940 remaneva in vigor.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Moldavia sub le regime sovietic == Inter 1944 e 1991, le Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava faceva parte del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le administration sovietic promoveva le industrialisation, le urbanisation e le collectivisation del agricultura. Le citates, specialmente [[Chișinău]], cresceva, e le industria alimentari, mecanic e altere sectores deveniva importante pro le economia local. Le politica linguistic e identitari esseva un del aspectos plus contestate del periodo. Le autoritates sovietic usava le denomination «lingua moldava» pro le lingua official del republica e, durante parte del periodo, imponeva le alfabeto [[cyrillic]] pro su scriptura. Le relation inter le lingua roman e le lingua moldava deveniva un puncto central del debates cultural e politic. Le regime manteneva un systema de partido unic e restringeva le libertates politic. Le opposition era reprimite, e le autoritates exercitava controlo super le education, le cultura e le activitate religiose. Tamen, le societate sovietic etiam transformava le economia e le structura demografic del region per migrationes, education de massa e expansion urban. == Le movimento national e le fin del Union Sovietic == Durante le fin del annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cognoscite como [[Perestroika]] e [[Glasnost]], permitteva le expansion del debatte public e del movimentos national. In Moldavia, gruppos cultural e politic reclamava le recognition del lingua roman e le reintroduction del alphabeto latin. Le 31 de augusto 1989, le lingua roman deveniva le lingua de Stato e le alphabeto latin esseva reintroducite. Iste decision es commemorate como un evento importante in le historia moderne del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://regatulunit.mfa.gov.md/en/content/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ambassada del Republica de Moldova al Regno Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 23 de junio 1990, le parlamento declarava le sovranitate del Republica Sovietic Socialista Moldava. Le 27 de augusto 1991, durante le disintegration del Union Sovietic, le Republica de Moldavia proclamava su independentia. Le declaration de independentia denunciava le consequentias del Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop e le incorporation del territorio in le Union Sovietic in 1940.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://new.constcourt.md/pageview.php?id=276&idc=11&l=ro&t=%2FPrezentare-generala%2FPremise-istorice%2FDeclaratia-de-independenta-a-Republicii-Moldova%2F |titulo=Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova |sitioweb=Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Independentia e le conflicto de Transnistria == Post le proclamation del independentia, le governamento de Moldavia debeva enfrentar tensiones concernente le identitate national, le lingua official e le organisation del Stato. In le region de [[Transnistria]], al est del Dniester, le autoritates local rejectava le direction politic de Chișinău e proclamava un entitate separate in 1990. Le tensiones escalava in un conflicto armate in 1992 inter le fortias del governamento moldove e le fortias separatista transnistrian, que recipeva supporto de elementos del [[14e Armata de Guardias]] russic. Le accordo de cessate le foco del julio 1992 poneva fin al major parte del combates, ma non resolveva le question del status del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://presedinte.md/eng/discursuri/discursul-presedintei-maia-sandu-in-parlamentul-lituaniei-de-ziua-restaurarii-independentei-lituaniei |titulo=President Maia Sandu’s speech to the Lithuanian Parliament on Independence Restoration Day |sitioweb=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Transnistria ha mantenite su proprie administration de facto, ma su independentia non es recognoscite internationalmente; de jure, le territorio es considerate parte del Republica de Moldavia. Le solution del conflicto continua a esser un del principales questiones de securitate e politica exterior del pais. == Moldavia independente in le seculo XXI == Post 1991, Moldavia ha developpate un systema politic multipartitic e ha traversate transformationes economic significative. Le pais ha affrontate difficultates associate al transition post-sovietic, al migration, al corruption e al vulnerabilitate economic. Le relationes exterior ha includite cooperation con Romania, Ucraina, Russia e le Union Europee. In 2014, Moldavia signava un accordo de association con le Union Europee, que entrava in vigor in 2016. Le 3 de martio 2022, Moldavia presentava un application pro devenir membro del [[Union Europee]] e recipeva le status de pais candidate in junio 2022. Le negotiationes de accession esseva formalmente aperite le 25 de junio 2024.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/moldova/ |titulo=Moldova |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra de Russia contra Ucraina, initiate in 2022, ha augmentate le importantia del securitate regional, del energia e del relationes exterior pro Moldavia. Le pais continua a confrontar le question non resolvite de Transnistria e a developpar su institutiones e su relationes con le Union Europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Moldavia| ]] n85qqfe0297bw7vg58zgos7iy6l5ev8 Categoria:Historia de Moldova 14 62291 704615 2026-10-17T08:53:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Moldova]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Moldova]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] rb8f5614i6d2akyz032hkeplq1vjxc2 704619 704615 2026-10-17T08:54:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 704619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 Historia de Moldova 0 62292 704617 2026-10-17T08:53:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Historia de Moldova]] a [[Historia de Moldavia]] 704617 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Historia de Moldavia]] j0ggk74a1m5kskeswnwlkzg1154v2yj Categoria:Historia de Moldavia 14 62293 704620 2026-10-17T08:54:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Moldavia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Moldavia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] 0691arb5bkw6p5iafg4u4qnweq84yl2 Republica de Moldavia 0 62294 704623 2026-10-17T08:56:13Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Moldavia]] 704623 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Moldavia]] csf1fcod3pgtrqkzltvbwvi0lgxkvkl Historia de Croatia 0 62295 704624 2026-10-17T09:00:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Croatia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Croatia]], situate in Europa del Sud-Est, al costa del [[Mar Adriatic]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de numerose entitates politic, inter illos le [[Imperio Roman]], le [[Regno de Croatia]], le [[Regno de Hungaria]], le [[Monarchia de Habsburg]] e [[Yugoslavia]]. Croatia declarava su independentia le 25 de j...” 704624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Croatia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Croatia]], situate in Europa del Sud-Est, al costa del [[Mar Adriatic]]. Le region ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e ha formate parte de numerose entitates politic, inter illos le [[Imperio Roman]], le [[Regno de Croatia]], le [[Regno de Hungaria]], le [[Monarchia de Habsburg]] e [[Yugoslavia]]. Croatia declarava su independentia le 25 de junio 1991 e deveniva un Stato independente post le dissolution de Yugoslavia e le guerra del annos 1990.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/press/news/croatia-marks-35-years-launching-its-disassociation-yugoslavia |titulo=Croatia marks 35 years since launching its disassociation from Yugoslavia |sitioweb=Parlamento de Croatia |fecha=25 de junio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le position geographic del territorio, al contacto inter Europa Central, le Balcanes e le Mediterraneo, ha influentiate su historia. Le regiones interior de Croatia ha mantenite relationes strette con Hungaria e le Europa Central, durante que le litoral adriatic esseva influentiate per le commercio maritime, le cultura roman e le potentia de [[Venetia]]. Le formation del identitate national croata deveniva specialmente importante durante le seculo XIX, e le independentia del pais in 1991 marcava un nove fase in su historia. == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Croatia es habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Reperimentos archeologic monstra le presentia de communitates human durante le prehistoria, sequite per culturas del [[Neolithico]] e del [[Etate del Bronze]]. Le populationes local developpava le agricultura, le ceramica, le metallurgia e le commercio con altere partes del Mediterraneo e de Europa Central. Durante le Etate del Ferro, le territorio esseva habitate per differente populationes, inter illos le [[Illyrios]], specialmente in le regiones costal e del interior del Balcanes. Le contactos commercial e cultural con le Grecos e altere populationes mediterranee contribueva al developpamento de settlementes e de structuras politic local. == Antiquitate == === Le dominio roman === Durante le guerras roman del seculos II e I a.C., le Republica Roman extendeva su controlo super le costa adriatic e le regiones interior. Le territorio esseva gradualmente integrate in le systema administrative del [[Imperio Roman]], con le provincias de [[Dalmatia]] e [[Pannonia]]. Le romanisation transformava le vita urban, le administration e le economia. Urbes como [[Salona]], vicino al actual Split, deveniva centros importante, durante que [[Pula]], [[Zadar]] e altere settlementes se developpava como centros commercial e administrative. Le construction de vias, portos e edificios public facilitava le integration del region in le rete del Imperio. Le christianismo se diffundeva durante le periodo roman, e le communitates christian local deveniva gradualmente parte del structuras ecclesiastic del Mediterraneo. Post le disintegration del Imperio Roman de Occidente in le seculo V, le territorio esseva governate successivemente per differente potentias, includente le [[Ostrogothos]] e le [[Imperio Bizantin]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Medievo == === Migrationes slavic e le prime principatos croata === Durante le seculos VI e VII, gruppos slavic se establiva in le territorios del actual Croatia. Inter illes se trovava le Croatas, que gradualmente formava communitates politic in le regiones interior e costal del Adriatico. Le origines exacte del Croatas e le detalhes de lor migration remane subjectos a discussion historic. Le fontes medieval indica que le population croata se organisava in principatos, que manteneva relationes con le Imperio Bizantin e con le potentias del Europa occidental. Durante le seculos VIII e IX, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Imperio Carolingian]]. Le principes croata manteneva tamen un grado variabile de autonomia e developpava relationes politic e religiose con le poteres vicin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatie.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history/the-emergence-of-croatia |titulo=The emergence of Croatia |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Ducato de Croatia e le Regno medieval === Durante le seculo IX, le Ducato de Croatia deveniva un del principal entitates politic del costa adriatic oriental. Le governantes croata establiva relationes con le Papato, con le Imperio Franc Oriental e con le Imperio Bizantin. Le christianisation del population e le formation de institutiones ecclesiastic contribueva al consolidation del principato. Le principe [[Branimir de Croatia]] es mentionate in inscriptiones del seculo IX. In 879, le papa [[Johannes VIII]] recognosceva Branimir como dirigente de Croatia, un evento que es sovente considerate importante pro le recognition del autonomia politic del principato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatie.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history/the-emergence-of-croatia |titulo=The emergence of Croatia |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Regno de Croatia === In 925, [[Tomislav de Croatia]] es mentionate como rege in le tradition documental del epocha. Su regno es associate al consolidation del monarchia croata e al expansion de su influentia super partes del territorios interior e costal. Durante le seculos X e XI, le Regno de Croatia attingeva un periodo de developpamento politic e cultural. Sub [[Petar Krešimir IV]] e [[Dmitar Zvonimir]], le regno extendeva su influentia e reforçava su relationes con le Ecclesia catholic. Le cultura religiose e le architectura ecclesiastic se developpava, e le prime inscriptiones in lingua croata es testimonios del evolution cultural del periodo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le morte de Zvonimir in 1089 e le subsequent crise de succession debilitava le monarchia. In 1102, le corona croata esseva associate a celle de Hungaria sub [[Coloman de Hungaria]], initiante un union personal que durava durante plure seculos. Croatia conservava institutiones proprie, includente le [[Sabor]] e le function del [[ban]], un dignitario que exerceva importantias functiones administrative e politic. === Le union con Hungaria e le autonomie croata === Desde le initio del seculo XII, le Regno de Croatia manteneva un union personal con le Regno de Hungaria. Le monarchas esseva commun, ma le territorios croata conservava certe institutiones, privilegios e formas de administration proprie. Durante le seculos XIII e XIV, le regiones croata esseva affectate per conflictos dynastic e per le rivalitate inter le potentias del Europa Central e del Mediterraneo. Le nobiles local e le Sabor habeva un rolo in le administration del regno, durante que le ban representa le autoritate del monarcha in le territorios croata. Le costa adriatic habeva un evolution politic distincte. Diverse citates maritime manteneva relationes commercial con Venetia e con altere portos mediterranee, e le influentia venetian cresceva gradualmente in le insulas e in partes del litoral. === Dubrovnik e le citates del Adriatico === Le citate de [[Dubrovnik]], cognoscite in italiano como Ragusa, developpava un position particular in le historia del Adriatico. Durante le Medievo, illo manteneva relationes commercial con le Mediterraneo oriental e con le Balcanes. Desde 1358 usque a 1808, Dubrovnik functionava como un republica aristocratic independente, cognoscite como [[Republica de Ragusa]]. Su governamento se basava super institutiones urban e un elite mercantil. Le citate promoveva le commercio maritime e diplomatia, cercante de mantener su autonomia inter le potentias vicin, specialmente Venetia e le Imperio Ottoman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le citates de [[Zadar]], [[Split]] e [[Trogir]] habeva etiam un rolo importante in le historia del litoral. Le architectura roman, le traditiones christian e le commercio maritime contribuiva al formation de un cultura costal distincte del regiones interior. == Etate moderne == === Le expansion del Imperio Ottoman === Durante le seculos XV e XVI, le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] transformava le situation politic del Balcanes e del territorios croata. Le exercitos ottoman occupava partes del regiones interior e poneva pression super le fronteiras del Regno de Hungaria e Croatia. Le [[Battalia de Mohács]] in 1526, in le qual le exercito hungar esseva vincite per le Ottomanos e le rege [[Ludovico II de Hungaria]] perdeva le vita, provocava un crise de succession. In 1527, le nobiles croata se reuniva in le parlamento de Cetin e elig eva [[Ferdinand I de Habsburg]] como rege. Iste decision ligava plus intimemente le terras croata al [[Monarchia de Habsburg]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerras contra le Ottomanos continuava durante plure seculos. Le invasiones, le devastationes e le migrationes transformava le population e le structura territorial. Le [[Frontera Militar]] esseva organisate pro defender le territorios del Habsburgs e pro controlar le zona de contacto con le Imperio Ottoman. === Croatia sub le Habsburgs === Post le election de Ferdinand I in 1527, le terras croata deveniva parte del Monarchia de Habsburg. Le regiones esseva tamen organisate in differentes entitates administrative, e le relationes inter Croatia, Hungaria e le governamento central de Vienna variava durante le seculos. Durante le seculo XVII, le guerras inter le Habsburgs e le Ottomanos continuava a afectar le regiones interior. Le [[Grande Guerra Turc]] (1683–1699) conduceva al recuperation de grande partes del territorios croata que habeva essite sub dominio ottoman. Le administration habsburg reorganisava le frontieras e le systema militar. In 1797, post le disintegration del [[Republica de Venetia]], le possessiones venetian del costa adriatic passava al dominio de Austria. Durante le periodo napoleon ic, partes del litoral e del interior esseva incorporate in le [[Provincias Illyric]] de Francia inter 1809 e 1813. Post le derrota de Napoleon, le territorios retornava al dominio habsburg.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Le Renascimento National Croata === Durante le seculo XIX, le [[Renascimento National Croata]] promoveva le lingua, le cultura e le identitate national croata. Le movimento se developpava in un contexto de reformas politic e de transformationes social in le Monarchia de Habsburg. Le intellectuales croata promoveva le uso del lingua croata in le education, le presse e le administration. Le movemento illyric, associate a figuras como [[Ljudevit Gaj]], cercava de reforçar le cooperation inter le Slavos del sud e de promover un identitate cultural commun. In 1848, le ban [[Josip Jelačić]] participa al conflictos politic del monarchia e supportava le abolition del servitute feudal. Le parlamento croata reclama va le reunion del terras croata e un autonomia plus grande intra le monarchia. Tamen, le transformationes constitutional e le compromissos inter Austria e Hungaria continuava a limitar le autonomia del territorios croata. === Croatia e le monarchia dual austro-hungaric === Le Compromisso Austro-Hungar de 1867 establiva le monarchia dual de [[Austria-Hungaria]]. Le organisation del territorios croata deveniva complex: le [[Regno de Croatia-Slavonia]] esseva integrate in le parte hungar del monarchia, durante que [[Dalmatia]] remaneva in le parte austriac. Le [[Compromisso Croato-Hungar de 1868]] defini le relationes inter Croatia-Slavonia e Hungaria, concedente un autonomia limitate in materias interne, education e administration. Le lingua croata habeva un position official in le administration del regno, ma le relationes politic con Budapest remaneva un fonte de conflicto. Le economia se modernisava gradualmente. Le ferrovias, le industria, le commercio e le education se developpava, specialmente in le urbes. Le movementos politic croata tamen continuava a demandar un plus grande autonomy e le reunification del terras croata. === Prime Guerra Mundial e formation de Yugoslavia === Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] provocava le disintegration de Austria-Hungaria in 1918. Le dirigentes croata participa al formation del [[Stato del Slovenos, Croatas e Serbos]], que reuniva territorios del monarchia habsburg populate per Slavos del sud. Le 1 de decembre 1918, iste Stato se univa con le Regno de Serbia e le Regno de Montenegro pro formar le [[Regno del Serbos, Croatas e Slovenos]], renominate [[Regno de Yugoslavia]] in 1929. Le union esseva presentate como un projecto de unitate del Slavos del sud, ma le relationes inter le dirigentes serb e croata deveniva sovente conflictual, specialmente super le centralisation del Stato e le repartition del poter. In 1928, le dirigente croata [[Stjepan Radić]] esseva mortalmente ferite in le parlamento de Belgrado. Le evento augmentava le tensiones politic e contribuiva al crisis del systema parlamentar. In 1939, le [[Banovina de Croatia]] esseva create como un entitate autonome intra Yugoslavia, con competentias plus grande in materias interne. === Croatia durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial === In april 1941, le [[Germania nazi]] e su alliate invadeva e disintegrava Yugoslavia. Un Stato satelite, le [[Stato Independent de Croatia]] (NDH), esseva proclamate sub le direction del movemento fascista [[Ustaša]], conducite per [[Ante Pavelić]]. Le regime Ustaša applicava un politica de persecution e extermination contra le Serbos, le Judios, le Roma e le adversarios politic. Le systema de campos, includente [[Jasenovac]], deveniva un loco de massacres e persecutiones. Le Stato Independent de Croatia dependeva del supporto del Germania nazi e del Italia fascista, e non representa un continuation del actual Stato croata democratic. Le resistentia contra le occupation e le regime includeva le [[Partisanos yugoslav]], un movimento multietnic conducite per [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Le partisanos deveniva un del principal fortias de resistentia in le territorio yugoslav. Le guerra civil, le occupation e le persecutiones causava enorme perdita de vita e destructiones. In 1943, le Consilio Antifascista del Liberation National de Croatia proclamava le restauration del statalitate croata in le quadro de un future federation yugoslav. In 1945, post le victoria del partisanos, Croatia deveniva un republica constituente del nove [[Republica Socialista Federal de Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Croatia in le Yugoslavia socialista === Inter 1945 e 1991, Croatia esseva un del sex republicas del [[Yugoslavia socialista]]. Le regime communista nationalisava grande parte del industria e promoveva un economia planificate, le industrialisation e le expansion del services public. Croatia deveniva un del regiones economicamente importante del federation, con industria, turismo, construction naval e commercio maritime. Le costa adriatic cresceva como destination turistic, durante que Zagreb deveniva un centro industrial, cultural e administrative. Le relationes inter le identitate national croata e le unitate federal yugoslav remaneva un questione politic importante. In 1971, le [[Primavera Croata]], un movimento que reclamava plus grande autonomia economic e politic e recognition del lingua croata, esseva reprimite per le direction federal. Le [[Constitution de Yugoslavia de 1974]] tamen concedeva plus grande competentias al republicas federate, includente Croatia. === Independentia e le Guerra de Croatia === Le crise economic e politic del Yugoslavia durante le annos 1980, insimul con le debilitamento del regime communista in Europa Oriental, favorava le emergentia de movimentos pro un transformation democratic e pro le independentia del republicas federate. In 1990, le prime electiones multipartitic in Croatia esseva vincite per le [[Union Democratic Croata]] (HDZ), dirigite per [[Franjo Tuđman]]. Le 19 de maio 1991, un referendum popular susteneva largemente le independentia. Le 25 de junio 1991, le parlamento croata adoptava le decision de initiar le separation del federation yugoslav.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/press/news/croatia-marks-35-years-launching-its-disassociation-yugoslavia |titulo=Croatia marks 35 years since launching its disassociation from Yugoslavia |sitioweb=Parlamento de Croatia |fecha=25 de junio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le declaration de independentia provocava un conflicto armate. Le fortias del [[Armata Popular Yugoslav]] e le fortias serb local combatteva contra le fortias croata, durante que plure regiones deveniva zonas de guerra. Le conflito includeva assedios, expulsion de civiles e destruction de urbes, includente le assedio de [[Vukovar]] e le bombardamentos de [[Dubrovnik]]. Le independentia esseva recognoscite internationalmente le 15 de januario 1992. Croatia deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in maio 1992. Tamen, le guerra continuava in partes del territorio usque al operationes militar de 1995 e al reintegration pacific de [[Slavonia Oriental]] in 1998. Le guerra habeva consequentias human e material importante e affectava le relationes inter croatas e serbos durante le annos sequente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history/contemporary-croatia |titulo=Contemporary Croatia |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Croatia independente === Post le guerra, Croatia se concentrava super le reconstruction, le developpamento de institutiones democratic e le integration in le structuras europee e transatlantic. Le pais se affiliava al [[NATO]] le 1 de april 2009 e deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de julio 2013.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.croatia.eu/index.php/en/home-en/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Croatia.eu |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le integration europee accompaniava reformas institutional e economic e un plus grande cooperation con le altere statos del Union Europee. Le 1 de januario 2023, Croatia adoptava le [[euro]] e entrava in le [[Spatio Schengen]], marcante un nove fase de su integration europee. Le historia contemporanee del pais es marcate per le developpamento del systema democratic, le reconstruction postbellic, le cooperation international e le debattes super le memoria del guerra e le relationes inter communitates. Croatia participa actualmente in le structuras del Union Europee e del NATO e mantene relationes regional con le statos del Europa Central e del Balcanes occidental. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Croatia| ]] lbango2w49vrllcilvad1rmbom2ydcj Republica de Croatia 0 62296 704626 2026-10-17T09:01:32Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Croatia]] 704626 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Croatia]] 9ndp61d0k9rlvpo4218bzmfclhcr2xq Historia de Monaco 0 62297 704628 2026-10-17T09:06:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Monaco''' tracta le evolution del [[Principato de Monaco]], un micre Stato sovereign situate al costa del [[Mar Mediterranee]], inter le [[Francia]] e le [[Italia]]. Le historia del principato es marcate per le dominio del [[Casa de Grimaldi]], le relationes politic e territorial con le republicas italian, le monarchias europee e specialmente Francia, e le transformation del economia local desde le pesca e le commercio m...” 704628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Monaco''' tracta le evolution del [[Principato de Monaco]], un micre Stato sovereign situate al costa del [[Mar Mediterranee]], inter le [[Francia]] e le [[Italia]]. Le historia del principato es marcate per le dominio del [[Casa de Grimaldi]], le relationes politic e territorial con le republicas italian, le monarchias europee e specialmente Francia, e le transformation del economia local desde le pesca e le commercio maritime verso le turismo, le servicios financiari e le activitates associate al luxu. Le 8 de januario 1297, François Grimaldi prendeva le fortification del Rocher de Monaco. Iste evento es considerate un momento fundamental in le historia del dominio del Grimaldi, ben que le consolidation del lor autoritate e le recognition del independentia occurreva progressivemente durante le seculos sequente. In 1861, un tractato con Francia confirmava le independentia del principato, ma Monaco perdeva le territorios de Menton e Roquebrune. Durante le seculo XX, le pais developpava su institutiones constitutional e su economia, e in 1993 deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/content/download/204612/2347869/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202015%20EN.pdf |titulo=Monaco Statistics Pocket 2015 |sitioweb=Institut Monégasque de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/monaco |titulo=Monaco: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Monaco ha essite frequentate per humanos desde le prehistoria. Le costa mediterranee offereva accesso al mar, a recursos natural e a vias de communication inter le inseniamentos del litoral del sud de Europa. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le area faceva parte del mundo ligur e esseva incorporate progressivemente in le rete politic e commercial del [[Imperio Roman]]. Le porto natural e le position del Rocher favorava le navigation e le intercambio commercial in le Mediterraneo occidental. Le actual Port Hercule es associate al uso del costa in le Antiquitate. Le monetas e altere reperimentos archeologic indica que le area participava in le commercio mediterranee durante le prime seculos ante nostre era. Secundo le fontes official del Principato, le porto habeva un activitate importante circa 300 a.C., e le nave roman passava per le costa durante le expansion del potere de Roma.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Histoire-et-Patrimoine/Lieux/Monaco-Port-Hercule |titulo=Monaco – Port Hercule |sitioweb=Gouvernement Princier de Monaco |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Medievo == === Formation del dominio de Monaco === Durante le Medievo, le costa ligur e provençal esseva disputate per diverse potentias regional, inter le quales le [[Republica de Genoa]]. Le Rocher de Monaco, un elevation rocheose que domina le costa, possedeva un valor strategic pro le defense e le controlo del navigation. In 1215, le Genoeses initiava le construction de un fortification super le Rocher, que deveniva le nucleo del futuro castello de Monaco. Durante le seculo XIII, le conflicto inter le [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos|Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] in Italia provocava exilios e transferentias de familias politic inter le citates e le territorios del region. Le Grimaldi, un familia genoese associate al faction guelfe, deveniva progressivemente importante in iste contexto. Le familia participava in le luctas politic de Genoa e cercava bases territorial que permitteva mantener su influentia e su position in le Mediterraneo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=sl0WWxo8eE7iw%2FvsIsewhTyM0qDPAV%2FpCNCYZMJzHm1q3mDecef6K870%2FAdF2Lw9RWwV2YbcTIGqjeWx9XYY2w%3D%3D |titulo=Documentación historica concernente al Principato de Monaco |sitioweb=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Grimaldi e le origine del principato === Le 8 de januario 1297, François Grimaldi e un gruppo de companiones prendeva le fortification del Rocher de Monaco per medio de un stratagema. Secundo le tradition, François entrava in le fortification dissimulate como monacho. Le evento deveniva le symbolo del initio del dominio del Grimaldi in Monaco. Le prise del fortification non significava que le independentia del principato esseva immediatemente stabilite. Le dominio del Grimaldi se consolidava progressivemente, in un contexto de conflitos con Genoa e de relationes con altere potentias. Durante le seculo XIV, le Grimaldi extendeva lor possessiones al territorios vicin de Menton e Roquebrune. In 1331, Charles I Grimaldi esseva recognoscite como senior de Monaco. Su governamento e le activitate de su successores contribueva al consolidation del autoritate del familia e al developpamento del territorio como un dominio distincte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/content/download/204612/2347869/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202015%20EN.pdf |titulo=Monaco Statistics Pocket 2015 |sitioweb=Institut Monégasque de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le succession del Grimaldi e le preservation del territorio dependiva de accordos, alianças, guerras e recognitiones exterior. Durante le seculos sequente, Monaco manteneva su identitate politic per medio de un combination de diplomatia, fortificationes e accordos con potentias plus grande. == Etate moderne == === Le recognition del principato === Durante le seculo XVI, Monaco entrava in un relation de protection con [[Hispania]]. Le tractatos del periodo permitteva al Grimaldi de conservar un grado de autonomia, ben que le fortification e le guarnition militar espaniol exerceva un influentia importante super le territorio. In 1612, Honoré II comenciava a usar formalmente le titulo de Prince de Monaco, marcante un evolution del status del dominio. Le recognition del titulo e del autoritate del Grimaldi esseva ulteriormente consolidate per accordos con le monarchias europee. Le 14 de septembre 1641, Honoré II concludeva con le rege de Francia [[Louis XIII de Francia|Louis XIII]] le [[Tractato de Péronne]]. Per iste accordo, Monaco rompeva su relation de protection con Hispania e entrava in un relation plus proxime con Francia. Le tractato confirma le position del principe e attribueva al Grimaldi altere titulos e possessiones in le territorio francese.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/content/download/12435/153797/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202009.pdf |titulo=Monaco en chiffres 2009 |sitioweb=Gouvernement Princier de Monaco |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le relationes con Francia remaneva central in le politica exterior del principato. Le Grimaldi manteneva lor autoritate interne, ma le securitate e le position international de Monaco dependeva in grande parte del relationes con su vicinos plus potente. === Le Revolution Francese e le annexation === Le [[Revolution Francese]] habeva consequentias directe pro Monaco. Le transformation politic in Francia e le guerra contra le potentias europee afficava le position del principato, que esseva geograficamente circumdate per territorios sub influentia francese e piemontese. In 1793, post le intervention de tropas francese e le decision del autoritates revolutionari, Monaco esseva annexate al [[Prime Republica Francese]]. Le 14 de februario 1793, le territorio esseva incorporate al Republica como parte del departamento del [[Alpes-Maritimes]]. Le Grimaldi perdeva su autoritate sovereign e le territorio esseva administrate como parte del Stato francese.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Histoire-et-Patrimoine/Epoques/Le-temps-des-difficultes-1793-1861/Annexion-a-la-France |titulo=Annexion à la France |sitioweb=Gouvernement Princier de Monaco |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le annexation durava usque al fin del periodo napoleonian. Le derrota de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] e le reorganisamento del Europa post 1814 permitteva le restoration del autoritate del Grimaldi. Le Tractato de Paris del 30 de maio 1814 restabliva le derectos del familia e collocava Monaco sub protection francese. Post le [[Congresso de Vienna]], le principato passava in 1815 sub le protection del [[Regno de Sardinia]], un Stato italian que dominava le territorios vicin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/monaco |titulo=Monaco: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Le crise territorial de 1848–1861 === Durante le revolutiones europee de 1848, le citates de Menton e Roquebrune se separava de Monaco e se declarava citates libere sub protection del Regno de Sardinia. Iste secession debilitava le economia del principato, perque le duo territorios representava un parte importante de su superficie e de su population. Le situation deveniva plus complexe quando le [[Contea de Nice]] esseva cedite a Francia per le [[Tractato de Turin (1860)|Tractato de Turin de 1860]]. Menton e Roquebrune passava al esfera francese, e Monaco se trovava in un position in le qual le preservation de su independentia requireva un accordo definitive con Francia. Le 2 de februario 1861, le principe [[Charles III de Monaco|Charles III]] concludeva un tractato con le imperator [[Napoleon III]]. Monaco cedeva formalmente a Francia su derectos super Menton e Roquebrune, e Francia recognosceva le independentia del principato. Le territorio de Monaco deveniva multo plus micre, ma le accordo establiva un quadro plus stabile pro su existentia como Stato sovereign.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/content/download/12435/153797/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202009.pdf |titulo=Monaco en chiffres 2009 |sitioweb=Gouvernement Princier de Monaco |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le tractato de 1861 es un momento fundamental in le historia moderne de Monaco. Le principato conservava su monarchia e su institutiones proprie, ma su securitate exterior remaneva intimemente ligate al Francia. Un union doganal inter le duo paises esseva establite in 1865. === Le transformation economic e Monte-Carlo === Post le perdita de Menton e Roquebrune, Monaco debeva cercar nove fontes de ingresos pro sustener su administration e su population. Le developpamento del turismo e del activitates de ocio deveniva central in le strategia economic del principato. Durante le regno de Charles III, le autoritates promoveva le creation de un centro de turismo e de joco in le area que deveniva cognoscite como Monte-Carlo. In 1863, le [[Société des bains de mer de Monaco]] esseva create pro developpar le casino e le activitates associate al turismo. Le Casino de Monte-Carlo e le Hotel de Paris deveniva elementos central del nove economia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/content/download/12435/153797/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202009.pdf |titulo=Monaco en chiffres 2009 |sitioweb=Gouvernement Princier de Monaco |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le casino attirava visitantes international, e le nove activitates contribuiva al construction de hotels, vias e infrastructuras. Le ferrovia, connectente Monaco al rete francese, facilitava le arrivata de visitantes e augmentava le integration del principato in le circuitos de turismo europee. Le transformation economic continuava durante le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX. Le turismo, le immobilias, le servicios e le activitates commercial deveniva elementos importante del economia, e Monaco se transformava gradualmente in un centro de recreation e de servicios international. === Albert I e le modernisation del principato === Le regno de Albert I (1889–1922) esseva marcate per le developpamento del scientia, le oceanographia e le institutiones politic. Albert I supportava expeditiones scientific e studiava le oceano, e le institutiones associate a su activitate contribueva al reputation de Monaco como un centro de recerca oceanographic. Le [[Museo Oceanographic de Monaco]] deveniva un del institutiones scientific importante del principato. Le prince promoveva etiam le modernisation del administration e le evolution del institutiones politic in response al demandas del population. Le 5 de januario 1911, Albert I promulgava le prime [[Constitution de Monaco]]. Le constitution establiva un quadro formal pro le governamento, creava un [[Consilio National de Monaco|Consilio National]] e introduceva un division del poter legislative inter le principe e le consilio. Illo recognosceva etiam libertates fundamental, includente le libertate individual, le libertate religiose e le derecto de proprietate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/Editos/La-Constitution-du-5-janvier-1911 |titulo=La Constitution du 5 janvier 1911 |sitioweb=Journal de Monaco |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le constitution de 1911 marcava le transition de un monarchia absolute verso un monarchia constitutional, ben que le poteres del principe remaneva importante. Le constitution esseva suspendite al initio del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e restabilite, con modificationes, in 1917. === Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le periodo interbellic === Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], Monaco manteneva su existentia como principato independente, ma su relationes international esseva influentiate per Francia e per le situation general in Europa. Le tractatos con Francia continuava a definir le quadro del relationes exterior e de securitate. Le 17 de julio 1918, un tractato franco-monégasque fixava le relationes inter le duo paises e includeva dispositiones concernente le succession al throno e le politica exterior del principato. Le accordo reflecteva le position particular de Monaco: un Stato sovereign con institutiones proprie, ma con ligamines special con Francia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv04/d40 |titulo=Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1918 |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, le principato continuava a developpar le turismo, le casino e le servicios. Le economia restava vulnerabile al crises international, specialmente al [[Grande Depression]], que affectava le turismo e le activitates financiari in Europa. === Le Secunde Guerra Mundial === Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Monaco se trovava in un position difficile a causa de su dimension reducite e de su location inter Francia e Italia. In 1940, Italia entrava in le guerra contra Francia e le [[Regno de Italia]] exerceva pression super le region. Post le armistitie de 1940, Monaco manteneva formalmente su institutiones, ma su autonomia esseva limitate per le circumstantias militar e diplomatic. In 1943, post le cambiamento del situation militar in Italia, le tropas german occupava Monaco. Le periodo esseva marcate per le dependentia de facto del potentias occupante e per le persecution de personas considerate judee. Le autoritates e le administration local operava in un ambiente de pression, e le deportationes de judee de Monaco forma parte del memoria historic del periodo. Le liberation del principato occurreva in 1944, quando le fortias alleate e le resistance francese reprendeva le controlo del region. Le guerra habeva effectos super le economia, le population e le relationes international del pais. === Le regno de Rainier III === Le 9 de maio 1949, [[Rainier III de Monaco|Rainier III]] succedeva a su avio [[Louis II de Monaco|Louis II]] como principe sovereign. Su regno, que durava usque a 2005, esseva marcate per un profunde transformation del societate e del economia del principato. Rainier III promoveva le developpamento del infrastructuras, del habitation e del servicios public. Le expansion del territorio per le reclamation de terreno super le mar permitteva le creation de nove quartieres, includente [[Fontvieille]], e respondeva al limitationes spatial del pais. Le matrimonio de Rainier III con le actrice american [[Grace Kelly]] in 1956 attirava un grande attention international e contribuiva al notorietate public del principato. Grace deveniva princessa de Monaco e participa in activitates cultural e charitable usque a su morte in 1982. Durante le regno de Rainier III, Monaco consolidava su economia basate super le turismo, le immobilias, le servicios financiari e le activitates commercial. Le principato modernisava tamben su institutiones e su relationes con Francia. === Le Constitution de 1962 === Le 17 de decembre 1962, Rainier III promulgava un nove constitution que reformava le institutiones del principato. Le texto ampliava le recognition del derectos fundamental, affirmava le separation del poteres e reforçava le rol del [[Consilio National de Monaco]] in le processo legislative. Illo aboliva tamben le pena de morte e introduceva le suffragio feminin in tote le electiones.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://monaco-coe.gouv.mc/en/monaco-et-le-conseil-de-l-europe/20-years-of-membership/timeline/the-constitution-evolves-to-serve-the-rule-of-law |titulo=The Constitution evolves to support the rule of law |sitioweb=Monaco and the Council of Europe |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le constitution de 1962 deveniva le base del organisation institutional contemporanee de Monaco. Illa esseva ulteriormente modificate, specialmente in 2002, pro adaptar le institutiones e le derectos del principato al evolution del relationes international e al standards del [[Consilio de Europa]]. === Relationes con Francia === Francia ha mantenite un relation special con Monaco desde le seculo XIX. Le tractato de 1861 confirmava le independentia del principato e establiva un quadro de cooperation, durante que le accordos posterior regulava le relationes doganal, fiscal, diplomatic e de securitate. Le tractato franco-monégasque de 1918 stipulava que le exercitio de certe derectos sovereign, specialmente in materia de relationes exterior e succession al throno, debeva esser in accordo con le interesses de Francia. Le relationes esseva ulteriormente actualisate per accordos in le seculo XX e initio del seculo XXI. In 2002, un nove tractato de amicitia e cooperation clarificava le relationes inter le duo Statos e adaptava le quadro juridic al evolution del independentia e del institutiones de Monaco. Le accordo confirma que Monaco remane un Stato independente, e que su relationes exterior es exercite in un quadro de cooperation con Francia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/monaco |titulo=Monaco: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Integration international === Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX, Monaco developpava su participation in organisationes international. In 1949, le principato deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite pro le Education, le Scientia e le Cultura|UNESCO]], e in le decennios sequente entrava in altere organisationes international specialisate. Le 28 de maio 1993, Monaco deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] como Stato membro. Iste admission representava un passo importante in le recognition international del principato e in le expansion de su participation in le diplomatia multilateral.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://monaco-coe.gouv.mc/en/monaco-et-le-conseil-de-l-europe/20-years-of-membership/membership-history |titulo=The history of Monaco’s accession |sitioweb=Monaco and the Council of Europe |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 5 de octobre 2004, Monaco deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]]. Le accession implicava le adaptation de certe elementos del legislation national e del relationes international al standards del organisation, specialmente in materia de derectos human, stato de derecto e institutiones democratic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://monaco-coe.gouv.mc/en/monaco-et-le-conseil-de-l-europe/20-years-of-membership/membership-history |titulo=The history of Monaco’s accession |sitioweb=Monaco and the Council of Europe |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2005, Monaco ratificava le [[Convention Europee del Derectos Human]], permittente le accesso al [[Corte Europee del Derectos Human]] secundo le conditiones del Convention. Le relation con le Consilio de Europa contribueva al evolution del institutiones juridic e al protection del derectos fundamental. === Le regno de Albert II === Le 6 de april 2005, Rainier III moriva, e su filio [[Albert II de Monaco|Albert II]] succedeva al throno. Albert II esseva formalmente installate como principe le 12 de julio 2005. Le regno de Albert II es marcate per le cooperation international, le protection del medio ambiente, le disveloppamento durabile e le adaptation del economia del principato al transformationes global. In 2006, ille fundava le [[Fundation Prince Albert II de Monaco]], que sustene projectos relative al protection del oceano, le cambiamento climatic e le biodiversitate. Le principato continua a promover le conservation del ambiente marin e le cooperation scientific, in un contexto ubi le mar e le costa mediterranee ha un rolo central in le geographia e le economia de Monaco. === Economia contemporanee e transformation urban === Le economia de Monaco ha evolvite desde le dependentia del turismo e del casino in le seculo XIX verso un systema plus complexe, basate super le servicios, le immobilias, le activitates commercial, le turismo e le servicios financiari. Le dimension reducite del territorio ha favorate un uso intensive del terreno e le construction de edificios a alte densitate. Le expansion de Fontvieille, construite sur terreno recuperate al mar, es un exemplo importante del transformation urban del principato. Le construction de portos, vias, habitationes e infrastructuras ha permittite le expansion del activitates economic e del population, ben que le limitationes geographic continua a influentiar le planification urban. Le casino de Monte-Carlo remane un symbolo international del pais, ma le economia moderne non depende exclusivemente del joco. Le principato ha developpate activitates in le servicios, le commercio, le eventos international, le sport e le immobilias. === Monaco in le seculo XXI === In le seculo XXI, Monaco continua a esser un principato sovereign governate per le Casa de Grimaldi. Su institutiones es regite per le Constitution de 1962, modificate in 2002, e su relationes international es marcate per le cooperation con Francia, le participation al Consilio de Europa e le membership in le Nationes Unite. Le principato combina un monarchia constitutional con un economia de servicios e un forte orientation verso le turismo international, le cultura, le sport e le protection del ambiente. Su historia contemporanee es assi caracterisate per le effortios de preservar su independentia, adaptar su institutiones e mantener su position in le quadro politic e economic del Europa. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Monaco| ]] l58koh9ogv2uhn7v2nvwm6tmy70i9ly Categoria:Historia de Monaco 14 62298 704629 2026-10-17T09:07:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Monaco]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Monaco]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] 390hwpje6i06oahgv7sm8gm1dhvemiw Principato de Monaco 0 62299 704631 2026-10-17T09:08:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Monaco (principato)]] 704631 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Monaco (principato)]] av6gcs83bqdsy9q0pmlbdgwoagqi8ar Historia de Hungaria 0 62300 704633 2026-10-17T09:11:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Hungaria''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populo hungare desde le prime inseniamentos prehistoric usque al [[Hungaria]] contemporanee. Situate in le [[Bacino Carpathic]], le pais ha occupate un position importante in le historia de Europa Central, al intersection de rutas commercial e de zonas de contacto inter le mundos germanic, slavic, balcanic e oriental. Le historia del Stato hungare comencia conventiona...” 704633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Hungaria''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populo hungare desde le prime inseniamentos prehistoric usque al [[Hungaria]] contemporanee. Situate in le [[Bacino Carpathic]], le pais ha occupate un position importante in le historia de Europa Central, al intersection de rutas commercial e de zonas de contacto inter le mundos germanic, slavic, balcanic e oriental. Le historia del Stato hungare comencia conventionalmente al fin del seculo IX, quando gruppos magiar, sub le direction de [[Árpád]], se establiva in le Bacino Carpathic. Circa le anno 1000, [[Stephan I de Hungaria|Stephan I]] deveniva rege e organisava un regno christian que se integrava in le sistema politic e religiose del Europa occidental. Durante le Medievo, le Regno de Hungaria deveniva un important potentia regional, ma le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] e le derrota de Mohács in 1526 conduceva al division del regno. Le territorios hungare esseva reunificate gradualmente sub le dominio del [[Casa de Habsburg]] durante le seculos XVII e XVIII. In 1867, le Compromisso austro-hungare establiva le [[Monarchia Austro-Hungare]], in le qual Hungaria possedeva un grado importante de autonomia. Le derrota del monarchia in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Tractato de Trianon]] de 1920 transformava profundemente le frontieras del pais. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Hungaria participava al latere del [[Potentias del Axe]] e postea esseva occupate per Germania e le [[Union Sovietic]]. Le regime communista durava usque al transition politic de 1989, e Hungaria deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/en/history-of-hungary |titulo=History of Hungary |sitioweb=Embassy of Hungary in Washington |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Hungaria ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria. Le fertile planities del Bacino Carpathic, le fluvio [[Danubio]] e le accesso a vias natural de communication favorava le inseniamento de communitates agricole e pastoral. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le region esseva occupate per diverse populos, includente le [[Celtes]]. Le expansion del [[Imperio Roman]] conduceva al incorporation de partes del territorio in provincias roman. Le region al west del Danubio deveniva parte de [[Pannonia]], durante que altere territorios remaneva al exterior del frontieras roman. Le romanisation del Pannonia introduceva urbes, vias, fortificationes, administration provincial e nove formas de commercio. Le cultura roman lassava un hereditage archeologic importante, specialmente in le areas occidental e meridional del actual Hungaria. A partir del seculo IV, le dominio roman in le region deveniva plus debile. Le migrationes de populos germanic e de altere gruppos proveniente del est transformava le situation politic e demographic del Bacino Carpathic. == Medievo == === Migrationes e formation del populos medieval === Post le retrahimento del autoritate roman, le territorio esseva traversate e occupate per diverse populos. Inter illos se trovava [[Hunos]], [[Gepidos]], [[Longobardos]], [[Avaros]] e gruppos slavic. Le Hunos, active in Europa durante le seculo V, deveniva un del populos le le plus cognoscite del epocha sub le direction de [[Attila]], ben que lor imperio non correspondeva al territorio del Hungaria moderne. Durante le seculo VI, le Avaros establiva un potente dominio in le Bacino Carpathic. Lor potentia esseva debilitata durante le guerras del fin del seculo VIII e del initio del seculo IX, specialmente post le expeditiones del [[Imperio Carolingian]]. Le region continuava a esser un zona de incontro inter populos e culturas. Le formation del Hungaria medieval resulta del arrivata del Magiares e del integration progressive de lor communitates con le populationes ja presente in le bacino. === Arrivata del Magiares === Durante le ultime decennios del seculo IX, le [[Magiares]] migrava verso le west e entrava in le Bacino Carpathic. Sub le direction de [[Árpád]], illes occupava le region circa 895–896, evento generalmente considerate le initio del inseniamento hungare in le territorio actual del pais. Le Magiares esseva originari del regiones al est del Europa e habeva developpate un societate in le qual le equitation, le pastore e le guerra mobile habeva un rolo importante. Post lor arrivata, illes initiava expeditiones militar verso altere partes de Europa, includente le territorios germanic, italian e francese. Le derrota del Magiares contra le fortias germanic in le [[Batalia de Lechfeld]] in 955 marcava un momento importante in le transformation de lor societate. Le expeditiones verso le west deveniva minus frequente, e le chefes hungare initiava a consolidar un dominio territorial plus stabile. Le integration del Magiares in le structuras politic e religiose de Europa Central conduceva al formation del principato hungare e, ulteriormente, al fundation del regno christian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/en/history-of-hungary |titulo=History of Hungary |sitioweb=Embassy of Hungary in Washington |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Fundation del Regno de Hungaria === Le transformation del principato hungare in un regno christian esseva associate al governamento de [[Geza de Hungaria]] e specialmente de su filio [[Stephan I de Hungaria|Stephan I]]. Circa le anno 1000, Stephan esseva coronate rege e establi un Stato christian organisate secundo modelos occidental. Su governamento promoveva le christianisation del population, le creation de dioceses e archidioceses e le organisation del administration territorial per medio de comitates. Le adoption del christianismo occidental facilitava le integration del regno in le systema politic del Europa medieval. Stephan I deveniva le figura central del fundation del Stato hungare e esseva posteriormente canonisate como sancto. Le regno establiva un monarchia hereditaria e developpava un administration que combinava le autoritate del rege con le privilegios del nobilitate e del institutiones ecclesiastic. Le [[Corona Sancte de Hungaria]] deveniva con le tempore un symbolo del continuitate del Stato e del legitimiate del monarchia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/en/history-of-hungary |titulo=History of Hungary |sitioweb=Embassy of Hungary in Washington |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Regno de Hungaria durante le Medievo === Durante le seculos XI e XII, le Regno de Hungaria consolidava su administration e extendeva su influentia verso le regiones del Carpathos e del Adriatico. Le relationes con le [[Sacro Imperio Roman]], le [[Imperio Bizantin]] e le potentias del Balcanes variava inter cooperation, alliantias e conflictos. Le monarchia hungare developpava un systema de comitates e de privilegios nobiliari. Le ecclesia catholic habeva un rolo importante in le education, le administration e le organisation social, durante que monasterios e capitulos ecclesiastic deveniva centros de cultura e de gestion del proprietates. In 1222, le [[Bulla Auree de Hungaria]] esseva promulgate per le rege [[Andreas II de Hungaria|Andreas II]]. Le documento limita­va certe aspects del autoritate regal e confirmava privilegios del nobilitate. Illo deveniva un referentia importante in le evolution del relationes inter le rege e le elites del regno. Le regno manteneva un societate multietnic. A latere del Magiares viveva, inter altere, gruppos slavic, germanic, romanic e, in certe zonas, communitates nomade. Le migrationes e le colonisation de regiones del regno contribuiva al diversitate linguistic e cultural del territorio. === Le invasion mongol de 1241–1242 === In 1241, le [[Imperio Mongol]] invadeva Hungaria durante su expansion in Europa. Le exercitos mongol vinceva le fortias hungare in le [[Batalia de Mohi]] e devastava grande partes del regno. Le invasion provocava destructiones extensive e un grave crise demographic. Numerose inseniamentos esseva destruite, e partes del population esseva occidite, displaciate o reducite in captivitate. Post le retrahimento del Mongoles in 1242, le rege [[Béla IV de Hungaria|Béla IV]] initiava un programma de reconstruction. Le corona promoveva le construction de castellos de petra e le fortification de urbes e punctos strategic. Le immigration de colonos e le reorganisation de certe territorios contribuiva al recuperation del regno. Le invasion mongol modificava le strategia defensiv del monarchia e augmentava le importantia del fortificationes, del citates e le cooperation con le nobilitate regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/en/history-of-hungary |titulo=History of Hungary |sitioweb=Embassy of Hungary in Washington |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le fin del dynastia Árpád e le monarchia medieval tardive === Le dynastia Árpád terminava in 1301 con le morte del rege [[Andreas III de Hungaria|Andreas III]]. Le succession regal provocava un periodo de conflictos inter candidatos al throno e potentias regional. Post plure annos de luctas, [[Charles I de Hungaria|Charles I]] del Casa de Anjou consolidava su autoritate. Su regno promoveva le reorganisation del administration, le restauration del poter regal e le developpamento del exploitationes minier e del commercio. Le monarchia hungare attingeva un nove nivello de influentia sub [[Louis I de Hungaria|Louis I]], cognoscite como Louis le Grande, qui regnava ab 1342 usque a 1382. Durante su regno, Hungaria exerceva influentia in partes del Europa Central e del Balcanes, e le corona habeva relationes politic e militar con Polonia, Italia e le territorios adriatic. In le fin del seculo XIV, le regno confrontava nove pressiones exterior, specialmente le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] verso le Balcanes. Le defension del frontiera meridional deveniva un del principales prioridades del monarchia. === Matthias Corvinus e le apogeo del seculo XV === Le rege [[Matthias Corvinus]] regnava ab 1458 usque a 1490. Su governamento es associate al reinforcement del autoritate regal, al reformes administrative e fiscal e al developpamento del cultura humanistic. Matthias mainteneva un corte que attraheva eruditos, artistas e libros proveniente de Italia e de altere partes de Europa. Su bibliotheca, le [[Bibliotheca Corviniana]], deveniva un del collectiones humanistic le plus importante del Europa central-oriental. Le rege organisava etiam un fortia militar professional cognoscite como le [[Armata Nigre de Hungaria]]. Illa permitteva le execution de expeditiones in Europa Central e contribuiva al extension del influentia del monarchia. Post le morte de Matthias in 1490, le regno perdeva parte del fortia centralisate que habeva caracterisate su governamento. Le conflictos inter le nobilitate e le difficultates financiari debilitava le capacitate del Stato de responder al expansion ottoman. == Etate moderne == === Mohács e le division del regno === Le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] deveniva le principal menacia al regno hungare durante le initio del seculo XVI. In 1521, le Ottomanos prendeva [[Belgrado]], un fortification strategic importante pro le defense del frontiera meridional. Le 29 de augusto 1526, le exercito hungare esseva gravemente disfacite per le Ottomanos in le [[Batalia de Mohács]]. Le rege [[Louis II de Hungaria|Louis II]] moriva durante le derrota, e le monarchia perdeva un parte importante de su capacitate de defense. Le morte del rege e le absentia de un succession incontestate provocava un conflicto inter [[John Zápolya]] e [[Ferdinand I de Austria]]. Le duo pretendentes recipeva supporto de gruppos differentes del nobilitate, e le conflicto contribuiva al division del regno. Circa 1541, Hungaria esseva repartite in tres zonas principal: * un Regno de Hungaria real, sub le dominio del Habsburgos; * un Hungaria central, administrate directemente per le Ottomanos; * le Principato de Transilvania, que manteneva un autonomia variabile e relationes diplomatic con le Ottomanos e le Habsburgos. Le division durava durante plus de un seculo e transformava Hungaria in un spatio de conflicto inter le Imperio Ottoman e le monarchia habsburgic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Hungaria sub dominio ottoman e habsburgic === Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le territorio hungare esseva un del principal frontieras del conflictos inter le Ottomanos e le Habsburgos. Le guerras causava destructiones, migrationes e transformationes del structura demographic, specialmente in le regiones central e meridional. Le [[Assedio de Vienna de 1683]] e le contraoffensiva del [[Liga Sancte]] initiava un periodo de recapture del territorios occupate per le Ottomanos. Le exercitos habsburgic e lor alliatos recuperava gradualmente le major parte de Hungaria. Le [[Tractato de Karlowitz]] de 1699 confirmava le perdita de grande parte del territorios hungare per le Ottomanos, ben que certe zonas remaneva sub lor dominio usque al guerras sequente. Le monarchia habsburgic deveniva le principal potentia in le regno, ma le relationes inter le corte de Vienna e le nobilitate hungare remaneva conflictual. Le centralisation habsburgic provocava resistentia inter le elites hungare, que cercava preservar lor privilegios, le institutiones del regno e un grado de autonomia. Le rebellion de [[Francis II Rákóczi]] inter 1703 e 1711 esseva un del principal manifestationes de iste resistentia. Le rebellion terminava con le [[Pace de Szatmár]] in 1711, que restabliva le autoritate habsburgic sub certe conditiones de reconciliation con le nobilitate. === Hungaria durante le seculo XVIII === Durante le seculo XVIII, Hungaria faceva parte del monarchia habsburgic, durante que le administration central esseva concentrate in Vienna. Le regno conservava tamen su institutiones proprie, includente le Dieta hungare e un nobilitate con privilegios juridic e fiscal. Le regina [[Maria Theresa de Austria|Maria Theresa]] e su successor [[Joseph II del Sacro Imperio Roman|Joseph II]] initiava reformes administrative, educational e economic. Le reformas provocava reactiones differente inter le gruppos social e le elites hungare, specialmente quando illos pareva limitar le autonomia del regno o favorar le germanisation del administration. Le population del territorio continuava a esser multietnic. Post le guerras contra le Ottomanos, le colonisation de zonas depopulate attraheva germanos, slavos e altere gruppos. Le agricultura remaneva le base del economia, durante que le commercio e le exploitation del recursos natural deveniva plus importante. Le relationes inter Hungaria e le corte habsburgic preparava le terreno pro le reformes national e constitutional del seculo XIX. == Etate contemporanee == === Le reforma national e le revolution de 1848 === Durante le prime medietate del seculo XIX, un movimento de reforma national se developpava in Hungaria. Le reformatores cercava modernisar le economia, abolir certe privilegios feudal, ampliar le participation politic e promover le lingua hungare in le administration e in le cultura. Inter le figuras central del periodo se trovava [[István Széchenyi]], [[Lajos Kossuth]] e [[Ferenc Deák]]. Illes non habeva semper le mesme programma politic, ma lor activitate contribueva al transformation del vita politic e del identitate national hungare. In 1848, le revolutiones que se diffundeva per Europa attingeva etiam Hungaria. Le revolutionarios exigeva un governamento responsabile, libertates civil, reformes social e un grado plus grande de autonomia respecte al monarchia habsburgic. Le Dieta adoptava le Lege de April de 1848, que introduceva reformes importante, includente le abolition de obligationes feudal e le creation de un governamento hungare plus autonome. Le conflicto escalava ulteriormente e, in april 1849, le representantes hungare proclamava le independentia del regno del dominio habsburgic. Le revolution esseva finalmente reprimite in 1849 per le intervention del exercito habsburgic e de fortias russe. Le repression esseva sequite per un periodo de governamento autoritari, ma le memoria del revolution remaneva central in le cultura politic hungare.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Compromisso de 1867 e le Monarchia Austro-Hungare === Le derrota habsburgic in le guerra contra Prussia in 1866 e le difficultates interne del monarchia favorava un nove accordo con le elites hungare. In 1867, le [[Compromisso Austro-Hungare]] establiva un monarchia dual, in le qual Austria e Hungaria habeva governamentos e parlamentos distincte, ma con un monarcha commun e ministerios commun pro le affaires exterior, le defense e certe aspectos financiari. Le imperator [[Francisco Joseph I de Austria|Francisco Joseph I]] deveniva etiam rege de Hungaria. Le nove arrangemento permitteva al elites hungare exercer un grado importante de autonomia in le affaires interne e contribueva al developpamento economic e institutional del regno. Durante le periodo dualistic, le industria, le ferrovia, le commercio e le citates cresceva rapidemente. [[Budapest]] se transformava in le principal centro politic, economic e cultural del pais. Le unification de Buda, Pest e Óbuda in 1873 marcava un momento decisive in le developpamento del capital. Nonobstante, le sistema politic remaneva dominate per un suffragio restrictive e per le elites social. Le question del derectos del minoritates e del uso del linguas non-hungare deveniva un fonte de tension intra le regno. === Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le fin del monarchia === Hungaria participava al [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] como parte del [[Monarchia Austro-Hungare]], alliate con Germania e altere potentias del [[Potentias Central]]. Le guerra causava grande perdita de vitas, difficultates economic e crescente malcontentamento social. Durante 1918, le derrota militar e le disintegration del monarchia conduceva al dissolvimento del dualismo austro-hungare. Le 17 de octobre 1918, le parlamento hungare declarava le fin del union con Austria. In novembre, le monarchia se disintegrava e un republica esseva proclamate. Le transition esseva accompagnate per instabilitate politic, conflicts territorial e crise economic. Le frontieras del nove Hungaria esseva determinate per le tractatos de pace post le guerra, specialmente le [[Tractato de Trianon]] de 1920.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Tractato de Trianon e le Hungaria interbellic === Le 4 de junio 1920, Hungaria signava le [[Tractato de Trianon]], que establiva su frontieras post le guerra. Le pais perdeva circa 71% de su territorio antebellic e un parte importante de su population, con territorios transferite a [[Romania]], [[Checoslovachia]], le [[Regno de Serbos, Croatas e Slovenos]], Austria e altere Statos. Le tractato habeva consequentias profundemente sentite in le politica hungare. Numerose communitates de lingua hungare se trovava al exterior del nove frontieras, e le perdita territorial deveniva un tema central del memoria national e del relationes con le paises vicin. In 1920, le monarchia esseva formalmente restabilite, ma le throno remaneva vacante. [[Miklós Horthy]] esseva nominate regente e exerceva le principal autoritate politic usque al Secunde Guerra Mundial. Le regime combinava institutiones parlamentar limitate con un forte influentia del elites conservator. Durante le annos 1930, le crisi economic e le expansion del potentias autoritari in Europa transformava le politica exterior de Hungaria. Le governamento cercava reviser le frontieras de Trianon e se approximava progressivemente a Germania e Italia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Hungaria durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial === Hungaria se affiliava al [[Potentias del Axe]] e participava al guerra al latere de Germania. Le governamento cercava recuperar territorios perdite post le Prime Guerra Mundial e obteneva, durante le annos 1938–1941, nove cambios territorial per medio de accordos e interventiones diplomatic e militar. Le participation al guerra deveniva semper plus costose. Le armata hungare suffreva graves perdas, specialmente durante le [[Batalia de Stalingrad]] e le operationes del frontiera oriental. In martio 1944, Germania occupava militarmente Hungaria post que le governamento hungare explorava le possibilitate de retirar se del guerra. Le occupation german conduceva a un intensification del persecution del judee. In 1944, centenas de milles de judee hungare esseva deportate, principalmente a [[Auschwitz]], in le quadro del [[Holocausto]]. In octobre 1944, Horthy tentava retirar Hungaria del guerra, ma le tentativa falleva e le [[Partito del Cruces a Flecha]] assumeva le poter con supporto german. Le violence contra le judee e altere gruppos se intensificava. Le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Hungaria e le [[Assedio de Budapest]] durava ab fin de 1944 usque al februario 1945. Le guerra causava destructiones extensive in le capital e in altere partes del pais. In 1945, Hungaria esseva occupate per le fortias sovietic e le guerra in Europa terminava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le periodo postbellic e le regime communista === Post le guerra, Hungaria esseva administrate in un contexto de occupation sovietic e de crescente influentia del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le prime annos post 1945 videva le reorganisation del administration, le reforma agrari e le reconstruction del economia. Le Partito Communista augmentava su influentia per medio de pression politic, repression e transformation del institutiones. In 1949, le pais deveniva le Republica Popular de Hungaria, sub un regime communista que adop­tava un modello de governamento a partito unic. Le Stato nationalisava grande partes del industria e del economia, collectivisava le agricultura e establiva un systema politic inspirate per le Union Sovietic. Le opposition esseva reprimite, e le servicios de securitate exerceva surveillance e repression contra adversarios politic. Le governamento de [[Mátyás Rákosi]] esseva associate a un periodo de repression sever e de centralisation. Post le morte de [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1953, le regime faceva alcun tentativas de reforma, ma le conflicto inter reformatores e partidarios del linea dura continuava. === Le Revolution Hungare de 1956 === In octobre 1956, manifestationes de studentes e altere gruppos social se transformava in un rebellion contra le regime communista e le domination sovietic. Le demonstratores demandava libertates politic, le retiro del tropas sovietic e reformes economic. Le governamento de [[Imre Nagy]] initiava reformes e annunciava le intention de retirar Hungaria del [[Pacto de Varsovia]]. Le rebellion acquireva un forte character national e anti-sovietic. Le 4 de novembre 1956, le Union Sovietic initiava un intervention militar de grande extension. Le rebellion esseva reprimite, con milles de mortos e un grande numero de personas fugiente del pais. Imre Nagy esseva arrestate e executate in 1958. Post le revolution, le regime instaurava un nove periodo de repression. Le rebellion deveniva tamen un referentia importante in le memoria national hungare e in le historia del Guerra Frie.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le regime de János Kádár === Post le revolution, [[János Kádár]] deveniva le principal dirigente del pais. Durante su governamento, que durava usque al fin del annos 1980, le regime combinava le monopolio politic del Partito Communista con un grado gradualmente plus grande de flexibilitate economic e social. Desde le annos 1960, le governamento introduceva reformas economic que permitteva un uso plus large de mecanismos de mercato e un augmento del consumo private. Le modelo deveniva cognoscite informalmente como le «communismo gulash», per le combination de controlo politic con un vita quotidian plus flexibile que in alcun altere paises del blocco sovietic. Nonobstante iste flexibilitate relative, Hungaria remaneva un Stato a partito unic, membro del Pacto de Varsovia e integrate in le systema politic e militar dominate per Moscova. Le opposition politic independente habeva un spatio limitate, ma le reformas economic e le contactos con le West contribueva al transformation del societate. === Le transition democratic de 1989 === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le crises economic, le debilitation del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos reformator conduceva a un transformation del regime hungare. Le governamento initiava negotiationes con gruppos de opposition e reformava le institutiones politic. In 1989, Hungaria aperiva su frontiera occidental con Austria, un evento que facilitava le fuga de citatanos del Germania Oriental verso le West e contribueva al crisi del blocco oriental. Le 23 de octobre 1989, le Republica de Hungaria esseva proclamate, e le constitution esseva reformate pro establir un systema politic democratic e pluralista. Le prime electiones parlamentar libere post le regime communista occurreva in 1990. Le transition marcava le fin del Stato a partito unic e le integration progressive de Hungaria in le institutiones politic e economic de Europa occidental.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Integration euro-atlantic === Post 1989, Hungaria reorientava su politica exterior verso le cooperation occidental e le integration in institutiones europee. Le pais participa in le disveloppamento del relationes con le [[Union Europee]] e con le organisationes de securitate occidental. In 1999, Hungaria deveniva membro del [[NATO]]. Le adhesion marcava un cambio importante in le politica de securitate del pais post le fin del Guerra Frie. Le 1 de maio 2004, Hungaria entrava in le [[Union Europee]] insimul con altere paises del Europa Central e Oriental. Le adhesion facilitava le integration economic e institutional con le resto del Union e le participation in le mercato commun. In 2007, Hungaria entrava in le [[Spatio Schengen]], que removeva le controlo systematic del frontieras interne con le altere paises participante, secundo le normas del accordo. Le integration euro-atlantic transforma­va le relationes commercial, le infrastructuras, le mobilitate e le institutiones del pais, ben que le transformationes economic e social post le communismo continuava a generar debates interne.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hungary |titulo=Hungary: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Hungaria contemporanee === Desde le transition democratic, Hungaria ha mantenite un systema politic multipartitic e un economia de mercato. Le pais ha experientiate alternationes de governamento, reformas institutional e transformationes economic, includente le integration in le cadenas industrial e commercial europee. Le [[Constitution de Hungaria]] actual entrava in vigor in 2012, replaciante le constitution reformate de 1949. Le nove quadro constitutional defini le institutiones del Stato, le functiones del Parlamento, le Presidente e le governamento, assi como le principios general del ordination juridic. Le relationes de Hungaria con le Union Europee ha continuate a esser un elemento importante del politica exterior e del debates interne, specialmente in relation con le interpretation del standards institutional europee, le politica migratori e le relationes con altere potentias. Le economia contemporanee include industria manufacturera, automobile, electronica, agricultura, turismo e servicios. [[Budapest]] remane le principal centro politic, economic e cultural del pais, durante que le citates regional contribui al industria, al education e al turismo. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Hungaria| ]] 6auw3iom1cwkkjkdfvtibg4pdchwdbm Historia de Bielorussia 0 62301 704636 2026-10-17T09:17:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bielorussia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que habita le actual [[Bielorussia]], desde le prime inseniamentos prehistoric usque al Stato independent contemporanee. Situate in Europa Oriental, Bielorussia ha occupate un position de contacto inter le mundos baltic e slavic e inter le potentias historic de Europa Central e Oriental. Durante le Medievo, grande partes del territorio esseva integrate...” 704636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bielorussia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que habita le actual [[Bielorussia]], desde le prime inseniamentos prehistoric usque al Stato independent contemporanee. Situate in Europa Oriental, Bielorussia ha occupate un position de contacto inter le mundos baltic e slavic e inter le potentias historic de Europa Central e Oriental. Durante le Medievo, grande partes del territorio esseva integrate in le [[Rus de Kiev]], durante que principatos como [[Polotsk]] e [[Turov]] developpava lor proprie structuras politic e cultural. A partir del seculo XIII, le major parte del terras bielorusse esseva incorporate al [[Granducato de Lituania]], que plus tarde deveniva parte del [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]]. Post le partitiones de iste Commonwealth in le seculo XVIII, le territorio passava sub le dominio del [[Imperio Russic]]. Le disintegration del Imperio Russic durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] aperiva un periodo de conflictos e de tentativas de independentia. In 1918 esseva proclamate le [[Republica Popular Bielorusse]], ma le territorio esseva ulteriormente dividite inter Polonia e le [[Russia Sovietic]]. Le [[Republica Socialista Sovietic de Bielorussia]] deveniva un del republicas fundator del [[Union Sovietic]] in 1922. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Bielorussia suffreva destructiones massive e un perdita catastrofic de population. Le pais proclamava su independentia in 1991, post le disintegration del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Bielorussia esseva habitate desde le [[Paleolithico]] e le [[Neolithico]]. Le reperimentos archeologic monstra que gruppos de chassatores, piscatores e collectores viveva in le region ante le apparition de communitates agricole permanente. Le fluvios, le forestas e le paludes del territorio provideva recursos natural e vias de communication. Le populationes prehistorical developpava technicas de fabrication de instrumentos, le uso del ceramica e formas de agricultura e allevamento. Durante le seculos que precedeva le era commun, le territorio esseva un zona de contacto inter populationes baltic e altere gruppos de Europa Oriental. Le composition linguistic e cultural del region se transformava progressivemente, con le evolution del communitates que contribuiva al formation del populationes baltic e slavic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Antiquitate == Durante le seculos que precedeva le formation del statos medieval, le territorio viddeva le transition de populationes baltic e le stabilisation progressive de gruppos slavic in le region, constituant le bases demographic e cultural del epocha precedente al Medio Evo. == Medievo == === Formation del communitates slavic === Durante le seculos VI–VIII, gruppos de [[Slavos oriental]] se establiva in grande parte del Europa Oriental, includente le territorio del actual Bielorussia. Illes interageva con populationes baltic ja presente in le region, in un processo de cohabitation, intercambio e assimilation cultural. Inter le gruppos slavic historic del territorio se trova le [[Kriviches]], le [[Dregoviches]] e le [[Radimiches]]. Lor economias se basava super le agricultura, le allevamento, le chassa e le commercio de productos como pele, cera, melle e ambra. Le position del territorio inter le mar Baltic e le basin del [[Dnieper]] favorava le communication con altere partes de Europa Oriental. Le rutas commercial conectava le region con centros urban e politic que plus tarde deveniva parte del Rus de Kiev.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Rus de Kiev e le principatos regional === Durante le seculos IX–XII, grande partes del territorio bielorusso esseva integrate in le [[Rus de Kiev]], un entitate politic medieval que reuni­va plure principatos slavic oriental. Le [[Principato de Polotsk]], situate in le nord del actual Bielorussia, deveniva un del centros politic le plus importante del region. Illo manteneva relationes complexe con Kiev e Novgorod e cercava conservar un grado de autonomia. Le [[Principato de Turov]], in le sud, esseva un altere centro regional importante. Le christianisation del Rus de Kiev, initiate per le adoption del christianismo de tradition bizantin in 988, contribueva al diffusion del christianismo orthodoxe, del litteratura religiose e del cultura scribite. Le lingua liturgic e litterari ecclesiastic, le [[Slavonic ecclesiastic]], exerceva un influentia importante super le cultura del region. Le periodo produceva figuras cultural como [[Euphrosyne de Polotsk]], religiose e promotrice del education e del cultura scribite, e [[Cyrillus de Turov]], cognoscite pro su sermones e textos religiose. Le [[Catedral de Sancta Sophia de Polotsk]] deveniva un symbolo del tradition architectural e del importantia politic del principato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Granducato de Lituania === A partir del seculo XIII, le fragmentation del Rus de Kiev e le expansion del potentias vicin transformava le organisation politic del territorio. Le invasiones mongol de Europa Oriental e le cadita de Kiev in 1240 contribuiva al disintegration del ancian structuras politic. Durante le seculos XIII–XV, le principatos del west del Rus esseva incorporate progressivemente al [[Granducato de Lituania]]. Le expansion del granducato combinava conquestas, accordos dynastic e alliantias con principes regional. Le territorio bielorusso deveniva un del centros demographic e cultural importante del nove Stato. Ben que le dinastia dirigente habeva origines lituan, le population slavic oriental constitueva un parte importante del habitantes del granducato. Le lingua ruthenian, predecessor historic del bielorusso e del ukrainian moderne, esseva largemente usate in le administration e in documentos official. Le [[Statutos de Lituania]], compilate durante le seculos XVI, representa un importante tradition juridic del granducato. Illos regulava le administration, le proprietate e diverse aspects del vita social e politic. Le cultura del region se developpava in un ambiente multilingue e multiconfessional, con communitates orthodoxe, catholic e judee. In 1410, le Granducato de Lituania participa, insimul con le Regno de Polonia, al [[Batalia de Grunwald]] contra le [[Ordine Teutonic]]. Le victoria contribuiva al reinforcement del position del duo potentias in Europa Oriental.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Commonwealth polaco-lituan === Le Union de Lublin de 1569 creava le [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]], un Stato composite que associava le Regno de Polonia e le Granducato de Lituania sub un monarcha commun e un systema politic compartite. Le territorios del actual Bielorussia remaneva principalement in le parte lituan del Commonwealth. Le Commonwealth possedeva un grande diversitate ethnic, linguistic e religiose. In le terras bielorusse cohabitava populationes orthodoxe, catholic, judee e, plus tarde, grecocatholic. Le citates de [[Minsk]], [[Polotsk]], [[Vitebsk]], [[Mogilev]] e [[Brest]] participa­va al commercio regional e al disveloppamento del artesanato. In 1596, le [[Union de Brest]] initiava un processo per le qual parte del hierarchia orthodoxe del Commonwealth acceptava le autoritate del papa, durante que conservava le tradition liturgic oriental. Isto contribuiva al formation del [[Ecclesia grecocatholic bielorusso]], ma etiam provocava conflictos religiose e politic. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region suffreva guerras, rebellion­es e invasiones. Le [[Deluvio (historia)|Deluvio]] del annos 1650–1660 e le conflictos inter le Commonwealth e le Russia causava graves destructiones e perdita de population in plure zonas. Le lingua ruthenian continuava a esser usate in le documentos del granducato durante parte del periodo, ma le polonisation del elites e le expansion del polonese in le administration e in le cultura deveniva plus importante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Le partitiones del Commonwealth e le Imperio Russic === Durante le seculo XVIII, le Commonwealth polaco-lituan esseva debilitata per conflictos interne e per le interventiones de potentias vicin, specialmente Russia, Prussia e Austria. Le partitiones de Polonia de 1772, 1793 e 1795 divideva le territorio del Commonwealth inter iste tres potentias. Le major parte del terras bielorusso esseva incorporate al [[Imperio Russic]], ubi illos esseva administrate per governatoratos imperial. Le autoritates russic initiava un processo de integration administrative e cultural. Le administration central cercava reforçar le uso del russic e reducir le influentia del elites polonese e del institutiones del ancian Commonwealth. Le politica religiose includeva le incorporation o suppression de certe institutiones grecocatholic in favor del orthodoxia. Durante le [[Invasion de Russia per Napoleon]] in 1812, le territorio bielorusso deveniva un zona de passage e de conflicto inter le exercito francese e le fortias russic. Le guerra causava destructiones e affectava le agricultura, le commercio e le inseniamentos. In le seculo XIX, le resistentia contra le autoritate russic se manifestava in rebelliones e movimentos politic. Le [[Insurrection de novembre de 1830]] e le [[Insurrection de januario de 1863]] involveva partes del elites del ancian Commonwealth, includente personas del territorio bielorusso. Le insurrection de 1863–1864 es associate con [[Kastus Kalinouski]], qui promoveva textos politic in lingua bielorusso e appelava al population rural a participar in le resistentia. Le rebellion esseva reprimite, e le autoritates intensificava le control administrative e le russification.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Nationalismo bielorusso e industrialisation === Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XIX, le disveloppamento de vias ferrate, le croissance del citates e le transformationes del agricultura contribuiva al evolution del economia del territorio bielorusso. Le [[Industrial Revolution]] promoveva le disveloppamento de centros industrial in Minsk, Vitebsk, Gomel e altere citates. Le industria textile, le transformation del productos agricole e le commercio deveniva plus importante. Le identitate national bielorusso se developpava gradualmente in iste contexto. Escritores e intellectuales comenciava a publicar textos in lingua bielorusso e a studiar le historia, le cultura e le traditiones del population local. Le jornal Mużyckaja prauda, publicate per Kalinouski in 1862–1863, es formate como un del prime publicationes politic in lingua bielorusso moderne. Le movemento national restava tamen fragmentate, e le politica imperial limitava le education e le activitate public in lingua bielorusso. Le fin del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX videva etiam le disveloppamento de movimentos socialistas, laborista e national, que participava al debates super le reforma del Imperio Russic e le futuro politic del region.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/belarus/111465.htm |titulo=Belarus: Historical Highlights |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le Republica Popular Bielorusse === Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] transformava le territorio bielorusso in un zona de guerra inter le Imperio Russic e le Imperio German. Le frontiera militar traversava partes del region, e le population suffreva evacuations, requisitiones e destructiones. In 1917, le [[Revolution Russic]] e le cadita del monarchia tsarista creava un periodo de incertezza politic. Le movimentos national bielorusso cercava establir institutiones proprie e obtenir autonomia o independentia. Le 25 de martio 1918, durante le occupation german, le [[Republica Popular Bielorusse]] esseva proclamate per le Rada Bielorusse. Illa se presentava como un Stato independent, ma non obteneva un recognition international ample e non poteva stabilir un controlo stabile super tote le territorio reclamate. Post le retrahimento del tropas german, le region deveniva un spatio de conflicto inter le fortias bolchevique, le fortias polonese e altere movimentos national. Le governamento de le Republica Popular Bielorusse perdeva le controlo territorial e le Rada continuava su activitate in exilio. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Bielorussia esseva proclamate in januario 1919, ma su organisation e su frontieras esseva modificate durante le guerra civil e le conflictos con Polonia. In 1919, le formation del [[Republica Socialista Sovietic Lituano-Bielorusse]] (Litbel) reflecteva le tentativas sovietic de organisar le territorio in un quadro politic commun, ma iste entitate esseva dissolvite le mesme anno.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.radabnr.org/en/the-history-of-the-statehood-of-belarus/ |titulo=The History of the Statehood of Belarus |sitioweb=Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Guerra polaco-sovietic e le division del territorio === Le [[Guerra polaco-sovietic]] de 1919–1921 involveva grande partes del territorio bielorusso. Le frontieras esseva disputate per Polonia e le Russia Sovietic, durante que le movimientos national bielorusso cercava establir un Stato independente. Le [[Tractato de Riga]] de 1921 terminava le guerra e divideva le territorios bielorusso inter Polonia e le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Bielorussia, que deveniva un republica constitutive del Union Sovietic in 1922. Le parte occidental del territorio remaneva sub le administration polonese, durante que le parte oriental esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. Le duo partes se developpava sub sistemas politic, economic e cultural differente. In le territorio polonese, le politica del Stato includeva medidas de polonisation e le restriction de certe institutiones linguistic e cultural bielorusso. In le parte sovietic, le annos 1920 videva un periodo de promotion de linguas e culturas national, ma iste politica esseva ulteriormente reversate per le centralisation stalinista e le repression politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bielorussia sovietic inter le guerras === Durante le annos 1920, le [[Republica Socialista Sovietic de Bielorussia]] participa­va al creation del Union Sovietic. Le capital, [[Minsk]], deveniva le centro administrative e politic del republica. Le politica de [[bielorussianisation]] del initio del periodo sovietic promoveva le lingua bielorusso, le education in iste lingua e le formation de un elite cultural local. Le administration supportava le creation de institutiones scientific e cultural, e le litteratura bielorusso experimentava un periodo de developpamento. Durante le annos 1930, iste orientation esseva substituite per un politica plus centralisate. Le [[Purgas stalinian]] affectava le elites politic, intellectual e cultural. Numerose escritores, docentes, fonctionarios e personas considerate adversarios del regime esseva arrestate, deportate o executate. Le collectivisation del agricultura e le industrialisation accelerate transformava le economia e le societate. Le repression politic e le deportationes causava graves effectos super le population.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/belarus/111465.htm |titulo=Belarus: Historical Highlights |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Secunde Guerra Mundial === Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] habeva un impacto devastante super Bielorussia. Le [[Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop]] de 1939 inter Germania e le Union Sovietic esseva sequite per le invasion e partition de Polonia. In septembre 1939, le tropas sovietic occupava le parte oriental de Polonia, e le territorios bielorusso occidental esseva incorporate al Republica Socialista Sovietic de Bielorussia. Le 22 de junio 1941, Germania nazi initiava le invasion del Union Sovietic in le [[Operation Barbarossa]]. Le territorio bielorusso esseva occupate in grande parte per le tropas german durante le prime menses del invasion. Le occupation esseva marcate per repression, exploitation economic, executiones e le destruction de inseniamentos. Le population judee de Bielorussia suffreva un genocidio systematic. Ghettos esseva establite in plure citates, includente Minsk, e le major parte del judee que non habeva potite fugir o evacuar esseva occidite. Le massacro de judee forma parte del [[Holocausto]] in Europa Oriental. Le resistance contra le occupation german includeva gruppos partisan, unitates sovietic e altere actores. Le partisanes organisava sabotage contra vias ferrate, pontes, communicationes e lineas de abastecimento german. Le resistance varia­va in su orientation politic, ma le partisanes pro-sovietic formava un componente importante del movimento. In 1944, le grande offensiva sovietic [[Operation Bagration]] reconquistava le major parte del territorio bielorusso. Le combate e le occupation habeva causate destructiones enorme, e le population habeva suffrite un perdita human exceptionalmente alte. Le evaluationes historic indica que Bielorussia perdeva circa un quarto de su population antebellic, includente judee, civiles, militares e membros del resistance.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Bielorussia sovietic postbellic === Post le guerra, Bielorussia esseva reconstruite como un del republicas industrial del Union Sovietic. Le destruction de citates, fabricas, vias e infrastructuras requireva un reconstruction extensive, e le industria esseva developpate con un forte direction central. Minsk deveniva un importante centro industrial e administrative. Le industria de machinas, vehiculos, tractores, productos chimic e equipamento industrial cresceva durante le decennios postbellic. Le Union Sovietic promoveva le immigration de trabajadores e especialistas ab altere republicas, specialmente ab Russia. Le lingua russe augmentava su uso in le administration, le education superior e le vita urban, durante que le lingua bielorusso continuava a esser usate in certe contextos cultural e rural. Bielorussia deveniva etiam un del republicas fundator del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1945, insimul con le Union Sovietic e le Ucraina sovietic. Iste participation distincte reflecteva un arrangement international del postguerra, ben que le republica non possedeva independentia in su politica exterior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le disastre de Chernobyl === Le 26 de april 1986, le explosion del reactor numero 4 del [[Centrale Nuclear de Chernobyl]], situate in Ucraina vicino al frontiera bielorusso, provocava un del plus grave accidentes nuclear del historia. Le nube radioactive se diffundeva super grande partes de Europa, e Bielorussia recipeva un parte importante del deposition radioactive. Extense areas del sud-est del pais esseva contaminate, specialmente in le region de [[Gomel]] e in partes de [[Mogilev]]. Le disastre provocava evacuationes e transferentias de population e affectava le agricultura, le forestas e le salute public. Le gestion initial del accidente e le communication del autoritates sovietic esseva objecto de criticas, e le evento contribuiva al disillusion con le administration central. Le consequentias environmental, social e economic del disastre continuava durante decennios e deveniva un factor importante in le disveloppamento del societate civil e del movimentos politic in le ultime annos del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/belarus/111465.htm |titulo=Belarus: Historical Highlights |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Declaration de sovranitate e independentia === Durante le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cognoscite como [[perestroika]] e [[glasnost]], le debattes politic e cultural deveniva plus aperte in le republicas sovietic. In Bielorussia, movimentos national e civic reclamava plus grande autonomia, le recognition del lingua e cultura bielorusso e le investigation del repressiones del periodo stalinian. Le 27 de julio 1990, le Soviet Supreme de Bielorussia adoptava un declaration de sovranitate estatal. Iste decision marcava un passo importante verso le independentia, ben que le republica remaneva formalmente parte del Union Sovietic. Post le tentativa de colpo de Stato in Moscova in augusto 1991, le 25 de augusto 1991, le declaration de sovranitate recipeva status constitutional, e Bielorussia declarava su independentia del Union Sovietic. Le 8 de decembre 1991, le dirigentes de Bielorussia, Russia e Ucraina se incontrava in [[Belovezhskaya Pushcha]] e declarava que le Union Sovietic cessava de existir, establiente le base del [[Communitate de Statos Independente]]. Le dissolution esseva ulteriormente confirmate per altere accordos in decembre 1991.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Republica de Bielorussia independente === Post le independentia, Bielorussia initiava le construction de institutiones statal proprie e adoptava un constitution in 1994. Le prime election presidential del pais independent occurreva in le mesme anno, e [[Alexander Lukashenko]] esseva eligite presidente. Le prime annos post le independentia esseva marcate per difficultates economic e debates super le direction del transformation post-sovietic. Le question del relationes con Russia, le uso del lingua bielorusso e russe, le forma del institutiones politic e le ritmo del reformas economic deveniva elementos central del vita politic. In 1994, Bielorussia disponeva de armamentos nuclear sovietic sur su territorio. Le pais participa al processo de denuclearisation e, in 1994, signava le [[Memorandum de Budapest]], in le quadro del accordos de securitate associate al renuntiation del armamentos nuclear heredate del Union Sovietic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le periodo de Alexander Lukashenko === Alexander Lukashenko ha occupate le cargo de presidente desde 1994. Le referendos constitutional e le reformas institutional del annos 1990 e 2000 modificava le relationes inter le presidente, le Parlamento e le altere institutiones del Stato. Le referendo de 1996 ampliava le poter del presidente e reduceva le influentia del Parlamento. Durante le annos sequente, le opposition politic, le medios independente e organisationes de derectos human denunciava restrictiones al activitate politic e al libertate de expression. Le electiones presidential de 2001, 2006 e 2010 esseva contestate per observatores e organisationes international. Le election de 2010 esseva sequite per manifestationes e arrestate de participantes e candidatos de opposition. In 2020, le election presidential provocava protestas massive post que le opposition e numerose manifestantes contestava le resultatos official. Le autoritates reprimeva le demonstrationes, e organisationes international documentava casos de detention arbitrarie, maltractamento e altere violationes de derectos human. Le crise politic de 2020–2021 aggravava le relationes de Bielorussia con le Union Europee e altere paises occidental. Le diversion de un avion civil de Ryanair verso Minsk in maio 2021, sequite per le detention de duos passageros, provocava condemnationes international e nove mesuras contra le governamento bielorusso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/belarus |titulo=Belarus: History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bielorussia e le guerra in Ucraina === Desde le initio del [[Invasion russic de Ucraina in 2022]], Bielorussia permitteva al fortias russic usar su territorio pro stationar e displaciar truppas e pro initiar operationes militar contra Ucraina. Iste cooperation augmentava le integration militar inter Bielorussia e Russia e influentiava le relationes de Bielorussia con le paises vicin e le organisationes occidental. Le guerra e le sanctiones international affectava le relationes commercial, le transporto, le cooperation economic e le position diplomatic del pais. Le relationes con Russia deveniva ancora plus importante pro le securitate e le politica exterior bielorusso. === Bielorussia contemporanee === Bielorussia es un Stato independente in Europa Oriental, con capital in [[Minsk]]. Su historia contemporanee es marcate per le hereditage sovietic, le relationes politice e economic con Russia, le conflictos concernente le institutiones politic e le derectos human, e le debattes super le identitate linguistic e cultural national. Le societate bielorusso combina le uso del lingua bielorusso e del russe, traditiones religiose orthodoxe e catholic, e un memoria historic marcate per le guerras, le partitiones territorial, le repression politic e le reconstruction postbellic. Le evolution del pais continua a esser influentiate per su position geographic inter Russia, Polonia, Lituania e Ucraina, assi como per le relationes con le Union Europee e le altere actores international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Bielorussia| ]] gwpu9jrjmj79nl9ye0dxugp7cengbg6 Categoria:Historia de Bielorussia 14 62302 704637 2026-10-17T09:17:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Bielorussia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Bielorussia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] 59a32diahzc1mlcynkurfr7ownt7os5 Historia de Switza 0 62303 704639 2026-10-17T09:24:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Switza''' es le historia del formation de un pais que evolueva desde un insimul de communitates alpine e alliantias regional a un confederation de cantones e, finalmente, a un Stato federal moderne. Le origines traditional del Confederation es associate al pacto del 1291 inter Uri, Schwyz e Unterwalden, ma le Stato federal actual esseva establite per le Constitution federal del 1848. Le evolution politic de Suissa es mar...” 704639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Switza''' es le historia del formation de un pais que evolueva desde un insimul de communitates alpine e alliantias regional a un confederation de cantones e, finalmente, a un Stato federal moderne. Le origines traditional del Confederation es associate al pacto del 1291 inter Uri, Schwyz e Unterwalden, ma le Stato federal actual esseva establite per le Constitution federal del 1848. Le evolution politic de Suissa es marcate per le autonomia del cantones, le developpamento del institutiones federal, le neutralitate e le expansion progressive del derectos politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.admin.ch/en/federal-charter-1291 |titulo=The Federal Charter of 1291 |sitioweb=Confederation suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/Pages/bundesverfassung.aspx |titulo=Federal Constitution |sitioweb=Parlament suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Suissa esseva habitate desde le prehistoria per communitates de agricultores, allevatores e commerciantes. Le region alpine e le plateau central formava un zona de passage inter le Europa occidental, central e mediterranee. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva habitate per diverse populos celtic. Inter illes, le Helvetios occupava un grande parte del plateau suisse. In le seculo I a.C., le expansion del [[Imperio roman]] conduceva al incorporation del region in le mundo roman. Post le victoria de [[Julio César]] in le Guerra Gallic, le territorio helvetic esseva progressivemente integrate in le administration roman. Le [[Imperio roman]] developpava citates, vias e infrastructuras que facilitava le communicationes inter le regiones alpine e le resto del imperio. Le vias transalpin, in particular, habeva importantia commercial e militar. Post le crise e le transformation del Imperio roman occidental in le seculo V, le territorio passava sub le influentia de populos germanic, includente le Burgundiones e le Alamannos. Le latin vulgar remaneva importante in le west, durante que le linguas germanic se diffundeva in le regiones central e oriental. == Medievo == === Alto Medievo === Durante le seculos VI a VIII, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic del [[Regno franc]] e, postea, del [[Imperio carolingian]]. Le christianisation progressiva del population conduceva al fundation de monasterios e ecclesias, que deveniva centros religiose, cultural e economic. Post le division del Imperio carolingian in le seculo IX, le territorios del actual Suissa esseva repartite inter diverse dominios e regnos. Le region non formava ancora un unitate politic, ma le communitates local, le ecclesias e le dominios feudales comenciava a crear relationes que plus tarde contribuiva al evolution del Confederation. Le position geographic del region, inter le Alpes e le grande vias commercial europee, dava un importantia crescente al controlo del passages de montania e del vias que ligava le nord e le sud del continente. === Formation del Confederation ancian === ==== Le pacto del 1291 ==== Le origines traditional del Confederation suisse es associate al Pacto federal del 1291, un documento que registrava un alliantia inter le communitates de Uri, Schwyz e Nidwalden, in le centro del Alpes. Le signatarios se obligava a prestar adjuta mutual contra violentia e injustitia e a resolver certe conflictos secundo normas convenite. Le pacto es considerate un del documentos constitutional le plus ancian del historia suisse. Tamen, le alliantias inter le communitates alpine habeva antecedentes, e le identification del 1291 como anno fundational esseva formalmente popularisate solmente al fin del seculo XIX. In 1891, le Confederation celebrava le sexcentesime anniversario del pacto; in 1899, le 1 de augusto esseva establite como festa national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.admin.ch/en/federal-charter-1291 |titulo=The Federal Charter of 1291 |sitioweb=Confederation suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Expansion del Confederation ==== Durante le seculos XIV e XV, altere communitates e citates se associava al alliantia. Lucerna, Turicum (Zurich), Berna, Glarona e Zug deveniva partes del Confederation, que evolueva gradualmente in un rete de alliantias inter territorios rural e citates. Le Confederation non esseva ancora un Stato centralisate. Le cantones e citates conservava un alte grado de autonomia e cooperava in materias como le defense, le commercio e le administration de vias e passages alpine. Le victoria del Confederatos contra le fortias habsburgic e lor successos militar contribuiva al consolidation del alliantia. Le battalias de Morgarten (1315) e Sempach (1386) occupa un loco importante in le memoria historic suisse, ben que le interpretation de lor significato national ha evolvite durante le seculos. Durante le seculo XV, le Confederation extendeva su influentia territorial. Le participation in conflictos regional e le acquisition de territorios commun augmentava le potentia del alliantia, ma tamben creava tensiones inter cantones e inter citates e territorios subjecte. == Etate moderne == === Confederation del seculos XVI a XVIII === ==== Expansion territorial e recognition international ==== Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Confederation continuava a esser un insimul de cantones souveran e territorios subjecte, unite per pactos e accordos. Le relationes inter cantones esseva marcate per interesses economic, rivalitates politic e differencias religiose. Le pace de Westphalia de 1648 recognosceva le independentia de facto del Confederation vis-a-vis le [[Sacro Imperio Roman]], un passo importante in le recognition international del autonomia suisse. ==== Reformation e conflictos religiose ==== Le [[Reformation protestante]] transformava profundemente le societate suisse. Le predicationes de [[Huldrych Zwingli]] in Zurich e de [[Jean Calvin]] in Geneve contribuiva al diffusion del Protestantismo, durante que altere cantones remaneva catholic. Le division religiose provocava conflictos e guerras inter cantones, includente le guerras de Kappel in 1529 e 1531. Le accordos posterior stabiliva un equilibro fragile inter le cantones catholic e protestante. Le differencias confessionale continuava a influentiar le politica e le societate durante le seculos sequente. Le autonomia cantonal e le necessitate de evitar guerras interne deveniva elementos importante del organisation del Confederation. ==== Economia e societate ==== Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le economia suisse combinava agricultura, allevamento, artesanato, production textile e commercio. Le citates como Zurich, Berna, Basilea e Geneve deveniva centros de production, banca, commercio e cultura. Le mercenarios suisse servi in exercitos estranier, un activitate que produceva ingresos ma etiam generava debattes super le relation inter le interesses economic e le autonomia politic del cantones. Le societate remaneva tamen marcate per hierarchias social. Le citatanos de certe citates e le elites local exerceva un grande influentia politic, durante que multe habitantes del territorios subjecte habeva derectos limitate. === Invasion francese e Republica Helvetica (1798–1803) === Le [[Revolution francese]] de 1789 diffundeva nove ideas super libertate, equalitate juridic e sovranitate popular. In 1798, le fortias francese invadeva le Confederation e poneva fin al organisation traditional del cantones. Le Republica Helvetica esseva proclamate como un Stato unitarie sub forte influentia francese. Illo introduceva un constitution scripte, un administration centralisate e reformas que reduceva certe privilegios del ancian elites. Le principio de equalitate juridic esseva expandite, includente mesuras que meliorava le situation juridic del judeos. Nonobstante, le centralisation e le intervention francese provocava opposition. Le resistentia a nove impostos, al reclutamento e al perdita del autonomia cantonal conduceva a revoltas e instabilitate politic. Le Republica Helvetica durava usque a 1803. Le periodo marcava un ruptura importante con le organisation politic anterior e introduceva ideas e institutiones que influentiava le futuro Stato suisse.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bar.admin.ch/en/era-of-change-switzerland-between-1798-and-1848 |titulo=Era of change: Switzerland between 1798 and 1848 |sitioweb=Archivos federal suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Acto de Mediation e Confederation restaurate (1803–1848) === In 1803, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] imposeva le Acto de Mediation, que poneva fin al Republica Helvetica e restabliva un structura federal con cantones. Le autonomia cantonal esseva restaurate in parte, ma Suissa remaneva sub influentia francese. Post le derrota de Napoleon, le Congresso de Vienna de 1815 reorganisava Europa e reconosceva le neutralitate permanent de Suissa. Le fronteras del Confederation esseva ampliate e le cantones de Geneve, Neuchâtel e Vallese se associava al Confederation, portante le numero de cantones a 22. Le Pacto federal de 1815 restabliva un confederation de Statos con un governo central debile. Le cantones manteneva grande autonomia, e le decisiones commun requireva accordos inter lor representantes. Durante le annos 1830, le ideas liberal e democratic ganava terreno. Plure cantones adoptava nove constitutiones, expandente le libertates civil e le participation politic. Tamen, le tension inter liberales e conservatores, e inter cantones protestante e catholic, continuava a crescer.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bar.admin.ch/en/era-of-change-switzerland-between-1798-and-1848 |titulo=Era of change: Switzerland between 1798 and 1848 |sitioweb=Archivos federal suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Guerra del Sonderbund e Stato federal (1847–1848) === In 1845, septe cantones catholic formava le Sonderbund, un alliantia separate destinate a proteger lor interesses religiose e politic contra le predominio liberal. Le Dieta federal declarava le alliantia incompatible con le pacto federal e decideva dissolver lo. Le conflicto deveniva un guerra civil in 1847. Le fortias del cantones liberal, sub le commandamento del general Guillaume-Henri Dufour, vinceva le guerra in alcun septimanas. Le conflicto terminava con un numero limitate de mortes comparate con altere guerras civil europee del epocha. Le victoria liberal aperiva le via al creation de un Stato federal. Le Constitution federal del 12 de septembre 1848 establiva le Suissa moderne, con un governo federal, un parlamento bicameral e un Corte federal. Le cantones conservava lor competentias proprie, ma le nove Stato recipeva poter in materias commun, como le defense, le relationes exterior, le moneta e le commercio inter cantones.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bar.admin.ch/en/the-swiss-state-and-its-citizens-after-1848 |titulo=The Swiss state and its citizens after 1848 |sitioweb=Archivos federal suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/Pages/bundesverfassung.aspx |titulo=Federal Constitution |sitioweb=Parlament suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime Parlamento federal se reuniva in novembre 1848 e eligeva le prime Consilio federal. Berna deveniva le sede del autoritates federal. Le nove structura combinava le autonomia cantonal con institutiones commun e establiva le fundamento del systema politic suisse contemporanee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.admin.ch/en/history-of-the-federal-council |titulo=History of the Federal Council |sitioweb=Confederation suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Industrialisation e expansion del derectos politic === Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XIX, Suissa experimentava un rapide industrialisation. Le industria textile, le construction de vias ferrate, le production de machinas, le industria chimic e le services financiari contribuiva al transformation economic del pais. Le Constitution esseva revise in 1874. Le reforma augmentava le competentias federal e introduceva le referendum facultative al nivello federal, permitente al electores de contestar certe leges approbate per le Parlamento. Le systema de democracia directe esseva ulteriormente expandite con le introduction del initiative popular federal in 1891. Le economia industrial e le extension del vias ferrate fortificava le integration del regiones. Le construction del tunel del Gotthard, inaugurate in 1882, facilitava le communicationes inter le nord e le sud del Alpes e deveniva un obra importante del infrastructura europee. Le federalismo e le participation popular deveniva elementos central del identitate politic suisse. Nonobstante, le derectos politic non esseva universal: le suffragio federal remaneva reservate al homines, e certe gruppos social e religiose continuava a incontrar obstaculos in lor accesso al poter. === Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918) === Suissa remaneva neutral durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], ma le guerra habeva effectos economic e social importante. Le mobilization militar, le difficultates de approvisionamento e le inflation accentuava le tensiones inter le regiones e inter le classes social. Le sciopero general de novembre 1918 reuniava numerose demandas del movimento obrer, includente le reduction del tempore de labor, le securitate social e le reforma del systema politic. Le governo mobilisava le armea e le sciopero terminava sin que tote le demandas esseva satisfacite. In 1919, le electiones al Consilio national adoptava le representation proportional, un reforma que facilitava le representation del partidos politic e contribuiva al evolution verso un systema politic plus pluralista. === Inter le guerras (1919–1939) === Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, Suissa broaded le difficultates del economia international e le effectos del [[Grande Depression]]. Le politica exterior continuava a basar se super le neutralitate, ben que le pais participava in organisationes international e in le cooperation diplomatic. Le crescentia del movimentos fascista e autoritari in Europa provocava debattes super le defense del democratia e le securitate national. Le governo e le societate suisse cercava a mantener le stabilitate politic e a preparar se pro le eventualitate de un nove guerra europee. === Secunde Guerra Mundial (1939–1945) === Quando le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] comenciava in 1939, Suissa proclamava su neutralitate e mobilisava le armea sub le commandamento del general Henri Guisan. Circumferite per territorios controlate per le Axis o occupate per Germania e Italia, le pais preparava planos de defense e reforçava le protection de su infrastructuras. Le estrategia de defense includeva le preparation de positions alpine e le concentration de certe capacitate militar in le Alpes, in le quadro del conceptos associate al [[Reduit national]]. Suissa non esseva invadite, ma su neutralitate e su relationes economic con le Germania nazista ha essite objecto de analyses e controversias historic. Le economia suisse continuava a depender in parte del commercio exterior, e le pais manteneva relationes commercial con differente actores del guerra. Le administration adoptava etiam decisiones concernente le refugiatos, includente le refusos de admission que ha essite criticemente evaluate in investigationes posterior. Le sorte del refugiatos judeos e le collaboration economic con le paises del Axis deveniva temas importante del memoria historic suisse post le guerra. === Postguerra e neutralitate === Post 1945, Suissa participa al reconstruction europee principalmente per le commercio, le diplomatia e le cooperation economic, mantenente su neutralitate militar. Le pais non deveniva membro del [[NATO]] e conservava un politica exterior distincte, ben que illo participa a numerose organisationes international. In 1960, Suissa participa al creation del [[Association Europee de Libero Commercio]] (EFTA). In 1963, illa deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]]. Le pais developpava su industria, su sector bancari e su servicios international durante le decennios postguerra. Le expansion economic esseva accompaniate per cambios social, urbanisation e immigration de laboratores. Le discussion super le immigration, le protection del ambiente e le relationes con le integration europee deveniva elementos persistente del debatte politic. === Suffragio feminin e Jura === Le derecto de voto al feminas al nivello federal esseva introducite in 1971, post un referendum in le qual le electores masculine approbava le reforma. Le implementation del suffragio feminin al nivello cantonal esseva gradual; in Appenzell Interno, le suffragio feminin cantonal esseva introducite in 1990 post un decision del Tribunal federal. In 1979, le canton de Jura esseva create post un processo politic e referendum que conduceva al separation de parte del territorio de Berna. Illo deveniva le 26e canton del Confederation, illustrante le capacitate del systema federal de adaptar le structura territorial per proceduras constitutional. === Suissa contemporanee === Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX, Suissa continuava a disveloppar su economia de alte valor addite, includente le sectores pharmacologic, chimic, bancari, manufacturero e de servicios. Le pais deveniva etiam un centro importante pro le diplomatia international e pro le sede de organisationes international, specialmente in Geneve. In 1992, le electores rejectava in referendum le accession al Spatio Economic Europee. Suissa continuava a developpar relationes economic con le Union Europee per accordos bilateral, durante que le debate super le integration europee remaneva un thema important del politica national. Le Constitution federal del 1999, entrate in vigor in 2000, modernisava e reorganisava le texto constitutional, conservante le structura federal e le instrumentos de democracia directe. Le Constitution pote esser modificate per initiative popular o per le Parlamento, subjecte al approbation del populo e del cantones in le conditiones previde per le lege.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/Pages/bundesverfassung.aspx |titulo=Federal Constitution |sitioweb=Parlament suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Suissa e le Union Europee === Suissa non es membro del Union Europee. Su relationes con le Union es regite per un rete de accordos bilateral que tracta le commercio, le circulation de personas, le transportos, le recerca e altere materias de cooperation. Le politica europee es un tema recurrente del debatte politic suisse, proque le pais debe conciliar su autonomia institutional, su systema de democracia directe e su interdependendentia economic con le paises vicin. === Historia recente === In le seculo XXI, Suissa ha continuate a combinar le federalismo, le neutralitate e le participation in organisationes international con un economia fortemente integrate in le mercado global. Le crise financiari de 2008, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le cambios in le securitate europee ha influentiate le debattes super le economia, le sanitate public, le defense e le relationes exterior. Le systema politic continua a basar se super le cooperation inter le cantones, le Consilio federal e le Parlamento, con un rolo importante attribuite al referendum e al initiative popular. Le neutralitate remane un principio central del politica exterior, ben que su interpretation e application es debattite in relation con le sanctiones international e le evolution del securitate in Europa. === Patrimonio historic e identitate national === Le identitate suisse es associate a un historia de alliantias regional, autonomia cantonal, neutralitate e cooperation federal. Le pais ha quattro linguas national — german, francese, italian e romanche — e su structura politic reflecte le diversitate linguistic, cultural e regional. Le memoria del Confederation ancian, le pacto del 1291 e le creation del Stato federal in 1848 es elementos importante del narration historic national. Tamen, le formation de Suissa esseva un processo gradual, e le interpretation del 1291 como data precise de fundation deveniva central in le memoria official solmente al fin del seculo XIX.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2023/07/does-switzerland-really-date-back-to-1291-a-fresh-look-at-the-countrys-origins/ |titulo=Does Switzerland really date back to 1291? A fresh look at the country's origins |sitioweb=Swiss National Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Suissa| ]] 24wfwwhc6vx88xam0ufmz6zqhf4cayw 704640 704639 2026-10-17T09:24:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 704640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Switza''' es le historia del formation de un pais que evolueva desde un insimul de communitates alpine e alliantias regional a un confederation de cantones e, finalmente, a un Stato federal moderne. Le origines traditional del Confederation es associate al pacto del 1291 inter Uri, Schwyz e Unterwalden, ma le Stato federal actual esseva establite per le Constitution federal del 1848. Le evolution politic de Suissa es marcate per le autonomia del cantones, le developpamento del institutiones federal, le neutralitate e le expansion progressive del derectos politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.admin.ch/en/federal-charter-1291 |titulo=The Federal Charter of 1291 |sitioweb=Confederation suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/Pages/bundesverfassung.aspx |titulo=Federal Constitution |sitioweb=Parlament suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Suissa esseva habitate desde le prehistoria per communitates de agricultores, allevatores e commerciantes. Le region alpine e le plateau central formava un zona de passage inter le Europa occidental, central e mediterranee. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva habitate per diverse populos celtic. Inter illes, le Helvetios occupava un grande parte del plateau suisse. In le seculo I a.C., le expansion del [[Imperio roman]] conduceva al incorporation del region in le mundo roman. Post le victoria de [[Julio César]] in le Guerra Gallic, le territorio helvetic esseva progressivemente integrate in le administration roman. Le [[Imperio roman]] developpava citates, vias e infrastructuras que facilitava le communicationes inter le regiones alpine e le resto del imperio. Le vias transalpin, in particular, habeva importantia commercial e militar. Post le crise e le transformation del Imperio roman occidental in le seculo V, le territorio passava sub le influentia de populos germanic, includente le Burgundiones e le Alamannos. Le latin vulgar remaneva importante in le west, durante que le linguas germanic se diffundeva in le regiones central e oriental. == Medievo == === Alto Medievo === Durante le seculos VI a VIII, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic del [[Regno franc]] e, postea, del [[Imperio carolingian]]. Le christianisation progressiva del population conduceva al fundation de monasterios e ecclesias, que deveniva centros religiose, cultural e economic. Post le division del Imperio carolingian in le seculo IX, le territorios del actual Suissa esseva repartite inter diverse dominios e regnos. Le region non formava ancora un unitate politic, ma le communitates local, le ecclesias e le dominios feudales comenciava a crear relationes que plus tarde contribuiva al evolution del Confederation. Le position geographic del region, inter le Alpes e le grande vias commercial europee, dava un importantia crescente al controlo del passages de montania e del vias que ligava le nord e le sud del continente. === Formation del Confederation ancian === ==== Le pacto del 1291 ==== Le origines traditional del Confederation suisse es associate al Pacto federal del 1291, un documento que registrava un alliantia inter le communitates de Uri, Schwyz e Nidwalden, in le centro del Alpes. Le signatarios se obligava a prestar adjuta mutual contra violentia e injustitia e a resolver certe conflictos secundo normas convenite. Le pacto es considerate un del documentos constitutional le plus ancian del historia suisse. Tamen, le alliantias inter le communitates alpine habeva antecedentes, e le identification del 1291 como anno fundational esseva formalmente popularisate solmente al fin del seculo XIX. In 1891, le Confederation celebrava le sexcentesime anniversario del pacto; in 1899, le 1 de augusto esseva establite como festa national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.admin.ch/en/federal-charter-1291 |titulo=The Federal Charter of 1291 |sitioweb=Confederation suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Expansion del Confederation ==== Durante le seculos XIV e XV, altere communitates e citates se associava al alliantia. Lucerna, Turicum (Zurich), Berna, Glarona e Zug deveniva partes del Confederation, que evolueva gradualmente in un rete de alliantias inter territorios rural e citates. Le Confederation non esseva ancora un Stato centralisate. Le cantones e citates conservava un alte grado de autonomia e cooperava in materias como le defense, le commercio e le administration de vias e passages alpine. Le victoria del Confederatos contra le fortias habsburgic e lor successos militar contribuiva al consolidation del alliantia. Le battalias de Morgarten (1315) e Sempach (1386) occupa un loco importante in le memoria historic suisse, ben que le interpretation de lor significato national ha evolvite durante le seculos. Durante le seculo XV, le Confederation extendeva su influentia territorial. Le participation in conflictos regional e le acquisition de territorios commun augmentava le potentia del alliantia, ma tamben creava tensiones inter cantones e inter citates e territorios subjecte. == Etate moderne == === Confederation del seculos XVI a XVIII === ==== Expansion territorial e recognition international ==== Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le Confederation continuava a esser un insimul de cantones souveran e territorios subjecte, unite per pactos e accordos. Le relationes inter cantones esseva marcate per interesses economic, rivalitates politic e differencias religiose. Le pace de Westphalia de 1648 recognosceva le independentia de facto del Confederation vis-a-vis le [[Sacro Imperio Roman]], un passo importante in le recognition international del autonomia suisse. ==== Reformation e conflictos religiose ==== Le [[Reformation protestante]] transformava profundemente le societate suisse. Le predicationes de [[Huldrych Zwingli]] in Zurich e de [[Jean Calvin]] in Geneve contribuiva al diffusion del Protestantismo, durante que altere cantones remaneva catholic. Le division religiose provocava conflictos e guerras inter cantones, includente le guerras de Kappel in 1529 e 1531. Le accordos posterior stabiliva un equilibro fragile inter le cantones catholic e protestante. Le differencias confessionale continuava a influentiar le politica e le societate durante le seculos sequente. Le autonomia cantonal e le necessitate de evitar guerras interne deveniva elementos importante del organisation del Confederation. ==== Economia e societate ==== Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, le economia suisse combinava agricultura, allevamento, artesanato, production textile e commercio. Le citates como Zurich, Berna, Basilea e Geneve deveniva centros de production, banca, commercio e cultura. Le mercenarios suisse servi in exercitos estranier, un activitate que produceva ingresos ma etiam generava debattes super le relation inter le interesses economic e le autonomia politic del cantones. Le societate remaneva tamen marcate per hierarchias social. Le citatanos de certe citates e le elites local exerceva un grande influentia politic, durante que multe habitantes del territorios subjecte habeva derectos limitate. === Invasion francese e Republica Helvetica (1798–1803) === Le [[Revolution francese]] de 1789 diffundeva nove ideas super libertate, equalitate juridic e sovranitate popular. In 1798, le fortias francese invadeva le Confederation e poneva fin al organisation traditional del cantones. Le Republica Helvetica esseva proclamate como un Stato unitarie sub forte influentia francese. Illo introduceva un constitution scripte, un administration centralisate e reformas que reduceva certe privilegios del ancian elites. Le principio de equalitate juridic esseva expandite, includente mesuras que meliorava le situation juridic del judeos. Nonobstante, le centralisation e le intervention francese provocava opposition. Le resistentia a nove impostos, al reclutamento e al perdita del autonomia cantonal conduceva a revoltas e instabilitate politic. Le Republica Helvetica durava usque a 1803. Le periodo marcava un ruptura importante con le organisation politic anterior e introduceva ideas e institutiones que influentiava le futuro Stato suisse.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bar.admin.ch/en/era-of-change-switzerland-between-1798-and-1848 |titulo=Era of change: Switzerland between 1798 and 1848 |sitioweb=Archivos federal suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Acto de Mediation e Confederation restaurate (1803–1848) === In 1803, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] imposeva le Acto de Mediation, que poneva fin al Republica Helvetica e restabliva un structura federal con cantones. Le autonomia cantonal esseva restaurate in parte, ma Suissa remaneva sub influentia francese. Post le derrota de Napoleon, le Congresso de Vienna de 1815 reorganisava Europa e reconosceva le neutralitate permanent de Suissa. Le fronteras del Confederation esseva ampliate e le cantones de Geneve, Neuchâtel e Vallese se associava al Confederation, portante le numero de cantones a 22. Le Pacto federal de 1815 restabliva un confederation de Statos con un governo central debile. Le cantones manteneva grande autonomia, e le decisiones commun requireva accordos inter lor representantes. Durante le annos 1830, le ideas liberal e democratic ganava terreno. Plure cantones adoptava nove constitutiones, expandente le libertates civil e le participation politic. Tamen, le tension inter liberales e conservatores, e inter cantones protestante e catholic, continuava a crescer.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bar.admin.ch/en/era-of-change-switzerland-between-1798-and-1848 |titulo=Era of change: Switzerland between 1798 and 1848 |sitioweb=Archivos federal suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Guerra del Sonderbund e Stato federal (1847–1848) === In 1845, septe cantones catholic formava le Sonderbund, un alliantia separate destinate a proteger lor interesses religiose e politic contra le predominio liberal. Le Dieta federal declarava le alliantia incompatible con le pacto federal e decideva dissolver lo. Le conflicto deveniva un guerra civil in 1847. Le fortias del cantones liberal, sub le commandamento del general Guillaume-Henri Dufour, vinceva le guerra in alcun septimanas. Le conflicto terminava con un numero limitate de mortes comparate con altere guerras civil europee del epocha. Le victoria liberal aperiva le via al creation de un Stato federal. Le Constitution federal del 12 de septembre 1848 establiva le Suissa moderne, con un governo federal, un parlamento bicameral e un Corte federal. Le cantones conservava lor competentias proprie, ma le nove Stato recipeva poter in materias commun, como le defense, le relationes exterior, le moneta e le commercio inter cantones.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bar.admin.ch/en/the-swiss-state-and-its-citizens-after-1848 |titulo=The Swiss state and its citizens after 1848 |sitioweb=Archivos federal suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/Pages/bundesverfassung.aspx |titulo=Federal Constitution |sitioweb=Parlament suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le prime Parlamento federal se reuniva in novembre 1848 e eligeva le prime Consilio federal. Berna deveniva le sede del autoritates federal. Le nove structura combinava le autonomia cantonal con institutiones commun e establiva le fundamento del systema politic suisse contemporanee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.admin.ch/en/history-of-the-federal-council |titulo=History of the Federal Council |sitioweb=Confederation suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Industrialisation e expansion del derectos politic === Durante le secunde medietate del seculo XIX, Suissa experimentava un rapide industrialisation. Le industria textile, le construction de vias ferrate, le production de machinas, le industria chimic e le services financiari contribuiva al transformation economic del pais. Le Constitution esseva revise in 1874. Le reforma augmentava le competentias federal e introduceva le referendum facultative al nivello federal, permitente al electores de contestar certe leges approbate per le Parlamento. Le systema de democracia directe esseva ulteriormente expandite con le introduction del initiative popular federal in 1891. Le economia industrial e le extension del vias ferrate fortificava le integration del regiones. Le construction del tunel del Gotthard, inaugurate in 1882, facilitava le communicationes inter le nord e le sud del Alpes e deveniva un obra importante del infrastructura europee. Le federalismo e le participation popular deveniva elementos central del identitate politic suisse. Nonobstante, le derectos politic non esseva universal: le suffragio federal remaneva reservate al homines, e certe gruppos social e religiose continuava a incontrar obstaculos in lor accesso al poter. === Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918) === Suissa remaneva neutral durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], ma le guerra habeva effectos economic e social importante. Le mobilization militar, le difficultates de approvisionamento e le inflation accentuava le tensiones inter le regiones e inter le classes social. Le sciopero general de novembre 1918 reuniava numerose demandas del movimento obrer, includente le reduction del tempore de labor, le securitate social e le reforma del systema politic. Le governo mobilisava le armea e le sciopero terminava sin que tote le demandas esseva satisfacite. In 1919, le electiones al Consilio national adoptava le representation proportional, un reforma que facilitava le representation del partidos politic e contribuiva al evolution verso un systema politic plus pluralista. === Inter le guerras (1919–1939) === Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, Suissa broaded le difficultates del economia international e le effectos del [[Grande Depression]]. Le politica exterior continuava a basar se super le neutralitate, ben que le pais participava in organisationes international e in le cooperation diplomatic. Le crescentia del movimentos fascista e autoritari in Europa provocava debattes super le defense del democratia e le securitate national. Le governo e le societate suisse cercava a mantener le stabilitate politic e a preparar se pro le eventualitate de un nove guerra europee. === Secunde Guerra Mundial (1939–1945) === Quando le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] comenciava in 1939, Suissa proclamava su neutralitate e mobilisava le armea sub le commandamento del general Henri Guisan. Circumferite per territorios controlate per le Axis o occupate per Germania e Italia, le pais preparava planos de defense e reforçava le protection de su infrastructuras. Le estrategia de defense includeva le preparation de positions alpine e le concentration de certe capacitate militar in le Alpes, in le quadro del conceptos associate al [[Reduit national]]. Suissa non esseva invadite, ma su neutralitate e su relationes economic con le Germania nazista ha essite objecto de analyses e controversias historic. Le economia suisse continuava a depender in parte del commercio exterior, e le pais manteneva relationes commercial con differente actores del guerra. Le administration adoptava etiam decisiones concernente le refugiatos, includente le refusos de admission que ha essite criticemente evaluate in investigationes posterior. Le sorte del refugiatos judeos e le collaboration economic con le paises del Axis deveniva temas importante del memoria historic suisse post le guerra. === Postguerra e neutralitate === Post 1945, Suissa participa al reconstruction europee principalmente per le commercio, le diplomatia e le cooperation economic, mantenente su neutralitate militar. Le pais non deveniva membro del [[NATO]] e conservava un politica exterior distincte, ben que illo participa a numerose organisationes international. In 1960, Suissa participa al creation del [[Association Europee de Libero Commercio]] (EFTA). In 1963, illa deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]]. Le pais developpava su industria, su sector bancari e su servicios international durante le decennios postguerra. Le expansion economic esseva accompaniate per cambios social, urbanisation e immigration de laboratores. Le discussion super le immigration, le protection del ambiente e le relationes con le integration europee deveniva elementos persistente del debatte politic. === Suffragio feminin e Jura === Le derecto de voto al feminas al nivello federal esseva introducite in 1971, post un referendum in le qual le electores masculine approbava le reforma. Le implementation del suffragio feminin al nivello cantonal esseva gradual; in Appenzell Interno, le suffragio feminin cantonal esseva introducite in 1990 post un decision del Tribunal federal. In 1979, le canton de Jura esseva create post un processo politic e referendum que conduceva al separation de parte del territorio de Berna. Illo deveniva le 26e canton del Confederation, illustrante le capacitate del systema federal de adaptar le structura territorial per proceduras constitutional. === Suissa contemporanee === Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX, Suissa continuava a disveloppar su economia de alte valor addite, includente le sectores pharmacologic, chimic, bancari, manufacturero e de servicios. Le pais deveniva etiam un centro importante pro le diplomatia international e pro le sede de organisationes international, specialmente in Geneve. In 1992, le electores rejectava in referendum le accession al Spatio Economic Europee. Suissa continuava a developpar relationes economic con le Union Europee per accordos bilateral, durante que le debate super le integration europee remaneva un thema important del politica national. Le Constitution federal del 1999, entrate in vigor in 2000, modernisava e reorganisava le texto constitutional, conservante le structura federal e le instrumentos de democracia directe. Le Constitution pote esser modificate per initiative popular o per le Parlamento, subjecte al approbation del populo e del cantones in le conditiones previde per le lege.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/Pages/bundesverfassung.aspx |titulo=Federal Constitution |sitioweb=Parlament suisse |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Suissa e le Union Europee === Suissa non es membro del Union Europee. Su relationes con le Union es regite per un rete de accordos bilateral que tracta le commercio, le circulation de personas, le transportos, le recerca e altere materias de cooperation. Le politica europee es un tema recurrente del debatte politic suisse, proque le pais debe conciliar su autonomia institutional, su systema de democracia directe e su interdependendentia economic con le paises vicin. === Historia recente === In le seculo XXI, Suissa ha continuate a combinar le federalismo, le neutralitate e le participation in organisationes international con un economia fortemente integrate in le mercado global. Le crise financiari de 2008, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le cambios in le securitate europee ha influentiate le debattes super le economia, le sanitate public, le defense e le relationes exterior. Le systema politic continua a basar se super le cooperation inter le cantones, le Consilio federal e le Parlamento, con un rolo importante attribuite al referendum e al initiative popular. Le neutralitate remane un principio central del politica exterior, ben que su interpretation e application es debattite in relation con le sanctiones international e le evolution del securitate in Europa. === Patrimonio historic e identitate national === Le identitate suisse es associate a un historia de alliantias regional, autonomia cantonal, neutralitate e cooperation federal. Le pais ha quattro linguas national — german, francese, italian e romanche — e su structura politic reflecte le diversitate linguistic, cultural e regional. Le memoria del Confederation ancian, le pacto del 1291 e le creation del Stato federal in 1848 es elementos importante del narration historic national. Tamen, le formation de Suissa esseva un processo gradual, e le interpretation del 1291 como data precise de fundation deveniva central in le memoria official solmente al fin del seculo XIX.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2023/07/does-switzerland-really-date-back-to-1291-a-fresh-look-at-the-countrys-origins/ |titulo=Does Switzerland really date back to 1291? A fresh look at the country's origins |sitioweb=Swiss National Museum |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Switza| ]] 24jxl3plcbhv3fohhopod96i0knpw08 Historia de Liechtenstein 0 62304 704642 2026-10-17T09:31:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Liechtenstein''' es le historia del formation e evolution de un parve principato alpine que deveniva un Stato souveran in le seculo XIX e que conserva hodie un monarchia constitutional hereditaria con institutiones democratic e parlamentar. Le territorio actual se formava per le union del Comitato de Vaduz e del Dominio de Schellenberg, reunite in 1719 per un decision del imperator del [[Sacro Imperio Roman]]. Le princip...” 704642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Liechtenstein''' es le historia del formation e evolution de un parve principato alpine que deveniva un Stato souveran in le seculo XIX e que conserva hodie un monarchia constitutional hereditaria con institutiones democratic e parlamentar. Le territorio actual se formava per le union del Comitato de Vaduz e del Dominio de Schellenberg, reunite in 1719 per un decision del imperator del [[Sacro Imperio Roman]]. Le principato attingeva le souveranitate in 1806, durante le dissolution del Sacro Imperio, e consolidava su position international in le seculo XIX.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://liechtenstein-institut.li/news/300-jahre-furstentum-liechtenstein |titulo=300 Jahre Fürstentum Liechtenstein |sitioweb=Liechtenstein-Institut |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia politic del pais es marcate per le evolution del relationes inter le Principe e le population, le adoption del Constitution de 1921, le union economic con [[Suissa]] e le transformation de un societate predominantemente agricole in un economia industrial e de servicios. Le suffragio feminin esseva introducite al nivello national in 1984, e un reforma constitutional de 2003 modificava le equilibrio inter le poter del Principe e le institutiones democratic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.landtag.li/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Liechtenstein es situate in le valle del [[Rheno]], al margine oriental del Alpes. Su position geografic lo poneva in contactto con le regiones del actual Suissa, Austria e del sud de Germania. Le vestigios archeologic indica que le region esseva habitate desde le prehistoria. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio faceva parte del mundo celtic e, post le expansion roman, esseva integrate in le structuras del [[Imperio roman]]. Le proximita al Rheno e al passages alpine favorava le circulation de personas, mercantias e influentias cultural. Post le transformation del Imperio roman occidental durante le seculo V, le region passava sub le influentia de differente populos germanic. Durante le seculos sequente, le territorio esseva integrate in le structuras politic del Imperio carolingian e del [[Sacro Imperio Roman]]. == Medievo == === Formation del territorios de Vaduz e Schellenberg === Durante le Medievo, le territorio del actual Liechtenstein non constitueva un Stato independente. Illo esseva repartite inter dominios feudal e territorios dependente del autoritates del Sacro Imperio Roman. Le Comitato de Vaduz e le Dominio de Schellenberg deveniva duo territorios distincte, con lor proprie historia administrative e relationes feudal. Le Comitato de Vaduz esseva un territorio governate per un comite, durante que Schellenberg esseva un dominio imperial. Le territorios passava per diverse cambios de proprietate e de autoritate. Lor position in le quadro del Sacro Imperio les dava un statuto juridic particular, que plus tarde permitteva lor union in un principato imperial. === Le Casa de Liechtenstein e le acquisition del territorios === Le [[Casa de Liechtenstein]] obteneva su nomine del castello de Liechtenstein, situate in le actual Austria. Durante plure seculos, le membros del dynastia possedeva territorios in differente partes del Europa central, ma illes non disponeva inicialmente de un territorio imperial que les permitteva obtener le rango de principe imperial con voto proprie in le structura del Sacro Imperio. Le Principe Johann Adam Andreas I de Liechtenstein acquireva le Dominio de Schellenberg in 1699. In 1712, ille acquireva etiam le Comitato de Vaduz. Le acquisitiones reuniva duo territorios vicin que poteva esser elevate al rango de principato imperial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=4211732a6f221000996d610c1957690b |titulo=Fürst und Volk: Geschichte Liechtensteins |sitioweb=Fürst und Volk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Creation del Principato de Liechtenstein (1719) === Le 23 de januario 1719, le imperator [[Carlo VI del Sacro Imperio Roman]] emetteva un decreto que univa le Comitato de Vaduz e le Dominio de Schellenberg e los elevava al rango de Principato imperial de Liechtenstein. Le nove territorio recipeva le nomine del dynastia regnante. Iste evento es considerate le momento fundational del principato como entitate politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://liechtenstein-institut.li/news/300-jahre-furstentum-liechtenstein |titulo=300 Jahre Fürstentum Liechtenstein |sitioweb=Liechtenstein-Institut |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le principato esseva un membro del Sacro Imperio Roman, con un statuto imperial proprie. Tamen, le principes de Liechtenstein continuava a viver principalmente in lor possessiones in Austria e in le territorios del monarchia habsburgic, e le administration quotidian del principato esseva exercite per representantes e officials local. Le population remaneva predominantemente rural. Agricultura, allevamento e exploitation del recursos local formava le base del economia, durante que le organisation politic restava fortemente influentiate per le autoritate del Principe. === Guerras napoleonian e souveranitate (1799–1815) === Le [[Guerras napoleonian]] transformava profundemente le structura politic del Europa central. Durante le guerras contra Francia, le territorio de Liechtenstein esseva affectate per le operationes militar e le passaggio de tropas. In 1799, le invasion francese provocava damnos in plure localitates. In 1806, post le dissolution del Sacro Imperio Roman, Liechtenstein entrava in le [[Confederation del Rheno]], un alliantia de Statos germanic sub le protection de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. Iste evolution le dava formalmente le statuto de Stato souveran. Le Principe non esseva plus sub le autoritate superior del imperator del Sacro Imperio, ben que le principato remaneva fortemente influentiate per le politica francese.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.fuerstundvolk.li/fuv/fuv.do?site=4211732a6f221000996d610c1957690b |titulo=Fürst und Volk: Geschichte Liechtensteins |sitioweb=Fürst und Volk |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le fin del epocha napoleonian, Liechtenstein entrava in le Confederation German in 1815, un alliantia de Statos germanic presedite per Austria. Le participation in iste organisation limitava certe aspectos del autonomia exterior del principato, ma le souveranitate formal del pais esseva recognoscite. Le Confederation German esseva dissolvite in 1866, post le guerra austro-prussian. == Etate contemporanee == === Constitutiones e evolution del representation politic === Le constitution de 1818, promulgate per le Principe Johann I, establiva un Landtag con competentias limitate, principalment approbar demandas fiscal. Le revoluciones de 1848 non ostante demandava reformas, que le Principe revocava in 1852. Le 26 de septembre 1862, un nove constitution marcava le transition verso un monarchia constitutional con un Landtag legislative. === Souveranitate plenari e fin del Confederation German (1866) === Le dissolvimento del Confederation German in 1866 marcava le plenari souveranitate de Liechtenstein, le qual dissolveva su armea in 1868 pro rationes financiari, affirmando su neutralitate. === Transformation economic e relationes con Suissa === Al fin del seculo XIX e initio del seculo XX, Liechtenstein comenciava a industrialisar se. Le 29 de martio 1923, un tractato de union doganal con Suissa (entrate in vigor in 1924) establiva un spatio economic commun e adoptava le franc suisse. === Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le Constitution de 1921 === Le Prime Guerra Mundial isolava Liechtenstein de Austria, stimulant le creation de partidos politic in 1918 e le adoption del Constitution de 1921 le 5 de octobre 1921, definiente le pais como un monarchia constitutional democratica et parlamentar.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.stgh.li/history |titulo=History of the Constitutional Court |sitioweb=Staatsgerichtshof des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.landtag.li/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Secunde Guerra Mundial (1939–1945) === Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Liechtenstein manteneva su neutralitate e preservava su independentia gratias al cooperation con Suissa. === Postguerra, disveloppamento economic e suffragio feminin === Post le guerra, le pais passava per un rapide industrialisation e disveloppamento del servicios financiari. Post referendos fallite in 1971 e 1973, le suffragio feminin esseva finalmente introducite in 1984.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.landtag.li/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes international e integration === Liechtenstein deveniva membro del Consilio de Europa in 1978, del ONU in 1990,<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://liechtenstein-institut.li/news/300-jahre-furstentum-liechtenstein |titulo=300 Jahre Fürstentum Liechtenstein |sitioweb=Liechtenstein-Institut |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> del EFTA in 1991, e del Spatio Economic Europee (SEE) in 1995. === Reforma constitutional de 2003 === In 2003, un referendum approbava un reforma constitutional que augmentava certe competentias del Principe, suscitante intense debattes super le equilibrio de poderes. === Liechtenstein contemporanee === Hodie, Liechtenstein combina un monarchia hereditaria con institutiones democratic e un economia de alte valor addite, mantenente strette ligamines con Suissa e le integration europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Liechtenstein| ]] 1ap49pqnyb582vabn05wdppaknt7bcr Categoria:Historia de Liechtenstein 14 62305 704643 2026-10-17T09:31:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Liechtenstein]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Liechtenstein]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] ar55raw6wechowllqchkl8avvzsz2d3 Historia de Ukraina 0 62306 704645 2026-10-17T09:38:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Ukraina''' es le historia del evolution de un territorio situate in Europa oriental, al intersection de influentias cultural, politic e economic proveniente del Europa central, del mundo del [[Mar Nere]] e del steppes eurasiatic. Le region ha essite le sede de societates prehistoric, de principatos medieval, del [[Rus de Kiev]], de formationes politic del [[Granducato de Lituania]] e del [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]], d...” 704645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Ukraina''' es le historia del evolution de un territorio situate in Europa oriental, al intersection de influentias cultural, politic e economic proveniente del Europa central, del mundo del [[Mar Nere]] e del steppes eurasiatic. Le region ha essite le sede de societates prehistoric, de principatos medieval, del [[Rus de Kiev]], de formationes politic del [[Granducato de Lituania]] e del [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]], del [[Hetmanato cosac]] e de territorios incorporate in le [[Imperio russo]] e in le [[Imperio austro-hungaric]]. Le formation del identitate national ucrainian se developpava specialmente durante le seculos XIX e XX. Le [[Revolution ucrainian de 1917–1921]] conduceva al proclamation de plure entitates statal ucrainian, includente le [[Republica Popular Ucrainian]] e le [[Republica Popular de Ukraina Occidental]]. Le major parte del territorio deveniva postea parte del [[Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina]], un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. Le 24 de augusto 1991, le Parlamento ucrainian proclamava le independentia, confirmate per referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/I/HistoryofUkraine.htm |titulo=History of Ukraine |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1427-12?lang=en |titulo=On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine |sitioweb=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Desde 2014, le pais ha essite confrontate a un conflicto armate con Russia, comenciate con le occupation e annexion de Crimea per Russia e le guerra in le Donbas. Le 24 de februario 2022, Russia initiava un invasion a grande scala, que continua a haber consequentias territorial, humanitari, economic e international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9476/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014–eve of 2022 invasion) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9847/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (current conflict, 2022–present) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Ukraina ha essite habitate desde le Paleolithic. Le vestigios archeologic indica le presentia de gruppos de chassatores e collectores, qui se adaptava al ambientes del steppes, del forestas e del vallea del [[Dnieper]]. Durante le Neolithic, le agricultura e le allevamento se diffundeva in plure regiones. Inter le culturas prehistoric plus cognoscite se trova le cultura de Cucuteni–Trypillia, developpate inter le fin del quinto e le tertie millennio a.C. in partes del actual Ukraina, Moldavia e Romania. Su settlementos poteva esser extendite e comprendeva habitationes, ceramica elaborate e un agricultura organisate. Le steppes del sud deveniva un spatio de passage e de contactto inter communitates agricole e populos nomadic. Durante le seculos sequente, le region esseva associate con le Cimmerios, le Scythos e le Sarmatas, inter altere gruppos mentionate in fontes antique. == Antiquitate == Durante le prime millennio a.C., le costa septentrional del [[Mar Nere]] recipeva colonos grec qui fundava portos e citates commercial. Inter le centros plus importante se trovava [[Chersoneso]], [[Olbia]] e altere settlementos del costa crimean e del region del Bug e del Dnieper inferior. Le contactos inter le citates grec, le populos del steppes e le societates agricole interior favorava le commercio de cereales, pisces, metalles e altere productos. Le region faceva parte de un rete commercial que ligava le Mar Nere al Mediterraneo. Le [[Regno del Bosforo]] e altere entitates politic del region manteneva relationes con le mundo grec e roman. Durante le expansion del [[Imperio roman]], le partes meridional del territorio ucrainian esseva influentiate per le commercio e le politica del imperio, ben que le major parte del interior non esseva incorporate permanentemente in le administration roman. == Medievo == === Formation del communitates slavic === Durante le prime seculos del era christian, le steppes e le regiones forestal del Europa oriental esseva traversate per numerose migrationes. Inter le populos associate a iste periodo se trova le Gothos, le Hunos, le Avaros e altere confederationes nomadic. Le communitates slavic se diffundeva in grande partes del Europa oriental durante le prime medietate del prime millennio. In le territorio del actual Ukraina, le gruppos slavic developpava settlementos agricole e formas de organisation local. Le relationes con Byzantio, le populos del steppes e le routes commercial del Dnieper contribuiva al formation de nove structuras politic. Durante le seculos VIII e IX, le commerciantes e guerreros scandinave, cognoscite in multe fontes como varegos, participava al rete commercial e politic que ligava le Mar Baltic al Mar Nere. Le combination de communitates slavic, elites varege e contactos con Byzantio contribuiva al formation del Rus de Kiev. === Rus de Kiev === Le Rus de Kiev esseva un entitate politic medieval que se developpava durante le seculos IX e X e que includeva partes del actual Ukraina, Belarus e Russia occidental. Kiev deveniva un centro politic e commercial importante super le Dnieper, in un position strategic inter le Europa septentrional e Byzantio. Secundo le chronicas medieval, le prince Oleg assumeva le controlo de Kiev in 882 e faceva del citate un centro del Rus. Le historia del prime dynastias e del formation del Stato es objecto de discussion inter historicos, specialmente concernente le rolo relative del elites scandinave e del communitates slavic local.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/I/HistoryofUkraine.htm |titulo=History of Ukraine |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Rus de Kiev developpava un administration principesque, un rete de citates e relationes diplomatic e commercial con Byzantio, Europa central e altere regiones. Le Dnieper deveniva un via de communication importante, e Kiev cresceva como centro politic, religiose e cultural. Un evento central del historia del Rus esseva le adoption del christianismo byzantin per le prince Vladimir le Grande. Tradicionalmente, le christianisation del Rus es datate a circa 988. Le nove religion fortificava le relationes con Byzantio e contribuiva al disveloppamento de institutiones ecclesiastic, litteratura e arte religiose. Durante le regno de Jaroslav le Sage (1019–1054), Kiev attingeva un periodo de grande influentia politic e cultural. Le prince promovava le construction de ecclesias, le legislation e le relationes dynastic con altere casas regnante europee. Le [[Catedral de Sancta Sofia de Kiev]] es un del monumentos plus importante associate a iste periodo. Post le morte de Jaroslav e de su successores, le rivalitates dynastic e le augmento del potentia de centros regional contribuiva al fragmentation del Rus in plure principatos. Kiev remaneva un centro prestigiose, ma le potentia politic esseva repartite inter differentes dynastias e citates. In le seculo XIII, le invasiones mongol devastava grande partes del Europa oriental. In 1240, le fortias mongol occupava e destruiva Kiev. Le conquestas modificava profundemente le structuras politic e economic del region. Plure principatos deveniva tributarios del [[Horda de Oro]], durante que altere territorios cercava protection o alliantias con potentias vicin. === Principato de Galicia–Volinia e Granducato de Lituania === Post le declino del potentia de Kiev, le principatos de Galicia e Volinia manteneva un rolo importante in le Europa oriental. In le fin del seculo XII e durante le seculo XIII, illos esseva reunite sub un dynastia que promoveva le consolidation politic e le relationes con Europa central. Le Principato de Galicia–Volinia manteneva relationes con Polonia, Hungaria e altere potentias regional. Durante le seculo XIV, su territorios esseva incorporate gradualmente in le structuras politic del [[Regno de Polonia]] e del [[Granducato de Lituania]]. Le Granducato de Lituania se expandiva durante le seculos XIII e XIV e incorporate grande partes del territorios del ancian Rus. Le populationes ruthenian — ancestors historic de plure populos slavic oriental contemporanee — manteneva lor linguas, traditiones religiose e practicas administrative in iste Stato multietnic. Le linguas de tradition ruthenian habeva un rolo importante in le administration del Granducato. Le structura politic permitteva un combination de traditiones lituan, ruthenian e local, ben que le relationes de poter e le conditiones del population variava inter regiones. === Commonwealth polaco-lituan e dominios regional === In 1569, le Union de Lublin reuniva le Regno de Polonia e le Granducato de Lituania in le [[Commonwealth polaco-lituan]]. Le territorios ucrainian del rive dextre del Dnieper e plure regiones del actual Ukraina central passava sub le administration directe del Corona polonese. Le cambiamento institutional favorava le disveloppamento de grande proprietates agricole e le expansion del economia cerealistic. Le nobiles polonese e ruthenian possedeva extensas terras, durante que le campesinos subiva obligationes feudal. Le relationes inter proprietarios, population rural, ecclesia orthodoxe e institutiones del Commonwealth deveniva un fonte persistente de tension. Le Union de Brest de 1596 conduceva parte del ecclesia orthodoxe local a entrar in communion con Roma, dando origine al tradition grec-catholic ucrainian. Le decision provocava conflictos religiose e institutional, specialmente inter communitates orthodoxe e grec-catholic. Le cosacos zaporogianos deveniva un importante fortia militar e social in le region del Dnieper. Illes reuniva guerreros, campesinos fugitive e altere habitantes del frontieras del Commonwealth. Lor organisation militar e lor participation in expeditiones contra le Tartares de Crimea e le Imperio Ottoman les dava un rolo central in le politica regional. Le cosacos developpava institutiones proprie e exigiva recognition de lor libertates, privilegios e autonomia. Lor relationes con le autoritates polonese variava inter cooperation, negotiation e rebellion. === Hetmanato cosac e guerra del seculo XVII === In 1648, le cosaco Bohdan Khmelnytsky initiava un grande insurrection contra le autoritate del Commonwealth polaco-lituan. Le rebellion recipeva supporto de partes importante del population rural e de sectores orthodoxe. Le conflicto provocava un guerra de grande extension e modificava le equilibrio politic del Europa oriental. Khmelnytsky establiva un formation politic e militar cosac que deveniva cognoscite como le Hetmanato cosac. Le nove entitate possedeva institutiones proprie, un administration militar e civil e un forte identitate orthodoxe. In 1654, le accordos de Pereiaslav ligava le Hetmanato al Tsarato de Russia per un arrangemento de protection e allegiance que le partes interpretava de maniera differente. Le relationes inter le cosacos e le autoritates moscovite deveniva postea un fonte de conflictos super le autonomia del Hetmanato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/E/Hetmanate.htm |titulo=Hetmanate |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra e le rivalitates inter Russia, Polonia-Lituania, le Imperio Ottoman, le Khanato de Crimea e le differente factiones cosac produceva un periodo de instabilitate cognoscite como le Ruina. Le accordo de Andrusovo de 1667 repartiva le territorios del Hetmanato inter le Commonwealth e Russia, con le rive sinistre del Dnieper principalmente sub controlo russo e le rive dextre restate in grande parte sub influentia polonese. Durante le annos sequente, le autonomia del Hetmanato se reduceva gradualmente. Le Hetman Ivan Mazepa se alliava con le rege svedese Carlo XII durante le Grande Guerra del Nord, cercante a limitar le dependentia del Hetmanato de Russia. Le derrota svedese-cosac in le battalia de Poltava in 1709 e le destruction de Baturyn per le fortias de Petro I debilitava ulteriormente le autonomia cosac. Durante le seculo XVIII, le Imperio russo incorporate gradualmente le territorios del Hetmanato. Le Hetmanato esseva abolite in 1764, e le [[Sich de Zaporozhia]] esseva dissolvite in 1775. Le administration imperial introduceva reformas que reduceva le institutiones autonome cosac e augmentava le integration del territorios in le structuras del imperio. == Etate moderne == === Partitions del Commonwealth e Imperios russo e austro-hungaric === Durante le partitions del Commonwealth polaco-lituan in 1772, 1793 e 1795, le territorios ucrainian esseva repartite inter le Imperio russo e le Monarchia habsburgic. Le major parte del Ukraina central e oriental deveniva parte del Imperio russo, durante que Galicia passava sub le administration habsburgic. Le regiones del oeste e del est evolueva assi sub sistemas administrative, juridic e cultural differente. In Galicia, le autoritates habsburgic introduceva reformas administrative e educational e permitteva certe formas de activitate cultural ruthenian. In le Imperio russo, le administration imperial cercava a integrar le territorios ucrainian e, durante plure periodos, restringeva le uso public del lingua ucrainian. == Etate contemporanee == === Nationalismo e revival cultural del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, un movimento de revival cultural ucrainian se developpava inter intellectuales, scriptores, historicos e educatores. Le studio del folklore, del historia cosac e del lingua vernacular contribuiva al formation de un identitate national moderne. Inter le figuras plus importante se trova le poeta Taras Shevchenko, cuje obras explorava le historia, le cultura e le condition social del population ucrainian. Le scriptor e historico Mykhailo Hrushevsky deveniva ulteriormente un figura importante del historiographia e del movimento politic ucrainian. Le conditiones del disveloppamento cultural variava inter le imperios. In le Imperio russo, le circular de Valuev de 1863 e le decreto de Ems de 1876 restringeva le publication e le uso public de materiales in lingua ucrainian. In Galicia, le activitate cultural ucrainian habeva plus spatio institutional, ben que illo remaneva sub le structura politic habsburgic. Le industrialisation del seculo XIX transformava le Donbas, le region del Dnieper e altere areas del Ukraina oriental. Le extraction de carbon, le metallurgia e le construction de vias ferrate attraheva laboratores e investitiones, durante que le agricultura remaneva central in multe regiones. === Revolution de 1917–1921 e prime tentativas de independentia === Le [[Revolution de februario de 1917]] in Russia provocava le disintegration del autoritate imperial e permitteva le apparition de nove institutiones politic in Ukraina. In Kiev esseva create le Rada Central Ucrainian, un organo representative que inicialmente reclamava autonomia in un Russia reformate. In novembre 1917, post le revolution bolchevic in Petrograd, le Rada proclamava le Republica Popular Ucrainian. Le conflicto con le governamento bolchevic e le guerra in le territorio conduceva al proclamation de independentia in januario 1918. Le Republica Popular Ucrainian cercava recognition international e concludeva le Tractato de Brest-Litovsk in februario 1918 con le Potentias Central. Le accordo conduceva al interventione de fortias german e austro-hungaric, ma le situation militar e politic remaneva instabile. In april 1918, le general Pavlo Skoropadsky assumeva le poter con le supporto de partes del establishment militar e del Potentias Central, proclamante le Stato ucrainian sub le forma de un Hetmanato. Su governamento tentava a restabilir le administration, le proprietate e le ordine, ma recipeva opposition de plure movimentos politic e social. Post le derrota del Potentias Central in le Prime Guerra Mundial, Skoropadsky perdeva le supporto que susteneva su regime. In decembre 1918, le Directorio restabliva le Republica Popular Ucrainian. Le annos 1918–1921 esseva marcate per guerras inter le fortias ucrainian, bolchevic, blanc-russe, polonese e altere actores regional. In novembre 1918, post le dissolution del Imperio austro-hungaric, le Republica Popular de Ukraina Occidental esseva proclamate in Galicia oriental, con Lviv como un de su centros principal. Le nove republica entrava in guerra con Polonia pro le controlo del territorio. In januario 1919, le Republica Popular Ucrainian e le Republica Popular de Ukraina Occidental proclamava un union, ma le guerra e le difficultates militar impediva le integration completemente effective del duo entitates. Le guerras de independentia terminava con le derrota del major parte del formationes statal ucrainian. Le Tractato de Riga de 1921 repartiva le territorios disputate inter Polonia e le Russia sovietic e Ukraina sovietic. Le Transcarpatia deveniva parte de Czechoslovachia, durante que Bucovina remaneva sub Romania.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://uinp.gov.ua/aktualni-temy/ukrayinska-revolyuciya-1917-1921-rokiv |titulo=Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921 |sitioweb=Ukrainian Institute of National Memory |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Ukraina sovietic (1921–1939) === Le major parte del territorio ucrainian deveniva parte del Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina (RSSU), un republica del Union Sovietic. Le capital esseva Kyiv, ben que Kharkiv habeva servite como capital durante le prime annos del republica sovietic. Durante le annos 1920, le politica sovietic de ucrainisation promoveva le uso del lingua ucrainian in le education, le administration e le cultura. Le politica favorava un renaissance cultural, ma esseva gradualmente abandonate durante le consolidation del poter de [[Josef Stalin]]. Al fin del annos 1920 e al initio del annos 1930, le regime sovietic imponeva collectivisation del agricultura e requisitiones de productos agricole. Le opposition al collectivisation e le politicas de requisition provocava repression, deportationes e un crisi alimentari devastante. Durante 1932–1933, un famine de grande extension affectava Ukraina e altere partes del Union Sovietic. In Ukraina, le famine es cognoscite como le Holodomor. Milliones de personas moriva; le numero exacte es subjecte a variationes inter le estimationes historic. Le responsabilitate del regime stalinista e le interpretation juridic e historic del famine remane un thema de investigation e debatte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/H/O/Holodomor.htm |titulo=Holodomor |sitioweb=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le mesme periodo, le autoritates sovietic intensificava le repression contra intellectuales, clericos, dirigentes politic e altere gruppos considerate suspecte. Le collectivisation e le repression modificava profundemente le societate rural e le structuras cultural ucrainian. === Secunde Guerra Mundial e occupation (1939–1945) === In septembre 1939, post le invasion german de Polonia e le accordo germano-sovietic, le Union Sovietic occupava le regiones oriental de Polonia, includente partes de Galicia e Volinia, que esseva incorporate in le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina. In junio 1941, Germania nazista invadeva le Union Sovietic. Le territorio ucrainian deveniva un del principal teatros del guerra in Europa oriental. Le occupation german provocava destructiones massive, deportationes al labor forzate e le extermination del major parte del population judeo in numerose regiones. Le [[Holocausto in Ukraina]] involveva le asesinato de centenas de milles de judeos per le Einsatzgruppen, altere unitates german e collaboratores local. Le massacro de [[Babyn Yar]] in Kiev, in septembre 1941, deveniva un del symbolos del extermination de judeos in le territorio ucrainian. Le resistance includeva gruppos partigian sovietic e formationes national ucrainian, inter illes le [[Armata Insurgent Ucrainian]] (UPA), que habeva objectivos politic proprie e participava in conflictos con differente actores. Le relationes inter le movimentos national ucrainian, le autoritates german e le resistance sovietic variava in le curso del guerra e esseva marcate per violentia e conflicts inter gruppos. Le [[Operation Bagration]] e le offensivas sovietic del 1943–1944 conduceva al reconquista le major parte del territorio ucrainian per le Armata Rubie. Le guerra causava enormes perdas human e material, includente le destruction de citates, villages e infrastructuras. === Ukraina postguerra in le Union Sovietic === Post 1945, le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina participava al reconstruction del Union Sovietic. Le industria pesada, le metallurgia, le extraction de carbon e le production de energia deveniva elementos central del economia, specialmente in le Donbas e le region del Dnieper. Ukraina esseva un del membros fundatores del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1945, con un sede distincte del Union Sovietic in le Assemblea General. Tamen, le politica exterior e le major parte del decisiones strategic remaneva sub le controlo del autoritates central sovietic. In 1954, le Peninsula de [[Crimea]] esseva transferite del Republica Socialista Sovietic de Russia al Republica Socialista Sovietic de Ukraina per un decision del autoritates sovietic. Le transferentia esseva effectuate intra le Union Sovietic, e le peninsula remaneva in le mesme Stato sovietic usque al dissolution del Union. === Chernobyl e le crise del systema sovietic === Le 26 de april 1986, un explosion e incendio al reactor numero 4 del Centrale Nuclear de Chernobyl, in nord-Ukraina, causava le liberation de material radioactiv. Le accidente deveniva un del plus grave disastres nuclear del historia. Le contamination affectava large areas de Ukraina, Belarus e altere partes del Europa. Le responsa initial del autoritates sovietic esseva criticata per le retardos in le communication public e le evacuation de populationes. Le disastre contribuiva al augmento del discontento social e al questionamento del administration sovietic. Durante le annos 1980, le reformas de [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] e le disveloppamento de movimentos civic e national permitteva un expansion del debattes public super le lingua, le historia, le ambiente e le autonomia politic. Le Rukh Popular de Ukraina, fundate in 1989, deveniva un movimento importante del revival national. === Souveranitate e independentia (1990–1991) === Le 16 de julio 1990, le Parlamento ucrainian adoptava un declaration de souveranitate estatal. Le documento afirmava le primatia del lege ucrainian in le territorio del republica e establiva le base juridic pro le future independentia. Le tentativa de golpe de Stato in Moscova in augusto 1991 accelerava le disintegration del Union Sovietic. Le 24 de augusto 1991, le Verkhovna Rada proclamava le independentia de Ukraina. Le decision esseva confirmate per un referendum national le 1 de decembre 1991, quando le majoritate del votantes supportava le independentia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1427-12?lang=en |titulo=On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine |sitioweb=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dissolution del Union Sovietic in decembre 1991 faceva de Ukraina un Stato independent. Le nove republica recipeva recognition international e comenciava a establir su proprie institutiones, politica exterior e systema economic. === Ukraina independente (1991–2013) === Post le independentia, Ukraina affrontava le transition de un economia planificate a un economia de mercato, le disveloppamento de institutiones democratic e le definition de su relationes con Russia, Europa e le altere Statos post-sovietic. Le prime presidente, Leonid Kravchuk, exerceva le cargo desde 1991 usque a 1994. Le Constitution adoptate in 1996 defini Ukraina como un republica e establi le structura del presidentia, del Parlamento unicameral e del judiciario. Le transformation economic esseva marcate per inflation, privatization, reduction de production e augmento del disigualitate durante le annos 1990. Durante le decennios sequente, le economia se stabilisava in parte, ma le corruption, le influentia de gruppos economic potente e le debattes super le direction geopolitic del pais continuava a marcar le politica national. Le election presidential de 2004 provocava un crise politic post accusationes de fraude e protestas massive. Le demonstrationes, cognoscite como le Revolution Orange, reclamava un nove scrutinio e le observantia del proceduras electoral. Post un decision judicial, le secunde turno esseva repetite, e Viktor Yushchenko esseva eligite presidente. Le eventos deveniva un momento importante del politica civic ucrainian e del debattes super le electiones, le corruption e le relationes con Russia e le Union Europee. === Euromaidan, Crimea e guerra in le Donbas (2013–2021) === In novembre 2013, le governamento del presidente Viktor Yanukovych decideva non signar le accordo de association con le Union Europee que habeva essite preparate. Le decision provocava demonstrationes in Kyiv e altere citates, cognoscite como Euromaidan. Le protestas se intensificava durante le inverno de 2013–2014 e deveniva violente in februario 2014. Yanukovych abandonava le capital e le Parlamento adoptava decisiones que conduceva a un cambio de governamento. Le eventos esseva interpretate de maniera differente in Ukraina e al exterior, e le crise politic aggravava le relationes con Russia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9476/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014–eve of 2022 invasion) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In februario e martio 2014, fortias russe prendeva le controlo de locos strategic in le Peninsula de Crimea, que esseva parte de Ukraina. Post un referendum organisate sub controlo russe, Russia incorporava Crimea in su territorio. Ukraina e le major parte del communitate international non recognosceva le annexion. Le eventos provocava sanctiones international contra Russia e alterava le relationes securitari in Europa. Le questione del statuto de Crimea remaneva un elemento central del conflicto inter Ukraina e Russia. In 2014, gruppos armate separatista prendeva le controlo de partes del regiones de Donetsk e Luhansk, con supporto russe. Le governamento ucrainian initiava operationes militar pro restabilir su controlo, e le conflicto deveniva un guerra prolongate. Le accordos de Minsk de 2014 e 2015 cercava a stabilir un cessate le foco e un quadro politic pro le resolution del conflicto, ma le implementation esseva incomplete e le combattimentos continuava. Le guerra causava mortes, displaciamento de population e damnos al infrastructuras in le Donbas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9476/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (2014–eve of 2022 invasion) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Invasion russe a grande scala (desde 2022) === Le 24 de februario 2022, Russia initiava un invasion a grande scala de Ukraina, con offensivas desde Russia, Belarus e le territorios de Crimea sub controlo russe. Le invasion representava un expansion major del guerra comenciate in 2014. Le fortias russe tentava a avanzar verso Kyiv e altere citates, ma le resistentia ucrainian impediva le captura del capital. Durante le primavera de 2022, le fortias russe se retirava de partes del nord de Ukraina, durante que le combattimentos continuava in le sud e in le est. Le assedio e captura de Mariupol, le offensivas in le Donbas e le contraoffensivas ucrainian in le regiones de Kharkiv e Kherson marcava le prime annos del invasion. In septembre 2022, Russia proclamava le annexion de Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia e Kherson, territorios que illa non controllava integremente. Le annexiones non es recognoscite per Ukraina e le major parte del communitate international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9847/ |titulo=Conflict in Ukraine: A timeline (current conflict, 2022–present) |sitioweb=House of Commons Library |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha causate grande perdas human, displaciamento de milliones de personas e damnos extensive a citates, habitationes, infrastructuras energetic e services public. Le Nationes Unite ha documentate violationes del derectos human e graves effectos super le population civil.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://ukraine.ohchr.org/en/Four-years-since-the-full%E2%80%91scale-invasion-of-Ukraine-key-facts-and-findings-February-2026 |titulo=Four years since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine: key facts and findings |sitioweb=United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le annos 2022–2026, le conflicto continua a influentiar le politica exterior ucrainian, le relationes con le Union Europee e NATO, le mobilization militar e le reconstruction economic. Le negotiationes international e le efforts diplomatic pro attinger un cessate le foco e un accordo de pace ha continuate, ma le guerra non habeva terminate al data de iste articulo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statements/2026-02-23/statement-the-secretary-general-the-occasion-of-the-fourth-anniversary-of-the-russian-federations-full-scale-invasion-of-ukraine |titulo=Statement on the fourth anniversary of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Ukraina| ]] 8nwx2jz699bop60uoy0sjsynxhfbfn3 Categoria:Historia de Ukraina 14 62307 704646 2026-10-17T09:38:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Ukraina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Ukraina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] sz2xg07lc02s64uojbzmft7bk2rs7x4 Historia de Romania 0 62308 704649 2026-10-17T09:53:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Romania''' es le historia del formation e evolution de un pais del Europa sud-oriental, situate al basse Danubio, al costa del [[Mar Nere]] e al regiones del [[Carpathos]]. Le territorio ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e esseva marcate in le Antiquitate per le civilisationes dacian e per le expansion del [[Imperio roman]]. Durante le Medievo, le principal entitates politic del region deveniva le principatos de ...” 704649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Romania''' es le historia del formation e evolution de un pais del Europa sud-oriental, situate al basse Danubio, al costa del [[Mar Nere]] e al regiones del [[Carpathos]]. Le territorio ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e esseva marcate in le Antiquitate per le civilisationes dacian e per le expansion del [[Imperio roman]]. Durante le Medievo, le principal entitates politic del region deveniva le principatos de [[Valachia]] e [[Moldavia]], assi como le territorio de [[Transylvania]], que evolveva sub un trajectoria politic distincte. Le Stato romanian moderne se formava in 1859, quando Moldavia e Valachia eligiva le mesme principe, [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], e comenciava a unificar lor institutiones. Romania obteneva su independentia del Imperio Ottoman in 1877–1878 e deveniva un regno in 1881. Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, le union con [[Transylvania]], [[Bucovina]] e [[Bessarabia]] expandiva le territorio del pais. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Romania perdeva e recuperava territorios e cambiava de alliantia; post 1947, illo deveniva un republica popular sub un regime communista. Le [[Revolution romanian de 1989]] terminava le regime de [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] e initiava le transition verso un systema democratic e un economia de mercato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumania |titulo=Rumania |sitioweb=Encyclopædia Britannica, ed. 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-romania/8F6CFA28F3A9F8309E7212866516404F |titulo=A Concise History of Romania |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Romania possede numerose vestigios de habitation human desde le Paleolithic. Le conditiones geographic, con planuras, collinas, montanias e accesso al Danubio e al Mar Nere, favorava le disveloppamento de communitates de chassatores, collectores e, plus tarde, agricultores. Durante le Neolithic e le Eneolithic, le agricultura, le allevamento e le fabrication de ceramica se diffundeva in le region. Le cultura de [[Cucuteni–Trypillia]], developpate in partes del actual Romania, Moldavia e Ucraina, es un del exemplos plus importante de iste periodo. Su settlementos, ceramica decorate e practicas agricole monstra le existentia de societates con un organisation economic e cultural elaborate. Durante le Etate del Bronze e del Ferro, le communitates del region participava in redes de intercambio que ligava le Europa central, le Balcanes e le steppes del Mar Nere. Le developpamento de technicas metalurgic e le formation de elites local contribuiva al apparition de structuras politic plus complexe. == Antiquitate == === Le Dacios e le Getas === In le prime millennio a.C., le regiones al nord del basse Danubio esseva habitate per populos que le autores grec e roman cognosceva como [[Dacios]] e [[Getas]]. Illes parlava linguas del gruppo tracian e manteneva relationes commercial e politic con le colonias grec del Mar Nere e con le potentias mediterranee. Le Dacios developpava settlementos fortificate, agricultura, metallurgia e structuras de poter regional. Durante le seculo I a.C., le rege [[Burebista]] reuniava plure tribos e establiva un regno extensive que exercitava influentia in partes del Europa sud-oriental. Post su morte, circa 44 a.C., le regno se fragmentava in plure entitates. In le fin del seculo I d.C., le rege [[Decebalus]] reunificava partes importante del territorio dacian e resisteva al expansion roman. Le conflitos inter Dacia e Roma culminava in duo guerras durante le regno del imperator [[Trajan]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1718/ |titulo=Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Conquista roman e provincia de Dacia === In 106 d.C., post le secunde guerra dacian, le imperio roman annexava le nucleo del regno de Decebalus e establiva le provincia de [[Dacia]]. Le provincia comprendeva partes del actual Transylvania, Banat e Oltenia. Le regiones del sud del Danubio, includente partes de Dobruja, habeva essite incorporate anteriorimente in provincias roman. Le administration roman introduceva institutiones, vias, fortificationes, centros urban e nove formas de exploitation economic. Le extraction de auro e altere minerales, specialmente in le Carpathos occidental, habeva un importantia considerabile. Colonos e soldatos proveniente de differente partes del Imperio se establiva in Dacia, contribuente al diffusion del latino. Le periodo de domination roman in le provincia terminava durante le regno de [[Aurelian]], quando le administration e le major parte del fortias roman se retirava circa 271–275 d.C. Le frontiera del Imperio se retraheva al sud del Danubio, ben que le contactos economic e cultural inter le regiones continuava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1718/ |titulo=Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le question de continuitate inter le populationes daco-roman del Antiquitate e le formation del romanianos medieval es un subjecto de discussion inter historicos. Le diffusion del latino e le evolution posterior del lingua romanian es elementos central del historia linguistic del region, ma le details del disveloppamento demografic post le retrait roman non es establite con certezza in tote le aspectos. == Medievo == === Migrationes e le prime Medievo === Post le fin del administration roman in Dacia, le region esseva traversate per numerose populos e confederationes, includente Gothos, Hunos, Gepidos, Avaros, Slavos e Bulgari. Le migrationes e le formation de nove structuras politic transformava le composition demografic e le relationes de poter in Europa sud-oriental. Le Slavos se establiva in partes del region durante le prime medietate del Medievo, durante que le contactos con le Imperio Byzantin e le populationes del sud del Danubio continuava. Le christianismo se diffundeva gradualmente in le region per medio de contactos con le mundo byzantin e le ecclesias oriental e occidental. Le fontes historic del periodo es fragmentari. Le formation del communitates que parlava formas ancian del lingua romanian e le apparition de institutiones politic local es subjectos de investigation historic e linguistic. === Formation del principatos medieval === ==== Transylvania ==== Durante le Medievo, [[Transylvania]] deveniva un territorio con un organisation politic distincte, integrate in le [[Regno de Hungaria]]. Le population includeva romanianos, hungaros, saxones transylvanian e altere communitates. Le colonisation de gruppos germanophone, specialmente le saxones transylvanian, esseva promovite per le reges hungaric desde le seculo XII. Illes developpava citates, artesanato, commercio e institutiones local. Le region deveniva un importantia economica e strategic pro le regno. Post le battalia de Mohács in 1526 e le disintegration del poter hungaric central, Transylvania deveniva un principato con un grado considerabile de autonomia, sub le influentia del Imperio Ottoman e del Habsburgos in differente periodos. ==== Valachia ==== Le principato de [[Valachia]] se formava al sud del Carpathos, in le regiones del basse Danubio. Su tradition historic associa le consolidation del principato al regno de [[Basarab I]], qui in le prime medietate del seculo XIV affirmava le autonomia del territorio contra le Regno de Hungaria. Valachia manteneva relationes commercial e diplomatic con Hungaria, Polonia e le Imperio Ottoman. Le principato conservava su proprie governamento e institutiones, ma su dirigentes debeva frequentemente negociar le autonomia politic e le obligationes tributari verso potentias plus forte. Inter le figuras plus cognoscite del historia valach se trova [[Vlad III Dracula]], qui regnava in le seculo XV e es cognoscite per su conflictos con le Imperio Ottoman e su politica de repression contra adversarios. ==== Moldavia ==== Le principato de [[Moldavia]] se formava durante le seculo XIV in le regiones al est del Carpathos. Su consolidation esseva associate a [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]], qui affirmava le autonomia del principato in relation con Hungaria. Sub [[Stefan le Grande]], que regnava inter 1457 e 1504, Moldavia fortificava su institutiones e resisteva a plure incursiones del Imperio Ottoman, del Regno de Hungaria e de altere potentias vicin. Le regno de Stefan deveniva un periodo importante del historia politic e religiose moldave, marcate per le construction de ecclesias e monasterios. Como Valachia, Moldavia conservava un autonomia interne considerabile, ma le crescentia del potentia ottoman imponeva obligationes diplomatic e tributari. Durante le seculos sequente, le principato remaneva in le sphera de influentia del Imperio Ottoman. === Michael le Brave e le idea de unification === In 1600, [[Michael le Brave]], principe de Valachia, occupava Transylvania e Moldavia e reuniva temporarimente le tres principatos sub su autoritate. Le union esseva de breve duration e se dissolvava post le perdita de su supporto politic e militar. Le evento deveniva plus tarde un referentia importante in le memoria national romanian, como un precedente symbolic del unification del territorios habitate per romanianos. Tamen, le union de Michael non correspondeva a un Stato national moderne e non produceva un integration institutional durabile. === Domination ottoman e influentias regional === Durante le seculos XVI–XVIII, Valachia e Moldavia manteneva lor proprie principes, administrationes e institutiones religiose, ma esseva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le dirigentes local debeva pagar tributos e obtener le recognition del Sultan, durante que le principatos conservava un autonomia interne variabile. Le Imperio Habsburgic e le Imperio Russo cercava etiam a extender lor influentia in Europa sud-oriental. Le guerras inter le imperios ottoman, russo e habsburgic affectava frequentemente le territorios de Valachia e Moldavia. In le seculo XVIII, le autoritates ottoman nominava frequentemente principes fanariotas, proveniente de familias grec del district de Fanar in Constantinopla. Le administrationes fanariotas introduceva reformas, ma lor regimentos esseva etiam associate a taxation e instabilitate politic. In 1775, le Imperio Habsburgic annexava [[Bucovina]], un territorio que antea pertineva al Moldavia. In 1812, post le guerra russo-ottoman, le Imperio Russo annexava [[Bessarabia]], le region situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste cambios territorial marcava le evolution posterior del identitate politic del region. == Etate moderne == === Revival national e revolutiones del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le ideas de nation, liberalismo e representation constitutional se diffundeva in le principatos. Intellectuales, scriptores e dirigentes politic promoveva le lingua romanian, le education e le idea de un Stato commun. Le [[Revolutiones de 1848]] affectava etiam Valachia e Moldavia. In Valachia, un movimento revolutionari proclamava un programma de reformas politic e social, includente un constitution e le limitation del poter principesque. Le interventiones del Imperio Ottoman e del Russia contribuiva al suppression del revolutiones. Le movimento unionista continuava post 1848, specialmente post le [[Guerra de Crimea]] e le Tractato de Paris de 1856, que modificava le quadro international del principatos danubian. Le debatte super lor union deveniva un del principal questiones politic del epocha.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumania |titulo=Rumania |sitioweb=Encyclopædia Britannica, ed. 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Union de Moldavia e Valachia (1859) === In januario 1859, [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] esseva eligite principe de Moldavia e, postea, de Valachia. Le election del mesme persona in ambes principatos permitteva le formation de un union personal, que deveniva le base del Stato romanian moderne. In 1862, le administrationes e le institutiones del duo principatos esseva unificate plus completemente, con un governamento e un Parlamento commun in Bucharest. Le nove Stato esseva cognoscite como le Principatos Unite de Moldavia e Valachia, e postea como Romania. Cuza initiava reformas importante, includente le secularisation de proprietates monastic, le reforma agrari e le modernisation del administration e del education. In 1866, ille esseva removite del poter per un coalition de adversarios politic, e un principe estranier esseva invitite a assumer le throno.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia |titulo=Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia |sitioweb=Wikipedia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Regno de Carol I e independentia === In 1866, [[Carol I de Romania]] deveniva principe del pais. Le Constitution de 1866 establi un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar inspirate in parte per modelos occidental europee. Le Stato modernisava su administration, infrastructuras e institutiones militar. Durante le [[Guerra russo-ottoman de 1877–1878]], Romania participa al campania contra le Imperio Ottoman, cooperante con Russia. Le Parlamento proclamava le independentia le 9 de maio 1877, e le independentia esseva recognoscite per le tractatos de pace posterior, specialmente le [[Tractato de Berlin de 1878]]. Romania obteneva le recognition international de su independentia, ma cedeva le sud de Bessarabia a Russia e recipeva Dobruja septentrional. In 1881, Romania deveniva un regno e Carol I esseva coronate rege. Le nove Stato promoveva le construction de vias ferrate, le industrialisation e le disveloppamento de institutiones moderne. Tamen, le societate remaneva in grande parte rural, con disigualitates importante in le possession del terras e le conditiones de vita del campesinos. === Romania al initio del seculo XX === Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Romania se developpava como un monarchia constitutional con un economia basate super agricultura, industria in expansion e commercio international. Le questiones agrari e le derectos politic remaneva importante fontes de tension. Le [[Revolta campesin de Romania de 1907]] esseva un grande insurrection rural contra le conditiones agrari e le systema de proprietate del terras. Le repression del revolta causava numerose mortes e revelava le profunditate del problemas social. Le pais esseva governate per le Casa de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Le rege Carol I moriva in 1914 e esseva succedite per [[Ferdinand I de Romania]], justo ante le expansion del Prime Guerra Mundial. == Etate contemporanee == === Prime Guerra Mundial e Grande Romania (1916–1940) === Romania remaneva neutral durante le prime annos del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. In 1916, illa entrava in guerra al latere del [[Entente]], con le objectivo de obtener Transylvania e altere territorios habitate per numerose romanianos e alora integrate in le Imperio austro-hungaric. Le invasion del fortias del Potentias Central conduceva al occupation de Bucharest e de grande partes del territorio romanian. Le governamento e le corte se refugiava in Moldavia. In 1917, le armea romanian, reorganisate con assistentia francese, resisteva a plure offensivas, ma le retirata russe post le revolution de 1917 lassava Romania in un position militar difficile. In 1918, le dissolution del Imperio russo e del Imperio austro-hungaric permitteva un serie de decisiones de union. Bessarabia proclamava su union con Romania in martio; le representantes de Bucovina votava pro le union in novembre; e le 1 de decembre 1918, le assemblea de Alba Iulia proclamava le union de Transylvania e de altere regiones con le Regno de Romania. Le conjunto de iste eventos deveniva cognoscite como le Grande Union.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legislatie.just.ro/public/DetaliiDocument/27496 |titulo=Decret-Lege nr. 3631/1918 privind unirea Transilvaniei cu România |sitioweb=Portal Legislativ al României |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, Romania augmentava considerablemente su territorio e population. Le nove Stato includeva regiones con populationes multilingue e multietnic, inter illos hungaros, germanos, judeos, ucrainianos, bulgaros e altere communitates. Le tractatos de pace de Saint-Germain, Trianon e Paris confirmava le major parte del nove frontieras, ben que le cambios territorial generava tensiones con Hungaria, Bulgaria e le Union Sovietic. Le Constitution de 1923 establi un quadro liberal e parlamentar e affirmava le character unitar del Stato. Durante le annos 1920, le administration promoveva reformas agrari, education e integration administrative del nove territorios. Tamen, le instabilitate governamental, le conflictos social e le expansion del movimentos autoritari affectava le vita politic. Le crise economic del annos 1930 e le crescentia del movimentos de extrema derecta, inter illes le [[Guardia de Ferro]], debilitava le systema parlamentar. In 1938, le rege [[Carol II de Romania]] instaurava un regime autoritari que limitava le activitate del partidos politic. === Secunde Guerra Mundial e cambios territorial (1940–1945) === In 1940, Romania perdeva territorios importante. Le Union Sovietic occupava Bessarabia e le nord de Bucovina; Hungaria obteneva le nord de Transylvania per le Secunde Arbitrage de Vienna; e Bulgaria recipeva le sud de Dobruja. Le perdas territorial provocava un grave crise politic. Le general [[Ion Antonescu]] assumeva le poter in septembre 1940, e Romania deveniva un alliate del Germania nazista. Carol II abdicava in favor de su filio [[Michael I de Romania]], ma Antonescu exerceva le poter effective. In 1941, Romania participa al invasion german del Union Sovietic, con le objectivo declarate de recuperar Bessarabia e Bucovina. Le armea romanian combatteva in le frontiera oriental e participa al occupation de territorios sovietic. Le regime de Antonescu esseva etiam responsabile de persecutiones e massacros contra judeos e Roma, specialmente in Bessarabia, Bucovina e Transnistria. Durante le guerra, le population judeo de Romania e de territorios sub administration romanian suffreva deportationes, massacros e persecution. Le extension del persecution variava secundo le region, ma le autoritates romanian habeva un responsabilitate directa in graves crimes contra le population civil. In augusto 1944, le rege Michael e actores politic e militar romanian deponeva Antonescu e Romania cambiava de latere, declarante guerra contra Germania. Le Armata Rubie entrava in le pais e le occupation sovietic deveniva un factor decisiv del evolution politic postguerra. === Regime communista (1947–1989) === Post le guerra, le Union Sovietic exerceva un influentia crescente super le politica romanian. Le Partito Communista Romania augmentava su poter, con le supporto del administration sovietic e per le elimination progressive del adversarios politic. Le 30 de decembre 1947, le rege Michael I esseva fortiate a abdicar e le Republica Popular de Romania esseva proclamate. Le monarchia esseva abolite, le partidos independente esseva supprimite e le institutiones politic esseva reorganisate secundo le modello communista. Le regime nationalisava le grande industrias, bancos e altere sectores economic e initiava le collectivisation del agricultura. Le securitate statal, cognoscite como Securitate, survegliava le population e reprimeva le opposition, includente ex-dirigentes politic, intellectuales, clericos e campesinos resistente al collectivisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-romania/8F6CFA28F3A9F8309E7212866516404F |titulo=A Concise History of Romania: Romanian Communism, 1948–1989 |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios del regime communista, [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] dirigeva le Partito Communista e le Stato. Le governamento promoveva le industrialisation accelerate, le collectivisation del agricultura e le centralisation del economia. Romania remaneva membro del [[Pacto de Varsovia]] e del [[Comecon]], ma durante le annos 1960 comenciava a adoptar un politica exterior plus autonome in relation con Moscova. Post le morte de Gheorghiu-Dej in 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] deveniva le dirigente principal del pais. Le Stato adoptava le denomination de Republica Socialista de Romania e Ceaușescu consolidava su poter personal. Le regime deveniva progressivemente plus autoritari, marcate per un culte de personalitate, surveillance extense e penurias economic sever durante le annos 1980. === Revolution romanian de 1989 === In decembre 1989, protestas comenciava in [[Timișoara]] e se extendeva a altere citates, includente Bucharest. Le repression del demonstrationes provocava mortes e augmentava le opposition al regime. Le 22 de decembre 1989, Ceaușescu perdeva le controlo del capital e fugiva del sede del Partito Communista. Ille esseva capturate e, post un processo militar rapid, executate le 25 de decembre insimul con su sposa [[Elena Ceaușescu]]. Le revolution terminava le regime communista e initiava un transition politic e economic complexe. Le [[Front de Salvation National]], dirigite per [[Ion Iliescu]] e altere ex-membros del apparato communista, assumeva le poter transitori. === Transition democratic e integration euro-atlantic === Post 1989, Romania introduceva un systema multipartitic e nove institutiones constitutional per le Constitution de 1991. Le transition economic involveva privatization e reformas. Durante le annos 1990 e 2000, le governamentos promoveva reformas pro avicinar le pais al standards europee. Romania deveniva membro del NATO in 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de januario 2007. === Romania contemporanee === In le seculo XXI, Romania ha consolidate su position in le Union Europee e in le NATO, beneficiante de integration economic e de disveloppamento regional. Su position al Mar Nere e su frontiera con Ucraina ha dato al pais un importantia strategic crucial post le initio del invasion russe in Ucraina in 2022. Le pais continua a affrontar retos como le corruption, le disigualitates regional e le emigration, ma mantene un systema democratic stabile e un economia in constant evolution. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Romania| ]] o2y8lnvzw5av5qk9ffu9oeysa9j2cor 704650 704649 2026-10-17T09:54:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 704650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Romania''' es le historia del formation e evolution de un pais del Europa sud-oriental, situate al basse Danubio, al costa del [[Mar Nigre]] e al regiones del [[Carpathos]]. Le territorio ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e esseva marcate in le Antiquitate per le civilisationes dacian e per le expansion del [[Imperio roman]]. Durante le Medievo, le principal entitates politic del region deveniva le principatos de [[Valachia]] e [[Moldavia]], assi como le territorio de [[Transylvania]], que evolveva sub un trajectoria politic distincte. Le Stato romanian moderne se formava in 1859, quando Moldavia e Valachia eligiva le mesme principe, [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]], e comenciava a unificar lor institutiones. Romania obteneva su independentia del Imperio Ottoman in 1877–1878 e deveniva un regno in 1881. Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, le union con [[Transylvania]], [[Bucovina]] e [[Bessarabia]] expandiva le territorio del pais. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Romania perdeva e recuperava territorios e cambiava de alliantia; post 1947, illo deveniva un republica popular sub un regime communista. Le [[Revolution romanian de 1989]] terminava le regime de [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] e initiava le transition verso un systema democratic e un economia de mercato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumania |titulo=Rumania |sitioweb=Encyclopædia Britannica, ed. 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-romania/8F6CFA28F3A9F8309E7212866516404F |titulo=A Concise History of Romania |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Romania possede numerose vestigios de habitation human desde le Paleolithic. Le conditiones geographic, con planuras, collinas, montanias e accesso al Danubio e al Mar Nigre, favorava le disveloppamento de communitates de chassatores, collectores e, plus tarde, agricultores. Durante le Neolithic e le Eneolithic, le agricultura, le allevamento e le fabrication de ceramica se diffundeva in le region. Le cultura de [[Cucuteni–Trypillia]], developpate in partes del actual Romania, Moldavia e Ucraina, es un del exemplos plus importante de iste periodo. Su settlementos, ceramica decorate e practicas agricole monstra le existentia de societates con un organisation economic e cultural elaborate. Durante le Etate del Bronze e del Ferro, le communitates del region participava in redes de intercambio que ligava le Europa central, le Balcanes e le steppes del Mar Nigre. Le developpamento de technicas metalurgic e le formation de elites local contribuiva al apparition de structuras politic plus complexe. == Antiquitate == === Le Dacios e le Getas === In le prime millennio a.C., le regiones al nord del basse Danubio esseva habitate per populos que le autores grec e roman cognosceva como [[Dacios]] e [[Getas]]. Illes parlava linguas del gruppo tracian e manteneva relationes commercial e politic con le colonias grec del Mar Nigre e con le potentias mediterranee. Le Dacios developpava settlementos fortificate, agricultura, metallurgia e structuras de poter regional. Durante le seculo I a.C., le rege [[Burebista]] reuniava plure tribos e establiva un regno extensive que exercitava influentia in partes del Europa sud-oriental. Post su morte, circa 44 a.C., le regno se fragmentava in plure entitates. In le fin del seculo I d.C., le rege [[Decebalus]] reunificava partes importante del territorio dacian e resisteva al expansion roman. Le conflitos inter Dacia e Roma culminava in duo guerras durante le regno del imperator [[Trajan]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1718/ |titulo=Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Conquista roman e provincia de Dacia === In 106 d.C., post le secunde guerra dacian, le imperio roman annexava le nucleo del regno de Decebalus e establiva le provincia de [[Dacia]]. Le provincia comprendeva partes del actual Transylvania, Banat e Oltenia. Le regiones del sud del Danubio, includente partes de Dobruja, habeva essite incorporate anteriorimente in provincias roman. Le administration roman introduceva institutiones, vias, fortificationes, centros urban e nove formas de exploitation economic. Le extraction de auro e altere minerales, specialmente in le Carpathos occidental, habeva un importantia considerabile. Colonos e soldatos proveniente de differente partes del Imperio se establiva in Dacia, contribuente al diffusion del latino. Le periodo de domination roman in le provincia terminava durante le regno de [[Aurelian]], quando le administration e le major parte del fortias roman se retirava circa 271–275 d.C. Le frontiera del Imperio se retraheva al sud del Danubio, ben que le contactos economic e cultural inter le regiones continuava.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1718/ |titulo=Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le question de continuitate inter le populationes daco-roman del Antiquitate e le formation del romanianos medieval es un subjecto de discussion inter historicos. Le diffusion del latino e le evolution posterior del lingua romanian es elementos central del historia linguistic del region, ma le details del disveloppamento demografic post le retrait roman non es establite con certezza in tote le aspectos. == Medievo == === Migrationes e le prime Medievo === Post le fin del administration roman in Dacia, le region esseva traversate per numerose populos e confederationes, includente Gothos, Hunos, Gepidos, Avaros, Slavos e Bulgari. Le migrationes e le formation de nove structuras politic transformava le composition demografic e le relationes de poter in Europa sud-oriental. Le Slavos se establiva in partes del region durante le prime medietate del Medievo, durante que le contactos con le Imperio Byzantin e le populationes del sud del Danubio continuava. Le christianismo se diffundeva gradualmente in le region per medio de contactos con le mundo byzantin e le ecclesias oriental e occidental. Le fontes historic del periodo es fragmentari. Le formation del communitates que parlava formas ancian del lingua romanian e le apparition de institutiones politic local es subjectos de investigation historic e linguistic. === Formation del principatos medieval === ==== Transylvania ==== Durante le Medievo, [[Transylvania]] deveniva un territorio con un organisation politic distincte, integrate in le [[Regno de Hungaria]]. Le population includeva romanianos, hungaros, saxones transylvanian e altere communitates. Le colonisation de gruppos germanophone, specialmente le saxones transylvanian, esseva promovite per le reges hungaric desde le seculo XII. Illes developpava citates, artesanato, commercio e institutiones local. Le region deveniva un importantia economica e strategic pro le regno. Post le battalia de Mohács in 1526 e le disintegration del poter hungaric central, Transylvania deveniva un principato con un grado considerabile de autonomia, sub le influentia del Imperio Ottoman e del Habsburgos in differente periodos. ==== Valachia ==== Le principato de [[Valachia]] se formava al sud del Carpathos, in le regiones del basse Danubio. Su tradition historic associa le consolidation del principato al regno de [[Basarab I]], qui in le prime medietate del seculo XIV affirmava le autonomia del territorio contra le Regno de Hungaria. Valachia manteneva relationes commercial e diplomatic con Hungaria, Polonia e le Imperio Ottoman. Le principato conservava su proprie governamento e institutiones, ma su dirigentes debeva frequentemente negociar le autonomia politic e le obligationes tributari verso potentias plus forte. Inter le figuras plus cognoscite del historia valach se trova [[Vlad III Dracula]], qui regnava in le seculo XV e es cognoscite per su conflictos con le Imperio Ottoman e su politica de repression contra adversarios. ==== Moldavia ==== Le principato de [[Moldavia]] se formava durante le seculo XIV in le regiones al est del Carpathos. Su consolidation esseva associate a [[Bogdan I de Moldavia]], qui affirmava le autonomia del principato in relation con Hungaria. Sub [[Stefan le Grande]], que regnava inter 1457 e 1504, Moldavia fortificava su institutiones e resisteva a plure incursiones del Imperio Ottoman, del Regno de Hungaria e de altere potentias vicin. Le regno de Stefan deveniva un periodo importante del historia politic e religiose moldave, marcate per le construction de ecclesias e monasterios. Como Valachia, Moldavia conservava un autonomia interne considerabile, ma le crescentia del potentia ottoman imponeva obligationes diplomatic e tributari. Durante le seculos sequente, le principato remaneva in le sphera de influentia del Imperio Ottoman. === Michael le Brave e le idea de unification === In 1600, [[Michael le Brave]], principe de Valachia, occupava Transylvania e Moldavia e reuniva temporarimente le tres principatos sub su autoritate. Le union esseva de breve duration e se dissolvava post le perdita de su supporto politic e militar. Le evento deveniva plus tarde un referentia importante in le memoria national romanian, como un precedente symbolic del unification del territorios habitate per romanianos. Tamen, le union de Michael non correspondeva a un Stato national moderne e non produceva un integration institutional durabile. === Domination ottoman e influentias regional === Durante le seculos XVI–XVIII, Valachia e Moldavia manteneva lor proprie principes, administrationes e institutiones religiose, ma esseva sub le suzeranitate del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le dirigentes local debeva pagar tributos e obtener le recognition del Sultan, durante que le principatos conservava un autonomia interne variabile. Le Imperio Habsburgic e le Imperio Russo cercava etiam a extender lor influentia in Europa sud-oriental. Le guerras inter le imperios ottoman, russo e habsburgic affectava frequentemente le territorios de Valachia e Moldavia. In le seculo XVIII, le autoritates ottoman nominava frequentemente principes fanariotas, proveniente de familias grec del district de Fanar in Constantinopla. Le administrationes fanariotas introduceva reformas, ma lor regimentos esseva etiam associate a taxation e instabilitate politic. In 1775, le Imperio Habsburgic annexava [[Bucovina]], un territorio que antea pertineva al Moldavia. In 1812, post le guerra russo-ottoman, le Imperio Russo annexava [[Bessarabia]], le region situate inter le Prut e le Dniester. Iste cambios territorial marcava le evolution posterior del identitate politic del region. == Etate moderne == === Revival national e revolutiones del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le ideas de nation, liberalismo e representation constitutional se diffundeva in le principatos. Intellectuales, scriptores e dirigentes politic promoveva le lingua romanian, le education e le idea de un Stato commun. Le [[Revolutiones de 1848]] affectava etiam Valachia e Moldavia. In Valachia, un movimento revolutionari proclamava un programma de reformas politic e social, includente un constitution e le limitation del poter principesque. Le interventiones del Imperio Ottoman e del Russia contribuiva al suppression del revolutiones. Le movimento unionista continuava post 1848, specialmente post le [[Guerra de Crimea]] e le Tractato de Paris de 1856, que modificava le quadro international del principatos danubian. Le debatte super lor union deveniva un del principal questiones politic del epocha.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rumania |titulo=Rumania |sitioweb=Encyclopædia Britannica, ed. 1911 |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Union de Moldavia e Valachia (1859) === In januario 1859, [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] esseva eligite principe de Moldavia e, postea, de Valachia. Le election del mesme persona in ambes principatos permitteva le formation de un union personal, que deveniva le base del Stato romanian moderne. In 1862, le administrationes e le institutiones del duo principatos esseva unificate plus completemente, con un governamento e un Parlamento commun in Bucharest. Le nove Stato esseva cognoscite como le Principatos Unite de Moldavia e Valachia, e postea como Romania. Cuza initiava reformas importante, includente le secularisation de proprietates monastic, le reforma agrari e le modernisation del administration e del education. In 1866, ille esseva removite del poter per un coalition de adversarios politic, e un principe estranier esseva invitite a assumer le throno.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia |titulo=Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia |sitioweb=Wikipedia |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Regno de Carol I e independentia === In 1866, [[Carol I de Romania]] deveniva principe del pais. Le Constitution de 1866 establi un monarchia constitutional e un systema parlamentar inspirate in parte per modelos occidental europee. Le Stato modernisava su administration, infrastructuras e institutiones militar. Durante le [[Guerra russo-ottoman de 1877–1878]], Romania participa al campania contra le Imperio Ottoman, cooperante con Russia. Le Parlamento proclamava le independentia le 9 de maio 1877, e le independentia esseva recognoscite per le tractatos de pace posterior, specialmente le [[Tractato de Berlin de 1878]]. Romania obteneva le recognition international de su independentia, ma cedeva le sud de Bessarabia a Russia e recipeva Dobruja septentrional. In 1881, Romania deveniva un regno e Carol I esseva coronate rege. Le nove Stato promoveva le construction de vias ferrate, le industrialisation e le disveloppamento de institutiones moderne. Tamen, le societate remaneva in grande parte rural, con disigualitates importante in le possession del terras e le conditiones de vita del campesinos. === Romania al initio del seculo XX === Durante le prime decennios del seculo XX, Romania se developpava como un monarchia constitutional con un economia basate super agricultura, industria in expansion e commercio international. Le questiones agrari e le derectos politic remaneva importante fontes de tension. Le [[Revolta campesin de Romania de 1907]] esseva un grande insurrection rural contra le conditiones agrari e le systema de proprietate del terras. Le repression del revolta causava numerose mortes e revelava le profunditate del problemas social. Le pais esseva governate per le Casa de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Le rege Carol I moriva in 1914 e esseva succedite per [[Ferdinand I de Romania]], justo ante le expansion del Prime Guerra Mundial. == Etate contemporanee == === Prime Guerra Mundial e Grande Romania (1916–1940) === Romania remaneva neutral durante le prime annos del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. In 1916, illa entrava in guerra al latere del [[Entente]], con le objectivo de obtener Transylvania e altere territorios habitate per numerose romanianos e alora integrate in le Imperio austro-hungaric. Le invasion del fortias del Potentias Central conduceva al occupation de Bucharest e de grande partes del territorio romanian. Le governamento e le corte se refugiava in Moldavia. In 1917, le armea romanian, reorganisate con assistentia francese, resisteva a plure offensivas, ma le retirata russe post le revolution de 1917 lassava Romania in un position militar difficile. In 1918, le dissolution del Imperio russo e del Imperio austro-hungaric permitteva un serie de decisiones de union. Bessarabia proclamava su union con Romania in martio; le representantes de Bucovina votava pro le union in novembre; e le 1 de decembre 1918, le assemblea de Alba Iulia proclamava le union de Transylvania e de altere regiones con le Regno de Romania. Le conjunto de iste eventos deveniva cognoscite como le Grande Union.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://legislatie.just.ro/public/DetaliiDocument/27496 |titulo=Decret-Lege nr. 3631/1918 privind unirea Transilvaniei cu România |sitioweb=Portal Legislativ al României |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, Romania augmentava considerablemente su territorio e population. Le nove Stato includeva regiones con populationes multilingue e multietnic, inter illos hungaros, germanos, judeos, ucrainianos, bulgaros e altere communitates. Le tractatos de pace de Saint-Germain, Trianon e Paris confirmava le major parte del nove frontieras, ben que le cambios territorial generava tensiones con Hungaria, Bulgaria e le Union Sovietic. Le Constitution de 1923 establi un quadro liberal e parlamentar e affirmava le character unitar del Stato. Durante le annos 1920, le administration promoveva reformas agrari, education e integration administrative del nove territorios. Tamen, le instabilitate governamental, le conflictos social e le expansion del movimentos autoritari affectava le vita politic. Le crise economic del annos 1930 e le crescentia del movimentos de extrema derecta, inter illes le [[Guardia de Ferro]], debilitava le systema parlamentar. In 1938, le rege [[Carol II de Romania]] instaurava un regime autoritari que limitava le activitate del partidos politic. === Secunde Guerra Mundial e cambios territorial (1940–1945) === In 1940, Romania perdeva territorios importante. Le Union Sovietic occupava Bessarabia e le nord de Bucovina; Hungaria obteneva le nord de Transylvania per le Secunde Arbitrage de Vienna; e Bulgaria recipeva le sud de Dobruja. Le perdas territorial provocava un grave crise politic. Le general [[Ion Antonescu]] assumeva le poter in septembre 1940, e Romania deveniva un alliate del Germania nazista. Carol II abdicava in favor de su filio [[Michael I de Romania]], ma Antonescu exerceva le poter effective. In 1941, Romania participa al invasion german del Union Sovietic, con le objectivo declarate de recuperar Bessarabia e Bucovina. Le armea romanian combatteva in le frontiera oriental e participa al occupation de territorios sovietic. Le regime de Antonescu esseva etiam responsabile de persecutiones e massacros contra judeos e Roma, specialmente in Bessarabia, Bucovina e Transnistria. Durante le guerra, le population judeo de Romania e de territorios sub administration romanian suffreva deportationes, massacros e persecution. Le extension del persecution variava secundo le region, ma le autoritates romanian habeva un responsabilitate directa in graves crimes contra le population civil. In augusto 1944, le rege Michael e actores politic e militar romanian deponeva Antonescu e Romania cambiava de latere, declarante guerra contra Germania. Le Armata Rubie entrava in le pais e le occupation sovietic deveniva un factor decisiv del evolution politic postguerra. === Regime communista (1947–1989) === Post le guerra, le Union Sovietic exerceva un influentia crescente super le politica romanian. Le Partito Communista Romania augmentava su poter, con le supporto del administration sovietic e per le elimination progressive del adversarios politic. Le 30 de decembre 1947, le rege Michael I esseva fortiate a abdicar e le Republica Popular de Romania esseva proclamate. Le monarchia esseva abolite, le partidos independente esseva supprimite e le institutiones politic esseva reorganisate secundo le modello communista. Le regime nationalisava le grande industrias, bancos e altere sectores economic e initiava le collectivisation del agricultura. Le securitate statal, cognoscite como Securitate, survegliava le population e reprimeva le opposition, includente ex-dirigentes politic, intellectuales, clericos e campesinos resistente al collectivisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/concise-history-of-romania/8F6CFA28F3A9F8309E7212866516404F |titulo=A Concise History of Romania: Romanian Communism, 1948–1989 |sitioweb=Cambridge University Press |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le prime decennios del regime communista, [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] dirigeva le Partito Communista e le Stato. Le governamento promoveva le industrialisation accelerate, le collectivisation del agricultura e le centralisation del economia. Romania remaneva membro del [[Pacto de Varsovia]] e del [[Comecon]], ma durante le annos 1960 comenciava a adoptar un politica exterior plus autonome in relation con Moscova. Post le morte de Gheorghiu-Dej in 1965, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] deveniva le dirigente principal del pais. Le Stato adoptava le denomination de Republica Socialista de Romania e Ceaușescu consolidava su poter personal. Le regime deveniva progressivemente plus autoritari, marcate per un culte de personalitate, surveillance extense e penurias economic sever durante le annos 1980. === Revolution romanian de 1989 === In decembre 1989, protestas comenciava in [[Timișoara]] e se extendeva a altere citates, includente Bucharest. Le repression del demonstrationes provocava mortes e augmentava le opposition al regime. Le 22 de decembre 1989, Ceaușescu perdeva le controlo del capital e fugiva del sede del Partito Communista. Ille esseva capturate e, post un processo militar rapid, executate le 25 de decembre insimul con su sposa [[Elena Ceaușescu]]. Le revolution terminava le regime communista e initiava un transition politic e economic complexe. Le [[Front de Salvation National]], dirigite per [[Ion Iliescu]] e altere ex-membros del apparato communista, assumeva le poter transitori. === Transition democratic e integration euro-atlantic === Post 1989, Romania introduceva un systema multipartitic e nove institutiones constitutional per le Constitution de 1991. Le transition economic involveva privatization e reformas. Durante le annos 1990 e 2000, le governamentos promoveva reformas pro avicinar le pais al standards europee. Romania deveniva membro del NATO in 2004 e del Union Europee le 1 de januario 2007. === Romania contemporanee === In le seculo XXI, Romania ha consolidate su position in le Union Europee e in le NATO, beneficiante de integration economic e de disveloppamento regional. Su position al Mar Nigre e su frontiera con Ucraina ha dato al pais un importantia strategic crucial post le initio del invasion russe in Ucraina in 2022. Le pais continua a affrontar retos como le corruption, le disigualitates regional e le emigration, ma mantene un systema democratic stabile e un economia in constant evolution. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Romania| ]] 567b0ejj2s9eaiqeygw8rnertp79wb7 Categoria:Historia de Romania 14 62309 704651 2026-10-17T09:54:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Romania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Romania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] edvopv3xj59fsdxwzpzfpg814dbbksd Historia de Bulgaria 0 62310 704653 2026-10-17T10:19:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bulgaria''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que ha formate le actual [[Bulgaria]], desde le culturas prehistoric e le civilisationes del [[Thrace antique]] usque al Stato bulgare contemporanee. Situate in le peninsula balcanic, inter le [[Danubio]], le [[Mar Nere]] e le regiones montaniose del Balcanes, Bulgaria ha essite un puncto de contacto inter Europa central, le Mediterraneo e le mundo del ste...” 704653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bulgaria''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del populationes que ha formate le actual [[Bulgaria]], desde le culturas prehistoric e le civilisationes del [[Thrace antique]] usque al Stato bulgare contemporanee. Situate in le peninsula balcanic, inter le [[Danubio]], le [[Mar Nere]] e le regiones montaniose del Balcanes, Bulgaria ha essite un puncto de contacto inter Europa central, le Mediterraneo e le mundo del steppes eurasiatic. Le territorio esseva habitate per communitates prehistoric, Thraces, colonos grec e populationes roman. Le formation del Stato bulgare es generalmente datate a 681, quando le Imperio Byzantin recognosceva le Stato fundate per le Bulgaros conducite per [[Asparuh]]. Durante le Medievo, le [[Prime Imperio Bulgar]] e le [[Secunde Imperio Bulgar]] deveniva potentias importante del Europa sud-oriental. Post le conquestation ottoman del seculo XIV, le territorios bulgare remaneva sub le dominio del [[Imperio Ottoman]] durante circa cinque seculos. Le revival national bulgare del seculo XVIII e XIX conduceva al movimento de liberation e al restablimento del Stato bulgare in 1878. Bulgaria deveniva independente del Imperio Ottoman in 1908, participava in le guerras balcanic e in ambe guerras mundial, e post 1946 se transformava in un republica socialista sub forte influentia sovietic. Le cambios politic del 1989 initiava le transition verso un systema multipartitic e un economia de mercato. Bulgaria deveniva membro del [[NATO]] in 2004 e del [[Union Europee]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/about_bulgaria/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://gov.bg/index.php/en/About-Bulgaria/HISTORY/tabsss1 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Bulgaria ha essite habitate desde le [[Paleolithic]]. Vestigios archeologic documenta le presentia de gruppos de chassatores e collectores e, plus tarde, de communitates que practicava agricultura e allevamento. Durante le [[Neolithic]] e le [[Calcolithic]], le populationes developpava settlementos stabile, technicas de fabrication de ceramica e metallurgia primitive. Un del reperimentos archeologic plus importante es le tesauro de oro de Varna, datate al quinto millennio a.C. Illo es un del plus ancian insimules de objectos de oro cognoscite e demonstra le existentia de hierarchias social e de technicas de fabrication elaborate. Le regiones del Danubio, del planuras interior e del costas del Mar Nere developpava formas differente de organisation social. Le contacts commercial e cultural con altere partes del peninsula balcanic contribuiva al circulation de materias prime, objectos e practicas technologic. == Antiquitate == === Thraces e Antiquitate === Durante le [[Etate del Bronzo]], le Thraces deveniva un del principal gruppos de population del territorio. Illes parlava linguas del gruppo thracian e habitava vaste partes del peninsula balcanic, includente grande parte del actual Bulgaria. Le societates thracian esseva organise in communitates e regnos differente. Le agricultura, le allevamento, le extraction de metalles e le production de objectos artistic formava partes importante de lor economia. Le elites thracian possedeva ricchessas e practicava rituales religiose cuje vestigios se trova in tumulos, sepulcros e sanctuarios. Le cultura thracian es recognoscite pro su artesania in auro e argento, su tumulos funerari e su relationes con le mundo grec. Le nomine del Thraces appare in fontes grec antique, includente le obras de [[Herodoto]]. === Colonisation grec e relationes con Roma === Desde le seculo VII a.C., colonos grec fundava citates e portos commercial lungo le costa del Mar Nere. Inter le centros importante se trovava [[Mesembria]] (actual Nesebar), [[Apollonia Pontica]] (actual Sozopol) e [[Odessos]] (actual Varna). Iste citates participava in redes commercial que ligava le Mar Nere al [[Mar Egee]] e al Mediterraneo. Le commercio includeva cereales, pisces, metalles, ceramica e altere productos. Le contactos inter le colonias grec e le regnos thracian favorava le intercambio de practicas artistic, religiose e technologic. Durante le seculos IV e III a.C., le potentia de regnos thracian como le [[Regno odrysian]] fluctuava in relation con Macedonia e le altere potentias del region. Post le conquestas de [[Philippo II de Macedonia]] e de [[Alexandro le Grande]], le equilibrio politic del Thrace esseva transformate. Durante le seculos II e I a.C., Roma extendeva su influentia in le peninsula balcanic. Le partes del territorio que corresponde al actual Bulgaria esseva incorporate gradualmente in le administration roman. Le provincia de [[Moesia]] esseva establite al nord, e le provincia de [[Thracia]] esseva organisate in le prime seculo d.C. Le region deveniva parte del systema militar, administrative e commercial del Imperio Roman. == Medievo == === Dominio roman e Byzantin === Durante le periodo roman, le territorio del actual Bulgaria developpava citates, vias, fortificationes e centros administrative. Inter le settlementos importante se trovava [[Serdica]] (Sofia), [[Philippopolis]] (Plovdiv), [[Nicopolis ad Istrum]] e [[Augusta Traiana]] (Stara Zagora). Le vias roman connecteva le citates con le Danubio, le Mar Egee e le altere provincias del imperio. Le exercito, le commercio e le administration contribuiva al transformation del economia e del vita urban. Post le division del Imperio Roman in 395, le territorio remaneva principalmente in le sfera del [[Imperio Roman Oriental]], ulteriormente cognoscite como Imperio Byzantin. Le citates e fortificationes del region manteneva un rolo strategic, specialmente in le defense del frontiera del Danubio. Durante le seculos V e VI, le incursiones de Hunos, Gothos, Avaros e altere gruppos affectava le peninsula balcanic. Desde le seculo VI, communitates slavic se establiva in grande partes del region. Lor integration con le populationes local contribueva al transformation linguistic e demographic del territorio. === Formation del Stato bulgare === Durante le secunde medietate del seculo VII, gruppos de Bulgaros, associate al mundo del steppes eurasiatic, se establiva in le nord-este del actual Bulgaria. Sub le direction de Asparuh, illes formava un alliance con communitates slavic e confrontava le Imperio Byzantin. Le anno 681 es conventionalmente considerate le data del establimento del Stato bulgare, post que Byzantio recognosceva le nove potentia in le region. Le prime capital era [[Pliska]], que deveniva un centro politic e militar importante. Le Stato bulgare combinava elementos del organisation militar bulgare con le structuras social e linguistic del populationes slavic local. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua slavic deveniva progressivemente le principal lingua del Stato, durante que le nomine e traditiones bulgare remaneva central al identitate politic. Sub le khan [[Krum]] (circa 803–814), le Stato bulgare cresceva territorialmente e deveniva un potentia militar importante. Le fortias bulgare confrontava le Byzantinos e interveniva in le equilibrios politic del Europa sud-oriental. ### Prime Imperio Bulgar === Le prince Boris I adoptava le christianismo in 864, e le nove religion deveniva un elemento central del organisation del Stato. Le conversion facilitava le integration del Bulgaria in le mundo diplomatic e cultural christian e reduceva certe distinctiones religiose inter le elites bulgare e le populationes slavic. Le discipulos de [[Cirillo e Methodio]], inter illes [[Clemente de Ohrid]] e [[Naum de Preslav]], trovava in Bulgaria conditiones favorabile pro le diffusion del litteratura slavic. Le centros de [[Ohrid]] e [[Preslav]] deveniva focos de traduction, education e production de manuscritos. Sub le regno de Simeon I le Grande (893–927), le Prime Imperio Bulgar attingeva un periodo de grande influentia politic e cultural. Le Stato extendeva su territorios e participava a guerras e negotiationes con Byzantio. Iste periodo es sovente designate como le Etate Auree del cultura bulgare. Post le morte de Simeon, le Stato bulgare affrontava conflictos interne, pressiones militar e rivalitates dynastic. Le exercito de [[Basilio II]] vinceva le fortias del tsar [[Samuel de Bulgaria]] in 1014, e verso 1018 le Imperio Byzantin habeva establite su controlo super le major parte del Bulgaria. === Secunde Imperio Bulgar === In 1185, le fratres Petar e Asen conduceva un rebellion contra le autoritate byzantin, conducendo al restablimento del Stato bulgare con su centro in [[Tarnovo]], cognoscite como le Secunde Imperio Bulgar. Durante le regno de [[Ivan Asen II]] (1218–1241), le Secunde Imperio attingeva un periodo de expansion politic e economic. Bulgaria manteneva relationes con Byzantio, Serbia, Hungaria e altere potentias regional. Post le morte de Ivan Asen II, le Stato affrontava conflictos dynastic e rivalitates. Le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] in le Balcanes durante le seculo XIV debilitava le principatos bulgare. Le Ottomans prendeva Tarnovo in 1393 e le [[Tsarato de Vidin]] cadeva in 1396, post le derrota del crusada christian in le [[Battalia de Nicopolis]], integrando le region in le Imperio Ottoman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://gov.bg/index.php/en/About-Bulgaria/HISTORY/tabsss1 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Bulgaria sub le Imperio Ottoman (1396–1878) === Le conquestation ottoman transformava le structuras politic e administrative del societate bulgare. Le institutiones del Stato medieval esseva dismantellate e le territorio esseva integrate in le systema administrative del imperio. Le population bulgare continuava a mantener su lingua e multe traditiones religiose e cultural, specialmente per medio del ecclesias e monasterios orthodoxe. Le dominio ottoman durava circa cinque seculos. Durante iste periodo, le population bulgare non possedeva un Stato independente, ma le lingua, le traditiones religiose e le memoria historic remaneva elementos importante del identitate collective. === Revival national bulgare === Durante le seculo XVIII, un movimento de revival cultural e educational se developpava inter le bulgaros. Un obra importante esseva le Historia slavo-bulgare, scripte in 1762 per le monacho [[Paisius de Hilendar]], qui appellava al memoria del historia bulgare. Le questione del independentia ecclesiastic deveniva central, e in 1870 le autoritates ottoman permitteva le creation del Exarchato bulgare. Le movimento national includeva figuras como [[Georgi Rakovski]], [[Vasil Levski]], [[Lyuben Karavelov]] e [[Hristo Botev]]. In april 1876, un insurrection contra le autoritate ottoman initiava in plure regiones bulgare ma esseva reprimite con grande violentia. Le repression provocava un reaction public in Europa e influentiava le evolution del relationes inter Russia e le Imperio Ottoman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/about_bulgaria/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Liberation e restablimento del Stato (1877–1878) === Le [[Guerra russo-ottoman de 1877–1878]] conduceva al fin del dominio ottoman in grande parte del Bulgaria. Le Tractato de San Stefano de 1878 proponeva le creation de un grande entitate bulgare autonome, ma le [[Congresso de Berlin de 1878]] revisionava le accordos, establiente le Principato de Bulgaria como un entitate autonome sub suzeranitate nominal ottoman e Rumelia Oriental como provincia autonome. Le 3 de martio es commemorate in Bulgaria como le die national de liberation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://gov.bg/index.php/en/About-Bulgaria/HISTORY/tabsss1 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Principato de Bulgaria e unification === Post 1878, Bulgaria comenciava a establir institutiones statal moderne. Le Constitution de Tarnovo esseva adoptate in 1879, e [[Alexander de Battenberg]] deveniva prince. Le 6 de septembre 1885, un movimento in Rumelia Oriental proclamava le union con le Principato de Bulgaria sub le prince Alexander de Battenberg, un passo importante verso le reunification de territorios bulgare.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/about_bulgaria/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Independentia e regno de Ferdinand === In 1887, [[Ferdinand I de Bulgaria]] deveniva prince. Le 22 de septembre 1908, Ferdinand proclamava le independentia del Bulgaria del Imperio Ottoman e assumeva le titulo de tsar, marcava le emergence de Bulgaria como un regno independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://gov.bg/index.php/en/About-Bulgaria/HISTORY/tabsss1 |titulo=History |sitioweb=Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Guerras balcanic e Prime Guerra Mundial === In 1912, Bulgaria participava al [[Prime Guerra Balcanic]] contra le Imperio Ottoman, ma le repartition del territorios conquistate provocava le [[Secunde Guerra Balcanic]] in 1913 contra Serbia, Grecia, Romania e le Imperio Ottoman, resultante in territorial perdas. Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], Bulgaria entrava in 1915 al latere del [[Potentias Central]]. Le derrota in 1918 e le Tractato de Neuilly-sur-Seine de 1919 imponeva restrictiones militar e territorial, contribuivante al discontento politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/about_bulgaria/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bulgaria inter le guerras === Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, Bulgaria affrontava instabilitate politic, conflictos social e difficultates economic. Le monarchia sub [[Boris III de Bulgaria]] assumeva un rolo plus autoritari durante le annos 1930, restringente le vita parlamentar. === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1941, Bulgaria se associava al [[Potentias del Axe]]. Le governamento bulgare adoptava legislation antisemita; ben que le deportation del major parte del judeos bulgare del territorio pre-1941 esseva impedite per protestas public e opposition institutional, le judeos de territorios occupate esseva deportate. In septembre 1944, le Armata Rubie entrava in Bulgaria, e un cambio de governamento installava un governo del [[Frontia del Patria]] sub influentia sovietic, participant al guerra contra Germania.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/about_bulgaria/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Republica Popular de Bulgaria (1946–1989) === In 1946, un referendum aboliva le monarchia e proclamava le Republica Popular de Bulgaria. Le Partito Communista Bulgar assumeva le controlo, nationalisant le economia e collectivisant le agricultura, mentres aligniava se con le Union Sovietic como membro del [[Pacto de Varsovia]]. Durante le annos 1950–1980, le governamento promoveva industrialisation e urbanisation sub le direction de dirigentes como [[Georgi Dimitrov]], [[Vulko Chervenkov]] e [[Todor Zhivkov]]. En 1989, un grande numero de bulgaros de origine turc abandonava le pais durante le campania de assimilation fortiate del regime. === Transition democratic (1989–2007) === Le 10 de novembre 1989, Todor Zhivkov esseva removite, initiante le transition politic con le reintroduction del multipartitismo. Le Constitution de 1991 defini Bulgaria como un republica parlamentar. Le annos 1990 esseva marcate per crises economic, ma postea le pais developpava relationes stricte con le institutiones europee. Bulgaria deveniva membro del [[NATO]] le 29 de martio 2004 e entrava in le [[Union Europee]] le 1 de januario 2007.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/about_bulgaria/history |titulo=History |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/news/33574 |titulo=Bulgaria marks 73 years since the founding of NATO |sitioweb=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bulgaria in le Union Europee === Post su adhesion al Union Europee, Bulgaria participa al institutiones europee e al politicas commun, affrontante questiones relative al governantia, corruption e independentia del judiciario, dum mantene cooperation in securitate con le NATO e le Union Europee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Bulgaria| ]] 9jaq0tgnpl1xdjzfpynnu6avivcw6uo Categoria:Historia de Bulgaria 14 62311 704654 2026-10-17T10:19:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Bulgaria]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Bulgaria]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] 48omfwwzrokkscsp8fkrthegz06qy34 Historia de San Marino 0 62312 704657 2026-10-17T10:23:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de San Marino''' es le historia del evolution de un parve republica situate in le peninsula italic, circumdate completemente per le [[Italia]]. Secundo le tradition, le republica esseva fundate in 301 d.C. per [[Marinus de Rab]], un scalpellino christian originari del insula de Rab, in le hodierne [[Croatia]], qui se refugiava super le [[Monte Titano]] durante le persecutiones contra le christianos in le Imperio Roman. Ben...” 704657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de San Marino''' es le historia del evolution de un parve republica situate in le peninsula italic, circumdate completemente per le [[Italia]]. Secundo le tradition, le republica esseva fundate in 301 d.C. per [[Marinus de Rab]], un scalpellino christian originari del insula de Rab, in le hodierne [[Croatia]], qui se refugiava super le [[Monte Titano]] durante le persecutiones contra le christianos in le Imperio Roman. Ben que le relato del fundation es in parte legendari, documentos medieval confirma le existentia de un communitate organisate in le region al minus desde le seculo IX. Le Placito Feretrano de 885 es un del plus ancian documentos que mentiona le communitate de San Marino. Durante le Medievo, le settlemento se transformava in un commune autonome e developpava institutiones proprie que permitteva le continuation de su independentia in un region dominate per potentias plus grande. Le tradition constitutional de San Marino es associate al formation de su institutiones communal medieval e al continuation de un republica independente. Le centro historic e le [[Monte Titano]] esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del [[UNESCO]] in 2008, como testimonio del continuation de un citate-Stato independente desde le Medievo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.visitsanmarino.com/pub1/VisitSM/en/contenuto/About-San-Marino/STORIA.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=Visit San Marino |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1245/ |titulo=San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual San Marino ha essite habitate desde le [[Neolithic]]. Reperimentos archeologic trovate super le Monte Titano e in le regiones adjacente indica le presentia de communitates que praticava agricultura, allevamento e artesania. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva integrate in le ambiente cultural del peninsula italic. Le fundation de [[Ariminum]] (actual [[Rimini]]) per le Romanos in 268 a.C. contribuiva al integration del region in le redes de communication e de commercio roman. Le tradition national attribue le fundation de San Marino a Marinus, un scalpellino christian proveniente de [[Rab]], alora parte del mundo adriatic. Secundo le relato traditional, ille arrivava in le region durante le persecutiones del imperator [[Diocletian]] e se refugiava super le Monte Titano, ubi ille formava un communitate christian. Le tradition fixa le fundation al 3 de septembre 301, data que es commemorate como le anniversario del fundation del republica. Tamen, le data non es confirmate per documentos contemporanee al seculo IV. Le existentia documentate del communitate es plus clar in le fontes medieval, specialmente in le documento de 885 cognoscite como Placito Feretrano.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/history/origins-of-san-marino/ |titulo=Origins of San Marino |sitioweb=Sanmarinosite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/san-marino_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=San Marino |sitioweb=Treccani, Dizionario di Storia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Medievo == === Formation del commune medieval === ==== Le prime documentos ==== Le Placito Feretrano de 885 es un documento juridic que constitue un del prime testimonios scritte del existentia de un communitate organisate super le Monte Titano. Le documento tracta de derectos de proprietate associate a un monasterio local e monstra que le communitate habeva jam un identitate recognoscibile. Durante le seculos sequente, le communitate developpava un organisation local e ampliava su autonomia. Le position elevate del Monte Titano e le difficultate de controlar le sito per potentias exterior contribuiva al mantenimento de un grado de independentia. Le formation del commune esseva un processo gradual. Le institutiones politic se developpava in relation con le evolution del citates del Italia central e septentrional, ubi communitates urban cercava a administrar lor proprie asuntos e a limitar le interventiones del seniores feudal e del autoritates ecclesiastic. ==== Le Arengo e le Capitani Reggenti ==== Le prime forma de governamento communal es associate al Arengo, un assemblea del capites de familia. Le Arengo representa un tradition de participation del citatanos in le decisiones del communitate. Durante le Medievo, le institutiones deveniva plus elaborate. In 1243 es documentate le prime Capitani Reggenti, duo magistratos que exerceva conjunctemente le function de chefes del Stato. Le institution del duo regentes remane un elemento central del systema politic de San Marino. Le capitani regentes es eligite pro mandatos breve, un arrangemento destinate a evitar le concentration prolongate del poter in un sol persona. Le tradition del direction collegial e del rotation del titulares ha continuate, con transformationes, usque al republica contemporanee.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/history/origins-of-san-marino/ |titulo=Origins of San Marino |sitioweb=Sanmarinosite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Statutos e organisation communal ==== Durante le seculo XIII, San Marino adoptava statutos que regulateva le administration del commune, le functionamento del institutiones e le obligationes del habitantes. Le statutos constitueva un fundamento del autonomia juridic e administrative del communitate. Le statutos medieval esseva modificate e completate durante le seculos. Le Statutos de 1600 deveniva un referentia importante del ordine juridic traditional del republica. Illos defineva le structura del institutiones e le principios del governamento, in un periodo in le qual San Marino habeva ja mantinite su autonomia durante plure seculos. === Expansion territorial e conflictos medieval === Durante le seculo XV, San Marino ampliava su territorio durante le conflictos inter le potentias del region, specialmente le [[Ducato de Urbino]], le [[Familia Malatesta]] e altere seniores del Italia central. In 1463, post un serie de conflictos contra Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta de Rimini e le cooperation con le papa e le duca de Urbino, San Marino acquireva territorios e castellos que includeva Serravalle, Faetano e Montegiardino, assi como altere areas adjacente. Le frontieras resultante deveniva le base del territorio del republica e ha remanite largemente inalterate desde alora. Le expansion territorial consolidava le position de San Marino como un commune independente in le region del Montefeltro e del Romagna. Le republica continuava a mantener relationes con le potentias vicin, cercante a proteger su autonomia per accordos e per un politica exterior prudente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/san-marino_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=San Marino |sitioweb=Treccani, Dizionario di Storia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Confrontos con potentias regional === ==== Cesare Borgia e le seculo XVI ==== In 1503, le republica cadeva temporarimente sub le controlo de [[Cesare Borgia]], qui durante su expeditiones in le Romagna cercava a extender su dominio super le citates e territorios del region. Le controlo de Borgia durava poc tempore; post le declino de su potentia, San Marino recuperava su autonomia. Altere tentativas de intervention exterior esseva impedite per le geographia del territorio, le diplomatia del republica e le relationes con potentias vicin. Le tradition politic de San Marino poneva le accentu super le preservation del autonomia e le evitamento de conflictos que poterea poner in risco le existentia del Stato. ==== Le intervention de 1543 ==== In 1543, un gruppo de soldatos associate a Fabiano da Monte San Savino tentava de surprender le republica per un attacco nocturne. Le operation falleva, e le tradition local attribue le salvamento del citate a un nebula dense que impediva al assaltantes de attinger lor objectivo. Le episodio deveniva parte del memoria historic e del traditiones religiose del republica, ben que le detalles del relato debe esser considerate in relation con le fontes historic disponibile. === Recognition del independentia === ==== Relationes con le Papato ==== Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, San Marino manteneva relationes con le [[Statos Pontificios]] e con le autoritates ecclesiastic del region. Le republica se trovava circumdate per territorios sub influentia papal, ma conservava su institutiones e su autonomia administrative. In 1631, post le annexation del Ducato de Urbino al dominio papal, le independentia de San Marino esseva recognoscite per le autoritates pontificie. Iste recognition deveniva un momento importante in le consolidation del status international del republica. ==== Le crise de 1739–1740 ==== In 1739, le cardinal [[Giulio Alberoni]], legato papal in le Romagna, occupava San Marino e tentava de poner le republica sub controlo pontificie. Le intervention provocava protestas e appellos del autoritates sanmarinese. Le crise esseva resolvite in 1740, quando le papa [[Clemente XII]] recognosceva le derectos del republica e restaurava su independentia. Le data del 5 de februario deveniva un importante anniversario historic, associate etiam al cultu de [[Sancta Agatha]], patrona del republica.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/san-marino_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=San Marino |sitioweb=Treccani, Dizionario di Storia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === San Marino e le epocha napoleonian === Durante le [[Guerras Napoleonian]], le exercitos francese occupava grande partes del Italia e transformava le structuras politic del peninsula. San Marino se trovava circumdate per territorios que passava sub administration francese o sub governos alliates de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. In 1797, Napoleon recognosceva le autonomia del republica e, secundo le tradition diplomatic sanmarinese, offereva etiam a extender su territorio. Le regentes declinava le oferta, preferente preservar le neutralitate e le dimension territorial traditional del Stato. Le attitude de Napoleon permitteva a San Marino de evitar le incorporation in le structuras statal que esseva create durante le occupation francese de Italia. Post le fin del epocha napoleonian, le [[Congresso de Vienna]] de 1815 manteneva le existentia del republica in le quadro politic restaurate del Europa.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/history/origins-of-san-marino/ |titulo=Origins of San Marino |sitioweb=Sanmarinosite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate contemporanee == === Risorgimento e unification italian === Durante le seculo XIX, le [[Risorgimento]] promoveva le unification del peninsula italic. San Marino, ben que independente, se trovava in le centro del transformationes politic que conduceva al establimento del [[Regno de Italia]]. ==== Refugio de Giuseppe Garibaldi ==== In 1849, le revolutionario e general [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] e parte de su seguidores arrivava a San Marino durante lor retirada post le cadita del [[Republica Roman]]. Le republica les concedeva refugio e permitteva al gruppo de reorganisar se durante le circumstantias militar del epocha. Le episodio es un del eventos plus cognoscite del relationes inter San Marino e le movimento pro le unification italian. Le republica manteneva su autonomia e non esseva incorporated in le nove Stato italian. ==== Relationes con le Regno de Italia ==== Post le proclamation del Regno de Italia in 1861, San Marino continuava a existir como Stato independente. In 1862, le republica e le Regno de Italia signava un convention de amicitia e cooperation, que stabiliva un quadro pro lor relationes diplomatic e economic. Le independentia de San Marino esseva maintenite durante le processo de unification italian, e le republica continuava a governar se per su institutiones proprie. Le territorio, ja ampliate in le seculo XV, non esseva integrate in le regno italian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/san-marino |titulo=San Marino |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === San Marino al initio del seculo XX === Durante le initio del seculo XX, San Marino conservava su institutiones republican e developpava le administration del Stato. Le economia remaneva basate in parte super agricultura, allevamento, extraction de petra e artesania, durante que le commercio e le servicios acquireva un importantia crescente. Le systema politic manteneva le institution del Capitani Reggenti e le organos representative. Le republica developpava relationes diplomatic con altere Statos e adoptava gradualmente instrumentes administrative moderne. === Prime Guerra Mundial e periodo interbellic === Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], San Marino manteneva su existentia como Stato independente e non esseva un participante major del conflicto. Le guerra e su consequentias economic affectava indirectemente le relationes commercial e le vita quotidian del republica. Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, le politica sanmarinese esseva influentiate per le evolution del [[Fascismo italian]]. Le Partito Fascista Sanmarinese assumeva le controlo del governamento e manteneva relationes politicamente proche con le regime de [[Benito Mussolini]] in Italia. Le regime fascista sanmarinese governava durante le periodo interbellic e adoptava institutiones e practicas inspirate per le modelo italian. Le dimension reducite del Stato e su dependentia economic del mercado italian faceva que le evolution politic de Italia habeva un influentia directe super San Marino. === Secunde Guerra Mundial === Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], San Marino se declarava neutre. Tamen, su position geographic intra Italia e vicino a importante vias de communication lo exponeva al effectos del guerra. Post le armistitie italian de septembre 1943, le territorio del republica se trovava in un zona de grande importantia militar. Le avance del fortias alleate e le retirada german faceva del region un area de operationes durante le campania de Italia. In junio 1944, San Marino esseva bombardate per le fortias alleate. Le bombardamento causava mortes e damnos material. In septembre 1944, le territorio deveniva le sito de combattimentos inter le fortias german e le fortias alleate durante le [[Battalia de San Marino]]. Le republica esseva liberate per le fortias alleate e le formationes associate in le mesme mense. Le guerra causava dislocationes, damnos e difficultates economic. Post le fin del conflicto, San Marino initiava le reconstruction e le reorganisamento del vita politic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/san-marino_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/ |titulo=San Marino |sitioweb=Treccani, Dizionario di Storia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Republica postguerra === Post 1945, San Marino restabliva su vita parlamentar e le electiones democratic. Le republica deveniva un caso notabile in le politica europee postguerra proque partitos de sinistra, includente communistas e socialistas, participava al governamento per medio de electiones. Le coaliciones politic variava durante le decennios sequente. Le pais manteneva su institutiones republican e developpava le servicios public, le education e le administration, durante que su economia se transformava gradualmente verso le industria legier, le turismo e le servicios. Le relationes con Italia remaneva fundamental pro le commercio, le circulation del personas e le cooperation economic. Le republica continuava a mantener su proprie institutiones politic e su diplomatia, ben que su position geographic le ligava intimemente al economia italian. === Relationes international e integration europee === San Marino developpava progressivemente su participation in le institutiones international. Le republica deveniva membro del [[Consilio de Europa]] in 1988 e del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le relationes con le [[Union Europee]] esseva developpate per accordos de cooperation e unione doganal. San Marino non es membro del Union Europee, ma participa in arrangementos economic e monetari con le Union e le Italia. Le euro deveniva le moneta official del republica in 2002, secundo un accordo monetari con le Union Europee. Le pais usa le euro e ha le possibilitate de emitter un quantitate limitate de monetas euro con disveloppamentos e symbolos national. === Patrimonio historic e continuitate institutional === Le Centro Historic de San Marino e le Monte Titano esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO in 2008. Le sito include le centro historic, le fortificationes e le tres turres emblematic que domina le cresta del monte, assi como edificios public e religiose que testimonia le evolution del citate-Stato medieval. UNESCO considera le centro historic como un testimonio del continuation de un republica independente e del disveloppamento de institutiones representative basate super autonomia civic e autogovernamento. Le sito conserva su functiones institutional e remane le centro politic e cultural del republica.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1245/ |titulo=San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === San Marino contemporanee === Le republica contemporanee mantene un systema representative e parlamentar con le institution traditional del Capitani Reggenti, duo chefes del Stato eligite per periodos de sex menses. Le Grand e General Consilio exerce le function legislative e le governamento dirige le administration del Stato. Le economia se basa principalement super le servicios, le commercio, le turismo, le industria e le activitates financari. Le relationes con Italia remane central pro le mobilitate, le commercio e le accesso al mercado regional. Le continuation del institutiones republican desde le Medievo ha un rolo importante in le identitate national de San Marino. Tamen, le tradition de fundation in 301 debe esser distinguite del evidentia documental: le relato de sancte Marinus es le mito fundator, durante que le fontes historic documenta plus clarmente le existentia del communitate medieval e su institutiones desde le seculos IX e XIII. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de San Marino| ]] opmkgvp6e1fehi3zadhvw75izgde034 Categoria:Historia de San Marino 14 62313 704658 2026-10-17T10:23:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:San Marino]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:San Marino]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] mxtt3tzfst6og0rwlhcv019dwcfa7zu Historia del Vaticano 0 62314 704660 2026-10-17T10:28:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del Vatican''' es le historia del territorio e del institutiones associate al [[Papato]], al [[Santa Sede]] e al actual [[Citate del Vatican]]. Le area del Vatican, situate al ripa occidental del [[Tiber]] in [[Roma]], esseva in Antiquitate un zona extra le centro urban, con villas, jardins, un circo e necropolis. Su transformation in un centro del christianismo es ligate al tradition que identifica le loco del martirio e s...” 704660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia del Vatican''' es le historia del territorio e del institutiones associate al [[Papato]], al [[Santa Sede]] e al actual [[Citate del Vatican]]. Le area del Vatican, situate al ripa occidental del [[Tiber]] in [[Roma]], esseva in Antiquitate un zona extra le centro urban, con villas, jardins, un circo e necropolis. Su transformation in un centro del christianismo es ligate al tradition que identifica le loco del martirio e sepultura de [[Sancte Petro]]. Durante le Medievo, le area del Vatican deveniva un centro religiose e administrative importante del Papato. Le construction e expansion del [[Basilica de Sancte Petro]] e del palatios pontifical contribueva al transformation del zona in le principal sede del papa. Durante le seculos, le papas exerceva etiam poter temporal super le [[Statos Pontificios]], un territorio multo plus vaste que le actual Citate del Vatican. Le annexation de Roma per le Regno de Italia in 1870 terminava le poter temporal del papas super Roma e provocava le question roman. Le conflicto esseva resolvite per le [[Pactos Lateranense]], signate le 11 de februario 1929 inter le [[Santa Sede]] e le Regno de Italia. Le accordos creava le actual Stato del Citate del Vatican, un entitate sovereign destinate a garantir le independentia territorial del Santa Sede in le exercitio de su mission ecclesiastic e diplomatic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html |titulo=General Information: The Holy See and Vatican City State |sitioweb=Santa Sede |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del Vatican in le epocha prehistoric e protho-historic formava parte del margine rural trans-tiberin, caracterisate per collinas, fluvio-terrassas e vegetation natural ante le emergence de settlementos urban structurate in le region del Latio. == Antiquitate == === Ager Vaticanus === In le epocha roman, le nomine Vaticanum designava un territorio situate al west del Tiber, extra le nucleo principal de Roma. Le area, cognoscite in le fontes como Ager Vaticanus, includeva terrenos agricole, villas e spacios funerari. Durante le epocha imperial, le zona deveniva un loco de habitation e de recreation pro membros del elites roman. Le imperator [[Caligula]] faceva construer un circo in le jardins de su familia, que esseva ulteriormente renovato sub [[Nero]]. Le tradition christian associa iste area al martirio de Sancte Petro durante le persecution contra le christianos in le annos 60 del seculo I. Le vestigios archeologic del necropolis roman, situate sub le area del actual Basilica de Sancte Petro, documenta le uso funerari del zona. Le tradition ecclesiastic identifica un sepultura in iste area como le tumba de Petro, un interpretation que ha essite investigate per studios archeologic e historic. Le presentia del sepultura venerate de Petro contribuiva al disveloppamento del area como centro de peregrination christian.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Medievo == === Le prime basilica de Sancte Petro === Durante le seculo IV, post le recognition del christianismo per le Imperio Roman, le imperator [[Constantino le Grande]] promoveva le construction de un grande basilica super le loco associate al sepultura de Petro. Le edificio, cognoscite como le ancian Basilica de Sancte Petro, deveniva un del principal centros de peregrination del christianismo occidental. Le basilica attirava peregrinos, clericos e governantes. Su importantia contribuiva al disveloppamento de ecclesias, monasterios, hospitios e altere edificios religiose in le area circumstante. Durante le seculos sequente, le papa e le administration ecclesiastic manteneva relationes plus stricte con iste area. Le basilica deveniva gradualmente un centro del vita liturgic e institutional del Ecclesia de Roma, ben que le residentia pontifical se trovava ancora frequentemente in altere partes del citate. === Formation del centro pontifical === Durante le prime Medievo, le papas exerceva lor functiones spiritual e administrative in un contexto marcate per le transformation del Imperio Roman Occidental, le disveloppamento del regnos germanic e le evolution del relationes con le imperateres e governantes del peninsula italic. Le area del Vatican deveniva progressivemente un centro de importantia crescente. Durante le pontificato de [[Leone IV]] (847–855), esseva construite fortificationes pro proteger le basilica e le area circumstante contra attaccos. Le recinto fortificate, cognoscite como le Muralias Leoninas, contribuiva al formation del zona que plus tarde deveniva le centro del residentia pontifical. Le papas tamen non habitava permanentemente in le Vatican durante le prime seculos medieval. Le Palatio del Laterano remaneva durante longe tempore un del principal sedes pontifical.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Palatio Apostolic === Durante le seculos XII e XIII, le edificios associate al residentia del papa e al administration del Ecclesia esseva developpate e ampliate in le area del Vatican. Le palatios pontifical deveniva progressivemente un centro de governamento ecclesiastic, diplomatia e administration. Sub le pontificatos de [[Eugenio III]] e [[Innocentio III]], le complex pontifical esseva expandite. Durante le fin del seculo XIII e le initio del seculo XIV, le edificios e le fortificationes esseva ulteriormente renovate. Le disveloppamento del Palatio Apostolic e del structuras administrative contribuiva al transformation del Vatican in un centro politic e religiose del Europa medieval. === Le Papato de Avignon e le retorno a Roma === In 1309, le sede pontifical esseva transferite a [[Avignon]], in le actual [[Francia]]. Le papas continuava a reger le Ecclesia catholic desde Avignon durante circa septanta annos, durante que le Vatican e le Basilica de Sancte Petro perdeva parte de lor functiones administrative. Le absentia del papas affectava le condition del edificios e del area del Vatican. Le residentia pontifical in Roma esseva minus utilisate, e plure partes del citate requireva renovation. In 1377, [[Gregorio XI]] retornava le sede pontifical a Roma. Le retorno initiava un nove periodo de reconstruction e reorganisamento del edificios pontifical. Durante le annos sequente, le Vatican deveniva gradualmente le residentia principal del papa, in parte al detrimento del ancian centro del Laterano. Le periodo del [[Schisma occidental]], que comenciava in 1378, tamen provocava un grave crise in le unitate del Ecclesia e affectava le organisation del Papato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Renaissance e construction del Vatican moderne === ==== Renovation del Basilica de Sancte Petro ==== Durante le [[Renaissance]], le Papato deveniva un importante patrono del arte, del architectura e del cultura humanista. Le papas commissionava obras a artistas, architectos e sculptores de grande renomine, transformante le Vatican in un del principal centros artistic del Europa. Le ancian Basilica de Sancte Petro, construite in le seculo IV, esseva considerate in le seculo XV como un edificio que requireva un reconstruction major. In 1506, sub le papa [[Julio II]], comenciava le construction del actual [[Basilica de Sancte Petro]]. Le projecto esseva modificate e developpate per plure architectos, inter illes [[Donato Bramante]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Carlo Maderno]] e [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]. Le construction se extendiva durante plure generationes e le basilica esseva consacrate in 1626, sub le papa [[Urbano VIII]]. Le nove basilica deveniva un del principal monumentos del christianismo e un elemento central del paisage urban del Vatican. ==== Le Capella Sixtina ==== Le [[Capella Sixtina]] esseva construite durante le pontificato de [[Sixto IV]] in le secunde medietate del seculo XV. Illa deveniva un del spacios plus importante del Palatio Apostolic e un centro de cerimonias pontifical. Le capella es celebre pro su decoration pictural, includente le frescos del teto realisate per [[Michelangelo]] inter 1508 e 1512 e le composition del [[Judicio Final]], completate in 1541. Le paredes include etiam obras de artistas como [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Pietro Perugino]] e [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]. Le Capella Sixtina exerce etiam un function institutional central, perque illo es le loco ubi se reuni le [[Conclave]] pro le election del nove papa. ==== Le Museos Vatican ==== Le collectiones que formava le [[Museos Vatican]] se developpava durante plure seculos. Le papas acquireva e commissionava sculpturas antique, pinturas, objectos archeologic e altere obras de arte. Le collectiones esseva gradualmente organisate in galerias e museos. Illos include actualmente collectiones de arte antique, arte christian, arte del Renaissance e arte moderne, assi como le [[Museo Pio-Clementino]], le [[Galeria de Mapas]] e le [[Museo Gregoriano Egipte]]. Le disveloppamento del museos reflecte le rol del Papato como patrono del arte e como custode de un patrimonio cultural de importantia international. === Le Vatican e le Statos Pontificios === Durante le epocha medieval e moderne, le Papato non esseva solmente un institution religiose. Le papas governava etiam le Statos Pontificios, un territorio que comprendeva partes importante del Italia central e que existeva, con transformationes, usque al seculo XIX. Le Vatican, Roma e le palatios pontifical faceva parte del centro institutional del Papato, ma le Statos Pontificios esseva multo plus vaste que le actual Citate del Vatican. Le governamento temporal del papas involveva le administration del citates, le taxation, le diplomatia e le relationes con altere Statos europee. Le Papato participava in le conflictos politic del peninsula italic e manteneva relationes con monarchias e imperios del Europa. == Etate contemporanee == === Le Question Roman === ==== Le unification de Italia ==== Durante le seculo XIX, le movimento del [[Risorgimento]] conduceva al unification progressive del peninsula italic. Le Regno de Italia esseva proclamate in 1861, ma Roma e le territorio circostante remaneva sub le controlo del papa [[Pio IX]]. Le 20 de septembre 1870, le fortias del Regno de Italia entrava in Roma e poneva fin al governamento temporal pontifical super le citate e le territorios restante del Statos Pontificios. Roma deveniva ulteriormente le capital del Regno de Italia. Pio IX refusava de recognoscer le annexation e se considerava private de su independentia politic. Le conflicto inter le Papato e le Stato italian deveniva cognoscite como le Question Roman. ==== Le papas como «prisioneros del Vatican» ==== Post 1870, le papas continuava a habitar le Vatican e refusava durante plure decennios de acceptar le solution italian del Question Roman. Le papas non recognosceva le legitimita del annexation de Roma e non abandonava le area del Vatican pro visitas public in le citate. Le governamento italian adoptava in 1871 le [[Lege de Garantias]], que defini certe privilegios e protectiones pro le papa e le Santa Sede. Tamen, le Papato non acceptava iste lege como un solution definitive al problema del suverenitate. Le situation remaneva non resolvite usque al 1929, durante que le Santa Sede continuava a mantener relationes diplomatic con numerose Statos, ben que non disponeva de un territorio sovereign recognoscite in le forma del actual Citate del Vatican.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html |titulo=General Information: The Holy See and Vatican City State |sitioweb=Santa Sede |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Creation del Stato del Citate del Vatican === ==== Pactos Lateranense de 1929 ==== Le 11 de februario 1929, le Santa Sede e le Regno de Italia signava le Pactos Lateranense, constituite per un tractato, un convention financiari e un concordato. Le tractato esseva signate per le cardinal [[Pietro Gasparri]] pro le Santa Sede e per [[Benito Mussolini]] pro le governamento italian. Le tractato terminava le Question Roman e recognosceva le suverenitate del Santa Sede super le territorio del Vatican, creando formalmente le Stato del Citate del Vatican. Le accordos esseva ratificate e entrava in vigor le 7 de junio 1929. Le nove Stato esseva create pro garantir le independentia territorial del Santa Sede e permitter al papa de exercer su mission ecclesiastic e diplomatic sin depender juridicamente de un altere Stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/history.html |titulo=History |sitioweb=Governatorato dello Stato della Città del Vaticano |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html |titulo=Patti Lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 |sitioweb=Santa Sede |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Organisation del nove Stato ==== Le tractato defini le territorio del Citate del Vatican e recognosce le suverenitate exclusive del Santa Sede super illo. Le Stato include le Basilica de Sancte Petro, le placia de Sancte Petro, le Palatio Apostolic e le principale edificios administrative e religiose situate intra su frontieras. Le Santa Sede e le Stato del Citate del Vatican es juridicamente distincte. Le Santa Sede es le organo central del governamento del Ecclesia catholic e exerce le suverenitate in le campo international. Le Stato del Citate del Vatican es le entitate territorial que garanti le base material e institutional pro le independentia del Santa Sede. Le papa es le chef del Stato e possede le poteres legislative, executive e judicial. Le administration del territorio es exercite per organos specific, includente le [[Governatorato del Stato del Citate del Vatican]] e le Commission Pontifical pro le Stato del Citate del Vatican.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/informazione_generale/sp_ss_scv_info-generale_en.html |titulo=General Information: The Holy See and Vatican City State |sitioweb=Santa Sede |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le Vatican durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial === Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le Stato del Citate del Vatican manteneva su neutralitate official. Su territorio esseva circumdate per Roma, que esseva occupate per le fortias german desde 1943 usque al liberation alleate in 1944. Le papa [[Pio XII]] remaneva in le Vatican durante le guerra e manteneva contactos diplomatic con le belligerantes. Le rolo del Papato durante le persecution del judeos e le Holocaust es ancora un subjecto de investigation historic e de debate. Le interpretationes del actiones del Vatican include analyses del diplomatia pontifical, del interventiones public e private e del limites del action del Santa Sede in le circumstantias del epocha. Le territorio del Vatican non esseva occupate per le fortias german durante le guerra, ben que Roma e le regiones circostante esseva le sito de operationes militar. Le neutralitate del Stato esseva mantenite formalmente durante le conflicto. === Postguerra e evolution del institutiones === Post 1945, le Vatican continuava a exercer un rol central in le vita religiose e diplomatic del Ecclesia catholic. Le papas successive promoveva le relationes international, le cooperation inter le communitates catholic e le participation del Santa Sede in dialogos super le pace, le derectos human e le conflictos international. Le pontificato de [[Pio XII]] esseva sequite per [[Johannes XXIII]], qui convocava le [[Concilio Vatican II]] in 1962. Le concilio, terminate in 1965 sub [[Paulo VI]], transformava numerose aspectos del vita liturgic, del relationes con altere religion e del organisation del Ecclesia catholic. Le reformas del Concilio Vatican II affectava etiam le modo in le qual le Ecclesia se relacionava con le mundo moderne e con le institutiones international. === Le Vatican contemporanee === Durante le fin del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, le Vatican continuava a disveloppar su relationes diplomatic e su activitate institutional. Le Santa Sede mantene relationes diplomatic con un grande numero de Statos e participa in organisationes e conferentias international. Le pontificatos de [[Johannes Paulo II]], [[Benedicto XVI]] e [[Francisco]] esseva marcate per differente prioridades pastoral e institutional, includente le dialogo interreligiose, le relationes international, le reforma del administration ecclesiastic e le questiones social e environmental. Le Citate del Vatican remane le plus micre Stato sovereign del mundo per superficie. Su territorio comprende le centro monumental e religiose del Vatican, durante que le Santa Sede exerce un rol diplomatic e ecclesiastic multo plus vaste que le territorio del Stato. === Patrimonio historic e cultural === Le Vatican conserva un patrimonio artistic e architectural de importantia mondial. Le Basilica de Sancte Petro, le Capella Sixtina, le Museos Vatican e le Palatio Apostolic es inter le principal elementos de iste patrimonio. Le Citate del Vatican esseva inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del [[UNESCO]] in 1984. Le inscription include le territorio del Stato e su complexos monumental, recognoscente lor valor universal pro le historia del arte, del architectura e del christianismo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/286/ |titulo=Vatican City |sitioweb=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia del Citate Vatican| ]] 1smmc8h316kk7vphrznq6dv5vfdylci Categoria:Historia del Citate Vatican 14 62315 704661 2026-10-17T10:28:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Citate del Vaticano]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Citate del Vaticano]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] o6sfk3zz94sldrhnr3kyn19lks6i45f Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina 0 62316 704664 2026-10-17T10:30:10Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina''' tracta le evolution del territorio del actual [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]], situate in le peninsula balcanic, desde le settlementos prehistoric usque al Stato independente contemporanee. Le region ha essite influentiate per civilisationes antique, le Imperio Roman, le mundo slavic medieval, le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le [[Monarchia austro-hungare]], le [[Regno de Yugoslavia]] e le Yugoslavia socialista...” 704664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina''' tracta le evolution del territorio del actual [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]], situate in le peninsula balcanic, desde le settlementos prehistoric usque al Stato independente contemporanee. Le region ha essite influentiate per civilisationes antique, le Imperio Roman, le mundo slavic medieval, le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le [[Monarchia austro-hungare]], le [[Regno de Yugoslavia]] e le [[Yugoslavia socialista]]. Durante le Medievo, Bosnia developpava un entitate politic proprie, que attingeva su apogeo como regno durante le seculo XIV. Post le conquestation ottoman in 1463, le region esseva integrate in le systema administrative e economic del Imperio Ottoman durante plure seculos. In 1878, le Congresso de Berlin attribueva al [[Imperio Austro-Hungar]] le administration del territorio, que esseva formalmente annexate in 1908. Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, Bosnia e Herzegovina deveniva parte del nove Stato del [[Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos]], ulteriormente denominate Yugoslavia. Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le territorio esseva integrate in le Stato Independent de Croatia e deveniva un teatro de persecutiones, massacres e resistance. Post 1945, Bosnia e Herzegovina deveniva un del sex republicas del Yugoslavia socialista. Le declaration de independentia in 1992 esseva sequite per le [[Guerra de Bosnia]] (1992–1995), un conflicto marcate per operationes militar, expulsiones forzate e crimens contra le population civil. Le [[Accordos de Dayton]], signate in decembre 1995, terminava le guerra e establi le quadro constitutional del actual Stato, organisate in duo entitates principal e un distrito special.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R45691.html |titulo=Bosnia and Herzegovina: Background and U.S. Policy |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ba/Content/Read/175?lang=en |titulo=Constitution and main regulations |sitioweb=Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Bosnia e Herzegovina es habitate desde le [[Paleolithic]]. Reperimentos archeologic documenta le presentia de communitates de chassatores e collectores, sequite durante le [[Neolithic]] per settlementos agricole e sedentari. Durante le etates del Neolithic e del Bronzo, le populationes developpava agricultura, allevamento, production de ceramica e commercio regional. Le position del territorio inter le mar Adriatic, le planuras del Danubio e le regiones interior del Balcanes facilitava contactos cultural e commercial. == Antiquitate == === Illyrios e Celtos === Durante le prime millennio a.C., grande partes del territorio esseva habitate per populationes [[Illyrios|illyric]]. Illes organisava se in tribos e communitates regional e participava al commercio con le colonias grec del costa adriatic e con altere populos del peninsula balcanic. Durante le seculos IV e III a.C., gruppos [[Celtos|celtic]] penetrava in partes del Balcanes e influentiava le cultura material del region. Le contactos inter Illyrios, Celtos e altere populationes contribuiva al diversitate cultural del territorio ante le expansion roman. === Conquestation roman === Roma extendeva su controlo super le peninsula balcanic durante le seculos II e I a.C. Le territorio del actual Bosnia e Herzegovina esseva integrate gradualmente in le systema provincial roman, principalmente in le provincia de [[Dalmatia]] e in territorios adjacente. Le administration roman introduceva vias, fortificationes, settlementos urban e un systema fiscal e juridic. Le extraction de metalles, le agricultura e le circulation de tropas contribuiva al integration del region in le economia imperial. Post le division del Imperio Roman in 395, le territorio remaneva in le parte oriental o occidental del imperio secundo le evolution del frontieras e del administration. Le region esseva ulteriormente affectate per migrationes e invasiones de gruppos germanic e per le transformation del structuras roman. == Medievo == === Arrivo del Slavos e formation del principatos === Durante le seculos VI e VII, gruppos [[Slavos]] se establiva in grande partes del Balcanes, includente le territorio del actual Bosnia e Herzegovina. Illes se misceva con le populationes local e developpava nove structuras social e linguistic. Le christianismo se diffundeva gradualmente in le region, sub influentia del ecclesias latin e grec. Le frontieras religiose e politic variava durante le Medievo, e le territorio esseva influentiate per Byzantio, le regnos croate e hungare e altere potentias balcanic. Le nomine Bosnia deveniva progressivemente associate al valle del fluvio Bosna e, ulteriormente, a un entitate politic regional. Le regiones meridional, includente partes del actual Herzegovina, habeva lor proprie traditiones e relationes politic, ligate inter altere a principatos como Hum e Travunia. === Bosnia medieval === ==== Formation del Banato de Bosnia ==== Durante le seculo XII, Bosnia emergeva como un entitate politic recognoscibile sub le direction de governantes cognoscite como *bans*. Le territorio se trovava inter le influentia del [[Regno de Hungaria]] e del [[Imperio Byzantin]], e su governantes cercava a preservar un grado de autonomia. Le Banato de Bosnia se consolidava durante le seculos XII e XIII. Le relationes con le Ecclesia catholic, le hierarchias orthodoxe e le communitates religiose local esseva complexe. Un communitate christian particular, sovente designate in le fontes como le Ecclesia bosniac, existeva durante parte del Medievo, ben que su natura doctrinal e su relation con le altere traditiones christian es ancora subjecto a debatte historic. ==== Expansion sub Tvrtko I ==== Durante le seculo XIV, le Banato de Bosnia cresceva in importantia sub governantes como [[Stjepan II Kotromanić]]. Le territorio extendeva su influentia e su relationes commercial con le citates del costa adriatic. In 1377, [[Tvrtko I]] esseva coronate rege, marcate le transformation del Banato in le Regno de Bosnia. Durante su regno, le Stato attingeva un del plus grande extensiones territorial de su historia medieval e exerceva influentia in partes del costa adriatic e del Balcanes occidental. Le regno developpava relationes con Hungaria, Serbia, Dubrovnik e altere potentias regional. Le citates, le commercio e le extraction de metalles contribuiva al economia, durante que le nobiles regional manteneva un forte influentia super le politica del Stato. ==== Crise dynastic e fin del regno ==== Post le morte de Tvrtko I in 1391, le regno esseva affectate per conflictos dynastic e rivalitates inter familias nobiliar. Le governantes affrontava etiam le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] in le Balcanes. In 1463, le exercito ottoman conquestava le nucleo del Regno de Bosnia e executava le rege [[Stjepan Tomašević]]. Le conquestation del territorio esseva un momento decisive in le historia del region. Certes territorios e fortezas remaneva temporarimente sub governantes local ou christian, ma le controlo ottoman se extendeva progressivemente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bosnia-ed-erzegovina/ |titulo=Bosnia ed Erzegovina |sitioweb=Treccani |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Bosnia sub le Imperio Ottoman (1463–1878) === Post le conquestation, Bosnia esseva integrate in le structura administrative del [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le territorio esseva organisate in unidades administrative que cambiava durante le seculos, includente le [[Eyalet de Bosnia]] e, ulteriormente, le [[Vilayet de Bosnia]]. Le administration ottoman transformava le systema fiscal, le proprietate del terra e le organisation militar. Le ciudades e le rutas commercial esseva developpate, e le economia regional combinava agricultura, allevamento, artesania e commercio. Durante le periodo ottoman, le Islam se diffundeva in partes importante del population, specialmente in le citates e inter familias que adoptava le nove religion per rationes variate. Le christianismo orthodoxe e catholic remaneva etiam presente, e le communitates religiose conservava institutiones, ecclesias e traditiones proprie. Le citates de Sarajevo, Mostar e Travnik developpava institutiones religiose, mercatos, pontes, mesquitas, ecclesias e edificios public. Le architettura ottoman deveniva un elemento characteristic del patrimonio urban del region. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le autoritate ottoman affrontava rebelliones local, conflictos inter elites e difficultates fiscal e militar. In 1831, [[Husein Gradaščević]] conduceva un rebellion contra le reformas e le autoritate central ottoman. In 1875, un insurrection contra le administration ottoman comenciava in Herzegovina, conducente al [[Guerra russo-ottoman de 1877–1878]]. === Administration austro-hungare (1878–1918) === Le [[Congresso de Berlin de 1878]] attribueva al [[Imperio Austro-Hungar]] le derecto de occupar e administrar Bosnia e Herzegovina, que esseva formalmente annexate in 1908. Le administration austro-hungare introduceva reformas in le infrastructuras, le administration, le education e le economia, construente vias ferrate e transformante le citates. Le 28 de junio 1914, [[Gavrilo Princip]] assassinava le archiduca [[Francisco Fernando de Austria]] e su sposa [[Sofia de Hohenberg]] in Sarajevo, devenivanto le evento immediate que precedeva le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. == Etate contemporanee == === Bosnia in le prime Yugoslavia (1918–1941) === Post le dissolution del Imperio Austro-Hungar, Bosnia e Herzegovina deveniva parte del [[Regno del Serbos, Croatos e Slovenos]] (renominate [[Regno de Yugoslavia]] in 1929). Le politica del regno esseva marcate per conflictos inter centralisation e autonomia regional. === Secunde Guerra Mundial (1941–1945) === In april 1941, le fortias del [[Axe]] invadeva Yugoslavia. Le major parte de Bosnia e Herzegovina esseva incorporate in le Stato Independent de Croatia, gobernate per le [[Ustaše]], que organisava persecutiones e massacres. Le Partisanos conducite per [[Josip Broz Tito]] organisava un resistance multietnic. En novembre 1943, le [[Consilio Antifascista pro le Liberation National de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] (ZAVNOBiH) affirmava le status de Bosnia e Herzegovina como unitate politic in un futura Yugoslavia federal.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/yugoslavia |titulo=Yugoslavia |sitioweb=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Republica socialista de Bosnia e Herzegovina (1945–1992) === Post 1945, Bosnia e Herzegovina deveniva un del sex republicas constitutive del [[Republica Socialista Federal de Yugoslavia]], promovente industrialisation, education e urbanisation. Sarajevo organisava le [[Jogos Olympic de Hiberno de 1984]]. Durante le annos 1980, le crise economic e le crescentia del nationalismos affectava le federacion. Le electiones multipartitic de 1990 portava al poter partitos basate super identitates bosniac, serb e croat. === Independentia e Guerra de Bosnia (1992–1995) === Post un referendum in 1992, Bosnia e Herzegovina proclamava su independentia, sequite per le [[Guerra de Bosnia]] (1992–1995). Le conflicto includeva le [[Assedio de Sarajevo]] e le [[Massacre de Srebrenica]]. Le Accordos de Dayton, signate le 14 de decembre 1995, terminava le guerra e establi le quadro constitutional del actual Stato, organisate in duo entitates: le [[Federation de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] e le [[Republika Srpska]], assi como le [[Distrito de Brčko]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/dayton/ |titulo=Dayton Peace Accords |sitioweb=U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.parlament.ba/Content/Read/175?lang=en |titulo=Constitution and main regulations |sitioweb=Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bosnia e Herzegovina post-Dayton === Post 1995, le pais comenciava un processo de reconstruction material e institutional. Bosnia e Herzegovina deveniva membro del Consilio de Europa in 2002 e presentava su application pro devenir membro del [[Union Europee]] in 2016, obtenente le status de pais candidato in 2022, con negotiationes de adhesion aperite in martio 2024.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/bosnia-herzegovina/ |titulo=Bosnia and Herzegovina |sitioweb=Consilium, Council of the European Union |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina| ]] 9ehem6ycfk5eh1jvnhl9xwzndd2cmr9 Categoria:Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina 14 62317 704665 2026-10-17T10:30:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Bosnia e Herzegovina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Bosnia e Herzegovina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] d73sipgkv8w71clyv75bv4lerhni1t0 Historia de Macedonia del Nord 0 62318 704667 2026-10-17T10:33:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Macedonia del Nord''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue le [[Macedonia del Nord]], desde le societates prehistorical e le regnos del Antiquitate usque al formation le Stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le parte central del Peninsula Balcanic, le territorio ha essite un zona de contacto inter le mundos mediterranee, balcanic e danubian. Su historia ha essite marcate per le succession de impe...” 704667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Macedonia del Nord''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue le [[Macedonia del Nord]], desde le societates prehistorical e le regnos del Antiquitate usque al formation le Stato independente contemporanee. Situate in le parte central del Peninsula Balcanic, le territorio ha essite un zona de contacto inter le mundos mediterranee, balcanic e danubian. Su historia ha essite marcate per le succession de imperios, le migrationes slave, le domination bizantine, bulgare, serbe e ottoman, le developpamento del movimentos national del seculo XIX e le transformationes politic del seculo XX. Le historia del territorio actual debe esser distinguite del historia del region geographic plus vaste de [[Macedonia]], que comprende etiam territorios hodierne de Grecia, Bulgaria e Albania. Le significato del nomine e le interpretation del hereditage historic del region ha essite objecto de debattes inter differente traditiones national e historiographic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/macedonia |titulo=North Macedonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Macedonia del Nord esseva habitate desde le prehistoria. Le agricultura, le metallurgia e le commercio se disveloppava gradualmente in le valles e planuras del region, que manteneva contactos con altere partes del Balcanes e del mundo egeo. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le region esseva habitate per populationes como le [[Paeonianos]], insimul con altere gruppos de origine e traditiones diverse. Le Paeonia esseva un territorio situate al nord del regno macedonic antique, in un area que includeva partes del actual Macedonia del Nord e regiones vicin. Durante le seculo IV a.C., le expansion del [[Regno de Macedonia]] sub [[Philippo II de Macedonia]] e [[Alexandro Magno]] transformava le equilibrio politic del Balcanes. Le partes meridional del actual Macedonia del Nord entrava in le sfera de influentia del regno macedonic, ben que le frontieras e le extension del domination variava durante le differentes periodos. Post le morte de Alexandro in 323 a.C., le imperio que ille habeva construite esseva dividite inter su successores. Le region restava ligate al mundos politic e cultural del estados hellenistic, durante que Roma augmentava progressivemente su influentia in le Balcanes. == Medievo == === Dominio roman e Imperio Bizantin === Durante le guerras macedonic, Roma affrontava le regno macedonic e su alleatos. Post le victoria roman in le Tertie Guerra Macedonic in 168 a.C., le regno de Macedonia esseva dismante­llate e su territorio esseva organisate in quatro republicas sub controlo roman. In 148 a.C., Macedonia deveniva un provincia roman. Le territorio del actual Macedonia del Nord esseva integrate in le systema administrative e militar roman. Le vias, le centros urban e le rotas commercial facilitava le communication inter le mar Egeo, le region del Danubio e le provincias occidental del imperio. Post le division administrative del Imperio Roman in le seculo IV, le territorio faceva parte del Imperio Roman Oriental, usualmente cognoscite como [[Imperio Bizantin]]. === Migrationes slave e Imperio Bulgar === Durante le seculos V e VI, le Balcanes esseva affectate per invasiones e migrationes. Durante le seculos VI e VII, populationes slave se establiva in le territorio del actual Macedonia del Nord e in regiones adjacente, integrante se progressivemente in le societate regional. Durante le seculos VII e IX, le territorio deveniva un zona de contacto e de conflicto inter le Imperio Bizantin e le [[Primo Imperio Bulgar]]. Durante le seculo IX, le mission del sanctos [[Cirillo e Methodio]] e le activitate de lor discipulos habeva un influentia importante super le cultura slave e le diffusion del christianismo, con [[Ohrid]] devenimente un centro religiose e cultural sub [[Clemente de Ohrid]] e [[Naum de Ohrid]]. Durante le fin del seculo X e le initio del seculo XI, grande parte del territorio deveniva un centro politic del Primo Imperio Bulgar sub le tsar [[Samuel de Bulgaria]]. In 1018, le imperator bizantin [[Basile II]] vinceva le fortias bulgare e reincorporava lor territorio al Imperio Bizantin. === Imperio serbe e fin del Medievo === Durante le seculo XIV, le expansion del [[Imperio Serbe]] sub [[Stefan Dušan]] conduceva al incorporation de partes del actual Macedonia del Nord in le stato serbe. Skopje deveniva un centro importante del imperio e esseva usate como capital per Dušan, qui esseva coronate imperator in 1346. Post le disintegration del Imperio Serbe in le annos 1350 e 1360, le territorio esseva dividite inter potentias regional. Le fragmentation politic debilitava le defensa del region contra le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]], cujus conquestas accelerava le transformation del equilibrio politic regional. == Etate moderne == === Domination ottoman === Le territorio del actual Macedonia del Nord entrava progressivemente in le [[Imperio Ottoman]] durante le fin del seculo XIV e remaneva sub domination ottoman usque al guerras balcanic de 1912–1913. Le administration ottoman organizava le territorio in districtos administrative e lo integra­va in le systema fiscal, militar e commercial del imperio. Le population esseva religiosemente diverse, includente slavos meridional, albaneses, turcs, aromanes, grecs e romanis. Le islam se diffundeva inter certe gruppos, dum le christianismo orthodox remaneva importante. Le citates de [[Skopje]], [[Bitola]] e [[Ohrid]] deveniva centros de commercio, administration e vita religiose. Durante le seculo XIX, le debilitamento del Imperio Ottoman e le expansion del nationalismos balcanic transformava le region. === Nationalismos e movimentos revolutionari === Durante le seculo XIX, le ideas national bulgare, grec e serbe se diffundeva in le region. Le [[Exarchato Bulgar]], establite in 1870, deveniva un institution importante pro le communitates que se associava con le tradition ecclesiastic bulgare. Le [[Organisation Revolutionari Interne Macedone]] (ORIM / VMRO) esseva fundate in 1893 in Thessalonica. In augusto 1903, le Insurrection de Ilinden comenciava contra le autoritates ottoman, e le insurrectos proclamava le [[Republica de Kruševo]], un entitate autogovernate de breve duration. == Etate contemporanee == === Guerras balcanic e partition del region === Durante le [[Prime Guerra Balcanic]] de 1912–1913, Serbia, Bulgaria, Grecia e Montenegro combatteva contra le Imperio Ottoman, occupava le territorio. Le [[Secunde Guerra Balcanic]] in 1913 e le [[Tractato de Bucarest (1913)|Tractato de Bucarest]] repartiva le major parte del Macedonia geographic inter Serbia, Grecia e Bulgaria. Le territorio que corresponde al actual Macedonia del Nord esseva incorporate principalmente al Regno de Serbia (Macedonia de Vardar).<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/wars-and-battles/balkan-wars |titulo=Balkan Wars |sitioweb=Encyclopedia.com |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Prime Guerra Mundial e interbellic === Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], Bulgaria occupava le major parte del Macedonia de Vardar (1915–1918). Post le guerra, le territorio esseva incorporate al nove [[Regno del Serbios, Croatos e Slovenos]] (Regno de Yugoslavia ab 1929), ubi le autoritates promoveva le uso del lingua serbe e limitava le activitate de institutiones nationalista. === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In april 1941, le [[Potentias del Axe]] invadeva Yugoslavia, e le territorio esseva repartite inter le administration bulgare e le zonas occupate per Italia. Le administration bulgare reinstitueva le uso del lingua bulgare, ma le periodo vidde etiam le persecution e deportation de judeos local verso campos nazista. Le movimentos partisanes organisava le resistance. Le 2 de augusto 1944, le [[Assemblea Anti-Fascista pro le Liberation National de Macedonia]] (ASNOM) proclamava le fundation de un stato macedonic in le quadro de un Yugoslavia federal, coincidente con le anniversario de Ilinden. === Macedonia in le Yugoslavia socialista === Post le guerra, le Republica Socialista de Macedonia deveniva un del republicas constitutivas del [[Republica Socialista Federal de Yugoslavia]]. Le periodo vide le institutionalisation del lingua macedonic standard (codificate in 1945), le expansion del education, le industrialisation e le reconstruction de Skopje post le terremoto de 1963. === Independentia === Le 8 de septembre 1991, un referendo confirmava le independentia del Republica de Macedonia post le dissolution de Yugoslavia, evittante le guerras de secession de altere republicas. [[Kiro Gligorov]] deveniva le prime presidente. Le pais deveniva membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 1993 sub le denomination provisori «Ancian Republica Yugoslav de Macedonia» (FYROM) a causa de un disputation con Grecia super le nomine. === Conflitto de 2001 e Accordo de Ohrid === In 2001, un conflicto armate inter le fortias statal e le [[Armata de Liberation National (Macedonia del Nord)|Armata de Liberation National]] esseva resolvito per le Accordo Quadro de Ohrid in augusto 2001, le qual introduceva reformas pro augmento del representation del communitate albanese. === Accordo de Prespa e Macedonia del Nord contemporanee === Le Accordo de Prespa, signate in junio 2018, resolveva le disputation con Grecia e introduceva le nomine official Republica de Macedonia del Nord in februario 2019.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/macedonia |titulo=North Macedonia: A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 27 de martio 2020, Macedonia del Nord deveniva le 30e membro del [[NATO]], e le pais mantene le status de candidato al adhesion al [[Union Europee]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2020/03/30/north-macedonias-flag-raised-at-nato-headquarters-following-accession-to-nato |titulo=North Macedonia’s flag raised at NATO Headquarters, following accession to NATO |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=6 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Macedonia del Nord| ]] k0e9r8jsmf31hlrgnv24s5vqru5wd7a Categoria:Historia de Macedonia del Nord 14 62319 704668 2026-10-17T10:34:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Macedonia del Nord]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Macedonia del Nord]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] 87cgqyuvxi6aslpuj04vluj30cjg4el